The document discusses composting and provides information about a presentation on composting given to the National Park Service's National Capital Region Sustainability Advisory Group. It defines composting, outlines its benefits, and describes different composting systems and models used in the region. Various composting facilities in the DC metropolitan area are also mentioned along with their annual throughput and acreage.
Native plants provide a low-maintenance, drought-resistant landscape while benefiting the environment. They require less water, fertilizer, and pesticides than traditional lawns. A rain garden is a shallow depression planted with native plants that filters pollutants from stormwater runoff and returns moisture to the water cycle. Xeriscaping uses native and drought-tolerant plants to reduce water usage through proper plant placement. The seven principles of xeriscaping are planning, soil improvement, efficient irrigation, plant zoning, mulching, turf alternatives, and appropriate maintenance.
This document is the 2011 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report for the City of Dania Beach. It summarizes that the city's water meets all federal and state standards for safety. It obtains groundwater from the Biscayne Aquifer and treats it through lime softening and filtration. In 2011 it added a new nanofiltration process. While most contaminant levels were low, the city violated standards for lead between August-September 2011 and for haloacetic acids from October-December 2011. The report provides a water quality table with test results and defines various terms.
New Jersey Rain Garden Manual - Part 1Sotirakou964
Here are the key steps to designing a rain garden:
1. Determine the Location
- Select an area that receives runoff, like where puddles form or drainage is poor
- Ensure runoff will flow toward the garden, with minor modifications if needed
- Locate at least 10-30 feet from building foundations
2. Determine the Surface Area
- Calculate the contributing drainage area in square feet
- Aim for a garden size that is about 10-15% of the contributing drainage area
3. Consider Depth and Leveling
- Dig the garden 3-6 inches deep, with a flat or saucer-shaped bottom
- Ensure the garden slopes slightly toward the center for ponding
4
C:\Fakepath\J Banks Utah Designinga Basic Pvc Home Garden Dripnacaa
Drip irrigation can help home gardeners enjoy the benefits of gardening. By using drip irrigation, gardeners will spend less time weeding and watering, notice water savings, higher production and implement water conservation methods. Drip irrigation stretches water supplies and can be a great water saver during times of drought. Irrigation equipment is readily available and can easily be installed by do-it-yourselfers. The Juab County Drip Irrigation System is simple to design and install, user friendly and effective. Using a system like this can help add to the enjoyment and satisfaction of raising home gardens.
This document summarizes a talk about extracting genomes from community sequencing data. It discusses what techniques currently work well, what may work in the future, and areas that need further development. Specifically, it outlines that shotgun metagenomics is a cheap and easy way to generate large datasets but presents computational challenges due to the volume of data. It also describes approaches using digital normalization to reduce data size prior to assembly in order to improve scaling of assembly algorithms. While sensitivity can be high with sufficient sequencing depth, the interpretation of metagenomics data remains a bottleneck due to limited gene annotations and analysis tools.
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
A document is asking a dog named Spot where he is hiding, checking behind the door, in the clock, in the piano, under the stairs, in the closet, under the bed, in the chest, and under the rug. It then tells Spot to eat, as it is time for dinner.
Mr and Mrs Sunita Dham were celebrating their Silver Wedding Anniversary on March 6, 2012. The Principal and staff members of the school sent them heartfelt greetings on another year of sharing for their special Silver Wedding Anniversary. They wished the couple a happy Silver Wedding Anniversary.
Native plants provide a low-maintenance, drought-resistant landscape while benefiting the environment. They require less water, fertilizer, and pesticides than traditional lawns. A rain garden is a shallow depression planted with native plants that filters pollutants from stormwater runoff and returns moisture to the water cycle. Xeriscaping uses native and drought-tolerant plants to reduce water usage through proper plant placement. The seven principles of xeriscaping are planning, soil improvement, efficient irrigation, plant zoning, mulching, turf alternatives, and appropriate maintenance.
This document is the 2011 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report for the City of Dania Beach. It summarizes that the city's water meets all federal and state standards for safety. It obtains groundwater from the Biscayne Aquifer and treats it through lime softening and filtration. In 2011 it added a new nanofiltration process. While most contaminant levels were low, the city violated standards for lead between August-September 2011 and for haloacetic acids from October-December 2011. The report provides a water quality table with test results and defines various terms.
New Jersey Rain Garden Manual - Part 1Sotirakou964
Here are the key steps to designing a rain garden:
1. Determine the Location
- Select an area that receives runoff, like where puddles form or drainage is poor
- Ensure runoff will flow toward the garden, with minor modifications if needed
- Locate at least 10-30 feet from building foundations
2. Determine the Surface Area
- Calculate the contributing drainage area in square feet
- Aim for a garden size that is about 10-15% of the contributing drainage area
3. Consider Depth and Leveling
- Dig the garden 3-6 inches deep, with a flat or saucer-shaped bottom
- Ensure the garden slopes slightly toward the center for ponding
4
C:\Fakepath\J Banks Utah Designinga Basic Pvc Home Garden Dripnacaa
Drip irrigation can help home gardeners enjoy the benefits of gardening. By using drip irrigation, gardeners will spend less time weeding and watering, notice water savings, higher production and implement water conservation methods. Drip irrigation stretches water supplies and can be a great water saver during times of drought. Irrigation equipment is readily available and can easily be installed by do-it-yourselfers. The Juab County Drip Irrigation System is simple to design and install, user friendly and effective. Using a system like this can help add to the enjoyment and satisfaction of raising home gardens.
This document summarizes a talk about extracting genomes from community sequencing data. It discusses what techniques currently work well, what may work in the future, and areas that need further development. Specifically, it outlines that shotgun metagenomics is a cheap and easy way to generate large datasets but presents computational challenges due to the volume of data. It also describes approaches using digital normalization to reduce data size prior to assembly in order to improve scaling of assembly algorithms. While sensitivity can be high with sufficient sequencing depth, the interpretation of metagenomics data remains a bottleneck due to limited gene annotations and analysis tools.
Eco-floristic studies of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the district...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013–14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529–700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.
A document is asking a dog named Spot where he is hiding, checking behind the door, in the clock, in the piano, under the stairs, in the closet, under the bed, in the chest, and under the rug. It then tells Spot to eat, as it is time for dinner.
Mr and Mrs Sunita Dham were celebrating their Silver Wedding Anniversary on March 6, 2012. The Principal and staff members of the school sent them heartfelt greetings on another year of sharing for their special Silver Wedding Anniversary. They wished the couple a happy Silver Wedding Anniversary.
The document traces the evolution of touchscreen technology from 1972 to 2012. It describes several important touchscreen devices throughout history: the PLATO IV in 1972 was the first touchscreen; the HP-150 in 1983 was the first commercial touchscreen computer; the Home Manager in 1985 was the first touchscreen home automation system; the GRiDPAD in 1989 pioneered mobile computing; the IBM Simon in 1992 was the first smartphone; the Pilot PDA in 1996 helped organize business users; the iPhone in 2007 popularized touchscreen smartphones; Microsoft Surface in 2007 enabled multi-touch interaction; and the iPad from 2010 bridged laptops and smartphones and popularized tablets. The document shows how touchscreen technology has advanced from early experimental
This document lists the editorial board members for Bioaccent journals. It includes 26 members from various countries including the United States, Mexico, Singapore, Malaysia, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, India, and Africa. The members are professors and researchers from universities and research institutions specializing in fields like chemistry, medicine, nursing, and pharmacology.
The document appears to be a report from JJ Outdoor Ltda EPP detailing outdoor advertising checks from March 12-25, 2012. It includes information on unconfirmed and confirmed reservations for several outdoor advertising spots in the cities of Gaspar and Ilhota, Brazil along Rodovia Jorge Lacerda. Photos are provided of billboards at each location along with address details.
This document provides instructions for an activity where students will work together to graph lines defined by inequalities and guess a hidden point. It explains that students will complete assignment 6.07 as a group, graphing lines defined by y<2x+1 and y>-2/3x+5 and shading the regions defined by the inequalities. It then instructs students to take turns guessing the hidden point and save their work before moving on to individually complete assignment 10.11, which involves questions about collaborating online and using the slope-intercept formula to graph lines.
El documento argumenta que todos los niños del mundo deberían poder disfrutar de una infancia feliz y libre de explotación, ya que todos hemos sido niños y queremos lo mejor para nuestros propios hijos. Señala que mientras que nuestros hijos usan ropa, los hijos de otros países fabrican la ropa, lo que implica explotación infantil. Hace un llamado a luchar contra la explotación infantil para que todos los niños del mundo puedan disfrutar de su infancia.
The document discusses using Infinispan distributed caching to improve the performance and scalability of a web service. It describes how Infinispan provides a highly scalable and available caching solution through its replication and distribution capabilities. It then demonstrates integrating Infinispan caching with a Spring-based web service and MongoDB database to cache frequently accessed data and objects.
Amores.iii.14 lines 11 20 - text and notessarahmcnee
Ovid advises his lover to act innocently and deny any wrongdoing, while encouraging her to indulge her passions secretly. He tells her to be naughty in a private place, then leave her sins there and speak modestly in public so as not to damage her reputation.
Austin KeleGrimm spent time building a computer over several days in February and March 2012. He spent 4 hours researching parts to ensure compatibility. On March 3rd, he spent 12 hours unpacking, organizing, and assembling the parts into the computer case, which required careful mounting of each component. On March 4th, he spent 1 hour installing the Windows operating system.
Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Anchovy Fisheries in Krueng Raya B...Zulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes a study on factors contributing to the decline of anchovy fisheries in Krueng Raya Bay, Indonesia. The study found that anchovy production peaked at 2,072 tons in 1999 but declined sharply to 171 tons after the 2004 tsunami. While production fluctuated between 126-279 tons from 2006-2012, it remained well below pre-tsunami and predicted maximum sustainable yield levels. The decline is attributed to increasing fishing effort through more lift net boats, destructive fishing gears, and degradation of coral reefs and mangroves from pollution and other human impacts. The tsunami exacerbated the decline but other anthropogenic factors likely had a greater long-term impact on depleting the anchovy stocks.
الأربعون سنة في أرض مديان
1. المشهد الأول: هو مشهد البداية : ( مشهد صفورة و الرعاة هو أول مشهد بمجرد أن وصل إلى أرض مديان ) .. و الفترة كلها لا يذكر عنها الوحي أي شيء
2. المشهد الثاني هو مشهد النهاية : ( مشهد دعوة الله لموسى في العليقة .. يأمره أن يذهب لكي يخلص بني إسرائيل من فرعون و من المصريين . مشهد الختام يفرد له الوحي بمفرده مساحة أصحاح 3 و أصحاح
Southern Copper reported net income of $531.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2012, a 1% decrease from the same period in 2011. Despite higher copper prices, revenues declined slightly due to lower sales volumes of copper, molybdenum, and silver. Production of copper increased 1.5% compared to the previous year. The company maintained its capital expenditure plans to increase copper production capacity to over 1 million metric tons in the next 5 years.
This document discusses alternatives to polystyrene food service ware that are compostable and biobased. It notes the environmental issues with polystyrene including that it is non-renewable, generally non-biodegradable, and has low recycling rates. Compostable biobased alternatives are highlighted as renewable options that can break down in composting systems. The document outlines the benefits of composting food waste and provides examples of programs that have successfully utilized compostable food service products on a large scale.
This document discusses compostable biobased food service ware. It begins by explaining the benefits of using compostable products, such as helping to capture food discards and complementing zero waste goals. It then discusses key concepts like biodegradable vs. compostable, and programs that have successfully utilized compostable products. The document cautions that compostable alone does not mean sustainable, and outlines criteria for environmentally preferable biobased food service ware. Examples of municipalities with strong composting programs utilizing compostable products are provided.
This document summarizes a study on the viability of growing shrub willow as a bioenergy buffer crop on agricultural fields in the US Midwest to improve sustainability. Key findings include that shrub willow buffers substantially improved nitrogen use efficiency, produced comparable biomass yields to unfertilized monocultures, improved water quality by reducing soil and nitrogen losses, and provided other ecosystem services. However, shrub willow did not provide positive net revenue due to high land rental costs. It could be more economically competitive than corn in marginal soils or when considering the monetary value of ecosystem services provided. While not financially viable on its own currently, integrating shrub willow buffers shows potential to improve the environmental sustainability of agroecos
The document traces the evolution of touchscreen technology from 1972 to 2012. It describes several important touchscreen devices throughout history: the PLATO IV in 1972 was the first touchscreen; the HP-150 in 1983 was the first commercial touchscreen computer; the Home Manager in 1985 was the first touchscreen home automation system; the GRiDPAD in 1989 pioneered mobile computing; the IBM Simon in 1992 was the first smartphone; the Pilot PDA in 1996 helped organize business users; the iPhone in 2007 popularized touchscreen smartphones; Microsoft Surface in 2007 enabled multi-touch interaction; and the iPad from 2010 bridged laptops and smartphones and popularized tablets. The document shows how touchscreen technology has advanced from early experimental
This document lists the editorial board members for Bioaccent journals. It includes 26 members from various countries including the United States, Mexico, Singapore, Malaysia, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, India, and Africa. The members are professors and researchers from universities and research institutions specializing in fields like chemistry, medicine, nursing, and pharmacology.
The document appears to be a report from JJ Outdoor Ltda EPP detailing outdoor advertising checks from March 12-25, 2012. It includes information on unconfirmed and confirmed reservations for several outdoor advertising spots in the cities of Gaspar and Ilhota, Brazil along Rodovia Jorge Lacerda. Photos are provided of billboards at each location along with address details.
This document provides instructions for an activity where students will work together to graph lines defined by inequalities and guess a hidden point. It explains that students will complete assignment 6.07 as a group, graphing lines defined by y<2x+1 and y>-2/3x+5 and shading the regions defined by the inequalities. It then instructs students to take turns guessing the hidden point and save their work before moving on to individually complete assignment 10.11, which involves questions about collaborating online and using the slope-intercept formula to graph lines.
El documento argumenta que todos los niños del mundo deberían poder disfrutar de una infancia feliz y libre de explotación, ya que todos hemos sido niños y queremos lo mejor para nuestros propios hijos. Señala que mientras que nuestros hijos usan ropa, los hijos de otros países fabrican la ropa, lo que implica explotación infantil. Hace un llamado a luchar contra la explotación infantil para que todos los niños del mundo puedan disfrutar de su infancia.
The document discusses using Infinispan distributed caching to improve the performance and scalability of a web service. It describes how Infinispan provides a highly scalable and available caching solution through its replication and distribution capabilities. It then demonstrates integrating Infinispan caching with a Spring-based web service and MongoDB database to cache frequently accessed data and objects.
Amores.iii.14 lines 11 20 - text and notessarahmcnee
Ovid advises his lover to act innocently and deny any wrongdoing, while encouraging her to indulge her passions secretly. He tells her to be naughty in a private place, then leave her sins there and speak modestly in public so as not to damage her reputation.
Austin KeleGrimm spent time building a computer over several days in February and March 2012. He spent 4 hours researching parts to ensure compatibility. On March 3rd, he spent 12 hours unpacking, organizing, and assembling the parts into the computer case, which required careful mounting of each component. On March 4th, he spent 1 hour installing the Windows operating system.
Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Anchovy Fisheries in Krueng Raya B...Zulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes a study on factors contributing to the decline of anchovy fisheries in Krueng Raya Bay, Indonesia. The study found that anchovy production peaked at 2,072 tons in 1999 but declined sharply to 171 tons after the 2004 tsunami. While production fluctuated between 126-279 tons from 2006-2012, it remained well below pre-tsunami and predicted maximum sustainable yield levels. The decline is attributed to increasing fishing effort through more lift net boats, destructive fishing gears, and degradation of coral reefs and mangroves from pollution and other human impacts. The tsunami exacerbated the decline but other anthropogenic factors likely had a greater long-term impact on depleting the anchovy stocks.
الأربعون سنة في أرض مديان
1. المشهد الأول: هو مشهد البداية : ( مشهد صفورة و الرعاة هو أول مشهد بمجرد أن وصل إلى أرض مديان ) .. و الفترة كلها لا يذكر عنها الوحي أي شيء
2. المشهد الثاني هو مشهد النهاية : ( مشهد دعوة الله لموسى في العليقة .. يأمره أن يذهب لكي يخلص بني إسرائيل من فرعون و من المصريين . مشهد الختام يفرد له الوحي بمفرده مساحة أصحاح 3 و أصحاح
Southern Copper reported net income of $531.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2012, a 1% decrease from the same period in 2011. Despite higher copper prices, revenues declined slightly due to lower sales volumes of copper, molybdenum, and silver. Production of copper increased 1.5% compared to the previous year. The company maintained its capital expenditure plans to increase copper production capacity to over 1 million metric tons in the next 5 years.
This document discusses alternatives to polystyrene food service ware that are compostable and biobased. It notes the environmental issues with polystyrene including that it is non-renewable, generally non-biodegradable, and has low recycling rates. Compostable biobased alternatives are highlighted as renewable options that can break down in composting systems. The document outlines the benefits of composting food waste and provides examples of programs that have successfully utilized compostable food service products on a large scale.
This document discusses compostable biobased food service ware. It begins by explaining the benefits of using compostable products, such as helping to capture food discards and complementing zero waste goals. It then discusses key concepts like biodegradable vs. compostable, and programs that have successfully utilized compostable products. The document cautions that compostable alone does not mean sustainable, and outlines criteria for environmentally preferable biobased food service ware. Examples of municipalities with strong composting programs utilizing compostable products are provided.
This document summarizes a study on the viability of growing shrub willow as a bioenergy buffer crop on agricultural fields in the US Midwest to improve sustainability. Key findings include that shrub willow buffers substantially improved nitrogen use efficiency, produced comparable biomass yields to unfertilized monocultures, improved water quality by reducing soil and nitrogen losses, and provided other ecosystem services. However, shrub willow did not provide positive net revenue due to high land rental costs. It could be more economically competitive than corn in marginal soils or when considering the monetary value of ecosystem services provided. While not financially viable on its own currently, integrating shrub willow buffers shows potential to improve the environmental sustainability of agroecos
This document discusses key initiatives for achieving sustainability and food security. It argues that to meet growing global food demands, agriculture must (1) use available water efficiently, (2) innovate and integrate mechanical, chemical and biological techniques, (3) value healthy soils and roots, and (4) uniformly deliver inputs. Achieving uniformity and balance across these areas through cooperation between farmers, industry, academia and government can help create a more sustainable future.
Composting in a Zero Carbon Footprint SystemReinbottt
This presentation gives an overview of composting and the project at the University of Missouri Bradford Research Center where food waste and horse bedding is being converted to compost to grow vegetables for Campus Dining and doing it all with a Zero Carbon Footprint
HIGH-THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING METHODS FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS and DESIGNER PLANT TY...Komal Kute
A growing world population is expected to cause a "perfect storm" of food, feed, and biofuel. Under the climate change scenario, it is a challenge for agricultural scientists to ensure food and nutritional security for an ever-increasing population with limited and rapidly depleting resources. However, researchers are now observing that conventional breeding methods will not be sufficient to meet projected future demands for foods. To overcome these constraints, plant breeding has evolved over the past two decades towards a much closer integration of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) tools and technologies.
The "phenotyping revolution" targets extremely precise and accurate measurements of very specific traits in large populations in the field. Sorghum breeding is not new to this advancement, which obviously implies significant shifts in the breeding programs. First, it indicates breeders integrate trait assessment with traditional yield and agronomic evaluation, emphasising that breeding programmes are opened up to new or other disciplines. It additionally requires that these new or other disciplines think about and conceptualise their own actions and orientations from the perspective of how they may fit into a breeding methodology. In this instance, the four primary sorghum breeding domains—staying green and transpiration limitation under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD); nodal root angle and depth; grain mineral content (Fe, Zn); and grain and stover quality traits—are tightly correlated with HTP. These ongoing initiatives focus on value of the particular trait and why it is considered by breeders; how it is measured with HTP approaches (method, throughput, cost, simplicity) and finally, how these traits are currently being embedded in the breeding program. Through various research, it became evident there are several other avenues of technology that, although not yet routinely implemented, could bring about a major benefit to the breeding programme’s endeavour to increase the rate of genetic gains. Here, we discuss the use of drone imaging for yield trial quality control and pinpoint plot heterogeneity, the integration of quality analysis into the assessment of agronomic traits in the field, and the use of X-ray spectroscopy to assess grain or crop architecture traits.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
The document summarizes a panel discussion on sustainable food systems. It discusses intensification of agriculture and examples of improved sustainability in US food systems. It also provides examples and data on the sustainability of three US food systems: tomatoes and tomato products, milk and dairy products, and beef and beef products. Data presented includes acreage and production statistics as well as environmental impacts such as water use, fertilizer use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Challenges and opportunities for improving sustainability are also addressed.
Stabilization of Municipal Solid Waste through VemicompostingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the stabilization of municipal solid waste through vermicomposting. The study used Eisenia fetida earthworms to convert vegetable waste, shredded paper, and soil into vermicompost over a 70 day period in 6 plastic bins containing different ratios of the materials. Analysis found the best results in a 5:1:2 ratio of vegetable waste, shredded paper, and soil, with the vermicompost containing up to 1.19% nitrogen, 0.91% potassium, and 1.1% phosphorus. The study demonstrated that vegetable waste can be converted into high quality vermicompost through an environmentally friendly vermicomposting process.
Organic Ag Research & Extensin at Washington State Universitynacaa
Presentation presented at the 2009 NACAA AM/PIC. E-Organic Super Sessions
Presenters: Carol Miles, WSU Mt. Vernon REC; David Granastein, WSU Wenatchee REC; Diana
Roberts, WSU Spokane Extension<
This document provides an overview of Becker Underwood, a privately-held multinational agricultural company. It discusses the company's geographic footprint, organizational structure, and approach to sustainable development. Key findings from an environmental profit and loss account study include that only 13% of total greenhouse gases analyzed are directly associated with Becker Underwood's operations, and that the top 10 suppliers contribute 47% of total water footprint. The study also identifies suppliers and sectors that are carbon intensive relative to benchmarks.
M2M technology in agriculture allows farmers to remotely monitor fields through low-cost sensors, increasing yields and reducing costs. ClimateMinder's system monitors soil moisture, temperature and other variables to optimize irrigation and reduce waste. It helps farmers apply water and chemicals only as needed, saving on inputs while improving crop quality. The system pays for itself within a year through higher profits and reduced risks from improper irrigation or pest control.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
The document discusses genetically modified trees and climate change. It notes that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous interference with the climate. The Kyoto Protocol took steps further in participation. The document outlines concerns about GM trees, including gene escape and pest control, as well as promises around increased growth and reducing pollution. It also discusses regulations around biotechnology in the US and other countries and stakeholders' views on GM forests.
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
This document discusses the role of green infrastructure systems for managing wastewater at a watershed scale. It begins by outlining the historical patterns of water movement through uplands and lowlands, and how contemporary development has reversed these patterns. It then describes various green infrastructure strategies that can replicate natural hydrology, including green roofs, porous pavements, bio-retention systems, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and native landscaping. The document provides examples of these strategies and concludes by discussing a new paradigm in wastewater treatment using lagoons and floating mats of bacteria to polish wastewater in a low-cost, low-energy manner.
This document discusses moving Anne Arundel County towards zero waste. It provides background on Community Research, a nonprofit working on zero waste campaigns. It defines zero waste as eliminating waste disposal and designing products and systems to avoid waste. It discusses nuts and bolts definitions, such as reducing landfilling to less than 10% of waste. It provides examples of zero waste initiatives and policies from other jurisdictions that could be models.
This document discusses how nature responds to boom, bust, and bailout cycles in a sustainable way. It provides examples of how nature optimizes resources rather than maximizes consumption, eliminates waste, exhibits resilience by incorporating past mistakes, and respects ecological boundaries and carrying capacities. The document suggests that to avoid future crises, humans could learn from nature by stabilizing populations and consumption locally, developing feedback loops, and co-evolving solutions with local environments instead of attempting to control or dominate natural systems.
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
This document discusses barriers to implementing sustainable development practices and low impact development (LID). It identifies problems such as developers prioritizing highest and best use of land over environmental impacts. Solutions proposed include viewing wetlands, stream buffers, and stormwater as resources rather than liabilities. Compost and plant-based amendments can reverse soil compaction from development. LID can improve water quality/quantity while reducing costs. Changing perceptions of stormwater and density are also barriers addressed.
Similar to 2010 1109 platt nps compostingnov9-2010 v2 (20)
Controlling Roadway Soil Erosion with Compostspickell
In this presentation given to the Maryland Highway Administration's Recycled Materials Task Force, Brenda Platt outlines how compost use can control soil erosion.
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The document discusses what makes a biomaterial sustainable. It introduces the Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative, which is working to develop sustainability guidelines for biomaterials. It outlines a framework for sustainable biomaterials that covers biomass feedstock sourcing, production and use, and end of life. Key challenges with bioplastics are identified such as concerns over GMOs, developing adequate composting programs, and potential contamination of recycling systems. The document advocates taking a life cycle approach and defining sustainability criteria around principles like sustainable feedstocks, green chemistry, and closed loop systems. Market-based tools like purchasing specifications and working landscape certificates are presented as ways to promote sustainable biomaterials.
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This document discusses the significant environmental impacts of waste generation and disposal in the United States, and promotes zero waste strategies as an important solution for climate change. It notes that the US contributes disproportionately to global waste and greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector. Landfill gas capture systems are an inadequate band-aid approach, while waste incineration also harms the climate. The document calls for policies like organics diversion, recycling, pay-as-you-throw pricing, and producer responsibility to implement zero waste goals and reduce climate impacts. Case studies show communities that have successfully adopted these strategies and seen waste diversion increases and emissions reductions.
This document discusses policies to promote composting. It begins by outlining why composting is important, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving money. It then provides examples of local composting policies and regulations in the Washington D.C. region. The document proposes a range of additional policies that could be implemented at the local, state, and regional levels to further expand composting of yard trimmings and food scraps. These policies include bans, requirements, incentives, and programs to build composting infrastructure and markets.
Recycling and reducing waste makes economic and environmental sense. The US produces a huge amount of waste but recycling and composting rates have increased in recent decades. Shifting away from waste disposal and towards prevention, reuse, and recycling can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and is a key climate change strategy. Pay-as-you-throw programs have been shown to reduce waste and save municipalities money.
The document outlines obstacles to expanding composting such as lack of infrastructure and capacity as well as regulatory barriers. It then discusses policies adopted in Maryland and model policies from other jurisdictions that could help promote composting, such as bans on yard waste disposal, expanded collection programs, and regulatory changes to facilitate small-scale composting operations. The presentation also provides examples of policies to build markets for compost and support composting infrastructure development.
This document provides an overview of compostable plastics, including definitions of key terms, standards, challenges, and issues. It discusses the history of bioplastics and differences between biobased, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable materials. While biobased content and compostability are desirable, sustainability requires considering additional factors like feedstocks, recyclability, and performance. Compostable plastics face challenges like inconsistent labeling, confusion with terms, and restrictions for use in organic programs.
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2010 1109 platt nps compostingnov9-2010 v2
1. Presented to the National Park Service,
National Capital Region Sustainability Advisory Group
November 9th, 2010, Washington, DC
Composting 101
By Brenda Platt
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
www.ilsr.org
2. Outline
What is composting
Benefits of composting
Composting systems
State of composting in our region
Model programs elsewhere
Compostable biobased food service ware
Thoughts for compost operations planning
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
3. What is composting?
Composting is the aerobic, or oxygen-requiring,
decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms
under controlled conditions.
During composting, the microorganisms consume oxygen.
Active composting generates heat, carbon dioxide, and
water vapor.
Composting reduces the volume and mass of the raw
materials while transforming them into a valuable soil
conditioner.
Source: Robert Rynk et al, On-Farm Composting Handbook, 1992.
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
7. Recommended Conditions
Variable Recommended Range
Initial C:N 25:1 to 40:1
Moisture content 50% to 60%
Oxygen concentration >>5%
Temperature 131-149 deg F
Initial bulk density <1,100 lbs/cubic yard
Particle size 1/8 to 2 inches
pH 5.5 to 8.0
Source: Greg Evanylo, Dept. of Crop and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Better
Composting School 2010.
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
8. Composting involves numbers
Feedstock accounting
Recipe development
Collection and manipulation
of physical, biological and
chemical measurements
Site size calculations
Labor and financial numbers
Source: “Introduction Better Composting School,” R.E Graves, Penn State, October 2008
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
9. Benefits of Composting
Creates a rich nutrient-filled material, humus,
Increases the nutrient content in soils,
Helps soils retain moisture,
Reduces or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers,
Suppresses plant diseases and pests,
Promotes higher yields of agricultural crops,
Helps regenerate poor soils,
Has the ability to cleanup (remediate) contaminated soil, and
Can help prevent pollution and manage erosion problems.
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
10. U.S. Municipal Waste Disposed
T e x t i le
6 % G la s
Paper and paper 7%
24%
M e ta l
9%
(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-
Source: US EPA, 2007 data
Y a r d t r im m i
hw/muncpl/msw99.htm)
7%
W oo
F o o d sc ra
8%
19%
O th e r m a te r
2%
169.2 million tons in 2007 P l a s t ic
18%
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
11. Composting = Local
Organics do not ship well
Composting is small-scale
Compost products are used locally
Jobs are local
Dollars circulate within local economies
Local = good for local economies
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
12. Compost Applications
landscape and nursery
agricultural and horticultural
vegetable and flower gardens
tree and shrub planting
sod production and roadside
projects
wetlands creation
soil remediation and land
reclamation
sports fields and golf courses
sediment and erosion control
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
14. Compost System Comparison
Method Cost Labor Management Rate of
Composting
Passive/Static Low Low Low Low
Windrow Low-Med Med-High Med Low-Med
Aerated Static Low-Med Med Med Med
Pile
In-vessel Med-High Low High High
Source: Jactone Arogo Ogejo, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech,
Better Composting School 2010.
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
15. Typical composting times for selected
combinations of methods and materials
Method Materials Composting Time Curing Time
Passive Leaves 2-3 years NA
Windrow Leaves, manure, + 2-6 months 1-4 months
amendments
Aerated Static Pile Sludge + wood 3-5 weeks 1-2 months
chips
In-vessel rotating Sludge + 3-8 days 2 months
drum municipal solid
waste
Source: Greg Evanylo, Dept. of Crop and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Better
Composting School 2010.
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
16. Yard Debris Composting Is
Well-Established in DC Region
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
18. Regional Composting Facilities
Annual Total Acreage
Composting Facility Serves
Throughput Acreage Used
Arlington County Facility
Arlington County, Fairfax County 5,212 3 3
[Arlington, VA]
City of Alexandria temp site
Alexandria 4,480 2
[Alexandria, VA]
City of College Park, only fall leaves
City of College Park DPW from: Berwyn Heights, Cottage City,
2,800 5 4.5
[College Park, MD] Edmonston, Laurel, New Carrollton,
Riverdale Park, Univ. of MD
City of Takoma Park City of Takoma Park, Montgomery
2,000 1
[Takoma Park, MD] College
Loudoun Composting
Loudoun County, Fairfax County 55,000 25 12
[Chantilly, VA]
Prince George’s County Yard Waste
Prince George's County, Anne Arundel
Composting Facility (Western Branch) 66,000 200 47
County (10K tons)
[Upper Marlboro, MD]
MES Dickerson facility
Montgomery County 77,000 118 49
[Dickerson, MD]
POGO Organics District of Columbia, City of Rockville
35,757 125 10
[Olney, MD] (tree service contract)
Prince William County (Balls Ford)
City of Manassas, Fairfax County,
facility 55,000 30 15
Prince William County
[Manassas, VA]
Recycled Green
Howard County 20,000 30 12
[Woodbine, MD]
The Reichs Ford Road Yard Trimmings
Frederick County 9,922 30 15
[Frederick, MD]
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
19. Materials Collected
Jurisdiction Materials Collected Set-Out Requirements Frequency of Collection
Leaves, Wood/Branches, Garden Trimmings (only in spring and
Arlington County Paper bags, Compostable Bags Weekly
fall), Brush
City of Alexandria Leaves n/a Seasonal (end October to January 1)
Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<5'), Garden
City of College Park Paper bags, Durable containers Weekly
Trimmings (<5'), Brush
City of Falls Church Leaves, Grass Clippings, Garden Trimmings Brown compostable bags that are 30 gal size Weekly (Mondays)
City of Greenbelt Leaves, Grass Clippings, Garden Trimmings (<4'), Brush Paper bags, Durable containers Weekly (Fridays)
Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<4' L, <3" D),
City of Manassas Paper bags, Durable containers Weekly (Mondays)
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
Garden Trimmings
Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<4’ L, 3” D), Garden
City of Takoma Park Paper bags, Durable containers Weekly
Trimmings, Brush
Seasonal (end-Novemeber to mid-
District of Columbia Leaves Rake leaves to curb
January)
Fairfax County Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<4‘ L, 6” D), Brush Paper or plastic bags, Durable containers Weekly/Hauler-dependent
Frederick County Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<8' L, 6" D), Brush N/A, since self-haul to facility N/A
Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<4’ L, 4” D), Garden
Howard County Paper or plastic bags, Durable containers Weekly
Trimmings , Brush, Pallets, Manure
Loudoun County Leaves, Grass Clippings, Garden Trimmings (<3'), Brush Paper bags, Durable containers Hauler-dependent
Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (<4' L, <4" D), Paper bags, Durable containers w/ county "Yard
Montgomery County Weekly
Garden Trimmings, Brush Trim" labels
Prince George's Leaves, Grass Clippings, Wood/Branches (4' L, 3" D), Brush, Heavy-duty paper or plastic bags, Durable
Weekly
County Thatch containers
Prince William County Leaves, Grass Clippings, Garden Trimmings, Brush, Stumps Paper or plastic bags, Durable containers Hauler-dependent
27. Scope of your operations?
What are your goals?
Composting only NPS generated material?
What types and quantities of materials?
Collection service?
Processing on-site? Decentralized or a regional site?
Deliver to a non-NPS site?
Process into value-added product?
Sales and marketing or product? Income generating?
Delivery and application of compost?
Use only on NPS properties?
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
28. Issues to consider
Know your feedstocks: what, quantity, source
Can you make a recipe to produce good compost?
Cost/income
Regulations
Siting issues (availability, neighbors, traffic, dust,
noise, water, stormwater management, size,
security, zoning, permits, set backs, accessibility,
utilities)
Compost needs to be cured = space
Managing the compost process = trained operators
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
29. Managing the compost process
Good management can make or break the operation
Minimize odors and other environmental impacts
Make best use of materials, equipment, and labor
available
Good operator who understands the compost process
and knows how to troubleshoot
Temperature is the primary
yardstick of the composting
process
Pathogens/aspergillus fumigatas
Source: Jactone Arogo Ogejo, Biological Systems Engineering,
Virginia Tech, Better Composting School 2010.
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
30. Equipment considerations
Types of materials to be processed
Quantity of material
Processing methods
Surface
Capacity and space
optimization
Available money
(or ability to acquire)
Anticipated growth
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
31. Equipment
Moving materials
Aerating/turning
Grinders
Mixing
Watering
Screening
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
35. Compost Regulations
MD Dept. of Agriculture
regulates product
MD Dept. of the Environment
regulates process, including air
and water pollution
Local jurisdictions regulate
zoning, site prep, buildings, noise,
odor
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
36. Contact
Brenda Platt
Institute for Local Self-Reliance
bplatt@ilsr.org
www.ilsr.org
202-898-1610 ext 230
Institute for Local Self-Reliance