Presentation (dated May of 2008) on Wind As An Alternative Energy Source. Topics of discussion include: background information on wind harvesting, issues of debate surrounding this form of energy sourcing, related legislation allowing grid connection, and the future of the wind industry. For a copy of the presentation, please email me with a specific request - mariana.pickering@emuarchitects.com

1. Wind as an Alternative Energy Source
Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Background
Information
• Issues of Debate
• Legislation for
Connecting to
the Grid
• The Future of the
Wind Industry
GWEC. Global Wind Energy Outlook, 2006.
Image in title block is Wind Rose for Sydney from Australian Bureau of Meteorology

2. Wind: Background Information
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Wind Basics
– Wind Types
– Topography’s Effect
– Measuring Wind
– Properties of Energy
• A Brief History
– Mechanical Origins
– Danish Pioneers
– U.S. ‘Wish Rush’
– Germany’s FIT’s
– Emerging Markets
• Modern Turbines
– Traditional Designs
– Scales of Structures
– Performance Criteria
– Electricity Output
Top: http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/weather/tutorial/tutorial3.html
Bottom Left: http://homepages. ius.edu/PGALVIN/climate/wind.html
Bottom Right: Danish Wind Industry website , 2008.

3. Wind: Background Information
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Wind Basics
– Wind Types
– Topography’s Effect
– Measuring Wind
– Properties of Energy
• A Brief History
– Mechanical Origins
– Danish Pioneers
– U.S. ‘Wish Rush’
– Germany’s FIT’s
– Emerging Markets
• Modern Turbines
– Traditional Designs
– Scales of Structures
– Performance Criteria
– Electricity Output
Top Left: http://www.wind-works.org/photos/PhotosWindmills.html
Top Right: http://blogs.busi ness2.com/greenwombat/wind_powe r/index.html
Bottom Left: http://www.windatlas.dk/ Europe/Index.htm
Bottom Right: World Wind Energy Association Press Release, February 2008

4. Wind: Background Information
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
HAWT (Standard)
• Wind Basics Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
– Wind Types
– Topography’s Effect
– Measuring Wind
– Properties of Energy
• A Brief History
– Mechanical Origins
– Danish Pioneers
– U.S. ‘Wish Rush’ VAWT (Darrieus)
– Germany’s FIT’s Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
– Emerging Markets
• Modern Turbines
– Traditional Designs
– Scales of Structures
– Performance Criteria
Australia = 7,000
– Electricity Output kWh/yr/household
HAWT and VAWT: http://www.wind-works.org/photos/wind_farm.html
Watch turbine: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/05/01/urwerk-ur-202-wind-turbines-in-a-watch/
Bottom Right: http://www.wind-works.org/articles/SmallWindTurbineSizetoMeetHouseholdConsumpt ion.html
Data on Australian households: http://www.energy.com.au/energy/ea.nsf/Content/NSW+Green+energy
Mega Machine: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/images/story/2005/ 2/4/1332_5M_He li1_final.jpg

5. Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Criticisms:
– High Capital Cost
– Unreliable
– Environmental
Concerns
– Ugly and Noisy
– Safety of Jobs
• Praises:
– Short Payback Period
– Reliable
– Comparative GHG
Emissions
– Elegant and Quiet
– Creation of Jobs
Top: http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/3688
Bottom: IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2006

6. Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Criticisms:
– High Capital Cost
– Unreliable
– Environmental
Concerns
– Ugly and Noisy
– Safety of Jobs
• Praises:
– Short Payback Period
– Reliable
– Comparative GHG
Emissions
– Ever-Renewable
– Elegant and Quiet
– Creation of Jobs
Fig. 1. Variation in the wind speed, as a function of the
altitude, based on the average European wind speed (3 m/s at
ground level). Source: Delft University, Dr. Wubbo Ockels
. Top Left and Right: Gipe. Wind Power, 2004
Bottom Left: M. Canal e, L. Fagiano, M. Ippolito, M. Milanese. Control of tethered airfoils for a new class of
wind energy generator , 2006.

7. Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Criticisms:
– High Capital Cost
– Unreliable
– Environmental
Concerns
– Ugly and Noisy
– Safety of Jobs
• Praises:
– Short Payback Period
– Reliable
– Comparative GHG
Emissions
– Ever-Renewable
– Elegant and Quiet
– Creation of Jobs
Top: Erickson et al., 2002, Summary of Anthropoge nic Causes of
Bird Mortality
Bottom: http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/3688

8. Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Criticisms:
– High Capital Cost
– Unreliable
– Environmental
Concerns
– Ugly and Noisy
– Safety of Jobs
• Praises:
– Short Payback Period
– Reliable
– Comparative GHG
Emissions
– Elegant and Quiet
– Creation of Jobs
Top: http://www.airtricity.ca/en/faqs/environment_safety.html.
Bottom: http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/modern.htm

9. Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Criticisms:
– High Capital Cost
– Unreliable
– Environmental
Concerns
– Ugly and Noisy
– Safety of Jobs
• Praises:
– Short Payback Period
– Reliable
– Comparative GHG
Emissions
– Elegant and Quiet
– Creation of Jobs
Global Wind Energy Outlook Report, 2006.

10. Legislating for Connection to the Grid
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• U.S.A. “Tout sure terre appartient aux princes, hors le vent.”
– Nat’l Energy Act ‘78 (Everything on Earth belongs to princes, except the wind.)
- Victor Hugo, La Rose de L’Infante
– PTC’s (Production
Tax Credits)
• United Kingdom
– RPS (Renewable
Portfolio Standard)
http://www.ferc.gov/
– NFFO (Non Fossil- http://www.franklinpud.com/html/purpa.php
Fuel Obligation)
• Germany
– FIT’s (Feed-In
Tariffs)
– ART’s (Advanced
Renewable Tariffs)
• Australia
AWEA, Wind Power Outlook 2006

11. Legislating for Connection to the Grid
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• U.S.A.
– Nat’l Energy Act ‘78
– PTC’s (Production
Tax Credits)
• United Kingdom
– RPS (Renewable
Portfolio Standard)
– NFFO (Non Fossil-
Fuel Obligation)
• Germany
– FIT’s (Feed-In
Tariffs)
– ART’s (Advanced
Renewable Tariffs)
• Australia
Top: http://www.countryguardian.net/UK%20windspeed%20map.jpg
Bottom: The British Wind and Energy Association (BWEA)

12. Legislating for Connection to the Grid
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• U.S.A. Feed-In Tariffs (FIT)  Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ART)
– Nat’l Energy Act ‘78
– PTC’s (Production
Tax Credits)
• United Kingdom
– RPS (Renewable
Portfolio Standard)
– NFFO (Non Fossil-
Fuel Obligation)
• Germany
– FIT’s (Feed-In
Tariffs)
– ART’s (Advanced
Renewable Tariffs)
• Australia
Gipe. Wind Power, 2004.

13. Legislating for Connection to the Grid
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• U.S.A.
– Nat’l Energy Act ‘78
– PTC’s (Production
Tax Credits)
http://www.ata.org.au/about-us
• United Kingdom
– RPS (Renewable
Portfolio Standard)
– NFFO (Non Fossil-
Fuel Obligation)
• Germany
– FIT’s (Feed-In
Tariffs)
– ART’s (Advanced
Renewable Tariffs)
• Australia
http://www.agso.gov.au/renewable/

14. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
– Is Bigger Better?
• Offshore Wind Farms
• Sky Sails and Kite Dams
• High-Altitude
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
Top Left: GWEC. Global Wind Energy Outlook, 2006.
Top Right and Bottom Left: http://www.thewindpower.net/wind-turbine-pictures-223-enercon-e126.php
Bottom Right: http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/multimeg.htm

15. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
– Results Coming In
• Sky Sails and Kite Dams
http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/3342
• High-Altitude
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/offshore.htm

16. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
– Floating/Deep Water Turbines
• Sky Sails and Kite Dams
• High-Altitude
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
Top: http://offshorewind.net/Other_Page s/Turbine-Foundations.html
Bottom: http://web. mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/wind.html

17. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
• Sky Sails and Kite Dams
• High-Altitude
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
Top Left: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/14/power-generating-wind-dam-by-chetwood-associates/

18. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
• Sky Sails and Kite Ships
• High-Altitude
– Flying Electric Generators
(FEG’s)
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/07/17/ flying-wind-turbi nes/

19. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
• Sky Sails and Kite Ships
• High-Altitude
– “Laddermills”
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
Top: http://www.ecoboot.nl/artikelen/graphics/laddermill_graph. gif
Bottom: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/07/17/ flying-wind-turbines/

20. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/26/super-powered-magnetic-wind-turbine-maglev/
• Sky Sails and Kite Ships
• High-Altitude Right: http://news. xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/05/content_7016626.htm
Left: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/07/china_unveils_w.php
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/26/super-powered-magnetic-wind-turbine-maglev/

21. The Future of the Wind Industry
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
• Mega-Machines
• Offshore Wind Farms
• Sky Sails and Kite Ships
• High-Altitude
• Magnetic Levitation
• Small Turbine Focus
Top: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/26/super-powered-magnetic-wind-turbine-maglev/
Bottom: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/05/08/swift-ultra-quiet-rooftop-wind-turbine/

22. Conclusion
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
“Ill blows the wind that profits nobody.”
-William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part III, Act II

23. Bibliography
Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments
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