The document discusses the impact of cattle and beef price increases in Botswana. It finds that higher cattle prices positively impact incomes of cattle-owning households, especially poorer ones, but higher beef prices negatively impact real incomes of urban households who are net beef purchasers. While the income effect is positive for some rural households, the expenditure effect is negative for most households overall. The impacts are complex with redistribution effects between rural and urban areas. Long-term structural changes from higher prices could stimulate rural development but impacts are uncertain and depend on the extent of price increases.
The document provides an overview of India's large population and growing economy. Some key points:
- India has a population of over 1.21 billion people, with over 60% under age 35 and urban population contributing 60% of GDP.
- Household income is increasing significantly across income brackets, fueling more discretionary spending.
- Many sectors like FMCG, retail, healthcare and hospitality are experiencing strong growth of 6-15% annually.
- Television is a major advertising medium due to its large reach, though distribution challenges remain due to a fragmented market of over 50,000 cable operators.
- The document introduces Prime Connect as an independent distribution platform that aims to organize channel distribution through various digital platforms
capital oneSanford C. Bernstein & Co. Strategic Decisions Conference Presenta...finance13
This document discusses Capital One's approach to risk management and positioning for economic cycles. It notes that Capital One has transformed into a diversified bank with significant deposit funding. Capital One assumes recessions and degradation in underwriting and saves repricing for safety and soundness rather than assuming good times will continue. The document also discusses how different lending segments such as credit cards have performed relative to others such as auto loans during past economic downturns.
This annual report summarizes Lowe's performance in 2002. Some key points:
- Sales increased 19.8% to $26.5 billion and comparable store sales increased 5.6%. 123 new stores were opened.
- Gross margin reached a record high of 30.3% due to merchandising and sourcing strategies as well as inventory and process improvements in stores.
- Net earnings increased 43.8% to $1.47 billion.
- The company plans to continue growing by opening more stores, expanding installed sales and special order businesses, and gaining market share in more product categories.
This document provides an overview of Tele2 AB's financial performance in Q3 2012. Some key points:
1) Tele2 added 1.5 million net mobile customers in Q3, bringing its total customer base to 37.7 million.
2) Group net sales grew 9% excluding exchange rates to SEK 10,906 million. EBITDA was SEK 3,002 million with a 28% margin.
3) In Russia, Tele2 added 710,000 net customers and increased EBITDA margin to 38%, with ARPU continuing 4% annual growth.
The document discusses trends in the senior population in Waterloo Region. It notes that the population aged 65+ is growing significantly and will continue to grow out to 2035. Currently, most seniors own their homes and live independently, though many live in single-detached homes which may not be suitable as they age. There is a need for more seniors housing and care facilities going forward to meet the needs of the growing senior population in the region.
Botswana Public Sector: Growth, Trends, Prospectseightbloxx
Botswana has experienced strong economic growth since independence in 1966, transforming from one of the poorest countries to an upper middle income country due to stable politics, prudent economic management, and effective use of natural resources like diamonds. GDP per capita grew from $70 at independence to $6,500 in just three decades. The economy has been driven by mining, which contributes significantly to GDP, exports, and government revenues. Public sector employment is also large, with the government contributing 40% of jobs. Key challenges include high unemployment around 20% in the 1990s and maintaining spending discipline given heavy reliance on mining revenues.
International competitiveness of Botswana’s beef industryILRI
Presented by Tebogo B. Seleka and Pinkie G. Kebakile at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Assessment of feed and feeding systems in the beef value chains in BotswanaILRI
1) The document summarizes a study on livestock production systems in Botswana, which has a cattle population of 2.2 million with 80% in communal systems.
2) It finds that in both communal and commercial systems over 90% of cattle feed comes from rangelands, and assesses local feed resources in 19 extension areas.
3) Major constraints to livestock production identified across study sites include poor quality/insufficient grazing areas and water, high feed costs, livestock diseases and predators, and low meat prices.
The document provides an overview of India's large population and growing economy. Some key points:
- India has a population of over 1.21 billion people, with over 60% under age 35 and urban population contributing 60% of GDP.
- Household income is increasing significantly across income brackets, fueling more discretionary spending.
- Many sectors like FMCG, retail, healthcare and hospitality are experiencing strong growth of 6-15% annually.
- Television is a major advertising medium due to its large reach, though distribution challenges remain due to a fragmented market of over 50,000 cable operators.
- The document introduces Prime Connect as an independent distribution platform that aims to organize channel distribution through various digital platforms
capital oneSanford C. Bernstein & Co. Strategic Decisions Conference Presenta...finance13
This document discusses Capital One's approach to risk management and positioning for economic cycles. It notes that Capital One has transformed into a diversified bank with significant deposit funding. Capital One assumes recessions and degradation in underwriting and saves repricing for safety and soundness rather than assuming good times will continue. The document also discusses how different lending segments such as credit cards have performed relative to others such as auto loans during past economic downturns.
This annual report summarizes Lowe's performance in 2002. Some key points:
- Sales increased 19.8% to $26.5 billion and comparable store sales increased 5.6%. 123 new stores were opened.
- Gross margin reached a record high of 30.3% due to merchandising and sourcing strategies as well as inventory and process improvements in stores.
- Net earnings increased 43.8% to $1.47 billion.
- The company plans to continue growing by opening more stores, expanding installed sales and special order businesses, and gaining market share in more product categories.
This document provides an overview of Tele2 AB's financial performance in Q3 2012. Some key points:
1) Tele2 added 1.5 million net mobile customers in Q3, bringing its total customer base to 37.7 million.
2) Group net sales grew 9% excluding exchange rates to SEK 10,906 million. EBITDA was SEK 3,002 million with a 28% margin.
3) In Russia, Tele2 added 710,000 net customers and increased EBITDA margin to 38%, with ARPU continuing 4% annual growth.
The document discusses trends in the senior population in Waterloo Region. It notes that the population aged 65+ is growing significantly and will continue to grow out to 2035. Currently, most seniors own their homes and live independently, though many live in single-detached homes which may not be suitable as they age. There is a need for more seniors housing and care facilities going forward to meet the needs of the growing senior population in the region.
Botswana Public Sector: Growth, Trends, Prospectseightbloxx
Botswana has experienced strong economic growth since independence in 1966, transforming from one of the poorest countries to an upper middle income country due to stable politics, prudent economic management, and effective use of natural resources like diamonds. GDP per capita grew from $70 at independence to $6,500 in just three decades. The economy has been driven by mining, which contributes significantly to GDP, exports, and government revenues. Public sector employment is also large, with the government contributing 40% of jobs. Key challenges include high unemployment around 20% in the 1990s and maintaining spending discipline given heavy reliance on mining revenues.
International competitiveness of Botswana’s beef industryILRI
Presented by Tebogo B. Seleka and Pinkie G. Kebakile at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Assessment of feed and feeding systems in the beef value chains in BotswanaILRI
1) The document summarizes a study on livestock production systems in Botswana, which has a cattle population of 2.2 million with 80% in communal systems.
2) It finds that in both communal and commercial systems over 90% of cattle feed comes from rangelands, and assesses local feed resources in 19 extension areas.
3) Major constraints to livestock production identified across study sites include poor quality/insufficient grazing areas and water, high feed costs, livestock diseases and predators, and low meat prices.
1) The study measured the competitiveness and profit efficiency of beef production in smallholder systems in Botswana using household data. 2) On average, beef farmers achieved an efficiency score of 0.56, meaning there is potential to increase profits by reducing costs and improving prices and access to land. 3) Policy recommendations include enhancing producer prices, reducing input costs, improving infrastructure, and encouraging crop farming to help boost the competitiveness and profitability of smallholder beef production.
Botswana's national anthem celebrates the country's history and culture. It references key events like the Tswana people's migration in the 1500s, European colonization in the 1700s, and Botswana gaining independence from Britain in 1966. The anthem expresses pride in Botswana's languages like Setswana and traditions, as well as hopes for continued peace and prosperity.
Determinants of profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta and Derek Baker at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
An analysis of beef market liberalization in Botswana: A quantitative value c...ILRI
Presented by Kanar Hamza, Karl M. Rich, A. Derek Baker, Sirak Bahta, and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Business Opportunities in the Food Industry - Botswana - Dec 2014Selalelo Mpotokwane
Botswana imports most of its food and struggles with food security. There are opportunities in the food industry to process locally available raw materials into value-added foods. This could help diversify the economy and increase food security. Entrepreneurs should consider product development, ingredient functionality, regulatory requirements, and manufacturing processes when entering the food industry. Locally available crops and plants like sorghum, beans, sweet potato, maize and animals provide raw materials for processing foods.
Smallholder market competitiveness for beef production in Botswana: A quantit...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kanar Hamza (NIIA) and Sirak Bahta (ILRI) for the Agrifood chain toolkit conference: Livestock and fish value chains in East Africa, Kampala, 9-11 September 2013.
This document provides an economic update for the 7 Rivers region. It includes data on consumer sentiment, home prices, housing market indicators like average sale prices and days on market, foreclosure rates, building permits, employment levels and declines, unemployment rates and durations, state and regional employment changes by industry, sales tax revenue, and income inequality nationally and locally. The data show the impacts of recessions in 2001, 2007-2009, and trends over time. Overall it analyzes key economic indicators to assess the current state of the regional and local economies.
The document discusses the challenges facing the livestock sector in the coming decades due to population growth, increasing demand for meat and dairy, and constraints on land and water availability. It argues that efficiency gains are key to ensuring sustainable growth in the sector. Intensifying production through improved technologies and management can boost output while reducing environmental impacts. There are opportunities to close efficiency gaps, enhance grassland management, and reduce waste discharge to build a more sustainable livestock sector. Collaboration across actors will be important to optimize these opportunities.
- Growing income inequality in the decades before the 1929 and 2007 crises simultaneously increased demand for credit from the lower/middle classes to maintain living standards and supply of credit from high income groups seeking investment opportunities.
- Inequality and household leverage both sharply increased together in the periods preceding the two crises.
- Earnings of the top decile increased over 40% cumulatively while earnings of the bottom decile decreased over 30% from 1980-2000.
- Debt levels were flat or lower for high income groups but sharply higher for the bottom 95% leading up to the 2007 crisis.
The document summarizes a meeting of the Cook County Pension Sub-Committee where Commissioner Gainer presented several options to improve the funded status of the county pension plan including increasing employer and employee contributions as well as reducing retirement benefits, and discussed research on how 401k plans are used which found that loans, withdrawals and cash outs reduce future retirement income.
Building for the Middle - Housing Greater Boston's Workforce - Release eventtimothygreardon
Summary of MAPC's report on workforce housing trends and needs in Metro Boston, with a focus on middle income households. Full report at http://boston.uli.org/building-for-the-middle/
The document summarizes the agricultural crisis in India and its causes. It notes that agriculture has shifted from a cyclical model to an input-intensive linear model, leading to economic, ecological and socio-political problems. Key issues include rising costs of cultivation and farmer debt levels, ecological damage from monocropping, tens of thousands of farmer suicides, lack of employment opportunities, and stagnating or declining farm incomes despite rising costs of living. The situation has worsened inequality between rural and urban populations. Solutions are needed to move agriculture to a more sustainable model.
Rethinking Poverty and Inequality Measurement in Arab CountriesUnicefMaroc
Présentation de Khalid Abu Ismail, Conseiller en pauvreté et macroéconomie, Bureau régional du PNUD Caire, Egypte, à la Conférence Internationale d'Experts sur la mesure et les approches politiques pour améliorer l'équité pour les nouvelles générations dans la région MENA à Rabat, Maroc du 22 au 23 mai 2012.
O presidente da Comissão Nacional de População e Desenvolvimento (CNPD) e subsecretário de Ações Estratégicas da Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos (SAE), Ricardo Paes de Barros, participou da primeira reunião da Conferência Regional sobre População e Desenvolvimento na América Latina e no Caribe em 15 de agosto de 2013.
Paes de Barros participou de painel na Conferência que abordou temas como as desigualdades territoriais, a mobilidade espacial e a vulnerabilidade ambiental.
The document provides income tax rates and slabs for individuals, HUFs, BOIs, AOPs, firms, partnerships, companies, foreign companies and cooperative societies in India from assessment years 2001-02 to 2011-12. It lists the tax rates and applicable slabs based on the amount of total income for each category for each assessment year. The rates have varied over the years with some categories like senior citizens and very senior citizens having lower or no tax rates for certain income slabs. Surcharge and education cess are also mentioned where applicable for incomes exceeding certain thresholds.
The document discusses the impact of socioeconomic changes on health and healthcare systems. It notes that total health expenditures in Thailand have been rising but remain stable at around 4% of GDP. The poor previously spent a larger percentage of their income on healthcare than the rich, but this gap has narrowed. Upcoming changes like an aging population and the ASEAN Economic Community will present challenges and opportunities for Thailand's health system and services sector. Cross-cultural factors, emerging technologies, and lifestyle choices will also impact population health.
The document provides an overview of factors related to retirement planning. It discusses demographic trends such as increasing life expectancies and population aging. It also covers retirement environment factors like healthcare costs and taxes. The document reviews best practices for saving for retirement throughout one's career. It also examines considerations and trends for living in retirement, such as investing strategies and an increasing number of retirees re-entering the workforce.
The document provides economic indicators and data for the 7 Rivers region:
1) It shows charts of employment declines, GDP declines, unemployment duration, and job separations that demonstrate the impacts of past recessions in 2001 and 2007-2008.
2) Additional charts show housing indicators like home prices, building permits, listings and foreclosures that all declined sharply in the region during the late 2000s housing crash but have started to recover in recent years.
3) Consumer sentiment and job security surveys illustrate that while economic confidence remains low, feelings of a recovery may be growing according to improved sentiment in 2011 compared to prior years.
If you are interested in:
>Attracting new business to your community
>Helping existing businesses to expand in your community
>Identifying land for business development in your community
>Providing job opportunities for your residents in your community
>Stabilizing the tax base in your community
We would love to work with you!
Visit: bit.ly/BerksMuni for more information.
The document discusses several interrelated challenges facing the SCAG region: growth and congestion; freight movement; air quality and the environment; energy, fuels, and prices; transportation finance; and economics and institutions. It notes that the SCAG region is forecast to grow by 28% in population and 27% in employment by 2035, adding over 5 million new residents. This growth will make the region more diverse and older, with nearly 30% of the population over 65 by 2025 compared to 11% in 2000. This aging population will place new demands on transportation and affect income taxes.
This document discusses mapping poverty in the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin using small area estimation techniques. It notes that direct survey estimates have large standard errors for small areas due to small sample sizes. Small area estimation methods "borrow strength" from related areas through statistical models linking variables of interest to supplementary census and survey data. Commonly used SAE techniques include empirical Bayes, hierarchical Bayes, and empirical best linear unbiased prediction procedures. The document indicates these methods will be used to estimate poverty at the district level in the river basin.
1) The study measured the competitiveness and profit efficiency of beef production in smallholder systems in Botswana using household data. 2) On average, beef farmers achieved an efficiency score of 0.56, meaning there is potential to increase profits by reducing costs and improving prices and access to land. 3) Policy recommendations include enhancing producer prices, reducing input costs, improving infrastructure, and encouraging crop farming to help boost the competitiveness and profitability of smallholder beef production.
Botswana's national anthem celebrates the country's history and culture. It references key events like the Tswana people's migration in the 1500s, European colonization in the 1700s, and Botswana gaining independence from Britain in 1966. The anthem expresses pride in Botswana's languages like Setswana and traditions, as well as hopes for continued peace and prosperity.
Determinants of profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta and Derek Baker at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
An analysis of beef market liberalization in Botswana: A quantitative value c...ILRI
Presented by Kanar Hamza, Karl M. Rich, A. Derek Baker, Sirak Bahta, and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Business Opportunities in the Food Industry - Botswana - Dec 2014Selalelo Mpotokwane
Botswana imports most of its food and struggles with food security. There are opportunities in the food industry to process locally available raw materials into value-added foods. This could help diversify the economy and increase food security. Entrepreneurs should consider product development, ingredient functionality, regulatory requirements, and manufacturing processes when entering the food industry. Locally available crops and plants like sorghum, beans, sweet potato, maize and animals provide raw materials for processing foods.
Smallholder market competitiveness for beef production in Botswana: A quantit...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kanar Hamza (NIIA) and Sirak Bahta (ILRI) for the Agrifood chain toolkit conference: Livestock and fish value chains in East Africa, Kampala, 9-11 September 2013.
This document provides an economic update for the 7 Rivers region. It includes data on consumer sentiment, home prices, housing market indicators like average sale prices and days on market, foreclosure rates, building permits, employment levels and declines, unemployment rates and durations, state and regional employment changes by industry, sales tax revenue, and income inequality nationally and locally. The data show the impacts of recessions in 2001, 2007-2009, and trends over time. Overall it analyzes key economic indicators to assess the current state of the regional and local economies.
The document discusses the challenges facing the livestock sector in the coming decades due to population growth, increasing demand for meat and dairy, and constraints on land and water availability. It argues that efficiency gains are key to ensuring sustainable growth in the sector. Intensifying production through improved technologies and management can boost output while reducing environmental impacts. There are opportunities to close efficiency gaps, enhance grassland management, and reduce waste discharge to build a more sustainable livestock sector. Collaboration across actors will be important to optimize these opportunities.
- Growing income inequality in the decades before the 1929 and 2007 crises simultaneously increased demand for credit from the lower/middle classes to maintain living standards and supply of credit from high income groups seeking investment opportunities.
- Inequality and household leverage both sharply increased together in the periods preceding the two crises.
- Earnings of the top decile increased over 40% cumulatively while earnings of the bottom decile decreased over 30% from 1980-2000.
- Debt levels were flat or lower for high income groups but sharply higher for the bottom 95% leading up to the 2007 crisis.
The document summarizes a meeting of the Cook County Pension Sub-Committee where Commissioner Gainer presented several options to improve the funded status of the county pension plan including increasing employer and employee contributions as well as reducing retirement benefits, and discussed research on how 401k plans are used which found that loans, withdrawals and cash outs reduce future retirement income.
Building for the Middle - Housing Greater Boston's Workforce - Release eventtimothygreardon
Summary of MAPC's report on workforce housing trends and needs in Metro Boston, with a focus on middle income households. Full report at http://boston.uli.org/building-for-the-middle/
The document summarizes the agricultural crisis in India and its causes. It notes that agriculture has shifted from a cyclical model to an input-intensive linear model, leading to economic, ecological and socio-political problems. Key issues include rising costs of cultivation and farmer debt levels, ecological damage from monocropping, tens of thousands of farmer suicides, lack of employment opportunities, and stagnating or declining farm incomes despite rising costs of living. The situation has worsened inequality between rural and urban populations. Solutions are needed to move agriculture to a more sustainable model.
Rethinking Poverty and Inequality Measurement in Arab CountriesUnicefMaroc
Présentation de Khalid Abu Ismail, Conseiller en pauvreté et macroéconomie, Bureau régional du PNUD Caire, Egypte, à la Conférence Internationale d'Experts sur la mesure et les approches politiques pour améliorer l'équité pour les nouvelles générations dans la région MENA à Rabat, Maroc du 22 au 23 mai 2012.
O presidente da Comissão Nacional de População e Desenvolvimento (CNPD) e subsecretário de Ações Estratégicas da Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos (SAE), Ricardo Paes de Barros, participou da primeira reunião da Conferência Regional sobre População e Desenvolvimento na América Latina e no Caribe em 15 de agosto de 2013.
Paes de Barros participou de painel na Conferência que abordou temas como as desigualdades territoriais, a mobilidade espacial e a vulnerabilidade ambiental.
The document provides income tax rates and slabs for individuals, HUFs, BOIs, AOPs, firms, partnerships, companies, foreign companies and cooperative societies in India from assessment years 2001-02 to 2011-12. It lists the tax rates and applicable slabs based on the amount of total income for each category for each assessment year. The rates have varied over the years with some categories like senior citizens and very senior citizens having lower or no tax rates for certain income slabs. Surcharge and education cess are also mentioned where applicable for incomes exceeding certain thresholds.
The document discusses the impact of socioeconomic changes on health and healthcare systems. It notes that total health expenditures in Thailand have been rising but remain stable at around 4% of GDP. The poor previously spent a larger percentage of their income on healthcare than the rich, but this gap has narrowed. Upcoming changes like an aging population and the ASEAN Economic Community will present challenges and opportunities for Thailand's health system and services sector. Cross-cultural factors, emerging technologies, and lifestyle choices will also impact population health.
The document provides an overview of factors related to retirement planning. It discusses demographic trends such as increasing life expectancies and population aging. It also covers retirement environment factors like healthcare costs and taxes. The document reviews best practices for saving for retirement throughout one's career. It also examines considerations and trends for living in retirement, such as investing strategies and an increasing number of retirees re-entering the workforce.
The document provides economic indicators and data for the 7 Rivers region:
1) It shows charts of employment declines, GDP declines, unemployment duration, and job separations that demonstrate the impacts of past recessions in 2001 and 2007-2008.
2) Additional charts show housing indicators like home prices, building permits, listings and foreclosures that all declined sharply in the region during the late 2000s housing crash but have started to recover in recent years.
3) Consumer sentiment and job security surveys illustrate that while economic confidence remains low, feelings of a recovery may be growing according to improved sentiment in 2011 compared to prior years.
If you are interested in:
>Attracting new business to your community
>Helping existing businesses to expand in your community
>Identifying land for business development in your community
>Providing job opportunities for your residents in your community
>Stabilizing the tax base in your community
We would love to work with you!
Visit: bit.ly/BerksMuni for more information.
The document discusses several interrelated challenges facing the SCAG region: growth and congestion; freight movement; air quality and the environment; energy, fuels, and prices; transportation finance; and economics and institutions. It notes that the SCAG region is forecast to grow by 28% in population and 27% in employment by 2035, adding over 5 million new residents. This growth will make the region more diverse and older, with nearly 30% of the population over 65 by 2025 compared to 11% in 2000. This aging population will place new demands on transportation and affect income taxes.
This document discusses mapping poverty in the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin using small area estimation techniques. It notes that direct survey estimates have large standard errors for small areas due to small sample sizes. Small area estimation methods "borrow strength" from related areas through statistical models linking variables of interest to supplementary census and survey data. Commonly used SAE techniques include empirical Bayes, hierarchical Bayes, and empirical best linear unbiased prediction procedures. The document indicates these methods will be used to estimate poverty at the district level in the river basin.
Looking Ahead: The Remaining Challenges for Latvia and the BalticsLatvijas Banka
Presentation by Cecilia Hermansson, Chief Economist of Swedbank at International Conference: "Against the Odds: Lessons from the Recovery in the Baltics" organized by the International Monetary Fund and the Bank of Latvia.
Riga, June 5, 2012
The Union Budget 2011 made some changes to India's tax provisions. Indirect tax rates remained largely unchanged, though 130 items previously exempt from excise tax would now be taxed at 1%. Income tax exemption limits were increased for individuals under 60 years old and seniors aged 60-80. However, corporate tax rates remained at 30% despite calls for a reduction to 25%. The budget aimed to balance priorities like growth, lower taxes, inflation and the budget deficit.
Similar to 2007:The Impact of Cattle and Beef Prices on Incomes and Poverty in Botswana (20)
This document lists 8 presentations given by two individuals, JEFFERIS.K. and KENEWENDO.B., between 2009 and 2011 on various economic topics including privatization, the global financial crisis, bank credit, immigration, economic recovery, unemployment, and government budgets. The presentations were delivered at conferences, forums, and universities in Botswana and the Southern African Development Community region.
2007:Enhancing Access to Financial Services in Botswanaeconsultbw
Botswana faces challenges in enhancing access to banking and financial services for its population. Over half of adults in Botswana do not use banking services. While Botswana has a sound banking system, there are issues with geographical access in rural areas and a general lack of penetration among lower-income groups. Expanding the use of new technologies, reforming regulations to promote competition and broadening the range of financial institutions and services can help improve access to finance in Botswana.
2005:The Changing Efficiency of African Stock Marketseconsultbw
This document discusses a study that analyzes the changing efficiency of seven African stock markets over time. It uses a test that can detect gradual changes in weak form market efficiency. The study finds that the Johannesburg stock market was weak form efficient throughout the period studied. Egypt, Morocco, and Nigeria showed tendencies toward weak form efficiency later in the period. In contrast, the Kenya and Zimbabwe markets showed no tendency toward efficiency, while Mauritius displayed a slow tendency to eliminate inefficiency.
2002:Laws Institutions and Capital Market Integrationeconsultbw
This document provides an overview of stock exchanges in Africa, including their establishment, growth, and efforts toward regional integration. It discusses the development of individual stock markets in countries such as South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Botswana, Cote D'Ivoire, and Tunisia. It notes that while most African stock markets remain small and illiquid, many have grown rapidly in recent decades due to economic reforms, privatization programs, and relaxed restrictions on foreign investors. However, the markets still face limitations that regional integration efforts seek to overcome through initiatives like the establishment of a West African regional stock exchange.
This document presents the findings of a study on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana. It discusses recent developments in HIV prevalence trends and policy responses. It then models the potential macroeconomic and demographic impacts of HIV/AIDS through to 2021 using an aggregate growth model and computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The results suggest that HIV/AIDS will significantly reduce Botswana's economic growth rate and increase poverty levels without treatment. Expanding access to antiretroviral therapy could help mitigate these negative impacts. The study also examines the impact of HIV/AIDS at the firm, household and government budget levels. It concludes by recommending policies around social safety nets and basic services to address the economic and social effects of the
This document summarizes a study on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana. It finds that HIV/AIDS has had a substantial negative impact on Botswana's economy, reducing average real GDP growth by 1.5-2% per year without widespread ART provision. ART provision offsets some negative impacts, but HIV/AIDS still reduces growth by around 1.2% per year and lowers the economy by 23% compared to a scenario without HIV/AIDS. The study updates previous analyses and models the economic effects through 2021 under different scenarios.
This document summarizes a literature review on assessing the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. It provides background on Uganda's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, including national policies, interventions, and financing of HIV/AIDS activities. It then reviews literature on the economic impact of HIV/AIDS at various levels and in various sectors. The document also examines country studies that have modeled the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS using different approaches. It concludes with recommendations for assessing the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Uganda in Phase II of the project.
This report summarizes findings from 5 mini-studies on the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Uganda:
1. Modelling the impact of HIV/AIDS on household poverty levels, finding both short-term health costs and long-term effects can increase poverty.
2. Assessing sectoral vulnerability based on HIV prevalence and occupations, finding health/education sectors most at-risk.
3. Analyzing HIV-related costs, financing, and expenditures in Uganda.
4. Projecting the demographic effects of HIV/AIDS and anti-retroviral therapy scenarios on population size and structure.
5. Studying econometric relationships between HIV/AIDS, aid, exchange rates, inflation
Phase III – Analysis of Macroeconomic impacteconsultbw
This document provides an overview of the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. It discusses the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS to Uganda's economy, including the magnitude of spending on HIV/AIDS programs and the effects on domestic budgets, monetary policy, and exchange rates. It also analyzes the policy choices around absorption and spending as well as scaling up treatment. Two macroeconomic models are used to quantify the impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth, factoring in variables like labor supply, productivity, and household costs. The results suggest that expanding antiretroviral therapy could help mitigate the negative effects of HIV/AIDS and support continued economic growth in Uganda.
This document summarizes a study assessing the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. It conducted a literature review, mini-studies on poverty impact, sectoral impact, costing and demographics, and aggregate macroeconomic modeling. Key findings include: HIV/AIDS reduces economic growth by 0.5-4.5% annually; impacts labor supply, productivity and household incomes; increases health and funeral costs; and requires additional government spending, potentially affecting fiscal balances. Treatment can help offset some impacts but is expensive. The study provides evidence to guide Uganda's response to HIV/AIDS.
The 2009 budget faced challenging economic circumstances due to the global recession negatively impacting Botswana's diamond and mineral revenues. While Botswana entered the crisis in a strong fiscal position, the budget aimed to stimulate the economy through increased spending, leading to a large projected deficit of 14% of GDP. However, longer term fiscal prospects are less positive as diamond revenues are forecast to remain weak for several years, and the budget is not projected to return to surplus over the medium term. This raises concerns about budget sustainability and Botswana's ability to finance large projected deficits.
The document summarizes Botswana's economic conditions in the second quarter of 2010. GDP grew 7.5% in the first quarter, the first positive growth since late 2008, led by a 10.1% increase in mining output. Non-mining private sector growth was lower at 5.5%. Business confidence improved but remains below pre-crisis levels, and businesses expect slower growth than official forecasts. While conditions are improving, Botswana still faces fiscal challenges from adverse medium-term trends exacerbated by the global crisis.
2010 Q1: Feature on the 2010 Monetary Policy Statement and Budgeteconsultbw
The document summarizes the Bifm Economic Review for the 1st quarter of 2010. It finds that the global economic recovery is underway after one year since the depths of recession, with growth strongest in emerging markets like China that were less impacted by the financial crisis. While emerging markets are benefiting from higher commodity prices and trade, developed economies are expected to have slower growth in 2010-2011. The review also examines how global and domestic factors are impacting Botswana's economy.
2010 Q1: Feature on the 2010 Monetary Policy Statement and Budgeteconsultbw
The document summarizes the Bifm Economic Review for the first quarter of 2010. It discusses the global economic recovery underway in early 2010, led by growth in emerging markets. While recovery is occurring, threats of a double-dip recession remain if fiscal stimulus is withdrawn too early. The document also summarizes Botswana's economic performance in 2009, with GDP contracting 6% due to declines in mining and exports. Inflation declined substantially in 2009 in Botswana but was expected to rise in early 2010. The Bank of Botswana maintained an accommodative monetary policy stance in 2009 while pursuing lower inflation targets in the future. Credit growth in Botswana turned positive in late 2009 while arrears remained elevated.
This document provides an overview of Botswana's financial sector as of 2009/2010. It discusses the evolution and structure of the banking sector, which has grown significantly over the past few decades to become an important part of the economy. The regulatory framework and key institutions governing the financial sector are also outlined. The report examines trends in the banking industry as well as the development of Botswana's non-bank financial sector, including capital markets, pensions, insurance, and other lenders. It concludes by identifying several important issues facing the future of Botswana's financial system.
The document provides an overview of Botswana's financial sector as of 2010/2011. It discusses the evolution and structure of the banking sector, which has grown increasingly important to Botswana's economy. The regulatory framework for banks and other non-bank financial institutions is also examined. Several issues facing the financial sector are analyzed, including the impact of the global crisis, competition and profitability trends in the banking industry, and potential future sources of growth.
2009 Product Innovation and Access to Finance (USAID)econsultbw
This technical report discusses product innovation and access to finance in Africa. It finds that the majority of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to formal financial services like banks, inhibiting economic growth. However, innovations in mobile money transfer, e-money and mobile banking are transforming access. These innovations reduce costs and allow new distribution models. Mobile network operators are well-positioned to provide low-cost transactions through non-traditional retail points. The report argues regulators need to support innovation without inhibiting it, and ensure risks from different financial products are appropriately managed.
The banking sector in Botswana has evolved significantly over time. Historically, it was dominated by Barclays and Standard Chartered banks. In the 1980s, reforms aimed to encourage competition by liberalizing bank licensing and introducing market-based monetary policy. This led to the entry of several new banks in the early 1990s, doubling the number of commercial banks. Meanwhile, several government-owned financial institutions played an important role in development lending. Overall, reforms have increased competition and efficiency in the banking sector.
2009 Bond Markets in SADC-COMESA Mapping Study (African Financial Markets I...econsultbw
This report provides an overview of bond market development initiatives in Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) countries. It analyzes bond market issues and constraints, regulatory frameworks, and ongoing initiatives to develop bond markets. Key findings include:
1) Bond markets in most SADC and COMESA countries remain underdeveloped, with low liquidity, narrow investor bases, short maturities, and high borrowing costs. This impacts financial sector competitiveness.
2) Developing bond markets could allow governments to borrow more in domestic currencies and lower dependency on foreign debt, increase corporate financing options, and catalyze financial market development and regional integration.
3) The
The document provides an overview of the global and Botswana economies in the 4th quarter of 2009. Key points include:
- The global economy is recovering from recession but growth is uneven, with emerging markets growing faster than developed countries. Risks remain such as high government debt levels.
- In Botswana, diamond production and exports recovered partially in 2009 but remain below previous levels. Inflation fell sharply while interest rates were cut. The non-mining economy showed resilience.
- Going forward, risks include rising oil prices driving inflation up. Fiscal sustainability concerns will constrain government spending support for the economy in 2010. The recovery is expected to be stronger in mining than non-mining sectors.
2007:The Impact of Cattle and Beef Prices on Incomes and Poverty in Botswana
1. The Impact of Cattle/Beef Prices on
Incomes and Poverty in Botswana
By:
Keith Jefferis
Submitted by:
The Services Group
Submitted to:
USAID / Southern Africa
Gaborone, Botswana
February 2007
USAID Contract No. 690-M-00-04-00309-00 (GS 10F-0277P)
P.O. Box 602090 ▲Unit 4, Lot 40 ▲ Gaborone Commerce Park ▲ Gaborone, Botswana ▲ Phone (267) 390 0884 ▲ Fax (267) 390 1027
E-mail: info@satradehub.org
2. Introduction
The raising of cattle/beef prices to commercial/competitive levels (understood to mean, at a
minimum, regional export parity) has been established as a necessary component of
promoting the restructuring of the cattle sector and ensuring its viability, after many years of
decline. This in itself would have benefits in terms of promoting economic growth and
diversification, and strengthening the rural economy, which in most of Botswana has little
other source of sustainable income. Reform of the cattle sector is also seen as having a
potentially beneficial impact on poverty, by increasing the returns to an activity that is an
important income source to some poor households. The purpose of this note is to explore
the poverty-alleviation impact of the 40% increase in BMC cattle prices in early 2006 (and,
by implication, the likely impact of any further price increases as regional export parity is
achieved).
The channels through which beef and cattle prices impact on poverty
Cattle & beef prices have an impact on poverty through a number of channels:
• raising the price paid for cattle increases the income earned by farmers from cattle sales;
to the extent that costs are largely fixed (or change less than revenues), then any price
increase has a positive impact on farmers’ incomes;
• raising prices, or changing the structure of prices, may also induce a restructuring of the
cattle sector, through a change in production methods (e.g. a shift towards weaner
production, higher offtake rates, improved quality, etc.) which would further improve the
returns from cattle farming;
• higher employment and wage levels in the cattle sector.
All of the above will have a positive impact on incomes and living standards. However, this
will be countered by a third channel:
• raising beef prices will reduce the living standards of households that are net beef
purchasers, which would include most urban households;
In this note we explore these three channels using available data from national statistics on
household composition, income levels, expenditure patterns and cattle ownership. Most of
the data is derived from the 2002/03 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES).
Household Income Levels
In examining the above channels of impact we can start by considering the distribution of
households across settlement types (cities/towns, urban villages1 and rural areas), and
income levels of households in these different settlement types. Table 1 below summarises
information on household income levels across different types of settlement in Botswana
1
An urban village is a settlement that is located on tribal land and has not been officially designated an urban
area, but is of significant size (population over 5 000) and with less than 25% of its population engaged in
agriculture.
2
3. Table 1: Income Levels and Settlement Types (2002/03)
Settlement type Cities/ Towns Urban villages Rural areas National
Total no. of households 109,556 121,321 163,395 394,272
% of households 27.8% 30.8% 41.4%
Total household income (P/month)
Mean 3,961 2,445 1,379 2,425
Lower 10 504 347 240 358
Median 1,949 1,334 743 1,344
Lower 90 9,635 5,520 3,105 7,030
Source: Central Statistics Office, Household Income and Expenditure Survey
The main points from the above table are that:
(i) the majority of households reside in urban and urban village settlements; and
(ii) there are clear differences income levels across settlement types, with urban
households enjoying average income levels between two and three times that of
rural households (in other words, rural households are much poorer than urban
and urban village households)
While no updated poverty figures have been published from the 2002/03 HIES, poverty rates
have been calculated for various other studies. One set of calculations (carried out for a
study on the Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS) shows clearly that poverty rates are much
higher in rural than in urban areas.
Table 2: Poverty Rates by Region
Region Poverty Headcount Rate (%)
Gaborone 0.07
Francistown 0.15
Other Cities & Towns 0.15
Rural South-East 0.33
Rural North-East 0.42
Rural North-West 0.46
Rural South-West 0.53
National 0.33
Source: analysis based on HIES 2002/03 data
Cattle Ownership by Income Level and Type of Farm (Land Tenure)
The HIES also provides information on cattle ownership and income levels, which is
summarised in Chart 1. The key results are:
(i) there appears to be a positive relationship between income levels and cattle
ownership across a wide range of incomes (i.e., cattle ownership rises with
income across household income levels from P600 to P8000 a month);
(ii) however, relative to this overall trend there is higher cattle ownership amongst
very low income households, and lower cattle ownership amongst very high
income households; and
(iii) the majority of households do not own any cattle (62%).
3
4. Figure 1: Cattle Ownership by Income Level (2002/03)
50%
% of households owning cattle
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
00
1+
00
0
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
50
00
00
00
00
00
40
60
TA
00
10
<2
00
-1
-2
-3
-4
-6
-8
1-
1-
TO
-1
1-
10
01
01
01
01
01
01
20
40
01
60
10
15
20
30
40
60
80
Income Bracket (P/month)
Data on cattle ownership derived from agricultural surveys indicate that approximately 92%
of the 2 million cattle estimated for 2003 are raised on “traditional” farms (i.e. on tribal land)
and the remainder on “commercial” farms (i.e. on freehold land). However the
traditional/commercial distinction is vague, as many of the farmers on tribal land have a fully
commercial outlook (as opposed to holding cattle largely for cultural/traditional reasons,
which is more common among smaller farmers, although even they have a commercial
motivation as well). The data also show that almost half of the national herd (around 48%) is
on farms with less than 50 cattle in total, and that 21% of the herd is on farms with 20 cattle
or less.
The Importance of Income from Cattle
The HIES data on cattle ownership by income bracket, along with information on cattle
prices, enables us to estimate the contribution that income from cattle makes to overall
income levels, shown in Table 3 below.
Table 3: Proportion of income derived from cattle ownership, by income level
Income bracket
<200 201- 401- 601- 1001- 1501- 2001- 3001- 4001- 6001- 8001- 10001+
400 600 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 10000
All households 26% 9% 6% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Cattle-owning 62% 25% 18% 10% 7% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 3% 2%
households
Source: HIES and own calculations
The key results are that:
(i) the proportion of income that is derived from cattle is inversely related to income
levels, i.e. income from cattle provides a greater proportion of total income for
poorer households;
4
5. (ii) among cattle-owning households, income from cattle provides a significant
proportion of income (10% or more) for households with incomes below P1000 a
month.
The importance of income from cattle to the poorer cattle owning households clearly
illustrates the impact of cattle pricing on the income of those households. An increase in
cattle prices therefore has a potentially major impact on income levels. The estimated impact
of the 40% increase in cattle prices on the income of cattle owning households is shown in
Chart 2.
Figure 2: The impact of income from cattle sales on the overall income of cattle-
owning households, by income bracket
70
60
50
% of income from cattle
% of income
40
addition to income from 40% price increase
30
20
10
0
0
00
00
+
0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
00
00
1
<2
4
6
15
20
30
40
0
0
00
10
1-
1-
-6
-8
1
-
-
-
-
1-
10
20
40
01
01
01
01
01
01
-
60
01
10
15
20
30
40
60
80
Source: calculations based on
HIES, 2002/03 income bracket
Impact of Beef Prices Rises on Real Income
While an increase in cattle prices can have an important positive impact on the income of
cattle owning households, especially those in lower income brackets, the resulting increase
in beef prices has a negative impact on the real income of beef consuming households. Data
from the CSO’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) consumption basket is shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Expenditure on beef products as percentage of total consumer expenditure
(2002/03)
Cities/towns Urban Village Rural National
Low income Medium income High income All
2.57 1.01 0.66 1.57 1.96 1.51 1.69
Key conclusions are that:
(i) beef is an important consumption item, accounting for nearly 1.7% of total
consumer expenditure nationally;
(ii) in relative terms, expenditure on beef is more important in low income
households;
5
6. (iii) expenditure on beef is more important in urban areas and urban villages than in
rural areas (this may be due to importance of own consumption, which may not
be accurately measured).
However, while beef is an important consumption item, it has been declining in relative
terms; expenditure on beef fell by nearly 60% (as proportion of total spending) between the
1993/94 HIES and the 2002/03 HIES2.
Focusing on consumption alone, it is clear that any rise in beef prices would have a negative
impact on real incomes. We can estimate that the 40% rise in prices in early 2006 reduced
real incomes of urban poor by an estimated 1%, and overall incomes by 0.7%3.
The Overall Impact
On the basis of the above, we can conclude that:
(i) for cattle owning households, the (positive) income effect of higher cattle prices
outweighs the (negative) expenditure effect of higher beef prices;
(ii) for non-cattle-owning households, only the expenditure effect is relevant, and the
impact on living standards is unambiguously negative;
(iii) given that only a minority of households own cattle, a greater number of
households experience a negative effect on incomes and living standards than
those experiencing a positive impact;
(iv) there is redistribution of income from non-cattle owning to cattle-owning
households;
(v) on the assumption that the majority of cattle are owned by rural households4,
there is redistribution from urban areas to rural areas (the urban village impact is
uncertain), which is positive as poverty levels are higher in rural areas;
(vi) poorer cattle-owning households experience a greater positive impact on their
incomes from higher cattle prices (compared to households as a whole), but
poorer urban households experience a greater negative impact due to higher
beef prices.
Poverty Impact and Second Round Effects
The above analysis considers only the first round effects of higher beef and cattle prices.
While we can estimate the income impacts on different groups (cattle and non-cattle-owning
households, different income categories etc.), further analysis would be needed to evaluate
the overall balance of impacts on incomes, and to evaluate the impact on poverty rates.
Such analysis could be done with access to the source data from the HIES, which would
enable the different impacts to be analysed at a household level, and calculations of the
income impact relative to the relevant household-specific poverty datum line, and hence on
overall poverty rates.
The above discussion only considers first round effects on incomes from cattle-rearing and
expenditure on beef consumption. However, relative price changes, especially of this
magnitude would be expected to have further effects, which in the long term are likely to be
more important. These include:
2
In 1993/94, beef products accounted for 3.8% of consumer spending
3
On the basis of readily available data it is not possible to estimate the impact on poverty rates.
4
Data on cattle ownership is not published by location of household, and while it would seem reasonable to
assume that most cattle owning households are located in rural areas, there is undoubtedly significant cattle
ownership by urban households, so this conclusion is tenuous.
6
7. • higher cattle prices stimulating investment in the cattle sector, resulting in expansion of
production, employment creation and higher wages;
• the stimulation of additional activities in the cattle sector, such as feedlots;
• higher incomes stimulating and additional economic activity in the rural areas (e.g., retail
trade, construction, transport);
• a changed pricing structure favouring higher quality cattle/beef, which would in turn favour
investment in improved breeding, better herd and range management etc.;
• changed consumption patterns, resulting in further reductions in beef consumption and
substitution by other meats (especially chicken), a trend that was apparent even before
the 2006 price rises, releasing beef for export.
By all accounts the 40% cattle price rise in 2006 is insufficient to stimulate structural change
in the sector and bring about changed production structures and expansion of the industry.
For these objectives to be realised, further price increases – with true export parity – are
required. To date, therefore, the dominant effects of the price increase are likely to result
from the first round effects detailed above.
If further price increases do result, and structural change in the industry does occur, the
overall result is likely to be beneficial, especially in the rural areas where poverty is deepest
and the need for additional economic activity deepest. Nevertheless, the linkages involved in
these processes are complex and the results cannot be predicted a priori; for instance, non-
cattle owning households in the rural areas face higher prices for beef, but also would have
enhanced employment opportunities.
In principle these linkages can be modelled, for instance through the use of a CGE model
which can accommodate intersectoral linkages and various different types of labour and
households, and can simulate poverty impacts. If the issue of cattle prices, incomes and
poverty is to be analysed in more depth, this would be the most appropriate methodology to
use. To date such an exercise has not been carried out in Botswana, although some
pointers can be obtained from a similar exercise carried out for the 2006 BIDPA study on the
livestock sector5. This study incorporated a CGE-based analysis of price changes in the beef
industry, although the focus was on a reduction in the price of beef due to changes taking
place in the European Union, the main export market for Botswana’s beef. The study
modelled a 30% reduction in export beef prices, which resulted in the following impacts:
Impact of 30% reduction in Beef Export Prices
Variable Change
Cattle prices -16%
Domestic meat prices -6%
Cattle – traditional sector output -24%
Cattle – commercial (freehold) sector output -26%
Employment – traditional cattle farms -18%
Wages – farm workers -12%
Disposable incomes
Urban households wage income +1%
Rural households wage income 0%
Rural households self-employment income -5%
Source: BIDPA Livestock Sector Study
5
BIDPA (2006) Consultancy on the Viability and Long-Term Development Strategy for the Livestock (Beef)
Sub-Sector in Botswana
7
8. To a degree, this exercise modelled almost the opposite scenario (30% reduction in beef
export prices) to the recent policy change (40% increase in cattle prices). Such models are,
however, non-linear so the assumption of “equal and opposite” effects need not necessarily
apply. Nonetheless, the above results do model an extensive range of economic linkages in
various markets, with prices, incomes and output all adjusting to the changed conditions.
The results are in keeping with expectations, and to the extent that a significant price
increase would have a comparable opposite effect, are a useful guide. What the above
results show is that both commercial and traditional farmers are highly sensitive to price
changes, especially in respect of output – which suggests that a price increase will be
effective in boosting cattle sector output. The results also show that employment and wages
in the sector is sensitive to prices, and suggest that a price increase would lead to a
significant increase in both rural employment and incomes. While this exercise did not
calculate a poverty impact, the implication is that a cattle price increase would lead to a clear
reduction in rural poverty, through increased wages, incomes, economic activity and
employment. While this result may not hold over the country as a whole, the rural impact is
important, given that poverty is more extensive and deeper in the rural areas. A further CGE
modelling exercise to specifically focus on the poverty impacts of a cattle price increases
would be worthwhile, to substantiate the country-wide effects.
8