This document describes a system to test the structural integrity of concrete bridges using geophone sensors. A geophone sensor converts ground vibrations into electrical signals that can be accurately measured. The system was tested on two bridges in Indonesia and found that vehicle loads between 2-10 tons caused maximum deflections of 0.9 cm and 2 cm on the respective bridges. The geophone sensor data was processed with an Arduino microcontroller and displayed in Excel. This non-destructive testing method allows monitoring of bridge vibration levels and analysis of the bridge's structural strength over time.
1. Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate tsunami forces on three types of bridge structures (simplified deck, I-beam deck, box girder deck) using scale models.
2. The experiments found that maximum horizontal force occurred when the nominal wave height was achieved, with I-beam deck experiencing the highest force. Significant overtopping occurred for all bridge types.
3. Front face pressures peaked at around the same time as maximum horizontal force and were 1.5-1.7 times higher than hydrostatic pressure. Back face pressures increased later and eventually equalized with front pressures.
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
Rajkiya Engineering College, Bijnor presented information on bridge engineering. Bridges are key infrastructure that allow crossing of obstacles like rivers and canals. A bridge consists of substructure elements like foundations, piers, and abutments, and superstructure elements like the deck. Bridges are classified by span length, material used, and the type of superstructure. Bridges improve transportation, emergency response times, and reduce traffic congestion. Selection of a bridge type depends on site conditions, traffic needs, structural requirements, and material availability.
Influence line diagram for model arch bridgekunalsahu9883
The Lupu Bridge in Shanghai, China is a steel box section tied arch bridge with a main span of 550m, making it the largest arch bridge in the world when it was completed. A tied arch bridge design was used because the ground conditions on either side of the river were unsuitable for the large forces from a normal arch bridge. The bridge was analyzed using structural analysis software to determine member forces and deformations under load. The bridge is an impressive engineering feat that helped advance Chinese bridge engineering.
This document provides information on the design of a T-beam bridge using the working stress method. It discusses the key components of a T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments, and foundations. It also describes the design procedures for these components, focusing on the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal girders, and cross girders. Methods for calculating bending moments and determining reinforcement are covered.
This document provides an overview of different types of bridges. It begins by describing the basic components and forces in a simple beam bridge. It then discusses other common bridge types like arch, suspension, truss, and cable-stayed bridges. For each type, it explains the basic structure and how forces are distributed. The document concludes by noting that suspension bridges can span the longest distances, while beam bridges are the simplest and most inexpensive. Overall, the document serves as a high-level introduction to common bridge designs and engineering concepts.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes the effect of skew angle on the behavior of skew bridges using finite element modeling and grillage analogy methods. Key findings include:
- As skew angle increases, reactions increase but bending moments decrease up to a certain angle, after which bending moments decrease further. Torsion and transverse moments initially increase with skew angle up to a point then decrease.
- Maximum deflection shifts from midspan in straight bridges towards the obtuse corner as skew angle increases.
- Analysis of bridges with skew angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° showed transverse moments, torsional moments, and support reactions generally increase with skew angle under dead and live loads, while bending moments decrease with higher skew angles
The document provides details on the design of the third phase of the Thannermukkom salt water barrier bridge. It includes the design of the following bridge components:
1) Deck slab using Pigeaud's curves to calculate bending moments from dead and live loads.
2) Cantilever slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, bearings, pedestals, operating platform, pier, pier cap, pile, pile cap and apron designed based on codes and previous project details.
3) Pier design carried out using STAAD Pro software. Reinforced concrete grade M30 and steel grade Fe415 are used.
The preliminary dimensions and design loads as per IRC codes are
1. Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate tsunami forces on three types of bridge structures (simplified deck, I-beam deck, box girder deck) using scale models.
2. The experiments found that maximum horizontal force occurred when the nominal wave height was achieved, with I-beam deck experiencing the highest force. Significant overtopping occurred for all bridge types.
3. Front face pressures peaked at around the same time as maximum horizontal force and were 1.5-1.7 times higher than hydrostatic pressure. Back face pressures increased later and eventually equalized with front pressures.
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
Rajkiya Engineering College, Bijnor presented information on bridge engineering. Bridges are key infrastructure that allow crossing of obstacles like rivers and canals. A bridge consists of substructure elements like foundations, piers, and abutments, and superstructure elements like the deck. Bridges are classified by span length, material used, and the type of superstructure. Bridges improve transportation, emergency response times, and reduce traffic congestion. Selection of a bridge type depends on site conditions, traffic needs, structural requirements, and material availability.
Influence line diagram for model arch bridgekunalsahu9883
The Lupu Bridge in Shanghai, China is a steel box section tied arch bridge with a main span of 550m, making it the largest arch bridge in the world when it was completed. A tied arch bridge design was used because the ground conditions on either side of the river were unsuitable for the large forces from a normal arch bridge. The bridge was analyzed using structural analysis software to determine member forces and deformations under load. The bridge is an impressive engineering feat that helped advance Chinese bridge engineering.
This document provides information on the design of a T-beam bridge using the working stress method. It discusses the key components of a T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments, and foundations. It also describes the design procedures for these components, focusing on the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal girders, and cross girders. Methods for calculating bending moments and determining reinforcement are covered.
This document provides an overview of different types of bridges. It begins by describing the basic components and forces in a simple beam bridge. It then discusses other common bridge types like arch, suspension, truss, and cable-stayed bridges. For each type, it explains the basic structure and how forces are distributed. The document concludes by noting that suspension bridges can span the longest distances, while beam bridges are the simplest and most inexpensive. Overall, the document serves as a high-level introduction to common bridge designs and engineering concepts.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes the effect of skew angle on the behavior of skew bridges using finite element modeling and grillage analogy methods. Key findings include:
- As skew angle increases, reactions increase but bending moments decrease up to a certain angle, after which bending moments decrease further. Torsion and transverse moments initially increase with skew angle up to a point then decrease.
- Maximum deflection shifts from midspan in straight bridges towards the obtuse corner as skew angle increases.
- Analysis of bridges with skew angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° showed transverse moments, torsional moments, and support reactions generally increase with skew angle under dead and live loads, while bending moments decrease with higher skew angles
The document provides details on the design of the third phase of the Thannermukkom salt water barrier bridge. It includes the design of the following bridge components:
1) Deck slab using Pigeaud's curves to calculate bending moments from dead and live loads.
2) Cantilever slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, bearings, pedestals, operating platform, pier, pier cap, pile, pile cap and apron designed based on codes and previous project details.
3) Pier design carried out using STAAD Pro software. Reinforced concrete grade M30 and steel grade Fe415 are used.
The preliminary dimensions and design loads as per IRC codes are
This document provides details on the design of multi-level station piers for elevated metro corridors. It describes the main components of the station pier, including the main pier, pier above the concourse arm, and pier above the pier cap. It discusses the forces acting on the piers, including axial, shear, moment, and torsion forces. It also provides details on the geometric dimensions, cable profiling, reinforcement, and design considerations for the piers.
This document discusses load standards and the effective width method for bridge engineering according to the Indian Roads Congress (IRC). It outlines various loads that must be considered in bridge design like dead load, live load, impact load, and wind load. It also describes the IRC's standard load classifications for bridges and provides equations for calculating impact percentage and effective slab width. The effective width method per the IRC is described for slabs spanning in one or two directions and cantilever slabs.
This document discusses bridges and bridge foundations. It defines a bridge as a structure that spans an obstacle to allow passage. Bridges carry roads or railways over rivers, canals, or other obstacles. Foundations are constructed under piers and abutments to distribute the bridge load over a large area of soil. Deep foundations that extend beyond the width of the structure, like piles, are generally preferred for bridges due to the large structural loads. The document discusses different foundation types and factors to consider in foundation design, such as maximum scour depth and soil pressures.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
Undergraduate major project_-_design_ofVijay Singh
This document describes the design of a T-beam rail-over-bridge submitted by 9 students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It includes an introduction to bridge types and T-beam bridges. It then outlines the contents which will cover the design of the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal and cross girders, and bearings. Design calculations and reinforcement details will be provided for each component.
This document discusses resilient structural systems for earthquake resistance. It provides 3 key points:
1. Including mechanical devices in structures can enhance performance during extreme loads like earthquakes by providing strength while controlling behavior to protect elements from damage. Systems can be designed to fuse during strong ground motions.
2. Earthquake waves are studied using seismology to understand quake magnitude, location, and predict future events. Structures are designed according to seismic zone levels based on past quake intensities.
3. Common earthquake-resistant building techniques include base isolation, dampers, braced frames, shear walls, and stiff horizontal diaphragms/trusses to distribute seismic forces across the vertical structure. Tall buildings
This document provides details about a practical training project completed on the construction of a high flood level bridge across the Mahi River from May 23, 2016 to July 23, 2016. The key aspects summarized are:
- The bridge was 360m long with 12 spans of 30m each and cost approximately 12 crore rupees to construct.
- Foundations included excavating for and constructing rafts for the abutments and piers. Piers and pier caps were also constructed to support the girder spans.
- Precast prestressed concrete girders were launched into place using cranes and temporary bearings. The girders rested on pot/PTFE bearings.
- The
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
this slides is about the technologies like using HPC, SCC, high performance steel, prefabricated deck panels, spot welding system,GSSI bridge scan system used in construction of bridges
This document contains a question bank for the subject Design of Bridges taught in the second semester at Valliammai Engineering College. It includes questions divided into parts A, B and C covering two units - short span bridges and design principles of long span RC bridges. The questions test different cognitive levels ranging from remember to evaluate and cover topics such as types of bridges, loading standards, design of slab bridges, box girder bridges, balanced cantilever bridges, arch bridges and box culverts. Design problems related to the analysis and design of bridges under different loadings are also included.
The 190m Chauras bridge in India suddenly collapsed during construction, killing 6 people. Analysis shows the top chord member U13U14 buckled when the compressive stress reached 173.8 MPa, exceeding the permissible 149.8 MPa. The bridge collapsed due to buckling of a compression member when the stress exceeded the limit. Bridges must be designed with reserve strength to prevent catastrophic failure from exceeding stress limits during construction.
This document provides a summary of a book on concrete bridge design according to BS 5400. The book aims to provide guidance on applying the limit state design code for concrete bridges by explaining its clauses and comparing them to previous design standards. It discusses analysis methods, loadings, material properties, design criteria, and worked examples to illustrate the code's application to bridge elements like beams, slabs, foundations and composite construction.
1. The static theory of Omori from 1900 was traditionally used to calculate seismic loads on buildings, assuming they were rigid bodies that moved with the soil during earthquakes.
2. Omori estimated maximum seismic forces as equal to the maximum inertial forces calculated from the mass of the building and the assumed acceleration of the soil.
3. The static theory had several shortcomings, as real buildings experience deformations and displacements relative to the soil that are greater than assumed in the rigid body model.
This document discusses bridge architecture and factors that influence the economic span length of bridges. It provides background on the importance of aesthetics in bridge design and defines economic span as the span length that results in minimum total bridge construction costs. Key factors that affect the economic span are described, such as material costs, labor availability, and site conditions. An equation is presented for calculating the total bridge cost as a function of span length to determine the span where costs are minimized. Guidelines for selecting span lengths based on common bridge types are also outlined. Limitations in applying the economic span concept are noted.
1) The document summarizes key aspects of Indonesian building code regulations (SNI) regarding earthquake-resistant design methods.
2) It covers general requirements, building structure design, performance factors, and the effects of earthquakes on building components.
3) Building risk categories are defined based on potential lives lost, with associated significance factors used to determine design earthquake loads.
Challenges of Tunneling-- A Peep Into The Exciting World of TunnellingIEI GSC
By Shri Manoj Verman, President, Indian National Group of ISRM
President, International Commission on Hard Rock Excavation
Vice President, Indian Society of Engineering Geology
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineering
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India)
at Ahmedabad
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering. The course objectives are to teach students about concrete bridge types, bridge loading calculations, and basic bridge design and analysis using finite element software. The content is delivered over 15 weeks and covers topics such as bridge substructures, loading, deck analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design. The course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge needed for basic bridge design and analysis.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering. The course objectives are to teach students about concrete bridge types, bridge loading calculations, and basic bridge design and analysis using finite element software. The content is delivered over 15 weeks and covers topics such as bridge substructures, loading, deck analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design. The course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge needed for basic bridge design and analysis.
This document provides details on the design of multi-level station piers for elevated metro corridors. It describes the main components of the station pier, including the main pier, pier above the concourse arm, and pier above the pier cap. It discusses the forces acting on the piers, including axial, shear, moment, and torsion forces. It also provides details on the geometric dimensions, cable profiling, reinforcement, and design considerations for the piers.
This document discusses load standards and the effective width method for bridge engineering according to the Indian Roads Congress (IRC). It outlines various loads that must be considered in bridge design like dead load, live load, impact load, and wind load. It also describes the IRC's standard load classifications for bridges and provides equations for calculating impact percentage and effective slab width. The effective width method per the IRC is described for slabs spanning in one or two directions and cantilever slabs.
This document discusses bridges and bridge foundations. It defines a bridge as a structure that spans an obstacle to allow passage. Bridges carry roads or railways over rivers, canals, or other obstacles. Foundations are constructed under piers and abutments to distribute the bridge load over a large area of soil. Deep foundations that extend beyond the width of the structure, like piles, are generally preferred for bridges due to the large structural loads. The document discusses different foundation types and factors to consider in foundation design, such as maximum scour depth and soil pressures.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
Undergraduate major project_-_design_ofVijay Singh
This document describes the design of a T-beam rail-over-bridge submitted by 9 students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It includes an introduction to bridge types and T-beam bridges. It then outlines the contents which will cover the design of the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal and cross girders, and bearings. Design calculations and reinforcement details will be provided for each component.
This document discusses resilient structural systems for earthquake resistance. It provides 3 key points:
1. Including mechanical devices in structures can enhance performance during extreme loads like earthquakes by providing strength while controlling behavior to protect elements from damage. Systems can be designed to fuse during strong ground motions.
2. Earthquake waves are studied using seismology to understand quake magnitude, location, and predict future events. Structures are designed according to seismic zone levels based on past quake intensities.
3. Common earthquake-resistant building techniques include base isolation, dampers, braced frames, shear walls, and stiff horizontal diaphragms/trusses to distribute seismic forces across the vertical structure. Tall buildings
This document provides details about a practical training project completed on the construction of a high flood level bridge across the Mahi River from May 23, 2016 to July 23, 2016. The key aspects summarized are:
- The bridge was 360m long with 12 spans of 30m each and cost approximately 12 crore rupees to construct.
- Foundations included excavating for and constructing rafts for the abutments and piers. Piers and pier caps were also constructed to support the girder spans.
- Precast prestressed concrete girders were launched into place using cranes and temporary bearings. The girders rested on pot/PTFE bearings.
- The
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
this slides is about the technologies like using HPC, SCC, high performance steel, prefabricated deck panels, spot welding system,GSSI bridge scan system used in construction of bridges
This document contains a question bank for the subject Design of Bridges taught in the second semester at Valliammai Engineering College. It includes questions divided into parts A, B and C covering two units - short span bridges and design principles of long span RC bridges. The questions test different cognitive levels ranging from remember to evaluate and cover topics such as types of bridges, loading standards, design of slab bridges, box girder bridges, balanced cantilever bridges, arch bridges and box culverts. Design problems related to the analysis and design of bridges under different loadings are also included.
The 190m Chauras bridge in India suddenly collapsed during construction, killing 6 people. Analysis shows the top chord member U13U14 buckled when the compressive stress reached 173.8 MPa, exceeding the permissible 149.8 MPa. The bridge collapsed due to buckling of a compression member when the stress exceeded the limit. Bridges must be designed with reserve strength to prevent catastrophic failure from exceeding stress limits during construction.
This document provides a summary of a book on concrete bridge design according to BS 5400. The book aims to provide guidance on applying the limit state design code for concrete bridges by explaining its clauses and comparing them to previous design standards. It discusses analysis methods, loadings, material properties, design criteria, and worked examples to illustrate the code's application to bridge elements like beams, slabs, foundations and composite construction.
1. The static theory of Omori from 1900 was traditionally used to calculate seismic loads on buildings, assuming they were rigid bodies that moved with the soil during earthquakes.
2. Omori estimated maximum seismic forces as equal to the maximum inertial forces calculated from the mass of the building and the assumed acceleration of the soil.
3. The static theory had several shortcomings, as real buildings experience deformations and displacements relative to the soil that are greater than assumed in the rigid body model.
This document discusses bridge architecture and factors that influence the economic span length of bridges. It provides background on the importance of aesthetics in bridge design and defines economic span as the span length that results in minimum total bridge construction costs. Key factors that affect the economic span are described, such as material costs, labor availability, and site conditions. An equation is presented for calculating the total bridge cost as a function of span length to determine the span where costs are minimized. Guidelines for selecting span lengths based on common bridge types are also outlined. Limitations in applying the economic span concept are noted.
1) The document summarizes key aspects of Indonesian building code regulations (SNI) regarding earthquake-resistant design methods.
2) It covers general requirements, building structure design, performance factors, and the effects of earthquakes on building components.
3) Building risk categories are defined based on potential lives lost, with associated significance factors used to determine design earthquake loads.
Challenges of Tunneling-- A Peep Into The Exciting World of TunnellingIEI GSC
By Shri Manoj Verman, President, Indian National Group of ISRM
President, International Commission on Hard Rock Excavation
Vice President, Indian Society of Engineering Geology
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineering
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India)
at Ahmedabad
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering. The course objectives are to teach students about concrete bridge types, bridge loading calculations, and basic bridge design and analysis using finite element software. The content is delivered over 15 weeks and covers topics such as bridge substructures, loading, deck analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design. The course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge needed for basic bridge design and analysis.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering. The course objectives are to teach students about concrete bridge types, bridge loading calculations, and basic bridge design and analysis using finite element software. The content is delivered over 15 weeks and covers topics such as bridge substructures, loading, deck analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design. The course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge needed for basic bridge design and analysis.
Evaluation of rigid pavements by deflection approacheSAT Journals
This document discusses using the Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) technique to evaluate rigid pavements by measuring load transfer efficiency (LTE) across joints. The BBD technique involves using two Benkelman beams placed on adjacent slabs - one loaded and one unloaded - to measure deflections when a load passes over. LTE is calculated as the ratio of the unloaded slab deflection to loaded slab deflection. The document applies this method to a rigid pavement in Pune, India, finding LTE values ranging from 31-43% across slabs, with a characteristic LTE of 37.11%. It concludes the BBD technique can provide information on dowel bar performance in rigid pavements.
This document provides information about a bridge engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Azlan Abdul Rahman. The 12-week course covers various topics related to bridge design and analysis including bridge types, structural forms, design process, load calculations, finite element analysis using LUSAS software, prestressed concrete bridge design, and bridge substructure elements. The course objectives are to teach students to identify bridge types and design processes, perform bridge load calculations, use LUSAS for bridge analysis, and design prestressed concrete bridge beams, abutments and piers.
Earthquake effect on underground structuresHoda Yahyaei
This document discusses how earthquakes can affect underground structures like tunnels. It describes two main ways tunnels are impacted: ground shaking and ground failure. Ground shaking refers to vibrations from seismic waves that propagate through the earth's crust. Factors like site conditions, tunnel shape and depth influence how shaken tunnels deform through modes like axial stretching, curvature, or cross-section warping. Proper design aims to allow tunnels to absorb these seismic deformations without damage. Numerical modeling of soil-structure interaction is important for stiff tunnel designs.
Parametric Study on Curved Bridges Subjected to Seismic LoadingIRJET Journal
- The document presents a study on the behavior of curved bridges subjected to seismic loading. Two bridge types - box girder bridge and I-girder bridge - are modeled with varying radius of curvature (infinite, 150m, 250m) and column skewness (0, 15, 30 degrees).
- Linear static and non-linear pushover analyses are performed on the bridge models in CSI Bridge software. Modal periods and pushover curves are obtained and compared for different models.
- The results show that increasing the radius of curvature decreases the transverse vibration period. Increased skewness and smaller radii of curvature reduce the seismic resistance of the bridges as seen from decreased strength and stiffness in the pushover
Title: Millennium Bridge at London - Steel Structure Failure
This is 320 m span aluminum and steel bridge across the river Thames. This bridge has steel structure failure because it had vertical, lateral and torsional stiffness. The problem occurred because of side vibration of the bridge deck because of pedestrian lateral excitation. The main reasons for this failure were lateral stiffness of the deck and low damping potential which happens in steel structure only. This bridge was made of two dimensional cable truss. The stiffness in this bridge structure caused this failure in this bridge. Therefore, this bridge was closed for few days to fix the problem. It is therefore highly relates to steel structure failure and is suitable for the case study as well. This problem was rectified with help of installation of lateral dampers. All these characteristics of this bridge failures relates to steel structure failure.
1. Strain gauges measure strain by detecting changes in electrical resistance when force is applied. They are commonly used to measure stress and deformation in structures like bridges and buildings.
2. Strain gauges were attached to a simply supported beam to measure strain produced under different loads. The results were used to calculate stress, strain, and Young's modulus.
3. Strain gauges can be used to monitor bridges over time. They help detect structural problems early and prevent accidents by alerting authorities. Regular monitoring with strain gauges verifies design parameters and construction quality.
Ch2 Design Loads on Bridges (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr....Hossam Shafiq II
This document discusses design loads on bridges. It describes various types of loads that bridges must be designed to resist, including dead loads from the bridge structure itself, live loads from traffic, and environmental loads such as wind, temperature, and earthquakes. It provides specifics on how to calculate loads from road and rail traffic according to Egyptian design codes, including truck and train configurations, impact factors, braking and centrifugal forces, and load distributions. Other loads like wind, thermal effects, and concrete shrinkage are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to bridge engineering. It outlines the course objectives which are to identify bridge types and designs, perform bridge loading calculations, use finite element software to analyze bridge decks, and design prestressed concrete bridge elements. It also includes a lecture schedule covering topics like bridge substructures, loading, analysis methods, and prestressed concrete design.
This document summarizes an article from the ACI Structural Journal about an experimental study on the shear deformations of slender reinforced concrete walls under seismic loading. The study examined data from 34 quasi-static cyclic tests of slender walls available in literature. It found that for walls where the shear transfer mechanism did not significantly degrade, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations remained approximately constant over the entire range of imposed displacements. For walls where the shear transfer did degrade, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations increased. The study proposed a simple model to estimate the ratio of shear to flexural deformations for walls where the shear transfer did not degrade significantly.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses vibration and noise control methods for the Chenab River Bridge rail project in India. It provides background on the bridge, describes sources of railway noise and vibration such as wheel-rail interaction and bridge structure excitation. Methods for reducing bridge noise are proposed, including using stiffer fasteners, rail damping, ballast mats, damping bridge structures, adjusting plate thickness, and closed structures. Wheel-rail interaction is a primary source of vibration excitation transferred to the bridge. Bridges can amplify noise levels compared to regular track.
This document provides information on masonry arch bridges, including their load transfer mechanisms, failure modes, inspection and maintenance, and strengthening. Key points discussed include:
1. Masonry arch bridges make up a significant portion of bridge infrastructure globally and in India. Their structural behavior depends on load flow and material properties.
2. Failure can occur due to the formation of hinges or sliding. Dismantling requires a systematic approach to avoid unbalanced forces.
3. Inspection focuses on defects in the arch barrel, spandrel walls, and other elements. Maintenance includes drainage improvements, crack repair, and monitoring.
4. Assessment of load capacity considers the contributions of the arch ring as
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs using finite element analysis. It models two types of slabs in SAP2000: 1) slabs with pin supports on all four edges and 2) slabs with pin supports at corners and beams along edges. For type 1, stresses are higher in the short direction but still significant in the long direction, showing load is transferred two-way. For type 2, stresses in the short direction increase with stiffer beams while stresses in the long direction decrease. The analysis concludes all concrete solid slabs behave as two-way slabs, transferring load in both directions regardless of dimensions or support conditions.
4. STUDY ONVARIATION OF JOINT FORCES IN STEEL TRUSS BRIDGEAELC
This document provides an overview of a student's thesis on analyzing the variation of joint forces in steel truss bridges. The objectives are to understand steel truss bridge components and design, perform influence line analysis using STAAD-Pro software, and study joint force variations. The scope will involve designing a simple span parallel chord Warren truss bridge superstructure to AASHTO standards with HS20-24 live loading. Implementation will include modeling the bridge in STAAD-Pro and analyzing joints. The document also covers characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and components of steel truss bridges.
Study of Dynamic Analysis for Immersed Tube Tunnelijceronline
The main aim of the project is to connect the two coats of the Dharamtar creek i.e. Rewas in Alibaug and Karanja in Uran by an immersed tunnel. The construction of proposed immersed tunnel will reduce the travel time from Mumbai to Alibaug from 3 hours to 1 hour. But this reduction in time includes the consideration of the sea-link from Sewri to Nhava Seva (Uran).Which was proposed by government and is already under construction. Thus construction of this immersed tunnel will ease the transportation of the city. In this study, a preliminary analysis of IZMIR immersed tube is carried out for validating purpose. The static analysis of the tunnel was made in finite element program. The vertical displacement of the tube unit under static loads was calculated. Afterwards, the seismic analysis was made to investigate stresses developed due to both racking and axial deformation of the tunnel during an earthquake. It was found that, maximum stress due to axial deformation is longer than compressive strength of the concrete. The high stresses in the tube occur, because of the tube stiffness.
IRJET - A Review on Seismic Behaviour of Floating Column and Transfer BeamIRJET Journal
This document reviews the seismic behavior of floating columns and transfer beams in buildings. It discusses how floating columns, which do not extend fully to the foundation, can negatively impact seismic performance by disrupting the load path. The document summarizes several past studies that have analyzed buildings with and without floating columns using structural analysis software. Response spectrum and time history analyses were used to compare seismic parameters like time period, base shear, displacements, and drifts. The studies found that buildings with floating columns generally have increased time periods, displacements and drifts compared to identical buildings without floating columns. However, base shear may be lower for buildings with floating columns. Proper design and reinforcement of transfer beams that support floating columns is emphasized.
PARAMETRIC STUDY ON SLAB DECK BRIDGES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODIRJET Journal
This document discusses a parametric study carried out on slab deck bridges using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The study considers the effects of span length, live load, and thickness of the wearing coat on the depth, moment, and reinforcement area required for the bridge deck slab. An Excel program is developed to design the deck slab according to different design combinations obtained from RSM. Statistical analysis using ANOVA is performed to determine the dependency of the response variables on the design parameters. Regression equations are obtained for the depth, moment, and reinforcement area in terms of the design factors considered. The results of the study are then compared to an existing reinforced concrete slab deck bridge.
This document discusses advanced concepts in plain, reinforced, and prestressed concrete. It begins by defining concrete as a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate bound by water. While concrete has good compressive strength, it is weak in tension. Reinforced concrete overcomes this by adding steel bars for tension resistance. The document then discusses prestressed concrete, the history of reinforced concrete, types of loads on structures, and mechanical properties of concrete. It emphasizes the importance of serviceability, strength, safety, and statistical approaches to safety margins in structural design.
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1. PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM UJI STRUKTUR
BETON PADA JEMBATAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR
GEOPHONE
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURE TEST ON BRIDGE USING GEOPHONE SENSOR
Rahadian Reza Rizaldy1, Muhammad Ary Murti2, Rizki Ardianto Priramadhi3
1,2,3Prodi S1 Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik Elektro, Universitas Telkom
1rahadianreza@telkomuniversity.ac.id, 2ary.murti@gmail.com, 3rizkia@telkomuniversity.ac.id
Abstrak
Meningkatnya populasi penduduk setiap tahun membuat semakin banyak pemilik kendaraan bermotor
dan mobil yang mengakibatkan penuhnya akses jalan raya, tidak hanya jalan raya saja yang mengalami
kepadatan adapun jembatan yang menjadi salah satu faktor kepadatan dikarenakan banyaknya kendaraan
bermotor dan mobil yang melintas tidak hanya itu disaat waktu tertentu jembatan pun akan padat dan
mengalami getaran yang cukup terasa karena beban pikul yang ditahan oleh jembatan berbeda beda, semakin
besar beban yang ditahan oleh jembatan maka semakin bergetar jembatan tersebut, oleh karena itu penulis
akan membuat suatu alat menggunakan sensor geophone yang dapat mengukur seberapa besar getaran pada
jembatan dan menganalisa seberapa kuat beton bekerja pada jembatan yang sering terjadi kepadatan ,dengan
adanya elastomer atau bantalan karet yang digunakan diantara abutment dengan perletakan jalan makan
elastomer akan meredam getaran yang terjadi akibat beban yang dipikul jembatan.
Alat ini akan menggunakan komponen utama berupa sensor geophone, geophone adalah perangkat yang
mengkonversi gerakan tanah menjadi tegangan, Geophone merupakan transducer pergerakan tanah yang
sangat sensitif. Sebuah geophone mengubah energi seismik, atau vibrasi, menjadi tegangan listrik yang dapat
diukur secara akurat.
Dalam penelitian ini, didapatkan bahwa dalam pemantauan sensor geophone dapat mengetahui besarnya
tegangan dan defleksi yang terjadi ketika kendaraan melintas di jembatan, untuk mengolah data pada sistem
ini menggunakan mikrontroler berupa Arduino uno dan ditampilkan dalam data excel untuk mempermudah
pendataan. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan dengan defleksi maksimum sebesar 0,9 cm atau 0,009 meter
pada saat beban 2 ton sampai 10 ton di Jembatan Tol Kopo, sementara itu ketika beban kendaraan sebesar 2
ton sampai 10 ton akan terjadi defleksi maksimum hingga 2 cm pada Jembatan Cilampeni
Kata kunci : geophone, elastomer, Arduino uno, energi seismik.
ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 130
2. Abstract
The increase in population every year makes more and more owners of motorized vehicles and cars
resulting in full access to the highway, not only the highway that experiences density while the bridge is one of
the factors of density due to the number of motorized vehicles and cars that pass not only at a certain time the
bridge will be congested and experience enough vibrations because the load carried by the bridge is different, the
greater the load held by the bridge, the more the bridge vibrates, therefore the writer will make an instrument using
a geophone sensor that can measure how much vibration on the bridge and analyze how strong concrete works on
the bridge which often occurs density, with the elastomer or rubber pads used between abutments with the
placement of the elastomer feeding road will reduce vibrations that occur due to the burden carried by the bridge.
This tool will use the main components in the form of geophone sensors, geophone is a device that converts ground
motion into voltage, Geophone is a transducer of ground movement that is very sensitive. A geophone converts
seismic energy, or vibration, into an electric voltage that can be measured accurately.
In this study, it was found that in monitoring geophone sensors can find out the amount of voltage and
deflection that occurs when a vehicle crosses the bridge, to process data in this system using a microcontroller in
the form of Arduino uno and displayed in excel data to facilitate data collection. From this study it can be
concluded with a maximum deflection of 0.9 cm or 0.009 meters at a time of 2 tons to 10 tons on the Kopo Tol
Bridge, meanwhile when a vehicle load of 2 tons to 10 tons will occur a maximum deflection of up to 2 cm on the
Cilampeni Bridge.
Keywords: geophone, elastomer, Arduino uno, seismic energy
2. Tinjauan Pustaka
2.1 Jembatan
Jembatan adalah suatu struktur bangunan yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua bagian jalan yang terputus
oleh adanya rintangan-rintangan seperti lembah yang dalam, alur sungai, saluran irigasi dan pembuangan, jalan
kereta api, waduk, dan lain-lain. Desain dari jembatan bervariasi tergantung pada fungsi dari jembatan atau kondisi
bentuk permukaan bumi dimana jembatan tersebut dibangun[1].
2.2 Kesehatan Jembatan
Tujuan utama dari pemantauan kesehatan jembatan adalah mengidentifikasi gejala kerusakan di kondisi
terkini berdasarkan tanda-tanda vibrasi ketika dilalui oleh beban kendaraan melalui identifikasi defleksi yang
dihasilkan dari kendaraan yang melintas. Keluaran akhir dari pemantauan ini adalah tingkat kesehatan jembatan
dan pengukuran beban jembatan yang didefinisikan sebagai nilai jembatan yang masih dapat melakukan
layanannya secara aman ketika menerima beban kendaraan yang melintasinya[5]
2.3 Bearing Jembatan
Bearing merupakan tumpuan pada konstruksi jembatan yang berfungsi meredam dan mengakomodasi
pergerakan konstruksi pada bagian atas jembatan yang diakibatkan oleh gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada jembatan
seperti beban mati (dead load), beban hidup (live load), beban angin, gaya rem, dll. Dengan diimplementasikannya
sistem bearing ini, maka konstruksi struktur atas jembatan memungkinkan untuk dapat bergerak sekaligus
meredam gaya-gaya yang membahayakan struktur sehingga pengguna jembatan aman menggunakan jembatan[10]
2.2 Defleksi
Defleksi adalah perubahan bentuk pada balok dalam arah y akibat adanya pembebanan vertical yang
diberikan pada balok atau batang. Deformasi pada balok secara sangat mudah dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan
defleksi balok dari posisinya sebelum mengalami pembebanan. Defleksi diukur dari permukaan netral awal
ke posisi netral setelah terjadi deformasi. Konfigurasi yang diasumsikan dengan deformasi permukaan netral
dikenal sebagai kurva elastis dari balok. Gambar 1(a) memperlihatkan balok pada posisi awal sebelum terjadi
deformasi dan Gambar 1(b) adalah balok dalam konfigurasi terdeformasi yang diasumsikan akibat aksi
pembebanan[9].
Gambar II- 1 (a) Balok sebelum terjadi deformasi,(b) balok dalam kondisi terdeformasi
ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 131
3. Jarak perpindahan y didefinisikan sebagai defleksi balok. Dalam penerapan, kadang kita harus
menentukan defleksi pada setiap nilai x disepanjang balok. Hubungan ini dapat ditulis dalam bentuk
persamaan yang sering disebut persamaan defleksi kurva (atau kurva elastis) dari balok.
Sistem struktur yang di letakkan horizontal dan yang terutama di peruntukkan memikul beban
lateral,yaitu beban yang bekerja tegak lurus sumbu aksial batang .Beban semacam ini khususnya muncul
sebagai beban gravitasi,seperti misalnya bobot sendiri,beban hidup vertical,beban keran(crane) dan lain-
lain.contoh system balok dapat di kemukakan antara lain,balok lantai gedung,gelagar jembatan,balok
penyangga keran,dan sebagainya.Sumbu sebuah batang akan terdeteksi dari kedudukannya semula bila benda
dibawah pengaruh gaya terpakai. Dengan kata lain suatu batang akan mengalami pembebanan transversal baik
itu beban terpusat maupun terbagi merata akan mengalami defleksi. Unsur-unsur dari mesin haruslah cukup
tegar untuk mencegah ketidakbarisan dan mempertahankna ketelitian terhadap pengaruh beban dalam gedung-
gedung,balok lantai tidak dapat melentur secara berlebihan untuk meniadakan pengaruh psikologis yang tidak
diinginkan para penghuni dan untuk memperkecil atau mencegah dengan bahan-bahan jadi yang rapuh[9].
Begitu pun kekuatan mengenai karateristik deformasi dari bangunan struktur adalah paling penting
untuk mempelajari getaran mesin seperti juga bangunan-bangunan stasioner dan penerbangan.dalam
menjalankan fungsinya,balok meneruskan pengaruh beban gravitasi keperletakan terutama dengan
mengandalakan aksi lentur,yang berkaitan dengan gaya berupa momen lentur dan geser.kalaupun timbul aksi
normal,itu terutama di timbulkan oleh beban luar yang relative kecil,misalnya akibat gaya gesek rem
kendaraan pada gelagar jembatan,atau misalnya akibat perletakan yang di buat miring[9].
Hal-hal yang mempengaruhi terjadinya defleksi yaitu :
1. Kekakuan batang
Semakin kaku suatu batang maka lendutan batang yang akan terjadi pada batang akan semakin kecil
2. Besarnya kecil gaya yang diberikan
Besar-kecilnya gaya yang diberikan pada batang berbanding lurus dengan besarnya defleksi yang
terjadi. Dengan kata lain semakin besar beban yang dialami batang maka defleksi yang terjadi pun
semakin kecil
3. Jenis tumpuan yang diberikan
Jumlah reaksi dan arah pada tiap jenis tumpuan berbeda-beda. Jika karena itu besarnya defleksi pada
penggunaan tumpuan yang berbeda-beda tidaklah sama. Semakin banyak reaksi dari tumpuan yang
melawan gaya dari beban maka defleksi yang terjadi pada tumpuan rol lebih besar dari tumpuan pin
(pasak) dan defleksi yang terjadi pada tumpuan pin lebih besar dari tumpuan jepit.
4. Jenis beban yang terjadi pada batang
Beban terdistribusi merata dengan beban titik,keduanya memiliki kurva defleksi yang berbeda-
beda. Pada beban terdistribusi merata slope yang terjadi pada bagian batang yang paling dekat lebih besar
dari slope titik. Ini karena sepanjang batang mengalami beban sedangkan pada beban titik hanya terjadi
pada beban titik tertentu saja
2.3 Aplikasi Defleksi Pada Jembatan
Aplikasi lendutan batang mempunyai peranan penting pada jembatan. Sebuah jembatan yang fungsinya
menyebrangkan benda atau kendaraan diatasnya mengalami beban yang sangat besar dan dinamis yang bergerak
diatasnya. Hal ini tentunya akan mengakibatkan terjadinya lendutan batang atau defleksi pada batang batang
ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 132
4. konstruksi jembatan tersebut. Defleksi yang terjadi secara berlebihan tentunya akan mengakibatkan perpatahan
pada jembatan tersebut[16].
2.4 Gaya Rem
Bekerjanya gaya-gaya di arah memanjang jembatan, akibat gaya rem dan traksi, harus ditinjau untuk
kedua jurusan lalu lintas. Pengaruh ini diperhitungkan senilai dengan gaya rem sebesar 5% dari beban lajur
yang dianggap ada pada semua jalur lalu lintas, tanpa dikalikan dengan faktor beban dinamis dan dalam satu
jurusan. Gaya rem tersebut dianggap bekerja horisontal dalam arah sumbu jembatan dengan titik tangkap
setinggi 1,8 m di atas permukaan lantai kendaraan. Beban lajur disini jangan direduksi bila panjang bentang
melebihi 30 m, Dalam memperkirakan pengaruh gaya memanjang terhadap perletakan dan bangunan bawah
jembatan, maka gesekan atau karakteristik perpindahan geser dari perletakan ekspansi dan kekakuan
bangunan bawah harus diperhitungkan. Gaya rem tidak boleh digunakan tanpa memperhitungkan pengaruh
beban lalu lintas vertikal. Dalam hal dimana beban lalu lintas vertikal mengurangi pengaruh dari gaya rem
(seperti pada stabilitas guling dari pangkal jembatan), maka Faktor Beban Ultimit terkurangi sebesar 40%
boleh digunakan untuk pengaruh beban lalu lintas vertical[16].
Gambar II- 2 Gaya rem
2.5 Hubungan Kesehatan Jembatan Terhadap Getaran
Getaran yang diakibatkan oleh adanya kendaraan yang lewat diatas jembatan merupakan keadaan batas
daya layan apabila tingkat getaran menimbulkan bahaya dan ketidaknyamanan, Getaran yang terjadi secara
berlebihan dari kendaraan akan menimbulkan kelelahan pada jembatan tersebut. Dalam keadaan batas ultimit
jembatan akan mengalami hilangnya keseimbangan statis, ketidak stabilan inelastic dan keruntuhan[16].
Untuk kenyamanan pengguna jembatan bisa digunakan batasan kinerja layan jembatan sebagai berikut:
ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 133
5. – Untuk kenyamanan perjalanan, bisa ditinjau dari aspek percepatan dan getaran dari komponen
struktur jembatan yang dirasakan oleh pengguna jembatan, dan jenis perkerasan lantai
kendaraannya.
– Kenyamanan berdiri bisa ditinjau dari besaran deformasi struktur jembatan.
– Anti getaran bisa ditinjau dari aspek tingkat getaran disekitar struktur jembatan dan periode dasar
alami getarannya.
Besaran pengukuran getaran yang di lakukan pada Tugas Akhir ini adalah percepatan dikarenakan sensor
yang digunakan adalah sensor geophone yang mendeteksi percepatan dengan satuan m/s2
yang dihasilkan
sebagian besar oleh kendaraan yang melintas di atas jembatan, percepatan dapat dirumuskan sebagai
berikut:
𝒶 =
𝐹
𝑚
………………………………..................…..(2.1)
Dimana :
a = Percepatan (m/s2
)
m = Massa (m)
F = Gaya (N)
2.6 Hubungan Kesehatan Jembatan Terhadap Defleksi
Defleksi mempengaruhi kesehatan jembatan dikarenakan defleksi yang terjadi pada Tugas Akhir ini
adalah perubahan bentuk pada beton dalam arah y akibat adanya pembebanan vertikal yang diberikan pada
beton. Defleksi dapat dilihat dengan cara melihat selisih dari posisi permukaan netral awal ke posisi netral
setelah terjadi deformasi[16]. Semakin besar defleksi yang terjadi pada jembatan maka jembatan bisa
mengalami ambruk dikarenakan defleksi yang besar menandakan kekuatan material sudah tidak kuat. Defleksi
bersatuan panjang yaitu meter (m), sentimeter (cm), millimeter (mm).
2.7 Geophone
Geophone adalah sensor yang dapat mengukur getaran yang merambat. sebuah geophone umumnya adalah
kumparan yang digantung oleh pegas di sekitar magnet permanen, yang semuanya terkandung dalam selubung
pelindung. Saat koil bergerak relatif terhadap magnet, tegangan diinduksi dalam koil yang tergantung pada
kecepatan relatif antara koil dan magnet[7].
Gambar II- 3 Sensor Geophone
ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 134
6. Prinsip kerja Getaran yang disebabkan oleh beban pikul jembatan yang mengenai geophone menyebabkan
pegas yang ada di dalamnya berosilasi. Gerak osilasi pegas tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya fluks karena
lilitan yang berubah posisi terhadap magnet. Karena adanya fluks muncul GGL induksi.
GGL induksi adalah beda potensial yang terjadi pada ujung-ujung kumparan karena pengaruh induksi
elektromagnetik. Tegangan induksi yang terdeteksi pada lilitan kawat sebanding dengan besarnya getaran
yang ditangkap oleh sensor. Output dari sensor geophone adalah sebuah tegangan yang dapat digambarkan
sebagai sinyal sinusoidal.
Gambar II- 4 Sinyal Sinusoidal
Geophone bekerja berdasarkan Hukum Faraday, di mana pada sebuah kumparan akan terjadi arus listrik
apabila pada kumparan tersebut terjadi perubahan fluks magnet. Besar tegangan akan berbanding lurus dengan
besar perubahan fluks. Yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan :
ɛ = -N (ΔΦ/Δt) …………………………..…..(2.2)
Dimana:
ɛ = GGL induksi (volt)
N = Jumlah lilitan kumparan
ΔΦ = Perubahan fluks magnetik (weber)
∆t = selang waktu (s)
Tanda negatif menandakan arah gaya gerak listrik (ggl) induksi.
hubungan defleksi antara massa dan amplitude sangat diperhatikan dikarenakan saling
berhubungan jika massa beban besar maka defleksi yang terjadi pun besar dan jika getaran tinggi
akan menandakan amplitude yang tinggi.
Gambar II-5 Grafik Rata – Rata Tegangan Terhadap Rata – Rata Massa
y = 0,0039x + 0,0189
R² = 0,9465
y = 0,0027x + 0,0168
R² = 0,9783
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0 5 10 15
Rata
-
Rata
Tegangan
(V)
Rata - Rata Massa (Kg)
Amplitude Terhadap Massa
Jembatan Cilampeni
Jembatan Tol Kopo
Linear (Jembatan
Cilampeni)
Linear (Jembatan Tol
Kopo)
ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 135
7. 5. Kesimpulan dan Saran
5.1 Kesimpulan
Dari hasil pengujian dan analisis yang sudah di dapat, maka penulis mendapatkan kesimpulan dari Tugas
Akhir ini adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Perancangan sistem sensor geophone berhasil direalisasikan dengan menggunakan Arduino Uno,
Sensor Geophone, dan modul ADS1115.
2. Sistem sudah di kalibrasi menggunakan power suppy dengan hasil yang akurat.
3. Kendaraan pribadi memberikan defleksi yang kecil ketika melintasi jembatan dan jembatan masih sangat
layak untuk digunakan.
4. Kendaraan truk kecil memberikan defleksi cukup besar namun masih dibawah batas standar
pembebanan jembatan.
5. Kendaraan truk besar memberikan defleksi maksimal batas pembebanan jembatan namun jembatan masih
bisa digunakan karena tidak melebihi ketentuan pembebanan jembatan.
6. Jembatan sehat dikarenakan seluruh analisa dan pengambilan data tidak melebihi dari batas yang sudah di
tentukan dalam pembebanan jembatan.
6.1 Saran
Saran untuk pengembangan selanjutnya yang dapat dilakukan untuk melanjutkan Tugas Akhir yaitu:
1. Penambahan fitur dengan menambahkan database untuk penyimpanan pada web server.
2. Adanya aplikasi IOT untuk mempermudah monitoring.
3. Mounting yang lebih rigit agar pengukuran lebih maksimal.
Daftar Pustaka:
[1] Seno Adi Putra, Gede Agus Andika Sani, Adi Trisna Nurwijaya, Abikarami Anandadiga, Pratama Budi
Wijayanto, Bambang Riyanto Trilaksono, Muhammad Riyansyah,” Sistem Penilaian Kondisi Jembatan
Menggunakan Respons Dinamik dengan Wireless Sensor Network,” ISSN 2301 – 4156, 2018
[2]C. Tschope dan M. Wolff, "Statistical Classifiers for Structural Health Monitoring," IEEE Sensors Journal.
[3] E. Sazonov, H. Li, D. Curry, dan P. Pillay, "Self-Powered Sensor for Monitoring of Highway Bridges," IEEE
Sensor Journal.
[4] M. Lydon, S. E. Taylor, D. Robinson, P. Callender, dan C. Doherty, "Development of a Bridge Weighted-in-
Motion Sensor: Performance Comparison Using Fiber Optic and Electric Resistance Strain Sensor System," IEEE
Sensors Journal.
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8. [5] A. Araujo, J. García-Palacios, J. Blesa, F. Tirado, dan E. Romero, "Wireless Measurement System for
Structural Health Monitoring With High Time-Synchronization Accuracy," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
and Measurement.
[6] A. A. Islam, F. Li, H. Hamid, dan A. Jaroo, "Bridge Condition Assessment and Load Rating Using Dynamic
Response," YoungsTown State University, Ohio, Final Report 134695, 2014.
[7] K. Mohamad,” Perancangan Sistem Akuisisi Data Gelombang Seismik Berbasis Mikrokontroller
H8/3069F,”Universitas Indonesia, 2009
[8] Faiz Naufal. (2018). Pemantauan Lendutan dan Frekuensi Alami Struktur Jembatan Menggunakan
Algoritma Fast Fourier Transform.”Universitas Telkom.
[9]. Defleksi pada Jembatan Beton [Online]. Available :
http://repository.unhas.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/446/BAB%20%20II.pdf?sequence=2
[10]. Jenis Elastomeric Bearing Pad dan Fungsinya [Online]. Available: https://www.industrikaret.com/jenis-
elastomeric-bearing-pad.html
[11]. Pengertian Arduino Uno [Online]. Available: https://ilearning.me/sample-page-162/arduino/pengertian-
arduino-uno/.
[12]. Jembatan Roboh Diduga Karena Minimnya Perawatan [Online]. Available :
http://www.rmol.co/read/2012/01/27/53120/18-Jembatan-Roboh-Diduga-Karena-Minimnya-Perawatan/
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ISSN : 2355-9365 e-Proceeding of Engineering : Vol.7, No.1 April 2020 | Page 137