Domain-тестирование – формальное название методики тестирования, за которым скрывается банальная работа с классами эквивалентности. Впрочем, не такая уж и банальная. Даже в популярной литературе по тестированию часто упоминают только о существовании классов эквивалентности и о том, что с их граничными значениями работать очень полезно.
Мы знакомимся с основами этой методики, когда делаем первые шаги в тестировании, и больше никогда о ней не задумываемся, наивно считая, что она попала в нашу зону неосознанной компетентности и мы всегда используем ее правильно. А так ли это?
Domain-тестирование – формальное название методики тестирования, за которым скрывается банальная работа с классами эквивалентности. Впрочем, не такая уж и банальная. Даже в популярной литературе по тестированию часто упоминают только о существовании классов эквивалентности и о том, что с их граничными значениями работать очень полезно.
Мы знакомимся с основами этой методики, когда делаем первые шаги в тестировании, и больше никогда о ней не задумываемся, наивно считая, что она попала в нашу зону неосознанной компетентности и мы всегда используем ее правильно. А так ли это?
The playgrounds at Francis Wyman Elementary School are widely used but in poor condition, with safety and accessibility issues that require attention. The surfaces are deteriorating and do not meet safety standards, and special needs students have not been able to use some areas. The PTO seeks to partner with the town to fund improvements including new play structures, landscaping, and disability-accessible surfaces and equipment to improve the playgrounds for all students.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses various qualities of good tests, including validity, reliability, objectivity, discrimination, and practicality. It defines different types of validity like content validity and construct validity. It also discusses ways to ensure validity, such as submitting tests to experts and ensuring reliability through methods like test-retest and using correlation coefficients. The document emphasizes that a test needs to measure what it is intended to measure and produce consistent results.
Hello Australia Positive Vibrations BBQ - 22/09/07Diego Costa
O documento é sobre um churrasco. Contém imagens de carne assada, bebidas e pessoas se divertindo em um evento ao ar livre. O churrasco parece ter sido uma ocasião agradável para comer, beber e socializar.
The document discusses moving children from institutions into community life. It notes that children in institutions have profoundly negative health impacts, including a life expectancy of only 30 years and high rates of abuse, suicide, and incarceration. Currently, most of Russia's child welfare funds are spent on institutions. However, the future policy will be for children to live with families in the community instead of institutions. The document outlines a plan to transition children from institutions into family and community settings from prenatal to age 16. It also discusses the interventions and challenges involved in this transition.
El documento describe la importancia de conocer la historia para entender el origen y desarrollo de un país. Explica que en 1816, representantes de las provincias argentinas se reunieron en el Congreso de Tucumán para declarar formalmente la independencia de España y establecer un gobierno propio, poniendo fin a más de 300 años como colonia española.
The document appears to be a collection of random phrases and words with no clear overall theme or message. It mentions being asleep with a lion, having a bruised nose, loving swings, naughty eyes, being a chef in making, chilling, a legacy of teaching, an alternate vocation, a rare moment, and a tongue twister about "gunda raaj".
The document provides instructions for a science class drawing and writing assignment. Students are asked to draw a scientist doing science using the full sheet of paper and with color. They must also write two paragraphs describing their scientist and what they are doing. Completing the paragraphs is encouraged but not required for homework. Subsequent class objectives are to finish the paragraph writing and complete a survey, have homework to finish any unfinished writing, and then to complete a book walk activity.
- Slovakia has equal rights under the law for both women and men regarding property and inheritance. Nearly all Slovakians are literate.
- Schooling is compulsory for 10 years from ages 6-16. Universities are free to attend but admission is highly competitive. There are 13 universities with the oldest being Comenius University in Bratislava.
- Greetings in Slovakia are warm but not overly emotive. A handshake with direct eye contact and a greeting for the time of day such as "dobré rano" for morning are common. The informal greeting "ahoj" is used among friends.
The document discusses how opening up elections to allow more political party choices could improve democracy. It argues that with only two major parties, voters are often disappointed and feel they must choose the lesser of two evils. The document suggests that allowing third parties to have a fair chance through reforms like instant runoff voting, free media access, and lowered ballot access requirements could bring fresh perspectives that improve choices for voters.
FATC UK - Real time collaborative Flex appsMichael Chaize
This document discusses real-time collaboration using LiveCycle and introduces LiveCycle Data Services and BlazeDS. It describes how LiveCycle Data Services provides services for data management, RPC, messaging and integration with LiveCycle document services. BlazeDS is described as a free and open source subset. Key aspects of messaging, data push, and data management services are summarized. LiveCycle Collaboration Service is introduced as providing components for collaboration applications.
The document discusses Pocket Philippines, a company that produces and distributes free postcards and brochures with commercial and informational messages. The cards are placed in racks in public buildings like hotels to advertise local attractions, restaurants, retail outlets, and other venues. The target market includes tourists, travelers, and visitors seeking information about places to go. The document outlines Pocket Philippines' services, production and distribution process, locations where cards can be found, and benefits for both clients and consumers.
The document discusses multilingual electronic linguistic resources, including bilingual and multilingual lexical databases, dictionaries, and corpora. It describes two early electronic corpora of Bulgarian created in the 1990s: the Parallel Annotated 1984 Corpus from the MULTEXT-East project, which contains the Bulgarian translation of 1984 with part-of-speech tagging; and the Comparative Corpus containing newspaper and fiction excerpts in Bulgarian and other languages. It also discusses the Bulgarian lexicon created for the project, containing over 240,000 entries with morphological information.
The playgrounds at Francis Wyman Elementary School are widely used but in poor condition, with safety and accessibility issues that require attention. The surfaces are deteriorating and do not meet safety standards, and special needs students have not been able to use some areas. The PTO seeks to partner with the town to fund improvements including new play structures, landscaping, and disability-accessible surfaces and equipment to improve the playgrounds for all students.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses various qualities of good tests, including validity, reliability, objectivity, discrimination, and practicality. It defines different types of validity like content validity and construct validity. It also discusses ways to ensure validity, such as submitting tests to experts and ensuring reliability through methods like test-retest and using correlation coefficients. The document emphasizes that a test needs to measure what it is intended to measure and produce consistent results.
Hello Australia Positive Vibrations BBQ - 22/09/07Diego Costa
O documento é sobre um churrasco. Contém imagens de carne assada, bebidas e pessoas se divertindo em um evento ao ar livre. O churrasco parece ter sido uma ocasião agradável para comer, beber e socializar.
The document discusses moving children from institutions into community life. It notes that children in institutions have profoundly negative health impacts, including a life expectancy of only 30 years and high rates of abuse, suicide, and incarceration. Currently, most of Russia's child welfare funds are spent on institutions. However, the future policy will be for children to live with families in the community instead of institutions. The document outlines a plan to transition children from institutions into family and community settings from prenatal to age 16. It also discusses the interventions and challenges involved in this transition.
El documento describe la importancia de conocer la historia para entender el origen y desarrollo de un país. Explica que en 1816, representantes de las provincias argentinas se reunieron en el Congreso de Tucumán para declarar formalmente la independencia de España y establecer un gobierno propio, poniendo fin a más de 300 años como colonia española.
The document appears to be a collection of random phrases and words with no clear overall theme or message. It mentions being asleep with a lion, having a bruised nose, loving swings, naughty eyes, being a chef in making, chilling, a legacy of teaching, an alternate vocation, a rare moment, and a tongue twister about "gunda raaj".
The document provides instructions for a science class drawing and writing assignment. Students are asked to draw a scientist doing science using the full sheet of paper and with color. They must also write two paragraphs describing their scientist and what they are doing. Completing the paragraphs is encouraged but not required for homework. Subsequent class objectives are to finish the paragraph writing and complete a survey, have homework to finish any unfinished writing, and then to complete a book walk activity.
- Slovakia has equal rights under the law for both women and men regarding property and inheritance. Nearly all Slovakians are literate.
- Schooling is compulsory for 10 years from ages 6-16. Universities are free to attend but admission is highly competitive. There are 13 universities with the oldest being Comenius University in Bratislava.
- Greetings in Slovakia are warm but not overly emotive. A handshake with direct eye contact and a greeting for the time of day such as "dobré rano" for morning are common. The informal greeting "ahoj" is used among friends.
The document discusses how opening up elections to allow more political party choices could improve democracy. It argues that with only two major parties, voters are often disappointed and feel they must choose the lesser of two evils. The document suggests that allowing third parties to have a fair chance through reforms like instant runoff voting, free media access, and lowered ballot access requirements could bring fresh perspectives that improve choices for voters.
FATC UK - Real time collaborative Flex appsMichael Chaize
This document discusses real-time collaboration using LiveCycle and introduces LiveCycle Data Services and BlazeDS. It describes how LiveCycle Data Services provides services for data management, RPC, messaging and integration with LiveCycle document services. BlazeDS is described as a free and open source subset. Key aspects of messaging, data push, and data management services are summarized. LiveCycle Collaboration Service is introduced as providing components for collaboration applications.
The document discusses Pocket Philippines, a company that produces and distributes free postcards and brochures with commercial and informational messages. The cards are placed in racks in public buildings like hotels to advertise local attractions, restaurants, retail outlets, and other venues. The target market includes tourists, travelers, and visitors seeking information about places to go. The document outlines Pocket Philippines' services, production and distribution process, locations where cards can be found, and benefits for both clients and consumers.
The document discusses multilingual electronic linguistic resources, including bilingual and multilingual lexical databases, dictionaries, and corpora. It describes two early electronic corpora of Bulgarian created in the 1990s: the Parallel Annotated 1984 Corpus from the MULTEXT-East project, which contains the Bulgarian translation of 1984 with part-of-speech tagging; and the Comparative Corpus containing newspaper and fiction excerpts in Bulgarian and other languages. It also discusses the Bulgarian lexicon created for the project, containing over 240,000 entries with morphological information.
Classification and clustering in media monitoring: from knowledge engineering...Lidia Pivovarova
This PhD thesis examines classification and clustering techniques for media monitoring, including news grouping, multi-label text classification, and business polarity detection. It focuses on applying these methods to the PULS media monitoring system, which collects over 10,000 news articles daily. The thesis contributes novel algorithms and datasets for grouping news into stories based on named entity salience, large-scale multi-label text classification balancing training sets, and the first dataset and methods for entity-level business polarity detection.
The document describes a Russian paraphrase corpus created by the authors. It contains over 8000 sentence pairs annotated as precise, loose, or non-paraphrases using crowdsourcing. The corpus was collected from news headlines and aims to capture the most important events. The authors evaluate different models for classifying sentence pairs and find that combining linguistic features improves performance over individual feature types. Graphs built from the corpus can reveal connected events more completely than human annotations alone.
This document discusses the work of Antiplagiat Research, which tackles challenging natural language processing and plagiarism detection problems. It outlines their focus on cross-language plagiarism detection, machine-generated text detection, and intrinsic plagiarism detection. It also describes Antiplagiat Research's collaboration opportunities and their participation in evaluating plagiarism detection algorithms through workshops like Dialogue Evaluation.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed 47,410 Instagram images from Saint Petersburg over one year to understand human experience in different urban areas. The images were clustered using Google tags and user hashtags into topics like portraits, cars, flowers. The clusters were mapped geographically to see their spatial distribution. Clusters like hairstyle and animals were evenly distributed, while clothing, fitness and architecture were more detached, indicating urban segregation. The combination of semantic and geospatial analysis of social media images provided new insights into urban life not previously available from traditional data sources.
The document discusses the Pullenti NER Engine and its use in semantic similarity tasks. It presents the Semantics-Oriented Linguistic Processor (SOLP) which establishes text segments containing similar semantic units. It then describes the hybrid linguistic and machine learning approach used by the Pullenti-based engine, including the two-step Semantic Expansion Algorithm. Performance figures and evaluation metrics for Pullenti's named entity recognition are also provided.
The document discusses the reliability of results from corpus research and introduces a solution called GICR that provides automatic result analysis. GICR allows users to see statistics on search areas to check for bias or lack of homogeneity compared to the entire corpus by displaying metadata attributes like URLs, document IDs, author information, region, gender, and genre. It aims to address the problem that simply getting IPM and KWIC search results does not indicate if the results are biased by providing analysis directly in the interface.
This document discusses methods for estimating a user's actual age and gender when those values are not directly provided. It outlines using social graph analysis, natural language processing, analyzing user interests, and statistical methods. For social graph analysis, it examines using connections like classmates to infer age and analyzing local graph properties. NLP looks at gender-specific language in user profiles while interest analysis matches users to gender-biased communities. Statistics applies overall patterns in the data to make estimations.
This document presents mathematical models of information dissemination and warfare. It discusses:
1) Models of information spreading through both vertical (centralized) and horizontal (interpersonal) flows, and how the combination of these determines information dynamics in society.
2) Models of information adoption and forgetting over time, and the effects of incomplete media coverage and two-step perception.
3) Models of information warfare between two information sources, examining the necessary conditions for one to win over the other.
4) Extensions of these models including periodic destabilization, additional factors like forgetting, and a model of individual choice-making during information warfare.
This document discusses the analysis and modeling of complex systems. It describes analyzing the problem, modeling the system, and determining both quantitative and qualitative parameters. An example is given of assigning weights to different quantitative parameters. The document recommends creating a coordinate system and basis to define qualitative parameters. It formulates the final task as creating a concept for a basis of a quality parameter system. It seeks colleagues to partner with on further developing these analysis methods.
This document discusses trend detection at OK. It describes the multi-step process used: text extraction from logs, language detection, tokenization, dictionary extraction, vectorization, deduplication, statistics calculation, trend identification, clustering of trending terms, extraction of relevant documents, and visualization of trends. Both batch and streaming approaches are discussed to address the need for timely trend detection. Technologies used include Apache Kafka, YARN, Spark, Samza, Lucene and ELKI.
1. The researcher analyzed quantitative characteristics such as entropy, readability, lexical diversity, frequencies of words, and parts of speech for different text genres including scientific texts, news articles, and student writings.
2. The analysis found that student writings had higher entropy and readability than news articles or scientific texts. News articles had higher lexical diversity and frequencies of common words.
3. To evaluate the accuracy of a developed Old Irish lemmatizer, the researcher applied it to a test corpus of 840 tokens, of which 186 were unknown words. The lemmatizer correctly predicted lemmas for 84 of the unknown words, achieving an accuracy of around 60% for unknown words.
This document discusses methods for evaluating clustering validity indices (CVIs) that measure the quality of clustering results. It proposes using human assessments of clustered data as ground truth to evaluate how well different CVIs match human judgments. An experimental evaluation of 19 CVIs on 41 datasets clustered using 6 algorithms showed that none of the CVIs perfectly matched human assessments. The document concludes that while no universal CVI exists, meta-learning from past human assessments could help select the most appropriate CVI for a new clustering problem.
The document provides information on various artificial intelligence and voice assistant technologies including:
1) JUST AI and Eugene Goostman chatbot, a winner of the 2014 Turing 100 Chatbots competition.
2) Everyday Assistant, a voice assistant available on mobile devices.
3) Dusi Voice Assistant with over 1 million downloads on Google Play.
4) Era of messengers for chatting with personal assistants without voice.
5) ElSmart, the first Android phone for blind users.
6) Zenbot, an open source framework for developing voice assistants across platforms.
This document proposes a data augmentation method for image sentiment analysis using hashtags. It involves collecting a small set of manually labeled images and their hashtags, learning to predict sentiment labels from the hashtags using machine learning, and using this model to automatically label more images. Preliminary results show the hashtag-predicted labels match human labels with 83-95% accuracy. However, more testing is needed on a general set of images to fully evaluate the method's effectiveness.
This document proposes a method for continuous time series alignment in human action recognition. It defines continuous versions of time series, warping paths, and the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance. The method finds the optimal continuous warping path by approximating solutions to a cost minimization problem. An experiment applies the continuous DTW to classify human activities from accelerometer data, achieving classification accuracy close to the discrete DTW method. The continuous approach solves issues with resampling data and has potential for improved approximations and optimization methods.
1. Опыт использования продукционных
правил в задаче извлечения
онтологической информации из
терминологических словарей
Е.Н. Клименко
Е.Ф. Силина
Санкт-Петербургский экономико-математический
институт РАН
2. Три этапа решения задачи
1. Семантико-синтаксический анализ исходного
варианта вербальных определений. В основе
системы лежит анализатор и семантический
словарь В. А. Тузова.
2. Разработка системы правил, вычленяющих из
вербального определения онтологически
значимую информацию.
3. Применение правил к вербальным
определениям.
3. Список структурных связей между терминами
1. Это – субъект этой связи объявляется классом.
2. subClassOf – субъект этой связи объявляется
подклассом класса, заданного объектом.
3. этоПараметр – субъект этой связи является
параметром некоторого далее конкретизируемого
свойства класса, заданного объектом связи.
4. с_Параметром – объект этой связи является
параметром субъекта.
4. Продукционные правила
Продукционное правило - правило вида
"УСЛОВИЕ – ДЕЙСТВИЕ".
Структура правил состоит из двух частей:
– условие, которому должен удовлетворять
фрагмент дерева синтаксического разбора;
– действие, выполняемое над заданным
фрагментом дерева, если правило оказалось
применимым к этому фрагменту.
5. Основные приемы определения правил
УСЛОВИЕ содержит:
– указание опорного узла дерева разбора, к
которому применимо данное правило;
– указание, если это необходимо, контекста этого
опорного узла,
– указание, если это необходимо, свойств
(морфологических и семантических) которым
должны удовлетворять узлы (все или некоторые)
из заданного контекста.
ДЕЙСТВИЕ содержит инструкции о вставке,
уничтожении или преобразовании триплетов и
узлов.
6. Синтаксически правило оформляется в виде
именованного блока информации, атрибутом
которого определяется T- или N-тип этого
правила:
<имя_правила ТИП={T|N} >
условие => действие
</ имя_правила>
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Склонение - одна из двух координат
экваториальной системы координат.
{СКЛОНЕНИЕ - Это - Class
СКЛОНЕНИЕ - этоПараметр -
ЭКВАТОРИАЛЬНЫЙ_СИСТЕМА_КООРДИНАТА
СКЛОНЕНИЕ - subClassOf - КООРДИНАТА}
14. Правило РодЗн
<РодЗн ТИП = "T">
#W1 Род #W2 & ЗНАЧАЩИЙ (#W1) != 0 &
ЗНАЧАЩИЙ (#W2) != 0 =>
ВСТАВИТЬ (#W1 этоПараметр #W2);
УДАЛИТЬ (#W1 Род #W2)
</РодЗн>
15. Правило РодНезн
<РодНезн ТИП = "T">
#W1 Род #W2 & ЧАСТЬРЕЧИ (#W1) = Сущ &
ЧАСТЬРЕЧИ (#W2) = Сущ &
ЗНАЧАЩИЙ (#W2) = 0 =>
УДАЛИТЬ (#W1 Род #W2)
</РодНезн>
16. Правило РодПар2
<РодПар2 ТИП = "T">
#W1 Род #W2 & (КЛАСС(#W1) = Параметры &
ЗНАЧАЩИЙ(#W2) != 0) =>
ЗАМЕНИТЬ (#W1 Род #W2,
#W1 этоПараметр #W2)
</РодПар2>
17. Результаты эксперимента
• Всего в определениях терминологического
словаря использовано 237 различных слов.
Указание класса потребовалось для 48 слов.
Общее количество востребованных классов
равно 16.
• В определениях терминологического словаря
(после применения программы унификации
связей) используется 38 различных типов связей.
• Для построения онтологии по исходному
терминологическому словарю пришлось
определить 123 правила. Из них 51 правило
использовано два и более раз; 72 правила были
18. Общее количество связей в «эталонной
онтологии» - 93:
связи вида класс/подкласс - 62,
связи вида свойства классов - 31.
Общее количество выявленных связей - 61:
связи класс/подкласс – 29,
связи свойства классов - 32.
Конечным результатом этой работы является
формальный текст онтологии, связывающей
исходный набор терминов в сеть отношений
между терминами.
19. • Подтвердилась зависимость семантической
интерпретации синтаксических связей от
контекста на дереве разбора.
• Важной характеристикой является степень
общности правил и возможность их
многократного использования.
• Все правила, будучи ориентированными на
задачу онтологического анализа
терминологических словарей, вместе с тем
имеют достаточно общий характер и не зависят
от специфики конкретной предметной области (в
нашем случае это задача межзвездного
поглощения).