Dear Students/Parents
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
Dear Students/Parents
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
Unit 4 Lab StoichiometryCHEM 1806Purpose To practice the conce.docxdickonsondorris
Unit 4 Lab: StoichiometryCHEM 1806
Purpose: To practice the concept of Stoichiometry
Materials: Student Supplied – Distilled water, paper towels, small paper cup, mug
LabPaq materials: 100 mL glass beaker, Funnel, 25 mL cylinder, Goggles, Digital Scale, Weighing boat, 2.5 g Calcium chloride, dehydrate, Filter paper, 2 g Sodium carbonate.
Procedure:
1. While wearing goggles, weigh out 1.0 g CaCl2 and put it into the 100 mL beaker. Record the actual mass of CaCl2 you are using in Table 1.
2. Add 25 mL of distilled water to the beaker and stir. This is now the “Calcium chloride solution”
3. Calculate how much sodium carbonate you will need for a full reaction. Write that calculation in the Results and Discussion section.
4. Weigh out the calculated amount of Na2CO3 and put it in a small paper cup. (Record actual mass in Data Table 1)
5. Add 25 mL distilled water to the paper cup and stir to make “sodium carbonate solution.”
6. Pour the sodium carbonate solution into the beaker with the calcium chloride solution.
7. Record observations. Write out the reaction of what occurred in the results section. (The solid is calcium carbonate.)
8. Fold the filter paper in half, then in quarters. Record the mass of the filter paper.
9. Place the filter paper in the funnel and open one side.
10. Place the funnel in a mug or other cup to balance it.
11. Carefully swirl and pour the contents of the beaker into the filter paper. (Don’t let the solution overflow.)
12. Rinse the beaker with 1-3mL of distilled water and pour that water into the filter paper as well. (If there is a little solid left in the beaker, leave it. It is experimental error.)
13. When the liquid has drained, lay the filter paper and precipitate on a plate or paper towels to allow it to dry. (mine took overnight, some people take 3 days)
14. When dry, weigh the precipitate + filter paper, record it, and calculate the mass of the precipitate.
15. In the discussion, calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield.
(4 pts) Data:
Table 1: Data
Mass of CaCl2
Mass of Na2CO3 needed
Actual mass of Na2CO3 used
Observation of reaction
Mass of filter paper
Mass of filter paper + precip
Actual yield of Calcium Carbonate
1. (3 pts) Calculate how much Na2CO3 you need to completely react your mass of CaCl2. (Show that calculation here)
2. (2 pts) Write out the reaction that occurred to form calcium carbonate. Remember to identify the phases and balance the equation.
3. (2 pts) Calculate the actual yield of Calcium Carbonate. (Show your work)
4. (2 pts) Calculate the theoretical yield of Calcium Carbonate. (Show your work)
5. (2 pts) Calculate your percent yield of Calcium Carbonate. (Show your work)
Insert a picture of your filter paper with yield for 2 pts extra credit. ;-)
When you are finished, save the file as LASTNAME_Stoich and upload it to the Dropbox for Unit 4 Labs.
Unit 4 Lab: Ionic ReactionCHEM 1806
Purpose: To observe several ionic reactions and practice net ionic equations
...
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
Name _______________________________ (Ex2 rework) CHM 33.docxgilpinleeanna
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
CHM 3372, Winter 2016
Exam #2 Re-work
Due Wed, 3/2/16
1. Make the ketone below from 13C-labeled formaldehyde and propane. Make certain to keep
track of your labels throughout your synthesis. (27 points)
O
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
2. (a) The reaction below can form two possible diastereomeric products. Draw the structures of
both products, and the mechanism of the formation of either one. (4 points)
O
1. LiAlH4
2. NH4Cl, H2O
(b) What characterizes a thermodynamic product of a reaction (any reaction)? What
characterizes a kinetic product of reaction? (2 points)
(c) Which product from part (a) would you expect to be the thermodynamic product? Why? (2
points)
(d) Which product would you expect to be the kinetic product? Why? (Note that this is not
necessarily the "non-thermodynamic" product.) (2 points)
(e) When this reaction is performed, regardless of what the temperature is, only one of the two
possible products is ever formed. Which one? (1 points)
(f) Why is the other diastereomer never formed? What must occur in order for it to be formed,
which will never occur with this particular reagent? Why? (3 points)
(g) Although the other diastereomer is never formed directly in this reaction, gentle heating with
aqueous acid will isomerize the initial product into the other diastereomer. Draw the mechanism
of the isomerization, and comment on why this isomerization occurs -- why one diastereomer
will react completely to form the other. (5 points)
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
3. This page seems like it was tough on Q#3. Let’s see if you do better the second time around.
From the three alcohols shown, provide syntheses for the molecules below. For any SN2 or E2
reactions, use only non-halogen leaving groups – use a different leaving group which was
covered in Ch. 11. (12 points)
From: Make:
OH
OH
CH3 OH
O
O
CH3
O
O
O
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
4. (a) Once again, write the oxidation state of the metal (each complex is neutral, Nickel is
Group 10; OTf is triflate, CF3SO3-), number of d electrons, and total valence electrons for the
metal in each complex, and indicate what type of reaction is occurring. (8 points)
H Ni
OTf
PPh3
Ni
OTf
PPh3H
Ni
OTf
PPh3
Ni
OTf
PPh3
Ni
OTf
PPh3
H
(b) What are the reactant(s) and product(s) of the reaction? (This time, they are not drawn for
you.) (2 points)
(c) If the ethylene molecule were deuterated completely (CD2=CD2), where would the deuterium
atoms end up in the product? Draw the structure, showing the position(s) of the deuterium
atoms. Assume the catalytic cycle has run several times already. (2 points)
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
5. (a) I defined a conjugated system gener ...
Prepare for the IITJEE with past papers solved by the coaching experts at Sri Chaitanya Junior College. Set your sights on the IITJEE 2014 Entrance examinations. To know more - visit www.srichaitanya.net or call 040 66060606. You can also stay in touch with us at www.facebook.com/SriChaitanyaEducationalInstitutes
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Unit 4 Lab StoichiometryCHEM 1806Purpose To practice the conce.docxdickonsondorris
Unit 4 Lab: StoichiometryCHEM 1806
Purpose: To practice the concept of Stoichiometry
Materials: Student Supplied – Distilled water, paper towels, small paper cup, mug
LabPaq materials: 100 mL glass beaker, Funnel, 25 mL cylinder, Goggles, Digital Scale, Weighing boat, 2.5 g Calcium chloride, dehydrate, Filter paper, 2 g Sodium carbonate.
Procedure:
1. While wearing goggles, weigh out 1.0 g CaCl2 and put it into the 100 mL beaker. Record the actual mass of CaCl2 you are using in Table 1.
2. Add 25 mL of distilled water to the beaker and stir. This is now the “Calcium chloride solution”
3. Calculate how much sodium carbonate you will need for a full reaction. Write that calculation in the Results and Discussion section.
4. Weigh out the calculated amount of Na2CO3 and put it in a small paper cup. (Record actual mass in Data Table 1)
5. Add 25 mL distilled water to the paper cup and stir to make “sodium carbonate solution.”
6. Pour the sodium carbonate solution into the beaker with the calcium chloride solution.
7. Record observations. Write out the reaction of what occurred in the results section. (The solid is calcium carbonate.)
8. Fold the filter paper in half, then in quarters. Record the mass of the filter paper.
9. Place the filter paper in the funnel and open one side.
10. Place the funnel in a mug or other cup to balance it.
11. Carefully swirl and pour the contents of the beaker into the filter paper. (Don’t let the solution overflow.)
12. Rinse the beaker with 1-3mL of distilled water and pour that water into the filter paper as well. (If there is a little solid left in the beaker, leave it. It is experimental error.)
13. When the liquid has drained, lay the filter paper and precipitate on a plate or paper towels to allow it to dry. (mine took overnight, some people take 3 days)
14. When dry, weigh the precipitate + filter paper, record it, and calculate the mass of the precipitate.
15. In the discussion, calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield.
(4 pts) Data:
Table 1: Data
Mass of CaCl2
Mass of Na2CO3 needed
Actual mass of Na2CO3 used
Observation of reaction
Mass of filter paper
Mass of filter paper + precip
Actual yield of Calcium Carbonate
1. (3 pts) Calculate how much Na2CO3 you need to completely react your mass of CaCl2. (Show that calculation here)
2. (2 pts) Write out the reaction that occurred to form calcium carbonate. Remember to identify the phases and balance the equation.
3. (2 pts) Calculate the actual yield of Calcium Carbonate. (Show your work)
4. (2 pts) Calculate the theoretical yield of Calcium Carbonate. (Show your work)
5. (2 pts) Calculate your percent yield of Calcium Carbonate. (Show your work)
Insert a picture of your filter paper with yield for 2 pts extra credit. ;-)
When you are finished, save the file as LASTNAME_Stoich and upload it to the Dropbox for Unit 4 Labs.
Unit 4 Lab: Ionic ReactionCHEM 1806
Purpose: To observe several ionic reactions and practice net ionic equations
...
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
Name _______________________________ (Ex2 rework) CHM 33.docxgilpinleeanna
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
CHM 3372, Winter 2016
Exam #2 Re-work
Due Wed, 3/2/16
1. Make the ketone below from 13C-labeled formaldehyde and propane. Make certain to keep
track of your labels throughout your synthesis. (27 points)
O
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
2. (a) The reaction below can form two possible diastereomeric products. Draw the structures of
both products, and the mechanism of the formation of either one. (4 points)
O
1. LiAlH4
2. NH4Cl, H2O
(b) What characterizes a thermodynamic product of a reaction (any reaction)? What
characterizes a kinetic product of reaction? (2 points)
(c) Which product from part (a) would you expect to be the thermodynamic product? Why? (2
points)
(d) Which product would you expect to be the kinetic product? Why? (Note that this is not
necessarily the "non-thermodynamic" product.) (2 points)
(e) When this reaction is performed, regardless of what the temperature is, only one of the two
possible products is ever formed. Which one? (1 points)
(f) Why is the other diastereomer never formed? What must occur in order for it to be formed,
which will never occur with this particular reagent? Why? (3 points)
(g) Although the other diastereomer is never formed directly in this reaction, gentle heating with
aqueous acid will isomerize the initial product into the other diastereomer. Draw the mechanism
of the isomerization, and comment on why this isomerization occurs -- why one diastereomer
will react completely to form the other. (5 points)
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
3. This page seems like it was tough on Q#3. Let’s see if you do better the second time around.
From the three alcohols shown, provide syntheses for the molecules below. For any SN2 or E2
reactions, use only non-halogen leaving groups – use a different leaving group which was
covered in Ch. 11. (12 points)
From: Make:
OH
OH
CH3 OH
O
O
CH3
O
O
O
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
4. (a) Once again, write the oxidation state of the metal (each complex is neutral, Nickel is
Group 10; OTf is triflate, CF3SO3-), number of d electrons, and total valence electrons for the
metal in each complex, and indicate what type of reaction is occurring. (8 points)
H Ni
OTf
PPh3
Ni
OTf
PPh3H
Ni
OTf
PPh3
Ni
OTf
PPh3
Ni
OTf
PPh3
H
(b) What are the reactant(s) and product(s) of the reaction? (This time, they are not drawn for
you.) (2 points)
(c) If the ethylene molecule were deuterated completely (CD2=CD2), where would the deuterium
atoms end up in the product? Draw the structure, showing the position(s) of the deuterium
atoms. Assume the catalytic cycle has run several times already. (2 points)
Name: _______________________________ (Ex2 rework)
5. (a) I defined a conjugated system gener ...
Prepare for the IITJEE with past papers solved by the coaching experts at Sri Chaitanya Junior College. Set your sights on the IITJEE 2014 Entrance examinations. To know more - visit www.srichaitanya.net or call 040 66060606. You can also stay in touch with us at www.facebook.com/SriChaitanyaEducationalInstitutes
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
1. Monday 22 September: 11.30 a.m.
Time : 3 hours
Examination material: Question Booklet 1 (16 pages)
Question Booklet 2 (11 pages)
Question Booklet 3 (13 pages)
Approved dictionaries and calculators may be used
Instructions to Candidates
1. You will have 10 minutes to read the paper. You must not write in your question booklets during this reading time but
you may make notes on the scribbling paper provided.
2. You will be expected to extract information such as atomic number and relative atomic mass from the periodic table on
page 3 of Question Booklet 1, which you may remove from this booklet before the examination begins (follow
instruction from invigilator). Tables showing the relative activities of metals and SI prefixes are on page 4.
3. This paper consists of twelve questions, four in Question Booklet 1, four in Question Booklet 2, and four in Question
Booklet 3:
Question Booklet 1 (Questions 1 to 4)
Answer all parts of Questions 1 to 4 in the spaces provided in this question booklet.
You may write on page 16 if you need more space to finish your answers.
Question Booklet 2 (Questions 5 to 8)
Answer all parts of Questions 5 to 8 in the spaces provided in Question Booklet 2.
You may write on page 11 of Question Booklet 2 if you need more space to finish your answers.
Question Booklet 3 (Questions 9 to 12)
Answer all parts of Questions 9 to 12 in the spaces provided in Question Booklet 3.
You may write on page 13 of Question Booklet 3 if you need more space to finish your answers.
4. There is no need to fill all the spaces provided; clearly written, well-expressed answers are required. If you delete part
or all of an answer you should clearly indicate your final answer.
5. The total mark is 200. The 12 questions are of approximately equal value.
6. Write your name, student number and group in the space provided at the top of this page and on the front covers of
Question Booklet 2 and Question Booklet 3.
7. At the end of the examination, place Question Booklet 2 and Question Booklet 3 inside the back cover of Question
Booklet 1.
QUESTION
BOOKLET
1
16 pages, 4 questions
Name : _________________________________
Student No. : _________________________________
Group : ______________________________
2008 CHEMISTRY TRIAL EXAMINATION
2
2. 3
You may remove this page from the booklet by using ruler to tear along the dotted-line.
4
You may refer to the following table, which shows the relative activities of a number of metals, when
answering questions that involve metals:
Metal Activity
K Most Reactive
Mg
Zn
Ti
Cu
Ag Least Reactive
You may refer to the following table, which shows SI prefixes, their symbols and their values, when
answering questions that involve the conversion of units:
SI prefix Symbol Value
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10–1
centi c 10–2
milli m 10–3
micro µ 10–6
nano n 10–9
pico p 10–12
3. 5
QUESTION 1
(a) Tramadol is an analgesic used for treating moderate to severe pain. It is marketed in Australia
as Tramal. It has chemical structure shown below:
O
N
HO
(i) Give the molecular formula for tramadol.
(2 marks)
(ii) State the observation when tramadol reacts with acidified dichromate solution. Explain.
(2 marks)
(iii) Tramadol has low solubility in water, therefore it is often treated with strong acid in
order to increase its solubility in water. Explain.
(4 marks)
6
(iv) State and explain the shape around the oxygen atom in tramadol as pointed by the arrow.
(4 marks)
(iv) State two anaerobic products that can be produced from tramadol.
(2 marks)
(b) Paracetamol or acetaminophen is another widely-used analgesic. It has the structure shown
below,
Paracetamol can undergo alkaline hydrolysis at an elevated temperature. Draw the alkaline
products of this reaction.
(4 marks)
TOTAL: 18 marks
4. 7
QUESTION 2
The structures of two polymers are shown below:
A B
(a) (i) Name the class to which polymer A belongs based on the type of polymerisation used.
(1 mark)
(ii) Name the functional group present in polymer A.
(1 mark)
(iii) Draw structural formulae for the monomer(s) used to make polymer B.
(4 marks)
(b) Silicates are classified as inorganic polymers. Beryl is a silicate with the formula,
BeyAl2Si6O18
(i) Calculate the value of y.
(2 marks)
8
(ii) Describe the structural unit all silicates have in common.
(2 marks)
(iii) Draw the structure of silicate anion in beryl.
(2 marks)
(iv) State whether beryl has high or low melting point. Explain.
(4 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
5. 9
QUESTION 3
Structural formulae of benzoic acid and naphthalene are shown below:
Benzoic acid Naphthalene
(a) In a laboratory, an experiment to determine the enthalpy of combustion of benzoic acid was
carried out. A certain mass of benzoic acid was used to heat 2.00 L of water in an oxygen-bomb
calorimeter.
The data collected during the experiment are shown below:
Initial temperature of water = 26.55ºC
Final temperature of water = 29.14ºC
Mass of benzoic acid used = 0.914 g
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g K
(i) Use the appropriate data to calculate the heat released, in kJg-1
, during the combustion of
this amount of benzoic acid.
(3 marks)
(ii) The experiment was repeated several times and an average value for the enthalpy of
combustion of 24.5 kJ mol of benzoic acid was obtained.
(1) State the purpose of calculating an average value for the enthalpy of combustion.
(1 mark)
10
(2) Identify one possible source of systematic error, and state how this would affect
the experimental value obtained.
(2 marks)
(b) A mixture of benzoic acid and naphthalene was dissolved in an organic solvent.
In an attempt to obtain pure samples of both compounds, a separating funnel was used to
separate the mixture. The procedure for the separation is shown in the flow chart below:
(i) State two observations that would be made after the separating funnel was shaken in
Step 1.
(2 marks)
Mixture of benzoic acid and naphthalene in organic solvent
Step 1: shake with potassium bicarbonate solution
Organic layer containing
naphthalene
Aqueous layer
Step 2: First- acidify with concentrated hydrochloric acid
Second- shake with organic solvent again.
Organic layer containing
benzoic acid
Aqueous layer
6. 11
(ii) Explain why acidification is necessary in Step 2.
(2 marks)
(iii) Samples from organic layer 1 and organic layer 2 were analysed for purity by Thin Layer
Chromatography, using a non-polar stationary phase and the polar organic solvent as the
mobile phase. The chromatogram obtained is shown in the diagram below:
(1) Calculate the Rf value for naphthalene in organic layer 1.
(2 marks)
Organic layer 1 Organic layer 2
Direction of
mobile phase
12
(2) Using the chromatogram, explain why the Rf value for naphthalene is smaller than
benzoic acid.
(3 marks)
(3) Using the chromatogram, evaluate the effectiveness of the procedure for the
separation of the two anti-inflammatory compounds.
(3 marks)
TOTAL: 18 marks
7. 13
QUESTION 4
(a) The reaction between steam with chlorine shown below is an endothermic one,
2H2O (g) + 2Cl2 (g) 4HCl (g) + O2 (g)
(i) Write the equilibrium expression for the above reaction.
(1 mark)
(ii) At 200 C, 2.500 mol of H2O and 3.000 mol of Cl2 were added to an empty 5.20 L
vessel. When equilibrium is achieved, 0.670 mol of O2 was obtained.
Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 200 C.
(4 marks)
14
(iii) The graph below shows the changes in concentration for HCl and steam at 200 C.
(1) State the change that was made to the system at t1.
(1 mark)
(2) Complete the graph till the system achieves equilibrium at t2 again. (3 marks)
Concentration
of
substances
Time
HCl (g)
H2O (g)
t1 t2
8. 15
Credit will be given for answers to part (b) which show clearly written, well-expressed ideas, and
which present accurate and relevant information in a well-organised, logical manner.
Your answer should be confined to the space provided and should take approximately 10 minutes.
(b) If hydrogen chloride is made in the industry by using the reaction above, briefly describe why
a chemical engineer will use a reasonable high temperature to produce HCl in term of yield,
rate and cost.
(8 marks)
TOTAL: 17 marks
16
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Question Booklet 1.
Make sure to label each answer carefully. (e.g. 1(b)(iv) continued).
9. Write your answers to Questions 5 to 8 in this question booklet.
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MATRICULATION
QUESTION
BOOKLET
2
11 pages, 4 questions
Name : _________________________________
Student No. : _________________________________
Group : ____________________________________
2008 CHEMISTRY TRIAL EXAMINATION
2
QUESTION 5
A section of protein chain is shown below,
(a) (i) Identify the number of amino acids present in the chain shown.
(1 mark)
(ii) Circle and name the linkage group between the amino acids of the chain. (2 marks)
(iii) Give the structural formula for the amino acid with the highest molecular mass in the
protein chain above.
(2 marks)
(iv) Circle an atom of the side group of the chain which able to form hydrogen bond with the
partial negative oxygen atom of water molecules. (1 mark)
X
10. 3
(v) In term of bonding, area X is not stable. Explain.
(2 marks)
(vi) Enzymes are often proteins. Explain why enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH.
(3 marks)
(b) Hydroxyl group is a functional group commonly found as a side group of amino acid.
Below is a molecule containing hydroxyl group.
(i) Name this molecule systematically.
(2 marks)
(ii) This molecule has higher boiling point than corresponding alkane. Explain.
(3 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
4
QUESTION 6
A 1.356 g of fertiliser containing ammonium ion as a source of nitrogen, was boiled with 20.00 mL of
1.113 molL-1
NaOH according to the reaction equation below:
NH4
+
+ NaOH A + H2O + Na+
When the reaction has completed, it was cooled and titrated against 0.2247 molL-1
HCl. A titre of
17.55 mL was needed.
(a) Name the piece of glassware used to transfer the 20.00 mL of NaOH.
(1 mark)
(b) Give the identity of A.
(1 mark)
(c) The chemist pre-rinsed the burette with distilled water before filling it with HCl for titration.
State and explain what will happen to the percentage by mass of NH4
+
ions in the fertiliser
(2 marks)
(d) Identify one random error found in this experiment.
(1 mark)
Credit will be given for the correct use of significant figures in answers to part (e). (1 mark)
(e) (i) Calculate the amount (in mole) of NaOH added to the fertiliser at the start of the analysis.
(2 marks)
(ii) Write an equation for the titration step.
(1 mark)
11. 5
(iii) Calculate the amount (in mole) of NaOH reacted with HCl at the titration step.
(3 marks)
(iv) Calculate the amount of NaOH reacted with fertiliser.
(2 marks)
(v) Hence calculate the amount of NH4
+
ion reacted with NaOH
(1 mark)
(vi) Calculate the percentage by mass of NH4
+
ions in the fertiliser.
(3 marks)
TOTAL: 18 Marks
6
QUESTION 7
The conversion of zinc mineral into zinc metal is summarised in the flow chart below:
Mining of Zinc
Crushing of Ore
Froth Flotation
ZnS Concentrates
(25% Zn) containing
Cu2+
& Ag+
Roasting
Leaching
Purification
Electrolysis
Waste
Minerals
(gangue)
99.98 % of Zn.
Production
of Y
Powdered
Zinc
Metal
residues
SO2(g)
Refinery
site
Mining
site
12. 7
(a) Zinc ore must be treated in several steps, before it is in a form suitable for electrolytic
reduction.
(i) Froth flotation is the first step in the treatment of zinc ore.
State the purpose of froth flotation.
(2 marks)
(ii) Froth Flotation is carried out at the mining site rather than the refinery site.
Explain.
(2 marks)
(iii) The zinc mineral, ZnS, is roasted in air to form another zinc compound and sulfur
dioxide.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
(2 marks)
(iv) The sulfur dioxide produced, is collected instead of being released into the
environment.
State how this step benefits both the environment and the zinc-producing industry.
Benefit to environment:
Benefit to industry:
(2 marks)
(v) Describe the purification step.
8
(2 marks)
13. 9
(vi) State how the final product of electrolysis will differ if purification is omitted.
(1 mark)
(b) The ZnSO4 solution is electrolysed and zinc is produced at one of the electrodes.
(i) Write a half-equation for the electrode reaction in which zinc is not produced.
(2 marks)
(ii) State the electrode at which zinc is produced.
(1 mark)
(iii) Explain why it is preferable to use an aqueous zinc solution, rather than a molten
zinc compound, as the electrolyte.
(2 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
10
QUESTION 8
(a) Calcium peroxide (CaO2) is a solid peroxide. Calcium peroxide is insoluble in water but will
dissolve in acid to form hydrogen peroxide. It is used as flour bleaching agent in the food
industry.
(i) State the oxidation number of oxygen in calcium peroxide.
(1 mark)
(ii) Write a full equation for the formation of hydrogen peroxide from the reaction of calcium
peroxide with hydrochloric acid.
(2 marks)
(iii) State the type of reaction for the equation in (ii).
(1 mark)
(b) Sodium perborate can also release hydrogen peroxide, it is often included in laundry detergent
preparations.
(i) State the function of hydrogen peroxide in the cleaning process.
(1 mark)
(ii) Identify a compound which contains chlorine, and which can function in the same way as
hydrogen peroxide.
(1 mark)
(iii) Hydrogen peroxide can decompose to form oxygen in water.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
(2 marks)
14. 11
Credit will be given for answers to part (c) which show clearly written, well-expressed ideas, and
which present accurate and relevant information in a well-organised, logical manner.
Your answer should be confined to the space provided and should take approximately 10 minutes.
(c) Sodium zeolites are complex silicates used to reduce hardness in water. Sodium
tripolyphosphates also serve the same purpose.
Explain how sodium zeolites and sodium tripolyphosphates can reduce hardness in water. (you
may include equation(s) to assist your explanation)
(8 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
12
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Question Booklet 2. Make
sure to label each answer carefully. (e.g.8(a)(ii) continued).
15. Write your answers to Questions 9 to 12 in this question booklet.
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MATRICULATION
QUESTION
BOOKLET
3
13 pages, 4 questions
Name : _________________________________
Student No. : _________________________________
Group : ____________________________________
2008 CHEMISTRY TRIAL EXAMINATION
2
QUESTION 9
Chromium used in iron, steel, and nonferrous alloys enhances hardenability and resistance to corrosion
and oxidation.
Data below are used to construct a calibration graph which can be used to determine the percentage of
chromium found in steel. The values below are obtained using AAS.
Concentration, ppb Absorbance, %
0 0
20 9.2
40 19.4
60 28.9
80 39.5
(a) State what the abbreviation AAS stands for.
(1 mark)
(b) In this analysis, iron is present in great quantity.
Explain why the presence of iron will not interfere with the analysis of chromium using AAS.
(3 marks)
16. 3
(c) (i) Construct a calibration graph using the data from the previous page.
(4 marks)
(ii) 1.234 g of steel was dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. The resultant solution was
transferred into a 200.0 mL volumetric flask and deionised water was added till the
calibration mark of the flask. The solution was then analysed by AAS. Absorbance value
of 15.0% was obtained for the 200.0 mL steel solution.
(1) Describe the correct way to add deionised water till the calibration mark after the
flask was ¾ filled.
(2 marks)
4
(2) By using the graph, determine the concentration of chromium in the 200.0 mL
steel solution in ppb.
(1 mark)
(3) Convert the concentration in (2) to mgL-1
.
(1 mark)
(4) Calculate the mass of chromium present in 200.0 mL of steel solution.
(2 marks)
(5) Calculate the percentage of chromium by mass in the steel.
(2 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
17. 5
QUESTION 10
(a) Triglycerides are common molecules which can be found in the human body. An example of
such molecules is shown below,
(i) Draw the structural formula for the alcohol that can be derived from the triglyceride
molecule above.
(2 marks)
(ii) Circle and name the functional group present in the triglyceride molecule above.
(1 mark)
(iii) Determine the number of carbon atoms present in the longest fatty acid used to make this
triglyceride molecule.
(1 mark)
6
(iv) Triglycerides can be classified as saturated or unsaturated.
State and explain whether this molecule is saturated or unsaturated.
(2 marks)
(b) In the normal cleaning process, removing triglycerides is often a task that can be done easily by
using a detergent aqueous solution containing anionic surfactant. However in dry cleaning, an
organic solvent is used to remove triglycerides.
(i) “Anionic surfactants need an alkaline condition to work effectively”. Justify this
statement.
(3 marks)
(ii) State the polarity of the solvent used and describe how it can remove the triglycerides.
(3 marks)
18. 7
(c) Detergents also contain other additives to assist the cleaning process such as bleaching agent,
sodium tripolyphosphates, optical brightener and sodium carbonate.
(i) Sodium tripolyphosphates act as an alkaline buffer in the cleaning process. Write an
equation for this reaction.
(2 marks)
(ii) Write an equation to show how carbonate ions can provide an alkaline condition for
anionic surfactants to work effectively.
(2 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
8
QUESTION 11
The production of nitric acid in a factory is summarised in the flow chart below:
The production of NO2 in the converter involves a series of chemical reactions.
(a) The overall reaction in the converter is exothermic.
(i) State two raw materials required by this process.
(2 marks)
(ii) For the reaction to start in the converter, the reactants need to be heated up first. Explain.
(2 marks)
(iii) Explain why heating is no longer necessary once the reaction has started.
(2 marks)
Compressor
Converter
900 C
Catalyst
Cooler Absorber
Air NH3
Air NO2 NO2
Water Unreacted
Gases
Nitric acid
Air
19. 9
(b) Catalyst is an important chemical in this process.
State and describe the role of catalyst in chemical reaction.
(3 marks)
(c) Write an equation for conversion of NO2 to nitric acid at the absorber.
(2 marks)
(d) Describe one disadvantage for the manufacturer if gases containing NO2 are emitted from the
factory.
(2 marks)
(e) The brown NO2 can also produce colourless dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4 shown in the reversible
equation below:
2NO2 (g) N2O4(g)
At room temperature, an enclosed tube containing these two gases is allowed to reach
equilibrium. The enclosed tube is then placed into a refrigerator at 4 C. The brown colour of the
tube turns lighter. Explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(3 marks)
TOTAL: 16 marks
10
QUESTION 12
(a) Fuel cell is an alternative source of energy to burning fossil fuels.
Extensive research has been carried out to find a suitable fuel for fuel cell. A group of
researchers is currently using propane as a fuel in their research study.
(i) Identify the charge for the electrode where oxygen reacted.
(1 mark)
(ii) State two reasons why porous electrodes is used.
(2 marks)
(iii) Overall chemical equation of the cell is shown below,
CH3CH2CH3 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
Write the half-equations for the reduction and oxidation half-reactions.
Reduction:
Oxidation:
(4 marks)
H3PO4
Electrolyte
Oxygen gas Propane gas
H2O
Porous
Electrodes
20. 11
(b) Zinc-air cell is another type of electrochemical cell. A schematic diagram of the cell is shown
below:
(i) State whether the zinc is acting as the anode or the cathode, and give a reason for
your answer.
(2 marks)
(ii) By using subshell notation, write the electronic configuration for zinc atom.
(2 marks)
(iii) Complete the half-equation below for the reaction where oxygen is reacted.
O2 + + 2H2O 4OH
(2 marks)
(iv) State one reason why the use of zinc--
-air battery may be considered as a desirable
alternative to the combustion of fossil fuels to power motor vehicles.
(1 mark)
Air containing
oxygen
Zn (s)
e
Outlet
KOH
electrolyte
Electrodes
12
(v) State the main form of energy produced in this type of electrochemical cell.
(1 mark)
(vi) Explain why the zinc--
-air battery cannot be classified as a fuel cell.
(2 marks)
TOTAL: 17 marks
21. 13
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers to Question Booklet 3.
Make sure to label each answer carefully. (e.g.12(a)(i) continued).