Flare Performance And Analysis Smoot Smith JacksonJoseph Smith
Presentation at International Flame Research Committee meeting held in Boston, MA in June 2009. This paper describes a new performance criteria USEPA is considering using to evaluate flare performance
This document summarizes energy efficiency initiatives at the University of California, Irvine campus. It discusses projects to implement centralized demand controlled ventilation, reduce exhaust stack velocities, install low flow fume hoods, retrofit the shuttle bus fleet to run on biodiesel, conduct real-time building commissioning, and install solar power arrays. The initiatives aim to reduce the campus's $16 million annual utilities budget and 2/3 of energy consumed in lab buildings, while balancing safety. Studies found the projects reduced energy use and greenhouse gas emissions without compromising air quality. However, the initiatives also increased the workload for Environmental Health & Safety staff.
The document summarizes a master's thesis defense on high pressure steam reactivation of calcium oxide (CaO) sorbents for carbon dioxide capture using calcium looping process. It discusses:
1) The introduction, experimental methodology, results and discussions, conclusions, and future work sections of the thesis.
2) Current CO2 levels and emissions from electricity production in the US, highlighting the need for carbon capture from coal and natural gas power plants.
3) Existing carbon capture technologies like amine scrubbing and their limitations.
4) The calcium looping process for post-combustion CO2 capture and limitations in maintaining sorbent reactivity over multiple cycles.
5) Reactivation of
Integration of Oxygen Transport Membranes in an IGCC power plant with CO2 cap...RahulA
The document discusses integrating oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) into an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with carbon dioxide capture to improve efficiency. OTMs are dense ceramic membranes that can selectively separate oxygen from air. The objectives are to develop efficient IGCC cycles using OTMs as an air separation unit to reduce the efficiency penalty of carbon capture. Various membrane operating methods and considerations for integrating OTMs into an IGCC are examined.
Performance evaluation of lean premixed prevapourised combustion chamberIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and CFD analysis of a lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) gas turbine combustor. It describes the design process for key combustor components like the diffuser, premixer, and central recirculation zone. CFD analysis was then used to verify the preliminary design. Results showed reasonable agreement between predicted temperature profiles and liner wall temperatures from the design versus CFD. Some discrepancies were attributed to simplifying assumptions in the preliminary design models. Overall, the document evaluates the developed LPP combustor design methodology.
Offshore production technology summit 2014BRONSWERK
Bronswerk participated in the 8th Offshore Technology Summit in London 10-11 March 2014.
Learn more about the 4 steps approach for reducing operational costs on production rigs & FPSO’s.
Get Results with Social Media: A Case Study of the Dallas Design District Kendall Shiffler
Local real estate developers had big goals for the Dallas Design District, an overlooked neighborhood with prime proximity to downtown Dallas. Using social media and content marketing, we were able to get big results, that had a direct correlation to the bottom line.
Flare Performance And Analysis Smoot Smith JacksonJoseph Smith
Presentation at International Flame Research Committee meeting held in Boston, MA in June 2009. This paper describes a new performance criteria USEPA is considering using to evaluate flare performance
This document summarizes energy efficiency initiatives at the University of California, Irvine campus. It discusses projects to implement centralized demand controlled ventilation, reduce exhaust stack velocities, install low flow fume hoods, retrofit the shuttle bus fleet to run on biodiesel, conduct real-time building commissioning, and install solar power arrays. The initiatives aim to reduce the campus's $16 million annual utilities budget and 2/3 of energy consumed in lab buildings, while balancing safety. Studies found the projects reduced energy use and greenhouse gas emissions without compromising air quality. However, the initiatives also increased the workload for Environmental Health & Safety staff.
The document summarizes a master's thesis defense on high pressure steam reactivation of calcium oxide (CaO) sorbents for carbon dioxide capture using calcium looping process. It discusses:
1) The introduction, experimental methodology, results and discussions, conclusions, and future work sections of the thesis.
2) Current CO2 levels and emissions from electricity production in the US, highlighting the need for carbon capture from coal and natural gas power plants.
3) Existing carbon capture technologies like amine scrubbing and their limitations.
4) The calcium looping process for post-combustion CO2 capture and limitations in maintaining sorbent reactivity over multiple cycles.
5) Reactivation of
Integration of Oxygen Transport Membranes in an IGCC power plant with CO2 cap...RahulA
The document discusses integrating oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) into an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with carbon dioxide capture to improve efficiency. OTMs are dense ceramic membranes that can selectively separate oxygen from air. The objectives are to develop efficient IGCC cycles using OTMs as an air separation unit to reduce the efficiency penalty of carbon capture. Various membrane operating methods and considerations for integrating OTMs into an IGCC are examined.
Performance evaluation of lean premixed prevapourised combustion chamberIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and CFD analysis of a lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) gas turbine combustor. It describes the design process for key combustor components like the diffuser, premixer, and central recirculation zone. CFD analysis was then used to verify the preliminary design. Results showed reasonable agreement between predicted temperature profiles and liner wall temperatures from the design versus CFD. Some discrepancies were attributed to simplifying assumptions in the preliminary design models. Overall, the document evaluates the developed LPP combustor design methodology.
Offshore production technology summit 2014BRONSWERK
Bronswerk participated in the 8th Offshore Technology Summit in London 10-11 March 2014.
Learn more about the 4 steps approach for reducing operational costs on production rigs & FPSO’s.
Get Results with Social Media: A Case Study of the Dallas Design District Kendall Shiffler
Local real estate developers had big goals for the Dallas Design District, an overlooked neighborhood with prime proximity to downtown Dallas. Using social media and content marketing, we were able to get big results, that had a direct correlation to the bottom line.
Flare and vent disposal systems molcularseal -siavash2010
Flare and vent disposal systems collect and discharge gas from process components to the atmosphere during normal and abnormal operations. They include knockout drums to remove liquid, and flashback protection like seals and flame arrestors. Flare stacks are elevated and supported by structures like guy wires or derricks. Offshore, flares are mounted on booms or towers. Proper design considers factors like gas quantity, velocity, dispersion, radiation, and wind.
Gas reinjection and flaring reduction Norway's experience - Steinar Nja (Norw...Esther Petrilli-Massey
The document discusses gas reinjection as an alternative to flaring. It describes how gas reinjection can be used for improved oil recovery and gas storage. Gas reinjection involves compressing and injecting gas back into reservoirs. Monitoring programs are needed to track the movement of injected gas over time. The document also provides examples of gas reinjection projects in Norway, including some that involve storing carbon dioxide emissions underground.
Hy-Bon Engineering has been awarded several major flare gas recovery and vapor recovery projects in 2007 across multiple countries and U.S. states. These projects have helped reduce flaring and recover vapors in Angola, Libya, Venezuela, Colombia, Kuwait, Oman, Bolivia, Argentina, Colorado, North Dakota, Wyoming, Texas, Utah, Oklahoma, Louisiana, California, Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, and Montana.
Flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas during oil and gas production. While necessary for safety, flaring wastes a resource and harms the environment. It is in industry's interest to minimize flaring by commercializing gas when possible. When gas cannot be utilized, reinjection underground or flaring with high-efficiency systems are preferable to venting. Governments must provide policies to encourage alternative approaches tailored to local conditions, in order to reduce flaring impacts.
Flare is a leading fragrance brand dominated in sales through mass channels under its umbrella 'Loveliest' brand. However, its sales do not mirror overall market trends in prestige stores, drugstores, and online. It also mainly appeals to women aged 34+. The document discusses diversifying Flare's portfolio through new brands targeting younger audiences to increase sales and market share. It proposes the 'Savvy' plan to launch new brands despite risks of high costs and failure given competition.
The document describes the first Slovak hackerspace called ProgressBAr. It will be located in Bratislava and aims to provide a space for people interested in technology and science to learn and socialize outside of traditional educational institutions. The hackerspace will have various working groups focused on different technical areas that will hold regular workshops and meetings. It will also provide infrastructure and resources for members to work on their own projects. The hackerspace plans to be financially supported through member fees and donations.
Art Group India manufactures and exports various types of beads, including seed beads, pressed glass beads, faceted glass beads, and rhinestones. The products are used to make imitation jewelry, garment embellishments, and handicrafts. Art Group India is a leading manufacturer and supplier of beads and components for imitation jewelry in India. It offers a wide selection of beads, cup chains, and fashion components online.
Project Management in an Agency Environment Jeff Thaler
An overview of Project Management core areas of focus. Includes project management process, tools, and collaboration with other parties - includes roles and responsibilities in comparison to Account Management.
This document provides an overview of customer dissatisfaction and techniques for handling difficult customers. It discusses common causes of customer dissatisfaction across industries such as unmet promises, rude service, feeling taken advantage of, and defective products. The document then examines causes of dissatisfaction specific to a store and how to handle different situations. Finally, it discusses theories of customer motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and how physiological, safety, belonging and esteem needs influence customer behavior.
The document discusses various topics including:
- Hercule Poirot's reliance on his "little grey cells" for solving cases
- The EDSA Revolution in the Philippines that ousted presidents Ferdinand Marcos and Joseph Estrada
- Charles II initially using the Tower of London as the first Royal Observatory before moving it to Greenwich
- The town of Cândido Godói in Brazil having a high twin birthrate potentially due to geneticist Josef Mengele
- Abraham Lincoln meeting a young girl named Grace Bedell who had suggested he grow a beard
The Event Industry’s Evangelist of Open SourceMichelle Bruno
Visual summary of the EventTechBrief.com article, "The Event Industry’s Evangelist of Open Source." Read the full article or subscribe to the e-newsletter at EventTechBrief.com.
Going Once, Twice... Tech that Brings in More Money for CharityMichelle Bruno
A visual summary of the EventTechBrief.com article, "Going Once, Twice... Tech that Brings in More Money for Charity" - Read the full article at: http://bit.ly/1qPsDiv OR Subscribe to the enewsletter at: http://bit.ly/1ku7TZS
This document discusses the benefits of carpet in educational facilities. It begins by outlining learning objectives related to how carpet impacts students, teachers, acoustics, and indoor air quality in classrooms. It then provides statistics on schools in the US, noting many are in need of renovation and that carpet can help create healthy learning environments. The document describes a case study where carpet installation at Charles Young Elementary School was linked to improved student achievement and test scores. It argues carpet offers physical benefits like comfort, warmth, noise reduction and that with proper maintenance, carpet does not negatively impact indoor air quality.
Reshoring lighthouse design centre, glasgow, aug 2013 (1)Mary Rose
Mike Parsons is a business mentor and innovation coach who advocates for reshoring production back to Western countries from China. He cites evidence from a visit to China of rising costs and labor shortages as reasons for reshoring. Reshoring can overcome higher costs through changing business models, using emerging technologies like 3D printing, and convincing customers higher quality offsets costs. The journey to reshoring will be long but must start now.
The document summarizes a presentation about analyzing large distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, particularly a major attack on July 4, 2009 targeting several US government websites. The summary discusses how Akamai collected and analyzed log data from the attacks, finding spikes of up to 98,000 unique hostile IP addresses in short periods. Akamai's protection allowed government customers' sites to withstand attacks hundreds of times larger than normal traffic levels while unprotected sites went offline.
Flare radiation-mitigation-analysis-of-onshore-oil-gas-production-refining-fa...Anchal Soni
The main objective of this paper is to calculate the sterile area around an existing vertical flare of length 112 meters, located in an onshore facility and evaluate whether the current design is acceptable during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m, which represents the typical head height for personnel.
Flare and vent disposal systems molcularseal -siavash2010
Flare and vent disposal systems collect and discharge gas from process components to the atmosphere during normal and abnormal operations. They include knockout drums to remove liquid, and flashback protection like seals and flame arrestors. Flare stacks are elevated and supported by structures like guy wires or derricks. Offshore, flares are mounted on booms or towers. Proper design considers factors like gas quantity, velocity, dispersion, radiation, and wind.
Gas reinjection and flaring reduction Norway's experience - Steinar Nja (Norw...Esther Petrilli-Massey
The document discusses gas reinjection as an alternative to flaring. It describes how gas reinjection can be used for improved oil recovery and gas storage. Gas reinjection involves compressing and injecting gas back into reservoirs. Monitoring programs are needed to track the movement of injected gas over time. The document also provides examples of gas reinjection projects in Norway, including some that involve storing carbon dioxide emissions underground.
Hy-Bon Engineering has been awarded several major flare gas recovery and vapor recovery projects in 2007 across multiple countries and U.S. states. These projects have helped reduce flaring and recover vapors in Angola, Libya, Venezuela, Colombia, Kuwait, Oman, Bolivia, Argentina, Colorado, North Dakota, Wyoming, Texas, Utah, Oklahoma, Louisiana, California, Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, and Montana.
Flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas during oil and gas production. While necessary for safety, flaring wastes a resource and harms the environment. It is in industry's interest to minimize flaring by commercializing gas when possible. When gas cannot be utilized, reinjection underground or flaring with high-efficiency systems are preferable to venting. Governments must provide policies to encourage alternative approaches tailored to local conditions, in order to reduce flaring impacts.
Flare is a leading fragrance brand dominated in sales through mass channels under its umbrella 'Loveliest' brand. However, its sales do not mirror overall market trends in prestige stores, drugstores, and online. It also mainly appeals to women aged 34+. The document discusses diversifying Flare's portfolio through new brands targeting younger audiences to increase sales and market share. It proposes the 'Savvy' plan to launch new brands despite risks of high costs and failure given competition.
The document describes the first Slovak hackerspace called ProgressBAr. It will be located in Bratislava and aims to provide a space for people interested in technology and science to learn and socialize outside of traditional educational institutions. The hackerspace will have various working groups focused on different technical areas that will hold regular workshops and meetings. It will also provide infrastructure and resources for members to work on their own projects. The hackerspace plans to be financially supported through member fees and donations.
Art Group India manufactures and exports various types of beads, including seed beads, pressed glass beads, faceted glass beads, and rhinestones. The products are used to make imitation jewelry, garment embellishments, and handicrafts. Art Group India is a leading manufacturer and supplier of beads and components for imitation jewelry in India. It offers a wide selection of beads, cup chains, and fashion components online.
Project Management in an Agency Environment Jeff Thaler
An overview of Project Management core areas of focus. Includes project management process, tools, and collaboration with other parties - includes roles and responsibilities in comparison to Account Management.
This document provides an overview of customer dissatisfaction and techniques for handling difficult customers. It discusses common causes of customer dissatisfaction across industries such as unmet promises, rude service, feeling taken advantage of, and defective products. The document then examines causes of dissatisfaction specific to a store and how to handle different situations. Finally, it discusses theories of customer motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and how physiological, safety, belonging and esteem needs influence customer behavior.
The document discusses various topics including:
- Hercule Poirot's reliance on his "little grey cells" for solving cases
- The EDSA Revolution in the Philippines that ousted presidents Ferdinand Marcos and Joseph Estrada
- Charles II initially using the Tower of London as the first Royal Observatory before moving it to Greenwich
- The town of Cândido Godói in Brazil having a high twin birthrate potentially due to geneticist Josef Mengele
- Abraham Lincoln meeting a young girl named Grace Bedell who had suggested he grow a beard
The Event Industry’s Evangelist of Open SourceMichelle Bruno
Visual summary of the EventTechBrief.com article, "The Event Industry’s Evangelist of Open Source." Read the full article or subscribe to the e-newsletter at EventTechBrief.com.
Going Once, Twice... Tech that Brings in More Money for CharityMichelle Bruno
A visual summary of the EventTechBrief.com article, "Going Once, Twice... Tech that Brings in More Money for Charity" - Read the full article at: http://bit.ly/1qPsDiv OR Subscribe to the enewsletter at: http://bit.ly/1ku7TZS
This document discusses the benefits of carpet in educational facilities. It begins by outlining learning objectives related to how carpet impacts students, teachers, acoustics, and indoor air quality in classrooms. It then provides statistics on schools in the US, noting many are in need of renovation and that carpet can help create healthy learning environments. The document describes a case study where carpet installation at Charles Young Elementary School was linked to improved student achievement and test scores. It argues carpet offers physical benefits like comfort, warmth, noise reduction and that with proper maintenance, carpet does not negatively impact indoor air quality.
Reshoring lighthouse design centre, glasgow, aug 2013 (1)Mary Rose
Mike Parsons is a business mentor and innovation coach who advocates for reshoring production back to Western countries from China. He cites evidence from a visit to China of rising costs and labor shortages as reasons for reshoring. Reshoring can overcome higher costs through changing business models, using emerging technologies like 3D printing, and convincing customers higher quality offsets costs. The journey to reshoring will be long but must start now.
The document summarizes a presentation about analyzing large distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, particularly a major attack on July 4, 2009 targeting several US government websites. The summary discusses how Akamai collected and analyzed log data from the attacks, finding spikes of up to 98,000 unique hostile IP addresses in short periods. Akamai's protection allowed government customers' sites to withstand attacks hundreds of times larger than normal traffic levels while unprotected sites went offline.
Flare radiation-mitigation-analysis-of-onshore-oil-gas-production-refining-fa...Anchal Soni
The main objective of this paper is to calculate the sterile area around an existing vertical flare of length 112 meters, located in an onshore facility and evaluate whether the current design is acceptable during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m, which represents the typical head height for personnel.
The document describes a numerical model being developed to simulate the template-based chemical vapor deposition (TB-CVD) process for manufacturing carbon nanotubes. The model aims to predict carbon deposition rates for different furnace temperatures, gas flow rates, and process times. It will be developed using computational fluid dynamics software to simulate gas flow behavior and chemical reactions during the TB-CVD process. Validation will involve comparing simulation temperature profiles and deposition rates to experimental data from a nano-bio interface laboratory.
Renewable Energy Thermodynamics Lecture SlidesKeith Vaugh
This module provides a practical and theoretical study of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics applied to renewable energy technologies. Students will develop their understanding of these topics through lectures, tutorials, and hands-on practical experiments. They will learn the relevant vocabulary, how to formulate and solve defined problems, and how to conduct experimental studies collaboratively. Assessment includes a final exam, projects and laboratory reports, and continuous assignments. The course aims to provide skills applicable to thermal and fluid systems in renewable energy domains.
This document provides details of Reetu Raj's coursework and research progress as part of their Ph.D. studies under the supervision of Dr. J.V. Tirkey at the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. It outlines the subjects studied during coursework, including Convective Heat Transfer, Gas Dynamics, Solar Energy Engineering, and others. It then discusses the relevance of these subjects to Reetu's research on biomass gasification and optimization of a dual-fuel engine. The document concludes with details of papers published, presented at conferences, and under review on co-gasification of biomass and coal and utilization of producer gas in a dual-fuel engine.
CFD Simulation of Thermo Acoustic CoolingIRJEETJournal
Thermo-acoustic Refrigerators use acoustic power for generating cold temperatures. Development of refrigerators based on thermos-acoustic technology is a novel solution to the present day need of cooling, without causing environmental hazards. With added advantages like minimal moving parts and absence of CFC refrigerants, these devices can attain very low temperatures maintaining a compact size. The present work describes an in-depth theoretical analysis of standing wave thermos-acoustic refrigerators. This consists of detailed parametric studies, transient state analysis and a design using available simulation software. Design and construction of a thermos-acoustic refrigerator using a commercially available electro-dynamic motor is also presented.
1. The document describes the design and development of a thermophoretic soot sampling system for collecting soot particles from high-pressure laminar diffusion flames.
2. Key aspects of the system include a thermophoretic sampling disk equipped with 10 probes, a motor drive system, and a programmable control system to automate sampling.
3. Preliminary experiments were conducted on methane-air diffusion flames at pressures up to 10 atm. Analysis of high-speed videos showed the flame experienced oscillations during sampling before stabilizing, and transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze collected soot particles.
Simulation requirements and relevant load conditions in the design of floatin...Ricardo Faerron Guzmán
The document discusses simulation requirements and relevant load conditions for designing floating offshore wind turbines. It summarizes findings from simulations of a reference 10MW turbine and floating platform design in the Gulf of Maine. Key findings include: (1) Initial conditions are important to reduce transient behavior, with platform heave taking longest to converge; (2) A run-in time of 1000 seconds is sufficient for loads to reach stationarity; (3) Sensitivity analysis found wind speed and wave height most influential on loads; (4) 8 simulations are needed to estimate fatigue loads within 5% accuracy; (5) Simulation length under 3 hours has little effect on load statistics if using multiple wind seeds. The methodology focused on identifying best practices for floating turbine simulations
24 upscaling of heater tests in bure rutqvist lbnlleann_mays
This document discusses upscaling thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) parameters from sample to repository scale when modeling radioactive waste disposal. It summarizes two in situ heating experiments performed in Callovo-Oxfordian claystone at the Bure underground research laboratory in France: a borehole heater test and a full-scale demonstration experiment. Modeling results of the borehole experiment show good agreement with measured temperature and pressure data. The next steps are to complete modeling of the borehole test and begin modeling the full-scale experiment using calibrated THM parameters to predict repository-scale behavior.
Vedha Nayagam, National Center for Space Exploration Research/Case Western Reserve University: "Cool Flames in Space, a Hot Prospect on Earth!" Presented at the 2013 International Space Station Research and Development Conference, http://www.astronautical.org/issrdc/2013.
This document summarizes a project seminar on analyzing extended surfaces subjected to forced convection. The project aims to increase heat transfer rates using different fin geometries. The objectives are to study heat transfer characteristics of various fin designs, fabricate a test rig, and analyze efficiency and effectiveness. The methodology includes theoretical calculations, analytical and experimental analysis, and comparing results. Future work may include different materials, fin shapes, and applications like electronics cooling. The experimental setup includes a fan, thermocouples, test fins, duct, and heater with dimmerstat control. Specifications of components are provided.
IRJET- A Reviw on Different Geometrical Fins and their Effect on Heat Tra...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on different geometric fin designs and their effect on heat transfer rates. It discusses how fins are used to increase surface area and improve heat transfer. Various fin geometries are described including longitudinal, radial, and pin fins. The performance of fins is evaluated using metrics like fin effectiveness and efficiency. Higher thermal conductivity materials, thinner fins with closer spacing, and conditions with lower heat transfer coefficients can improve fin performance. The document reviews several studies on topics like annular fins, dimpled pin fins, and modeling transient heat transfer in piston bore fins.
The document summarizes an experimental study on using direct immersion phase-change cooling for data center thermal management. Key findings include:
1) Direct immersion cooling offers higher heat removal than air cooling but risks component failure if critical heat flux is exceeded.
2) Tests measured the effect of copper surface contamination on boiling curves and acoustic signatures. Higher contamination significantly increased surface temperatures.
3) Preliminary results found boiling acoustic intensity may indicate approaching critical heat flux, but further study is needed to develop it as a non-intrusive diagnostic tool.
Experimental Studies on Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Using Alumina and Graphene...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on pool boiling heat transfer using alumina and graphene oxide nanofluids. The study tested different concentrations of alumina and graphene oxide nanofluids to determine their effect on critical heat flux during pool boiling. Scanning electron microscope images showed that higher concentrations resulted in a porous nanoparticle layer forming on the heating surface, which significantly improved critical heat flux. Alumina nanofluids achieved up to 56.27% higher critical heat flux than distilled water, while graphene oxide nanofluids achieved up to 51% higher critical heat flux. The experimental results indicate that nanofluids have potential to enhance pool boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux.
Dr. Chiping Li presents an overview of his program, Energy Conversion and Combustion Sciences, at the AFOSR 2013 Spring Review. At this review, Program Officers from AFOSR Technical Divisions will present briefings that highlight basic research programs beneficial to the Air Force.
This document discusses a proposed mission concept to send a probe to 1000 AU within 50 years using currently feasible technologies. Key elements include:
1) Using a solar gravity assist at Jupiter to eliminate angular momentum, then falling to within 4 solar radii of the Sun to leverage the high speeds for an escape trajectory.
2) The probe would use a high-Isp propulsion system like solar thermal or nuclear thermal to accelerate during a 15-minute perihelion maneuver for solar system escape.
3) Enabling technologies discussed include high-temperature carbon-carbon shields, efficient radioisotope power, and laser optical communications. Follow-on studies are proposed to further develop the concepts.
This course covers fundamentals of thermodynamics and its applications. The objectives are to understand various energy concepts and laws of thermodynamics. Key topics include the first law relating heat and work, the second law and concept of entropy, properties of pure substances and steam, and analysis of common thermodynamic cycles. Assessment is based on assignments, tests, and a final exam covering all topics with emphasis on later modules. The course content is divided into six units covering topics such as the second law of thermodynamics, properties of steam, gas power cycles, vapor power cycles, air compressors, and gas turbines.
This document numerically simulates the thermal radiation field of large crude oil tanks exposed to pool fire using Fluent software. The results show that within 200m of the flame center, the incident radiation intensity is over 200 kW/m2. Between 200-250m the intensity decreases to 100 kW/m2. Within 72-152m of the flame center, the radiant heat intensity is nearly 400-1000 kW/m2. The thermal radiation flux could lead to fire or explosion in adjacent oil tanks without timely cooling measures.
Great news for Emmishield!
First test from the European Commission Improof Project shows that great benefits as energy savings, protection increase, cleaner air emissions.
Conclusions:
more uniform heat transfer,
increased run lenghts,
improved product selectivities,
longer lifetime of the furnace,
big energy savings,
production increase.
Emmishield works!!!!
This document summarizes research from the IMPROOF project, which aims to optimize steam cracking furnaces through innovative furnace systems and advanced modeling. Key findings include: (1) Novel high-emissivity coatings were found to significantly increase the emissivity of refractory materials and metal samples; (2) 3D reactor designs with ribs and fins showed more uniform heat transfer, increased run lengths, and improved product selectivity compared to smooth reactors; (3) Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations provided insights into flow patterns, heat transfer, and coke formation in different reactor geometries.
Similar to 2010 Multi Tip Flare Ignition Presentation (20)
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
2010 Multi Tip Flare Ignition Presentation
1. www.inl.gov
Prediction and Measurement of
Flare Ignition Using the LES
based C3d
J. D. Smith, Ph.D., Idaho National Laboratory
A. Suo-Anttila, Ph.D., Systems Analyses and Solutions
S. Smith and N. Philpot, Zeeco, Inc.
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium
Advances in Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency
Sheraton, Maui, Hawaii – September 26-29, 2010
2. OUTLINE
• Background and Introduction
• Flare Tests
• Model Setup and Methodology
• Simulation Results
– Low Flow Conditions
– High Flow Conditions
• Observations and Conclusions
Slide 2
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
3. Slide 3
Elevated Multi-Tip Gas Flare Ignition
Slide 3
• Nominal Firing Rate = 350 Tons
Per Hour (TPH)
• Max Firing Rate – 1350 TPH
• Mostly Natural Gas (Mwt = 18)
• Experienced Pressure Wave during
ignition
• Conducted Tests to quantify
ignition phenomena:
− Microphones used to measure
pressure wave
− High Speed Video used to capture
flame during ignition
• Test results reported elsewhere
(summarized below)
• Test video shows ignition behavior
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
4. Slide 4
Test Layout
Slide 4
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
5. Slide 5
Flame during Ignition
Slide 5
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
6. Slide 6
Test Results:
Sound Level (pressure wave) and Flame speed estimate
Slide 6
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
• Flame speed estimate from tests is 45 m/s
(Test 1) and 50 m/s (Test 2)
• Maximum pressure generated by spherical
flame propagating at 50 m/s would be ~48
mB (AIChE correlation*)
* Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Evaluating the Characteristics of Vapor Cloud
Explosions, Flash Fires and BLEVEs. AIChE (1994).
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
7. Model Setup: General Comments
• Transient conservation equations with radiative heat transfer and
combustion chemistry
• Considers soot formation and other multi-phase systems using
Eulerian/Eulerian formulation
• Accurately assess different operation scenarios (wind, flow rate,
fuel type, surroundings)
• Reasonable CPU time requirements on “standard” workstation
• Trade offs for “Engineering” Approach
– Sacrifice generality (large fires only) in favor of quick turnaround with
quantitative accuracy
– Reaction rates and radiation heat transfer models apply only to large fires
– Models intended to make predictions “good-enough” for industrial use
– Model validation for each application to establish accuracy of results
Slide 7
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
8. Combustion Model
• Variant of Said et al. (1997) turbulent flame model
• Relevant Species (model includes relevant reactions)
F = Fuel Vapor (from evaporation or flare tip)
O2 = Oxygen
PC = H20(v) + CO2
C = Radiating Carbon Soot
IS = Non-radiating Intermediate Species
• Eddy dissipation effects and local equivalence ratio effects
• Reactions based on Arrhenius kinetics
C and TA determined for all reactions
Slide 8
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
9. Reaction Rate Model
• Arrhenius rate model
– Consumption of primary reactant increases on reactants mass fraction fRi and
temperature T in volume
– Coefficients C and Activation Temperatures (TA) determined for all reactions
– Where:
Ak = Pre-exponential Factor X1 = Natural Gas Mol Frac
X2 = O2 Mol Frac Ea = Activation Temperature
T = Local Gas Temperature b, c, d = Global Exponents
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 9
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
10. Approach (1)
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 10
• Laminar flame global mechanism used as starting point
– Used Activation temperature + mol frac exponents (based on reaction)
– Pre-exponential (Ak) factor adjusted to match turbulent combustion rxn rates
• Turbulent mixing effect on combustion included via LES
– Two coefficients adjust effect (ε = turbulence intensity scale factor;
δ = combustion species mixing time delay)
• Parameters adjusted to to match experimental results
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
11. Approach (2)
• Other model variations considered:
– Computational grid size cell number
– Turbulence model (zero equation and one-equation LES)
– Nozzle structure (jet cone vs nozzle surface)
– Numerical upwind differencing
– Time to ignition
• Boundary Conditions
– Hydrostatic pressure on all external boundaries (adjusted to account for wind)
– Initial temperature and composition set to 300 K and air
• Other Assumptions
– Flare gas combustion approximated as described above
– Thermal radiation calculated w/ standard radiation models
– Wind conditions, flare gas inlet temperature and pressure, and radiation
effects set to match measured value
– Flame emissivity = F (gas comp, soot fv, flame size/shape, temp)
Slide 11
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
12. Slide 12
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Nozzle Approximation
Two approaches considered for detailed nozzle
structure:
1.Mass Sources on Nozzle Cone:
• Place source terms on cone surface and inject natural
gas at correct velocity and mass rate as if resolved using
fine cells
• Individual nozzle flow kept exactly identical (in absence
of any flow mal-distribution)
2.Mass Inlet on Nozzle Surface
• Inject fluid through cells representing nozzles
• Total inlet adjusted for correct mass flow
• Individual rates varied (nozzle sizes varied due to
overlap of square cells on circular tips)
3.More general “mass source” approach selected
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
13. Slide 13
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Computational Mesh
o Flare dimensions approximated as 3.35m square, computational volume set as 20m
long X 20m wide X 15m high (domain extended ~9m beyond flare edge)
o Domain bottom set at top of elevated flare exit (reduce mesh size)
o Domain separated into two regions
Region 1: Near Tip Region just above nozzle and 7m square by 8m high
• Fixed horizontal cells with equal spacing (80 cells 0.0875m on a side)
• Vertical dimension slowly varied with 0.05m at nozzle face to 0.14m at top of region (90 cells)
• High resolution region had 576,000 cells
Region 2: Buffer Region surrounding Near Tip Region
• Course, stretched cells to provide buffer between boundaries and near tip
• Both horizontal dimensions included 14 cells; vertical dimension included 12 cells
• Provided large distance from edge of domain (pressure boundary) and flame surface to prevent
estimated pressure in igniting flame ball
o During analysis, mesh refined several times to improve calculation results
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
14. Slide 14
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Pressure Monitoring Locations
Note: x and z are horizontal positions (x = 0
and z = 0 is flare center) and y is height above
flare tip as shown in graphic)
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
15. Model Tuning (1)
• Over 60 CFD runs indicated pressure wave magnitude mostly dependent on
ignition time (combustion kinetics and turbulence had secondary effects)
• Typical pressure pulse of +30 to +40 mB wave followed by negative wave of -10
to -20 mB
• Runs with ignition delay exhibited higher pressures waves
– Combustion parameters varied over significant range but had little effect on predicted
peak pressure wave
• Ignition delay accomplished by:
– Natural gas jets turned on for 0.25 sec prior to igniting pilot
– After ignition, pilot flame grew and ignited flare gas at approximately 1 sec
– Resulting flame ball had significantly higher pressures than nearly all other cases
considered
– Cases #3 and #41 had overpressures ~0.5 atm
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 15
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
16. Predicted Pressure for
All Cases at Low Flow Conditions
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 16
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
17. Model Tuning (2)
• Final chemical kinetics coefficients selected as providing “best” fit to ignition
tests:
– Ak = 5.0e16, Ta = 20098, b = 0.5, c = 1, and d = 1
• Turbulence parameters selected:
– ε = 0.2; δ = 1e-5
• Kinetics and turbulence parameters not highest values tested (i.e. fastest
kinetics and most rapid mixing)
• Cases with higher values not always result in higher pressures since high
values also leads to combustion in non-ideal mixtures
• Increasing turbulence scale improves mixing and suppresses natural fluid
oscillations in turbulent jet (scale factor not allowed to exceed 2x recommended
value of 0.2)
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 17
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
18. Slide 18
Low Flow Results:
Filtering Effect
Slide 18
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
• Time history plot of local gas pressure for typical case @ 4m elevation above nozzle
• LHS figure has each point representing average of 4 time steps (slight filtering)
• Without filtering (RHS figure), isolated pressure peaks for single time steps ( 0.1 ms) predicted considered not representative
of experimental measurements (too fast for test equipment to accurately monitor)
• Filtering used to insure pressure histories representative of large regions and times more consistent with pressure histories
inferred from flame velocity measurements
• Pressure change (max – min) reaches approximately 50 mB (or more) – same as reported in flare tests
• Time between max and min pressure is on order of 16 ms (~60 Hz sound frequency)
Case 18 Case 37
42 mB (0.62 psig)
-10 mB (0.15 psig)
0.77 psig
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
19. Slide 19
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Low Flow Results:
Ignition Delay Effect
• Pressure histories from two delayed ignition cases (Case 3 and Case 41)
• Highest Pressure observed on outer edge of growing fire ball
• Minimum pressure observed at center of growing fire ball after high pressure
propagates outward
Case 41Case 3
425 mB (6.25 psig)
125 mB (1.84 psig)
-130 mB (1.91 psig)
-60 mB (0.88 psig)
2.72 psig
8.16 psig
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
20. Slide 20
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Low Flow Results:
Pressure Spikes from Ignition Delay
• Highest Pressure on outer edge of growing fire ball
• Minimum pressure at fire ball center after high pressure
region propagates outward
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
21. Slide 21
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Low Flow Results:
Horizontal temperature contour through flame ball at 4m
Beginning of Ignition Mid-Point of Ignition Near End of Ignition
• Spatial distance between tick marks on plots is 1m; temporal distance between plots is 30 ms
• Dividing flame propagation distance by time between frames yields flame velocity of 33 m/s
• Experimental flame propagation velocity ~50 m/s (examining video data indicated they failed to subtract
initial ball diameter). Correcting test results yields actual growth rate of 40 – 44 m/s
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
22. Slide 22
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Low Flow Results:
Flame ball growth for normal and delayed ignition
Normal Ignition Delayed Ignition
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
23. Slide 23
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Low Flow Results:
Normal Ignition Video
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
24. Slide 24
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Low Flow Results:
Delayed Ignition Video
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
25. Slide 25
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
High Flow Results:
Ignition Delay Effect
• Pressure history from non-delayed (RHS) and delayed (LHS) ignition pressure wave
(4m above flare tip)
• Higher flow wo/ ignition delay caused slightly higher pressure wave (3.53 vs 0.77 psig)
• With Ignition delay, pressure builds until calculation becomes unstable (detonation)
High Rate w/ Ignition DelayHigh Rate wo/ Ignition Delay
160 mB (2.35 psig)
1700 mB (24.98 psig)
-80 mB (1.18 psig)
3.53 psig
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
26. Slide 26
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
High Flow Results:
Normal Ignition Video
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
27. Slide 27
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
High Flow Results:
Delayed Ignition Video (only two frames at sampling rate)
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
28. Conclusions
• Natural Gas Flare Gas Fired through multi-burner tip:
– C3d flare model based on LES mixing model
– Combustion model used EBU type reactions (includes soot)
– 2-zone computational mesh (adjusted to optimize grid)
– Final mesh size ~1.2MM cells
• Simulated low flow (200-350 TPH) and high flow (1350 TPH) conditions
• Compared results to test results
– Pressure wave estimated by AIChE correlation + flame speed estimated from high speed
video (pressure measurements via microphone – not sensitive enough)
– Predictions compared well to data for flame speed and pressure wave
– from 12 tests (2 tip sizes, 3 operating pressures, 2 radiation sample locations)
• Estimated Pressure wave
– Low flow, no ignition delay 0.75 psig, flame speed ~33 m/s (measured 40 m/s)
– Low flow, ignition delay ~ 8 psig possible!
– High flow, no ignition delay 3.5 psig
– High flow, ignition delay resulted in explosion!
Slide 28
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
29. Backup Slides
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 29
Maui, Hawaii September 27 - 29,
2010
30. Radiation Inside Large Fires
• High soot volume fractions make large fires non-transparent
(optically thick) which causes flame to radiate as a cloud
(radiatively diffuse)
• Fire volume defined where soot volume fraction (fi) greater than
minimum volume fraction (fsoot fmin)
• Flame edge (fflameedge) where soot volume fraction = 0.05 ppm
Calculated flame surfaces from 3 time steps from validation against test
Slide 30
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
31. • When fsoot fflameedge then outside “flame” (participating medium
considered)
• View factors from fire to surrounding surfaces calculated at each
time step (includes attenuation by gas and soot media for
flames)
• Re-radiation from surroundings also calculated at each time
• Fire considered black body radiator (εfiresurface = 1)
• Radiation from flame to surroundings assumes Tsurround =
constant
Radiation Outside of Large Fires
Slide 31
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
32. Diffuse Radiation Within Fire
• Calculated indirectly using a Rossland effective thermal
conductivity
– σ = Stefan-Boltzman Constant
– T = local temperature
– βR= local extinction coefficient. Dependent on local species concentrations
• Radiation transport model:
– Predicts radiant flux on external (and internal) surfaces
– Provides source/sinks terms to overall energy equation
Air
R
R k
T
k =
β
σ
3
16 3
Slide 32
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
33. Reactions Involving Fuel
• Incomplete Fuel Combustion (soot producing)
1 kg F + (2.87-2.6S1) kg O2 → S1 kg C + (3.87-3.6S1) kg PC + (50-32S1) MJ
– Combustion Soot Mass Parameter, S1 = 0.005
• Endothermic Fuel Pyrolysis (soot producing)
1 kg F + 0.3 MJ → S2 kg C + (1-S2) kg IS
– Cracking Parameter, S2 = 0.15
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 33
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010
34. Reactions Not Involving Fuel
• Soot Combustion
1 kg C + 2.6 kg O2 → 3.6 kg CO2 + 32 MJ
• Combustion of Intermediate Species
– Coefficients chosen so that complete combustion of C and IS produce same
species and thermal energy as direct combustion of fuel
American Flame Research Committees - International Pacific Rim Combustion Symposium Advances in
Combustion Technology: Improving the Environment and Energy Efficiency Sheraton
Slide 34
Maui, Hawaii
September 27 - 29, 2010