Presentation outlining the past, present and future of Ireland's property market, including an analysis of the Irish real estate bubble and how far prices must fall from the peak.
This presentation discusses the changes over time to house prices in Ireland, both in the last twenty years and over the longer term. Ronan introduces the idea of “adaptive expectations” and the role this plays in the housing market i.e. that people look at what happened in the recent past and assume it will continue into the future. In terms of how we might value housing he discusses the ratio of rents to house prices.
This talk was part of 'The Irish Economy. What happened? What next?', a series of talks held at Dublin City Libraries during March 2012.
https://soundcloud.com/dublincitypubliclibrary/sets/the-irish-economy-what
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2. Pending home sales contracts point to the strongest second quarter for home sales in 5 years, driven by high affordability, job growth, and rising stock and rental markets satisfying pent-up household formation.
3. Improving factors for higher home sales in 2012 include high affordability levels, stock market recovery, rising rents, and demand from young adults
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This presentation discusses the changes over time to house prices in Ireland, both in the last twenty years and over the longer term. Ronan introduces the idea of “adaptive expectations” and the role this plays in the housing market i.e. that people look at what happened in the recent past and assume it will continue into the future. In terms of how we might value housing he discusses the ratio of rents to house prices.
This talk was part of 'The Irish Economy. What happened? What next?', a series of talks held at Dublin City Libraries during March 2012.
https://soundcloud.com/dublincitypubliclibrary/sets/the-irish-economy-what
This document summarizes a presentation by Lawrence Yun, Chief Economist of the National Association of Realtors, on the housing market and economic outlook. It includes charts and data on existing home sales, mortgage rates, housing starts, home prices, jobs, unemployment and other economic indicators. The presentation analyzes improving and worsening factors for the housing market and concludes that while the economic recovery is continuing, growth is slower than desired.
Housing and Economic Outlook: Residential Forum, NAR Midyear MeetingNar Res
The document summarizes Lawrence Yun's presentation on the housing and economic outlook at a midyear meeting on May 17, 2012. It includes the following key points:
1. Existing home sales have been flat for the past 4 years between 4-5 million units annually. Second home and investment property sales have recovered while owner-occupied sales are falling.
2. Pending home sales contracts point to the strongest second quarter for home sales in 5 years, driven by high affordability, job growth, and rising stock and rental markets satisfying pent-up household formation.
3. Improving factors for higher home sales in 2012 include high affordability levels, stock market recovery, rising rents, and demand from young adults
This document provides 13 multi-part geometry problems involving concepts like congruence, similarity, angles, parallelograms, rectangles, and trapezoids. Each problem includes one or more figures with labeled points and geometric shapes, given information, and questions to prove properties or calculate missing angle or length values. Solutions are to be shown deductively by stating givens and using prior results to arrive at the conclusion.
This document provides a summary and analysis of the US economy and housing market by Jed Smith of the National Association of Realtors. It discusses how the economy gradually recovered from the Great Recession in a slower and weaker manner than past recessions. While home prices seem to be stabilizing and affordability is high, challenges remain around availability of credit, high unemployment, and consumer confidence. The outlook forecasts continued recovery, but notes many risks and uncertainties depend on government policies around jobs, spending, taxes, and housing programs.
This document summarizes returns of the FTSE All-Share index from 1963 to 2008. It makes the following key points:
1) The average annual return over this period was 11.6%, but actual yearly returns varied widely, from gains over 40% to losses over 35%.
2) Returns are more stable over 10-year periods compared to single years, clustering around the long-term average. No 10-year period showed an overall loss.
3) Periods with below average returns were often followed by periods with strong gains, demonstrating the importance of long-term perspective in investing.
The document provides an outline and objectives for a report on prospects and challenges of sustainable palm oil for China. The outline includes sections on China's sustainable development vision, the global and China palm oil situation, sustainable palm oil production and consumption, business case for sustainable palm oil, initiatives in China, policy recommendations, and next steps. The objectives are to provide strategic policy guidance to China on sustainable palm oil, facilitate sustainable trade policy adoption, and provide a business case for Chinese commerce.
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This document discusses indicators for sustainable development of water resources in the Black Sea water management district of Bulgaria. It presents conceptual frameworks and models for analyzing driving forces like climate, population, and economic activity that put pressure on water resources and impact their state over time. Specific data is provided on temperature and precipitation trends, population and economic indicators, water usage by sector, and water losses for the district from 2000 to 2008. The document aims to identify pressures and their impacts to inform water management policies and responses.
This document discusses indicators for sustainable development of water resources in Bulgaria's Black Sea Water Management District (BSWMD). It analyzes driving forces like climate (increasing temperatures and variable precipitation), population, and economic activity on pressures like water abstraction and losses. The resulting state of water resources and impacts like water stress are evaluated. Management responses like policies on ecological river flows, pricing, and integrated water management are also covered. Key statistics on the BSWMD are provided to understand the context. Trends in climate variables over time are plotted, and extreme wet and dry years that affected water levels are outlined. The main water consuming sectors in the district are also listed.
This document discusses indicators for sustainable development of water resources in Bulgaria's Black Sea Water Management District (BSWMD). It outlines key driving forces like climate (increasing temperatures and variable precipitation), population, and economic activity that put pressure on water resources in the region. The state of water resources is analyzed based on factors like water abstraction, losses, and supply regimes. Responses discussed include water management policies around ecological minimums, consumption management, pricing, and integrated water management. Impacts on water stress are also considered.
Graphite is a natural form of carbon that occurs in metamorphic rocks. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. While China produces 80% of the world's natural graphite, demand is growing due to applications in lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, and other technologies. This creates supply risks as China also controls much of the exports. Turkey has many graphite occurrences, mainly of the amorphous type, but also contains deposits that are more crystalline and pure. Production in Turkey was over 18,000 tonnes in 1990 but has declined since, though demand remains high. Low-cost graphite projects and further development in Turkey may help address future supply needs.
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The document summarizes an economic presentation given in November 2011 on prospects for the UK economy and South West region from 2012 onwards. It highlights issues like low growth outlook due to global credit issues, UK's need to eliminate fiscal deficit and rebalance economy, and questions whether the South West is prepared for new economic era. Charts show UK's recovery from 2008 recession has been slower than prior ones and that productivity and net trade are concerns, posing risk to future growth and expectations.
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Ronan Lyons, EU Conference Galway March 2012 - Ireland's property market, past present and future
1. Ronan Lyons (Oxford / TCD / Daft.ie)
Challenges Facing the Irish Economy
European Commission Conference, Galway,
March 24th, 2012
2. By way of introduction…
Today’s theme:
importance of internet
and social media to
modern commentators
(and academics?)
My own benefit
ronanlyons.com
@ronanlyons on twitter
LinkedIn even got me a
job!
3. Today is based around
four “stylised facts”
Real estate is a bad investment
The property market is imperfect
Accommodation is a service
Governments can manage the property market
4. Context: We’ve seen it all before…
Price of Mountjoy
Square townhouse after
construction in 1791:
£8,000
Price of Mountjoy
Square townhouse in
1849:
£500
Fall: 94%
5. Outline
Real estate is a bad investment
The property market is imperfect
Accommodation is a service
Governments can manage the property market
6. But surely…
“Buy land – they’re not
making it anymore!”
Mark Twain
8. On the face of it, house prices do
seem to rise at least some of the time
Herengracht house prices, 1628-1962
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1670
1768
1866
1922
1684
1754
1852
1908
1950
1642
1698
1880
1936
1628
1740
1782
1796
1964
1712
1726
1838
1656
1810
1894
1824
1628 = 100 – Source: Piet Eichholtz
11. Property stores value – but little more
Relative to the cost of living, prices in Central
Amsterdam were no higher in 1975 than in 1875 or 1640
“Stylised fact” (1): over time, house price increases on
average match inflation – but don’t beat it
This can be investigated worldwide
The literature on long-run house prices around the
world is small but pretty clear on this point – e.g. New
York commercial real estate or Boston house prices
“Bad investment” in the sense of capital gains – need
to look at the “dividend” instead – rents
12. But surely Ireland is different?
Average house prices in Ireland, 1975-2007
€400,000
€350,000
€300,000
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
1977Q1
1983Q1
1987Q1
2001Q1
2009Q1
1975Q1
1981Q1
1985Q1
1989Q1
1991Q1
1993Q1
1995Q1
1979Q1
1997Q1
1999Q1
2005Q1
2011Q1
2003Q1
2007Q1
13. Again, we need to correct for inflation
(and add in the post-2007 period!)
Inflation-adjusted house prices, 1975-2011
€400,000
€350,000
€300,000
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
1977Q1
1983Q1
1987Q1
2001Q1
2009Q1
1975Q1
1981Q1
1985Q1
1989Q1
1991Q1
1993Q1
1995Q1
1979Q1
1997Q1
1999Q1
2005Q1
2011Q1
2003Q1
2007Q1
14. The period to 1996 looks familiar!
Inflation-adjusted house prices, 1975-1996
€400,000
€350,000
€300,000
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
1977Q1
1983Q1
1987Q1
2001Q1
2009Q1
1975Q1
1981Q1
1985Q1
1989Q1
1991Q1
1993Q1
1995Q1
1979Q1
1997Q1
1999Q1
2005Q1
2011Q1
2003Q1
2007Q1
15. Our expectations about the future
should reflect this
We should only expect house prices to increase
the same rate as inflation
This has big implications for those who bought during
the bubble (or those who bailed out bubble-era
lending)
They can’t expect inflation to eat away their problem –
they will have to wait until the principal is paid off to sell
their property
16. It may be the 2050s before prices
reach levels seen at the peak
Potential for house prices in Ireland, 1975-2060
€400,000
€350,000
€300,000
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
2060
1990
2050
1995
1985
2055
1975
2045
1980
2000
2035
2005
2040
2010
2015
2025
2030
2020
17. Outline
Real estate is a bad investment
The property market is imperfect
Accommodation is a service
Governments can manage the property market
18. How did prices reach 2007 highs?
The short answer:
Ticking all the boxes
of a textbook bubble-
and-crash...
...in a market with
“adaptive
expectations”, where
momentum is key
"Bad advice given by so many resulted in
some people making mistakes when they
should have bought property last year.“
Bertie Ahern, April 2006
19. Economics likes assumptions
Assumptions are needed to come up with any sort of
model of the world
Assumptions typically either…
1. Strip away unnecessary detail
2. Simplify a process we don’t understand yet
The danger is when economists mistake a type (2)
assumption for a type (1) assumption
20. “Rational expectations” is one
contested assumption
“Rational expectations” means that consumers know
all information and can process it
An alternative is “adaptive expectations”
i.e. people do not process every last bit of information –
instead they look at the past and extrapolate into the
future
This has very different implications for policy
Property markets exhibit strong tendencies of
“adaptive expectations”
We can see this in Ireland over the last ten years
21. Bubbles occur when a favourable
change is amplified by easy credit
1. A bubble starts out with an initial change in conditions, often
a desirable one
In Ireland, this was moving from 1980s stagnation to 1990s export-led
growth
2. Boom becomes bubble when prices detach from fundamentals
– this needs a generous supply of credit
Entering the Eurozone gave Irish banks access to German savings to
lend – a failing at EU level
3. For the bubble to suck in large numbers of people, generous
supply of the asset itself is needed
Tax breaks for both builders (Section 23) and borrowers (mortgage
interest relief) were domestic policy errors
22. Despite all this, people did not see
the end of the bubble
Cognitive
dissonance?
People seeing
what they want
to see…
Source: Analysis of ESRI-IIB Consumer Sentiment Surveys
23. People also find it hard to see the end
of the crash
The typical respondent to a survey on the property
market in January 2012 expected house prices to fall a
further 10% this year
Just one in six sees house prices being higher in 2017
than they are now
This is only slightly above the number who believe house
prices will fall by a further 35% or more during the same
period
24. Outline
Real estate is a bad investment
The property market is imperfect
Accommodation is a service
Governments can manage the property market
25. Economics is not:
“what goes up must come down”
Average house prices in Ireland 1975-2015
€400,000
€350,000
€300,000
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
1977Q1
1983Q1
1987Q1
2013Q1
1985Q1
2001Q1
2009Q1
1975Q1
1981Q1
1989Q1
1991Q1
1993Q1
1995Q1
2011Q1
1979Q1
1997Q1
1999Q1
2005Q1
2003Q1
2007Q1
2015Q1
26. Economics is about:
supply and demand
Supply is largely fixed
Both generally: in housing markets (compared to other
markets) supply moves slowly
And specifically: in Ireland at the moment, very little
construction activity happening
To understand where house prices will “land”, we need
to understand demand
This is often thought of “in short-hand” as the ratio
between incomes and house prices
27. House prices relative to incomes
Between 1988 and 1995, the average house price was
3.6 times household income
Household income in 1990 was 1.15 times average income
(compared to 1.33 in 2005)
The ratio in 2005-2007 was over twice this (an average
of 7.4)
28. What if house prices had reflected
household income?
Inflation-adjusted house prices in Ireland
€400,000
Actual
€350,000
Income ratio
€300,000
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
1978Q3
1983Q4
1987Q2
1996Q1
2011Q4
1985Q3
2010Q1
1975Q1
1980Q2
1989Q1
1990Q4
1994Q2
1982Q1
1999Q3
2001Q2
2004Q4
1997Q4
1976Q4
1992Q3
2006Q3
2003Q1
2008Q2
29. But the income ratio is a symptom –
not the cause
Some of the increase 18%
16%
above the dashed line
14%
may not be due to a
12%
bubble 10%
It may be because 8%
Ireland went from a high 6%
Interest rates
interest rate 4%
Pre-1995 average
environment to a low 2%
Post-1995 average
one 0%
1983Q1
1987Q1
1975Q1
1995Q1
1979Q1
2011Q1
1991Q1
1999Q1
2003Q1
2007Q1
30. The ultimate value of real estate
comes from the service it offers
Income multiples also tell us very little about why
house prices vary spatially
Rents matter – even if you are not a renter or a
landlord
One of the most important services in a developed
economy’s GDP is “imputed rent”
What would an owner-occupier pay in the rental market
to enjoy their accommodation?
The ratio of rents to house prices is the fundamental
measure of health in a property market
31. Rents and house prices reflect a huge
range of “non-market” services
Figures show the estimated effect of moving a property from 1km away
from a particular amenity to 100 metres away
32. The ratio of rents to house prices is
like the “return” on housing
Think like an investor: a property that rents for €800 a
month has an annual rental value of €10,000
Knowing that this property has an annual “dividend”
of €10,000, what would you buy this property for?
If you had lots of cash, you would compare the return to,
say, interest rates on savings accounts
If you were borrowing, you would compare the return to
the cost of borrowing
33. The rent-to-price ratio is closely
related to interest rates
20%
18%
Perhaps the real damage
16% was done when yields were
14% pulled down by low ECB
rates post-2001
12%
10%
Yield
8%
6% Interest rate
Rising house prices in 1996
4% may have been justified by
lower interest rates
2%
0%
1994Q1
1978Q1
1988Q1
2000Q1
2002Q1
1984Q1
1996Q1
1980Q1
1982Q1
1990Q1
2004Q1
2010Q1
1998Q1
1986Q1
1992Q1
2006Q1
2008Q1
34. What if house prices had reflected
rental yields?
House prices in Ireland 1975-2011
€400,000
Actual
€350,000
Income ratio
€300,000 Yields
€250,000
€200,000
€150,000
€100,000
€50,000
€0
1978Q3
1983Q4
1987Q2
1996Q1
2011Q4
1985Q3
2010Q1
1975Q1
1980Q2
1989Q1
1990Q4
1994Q2
1982Q1
1999Q3
2001Q2
2004Q4
1997Q4
1976Q4
1992Q3
2006Q3
2003Q1
2008Q2
35. Crystal-ball gazing
Asking prices fell by an average of 52% between 2007
and the end of 2011
If asking prices have fallen a further 5% since then and
accepted bids are typically 10% below the asking price,
then prices are down 58%
The average transaction price now is in the region of
€155,000
This is in line with both income multiples and rental
multiples…
… but prices won’t actually stabilise until credit returns
36. Outline
Real estate is a bad investment
The property market is imperfect
Accommodation is a service
Governments can manage the property market
37. Government can put in place good
market foundations
Caution: Intervention was part of the problem
As of 2006, the Irish property market the most
intervened in among developed economies
In addition to tax breaks for construction and mortgage
interest relief, also no annual property tax or capital
gains tax!
New intervention has to be aware of the stylised facts
of property markets
38. Three principles will go a long way
Sensible land use
E.g. site value tax, which encourages socially beneficial
use of land and penalises land banks, derelict sites
Sensible lending
E.g. “covered bonds”: to lend over 30 years, banks must
borrow over 30 years – effectively creates culture of fixed
rates so Ireland would be less prone to ECB decisions
39. Three principles will go a long way
Sensible borrowing
E.g. improving the
“informational
infrastructure” –
publicly available house
price register
Huge role for
information technology
and the internet
40. Thank you
Comments and questions welcome
For more, see ronanlyons.com or get in touch on
Twitter (@ronanlyons)