This document discusses advanced concepts in plain, reinforced, and prestressed concrete. It begins by defining concrete as a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate bound by water. While concrete has good compressive strength, it is weak in tension. Reinforced concrete overcomes this by adding steel bars for tension resistance. The document then discusses prestressed concrete, the history of reinforced concrete, types of loads on structures, and mechanical properties of concrete. It emphasizes the importance of serviceability, strength, safety, and statistical approaches to safety margins in structural design.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) design is the process of planning and specifying the construction of structures or components using reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made up of concrete (a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates) and reinforcing steel bars or mesh, which enhances its strength and durability. RCC is commonly used in the construction of buildings, bridges, dams, highways, and various other infrastructure projects due to its versatility and strength.
It's important to note that RCC design can be quite complex and should be carried out by experienced structural engineers who have a deep understanding of the principles, codes, and standards related to reinforced concrete design. Additionally, local building authorities and regulations must be followed to ensure the safety and compliance of the structure.
Here are the key steps involved in RCC design:
Structural Analysis: The first step in RCC design is to analyze the structural requirements of the project. This involves determining the loads that the structure will need to support, such as dead loads (permanent loads like the weight of the structure itself) and live loads (variable loads like people, furniture, and equipment). Structural analysis helps in understanding the internal forces and moments acting on the structure.
Material Properties: Understanding the properties of the materials used in RCC is crucial. This includes knowledge of concrete mix design (proportions of cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures), as well as the properties of reinforcing steel (yield strength, tensile strength, etc.).
Design Codes and Standards: RCC design must adhere to local building codes and standards, which dictate safety and design criteria. These standards may vary by region or country, so it's important to consult the relevant codes for your project.
Structural Design: The structural design phase involves selecting appropriate dimensions for the structural elements (beams, columns, slabs, etc.) to withstand the anticipated loads. This involves calculations and considerations for factors like safety, serviceability, and economy.
Reinforcement Design: Once the structural elements are sized, the design of the reinforcement (rebar or mesh) is carried out. This includes determining the quantity, size, spacing, and placement of reinforcement to ensure the concrete can handle the expected tensile forces.
Detailing: Detailed drawings and specifications are created, specifying all the design details, including reinforcement layouts, concrete cover, joint locations, and more. Proper detailing is essential for construction contractors to follow the design accurately.
After construction, proper maintenance is essential to ensure the longevity and safety of the structure. This includes routine inspections, repairs, and protection against environmental factors like corrosion.
Quality control measures, such as testing concrete and inspecting reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete (RC) design is the process of planning and specifying the construction of structures or components using reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made up of concrete (a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates) and reinforcing steel bars or mesh, which enhances its strength and durability. RCC is commonly used in the construction of buildings, bridges, dams, highways, and various other infrastructure projects due to its versatility and strength.
It's important to note that RCC design can be quite complex and should be carried out by experienced structural engineers who have a deep understanding of the principles, codes, and standards related to reinforced concrete design. Additionally, local building authorities and regulations must be followed to ensure the safety and compliance of the structure.
Here are the key steps involved in RCC design:
Structural Analysis: The first step in RCC design is to analyze the structural requirements of the project. This involves determining the loads that the structure will need to support, such as dead loads (permanent loads like the weight of the structure itself) and live loads (variable loads like people, furniture, and equipment). Structural analysis helps in understanding the internal forces and moments acting on the structure.
Material Properties: Understanding the properties of the materials used in RCC is crucial. This includes knowledge of concrete mix design (proportions of cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures), as well as the properties of reinforcing steel (yield strength, tensile strength, etc.).
Design Codes and Standards: RCC design must adhere to local building codes and standards, which dictate safety and design criteria. These standards may vary by region or country, so it's important to consult the relevant codes for your project.
Structural Design: The structural design phase involves selecting appropriate dimensions for the structural elements (beams, columns, slabs, etc.) to withstand the anticipated loads. This involves calculations and considerations for factors like safety, serviceability, and economy.
Reinforcement Design: Once the structural elements are sized, the design of the reinforcement (rebar or mesh) is carried out. This includes determining the quantity, size, spacing, and placement of reinforcement to ensure the concrete can handle the expected tensile forces.
Detailing: Detailed drawings and specifications are created, specifying all the design details, including reinforcement layouts, concrete cover, joint locations, and more. Proper detailing is essential for construction contractors to follow the design accurately.
After construction, proper maintenance is essential to ensure the longevity and safety of the structure. This includes routine inspections, repairs, and protection against environmental factors like corrosion.
Quality control measures, such as testing concrete and inspecting reinforcement
Effect of creep on composite steel concrete sectionKamel Farid
Creep and Shrinkage are inelastic and time-varying strains.
For Steel-Concrete Composite beam creep and shrinkage are highly associated with concrete.
Simple approach depending on modular ratio has been adopted to compute the elastic section properties instead of the theoretically complex calculations of creep.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are a common form of construction all around the world. Often, engineers do not consider masonry infill walls in the design process because the final distribution of these elements may be unknown to them, or because masonry walls are regarded as non-structural elements. Separation between masonry walls and frames is often not provided and, as a consequence, walls and frames interact during strong ground motion. This leads to structural response deviating radically from what is expected in the design. The presence of masonry infills can result in higher stiffness and strength and it is cheap and built with low cost labor. Under lateral load, Masonry walls act as diagonal struts subjected to compression, while reinforced concrete confining members (Frames) act in tension and/or compression, depending on the direction of lateral earthquake forces. The main objective of this research is to develop a realistic matrix for the response modification factors for medium-rise skeletal buildings with masonry infills. In this study, the contribution of the masonry infill walls to the lateral behavior of reinforced concrete buildings was investigated. For this purpose, a five, seven and ten stories buildings are modelled as bare and infilled frames. The parameters investigated were infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, bidirectional eccentricities. A Parametric study was developed on the behavior of medium rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads to investigate the effect of these parameters as well as infill properties on this behavior
“Analysis and design of multi storeyed load bearing reinforced masonry struct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
Effect of creep on composite steel concrete sectionKamel Farid
Creep and Shrinkage are inelastic and time-varying strains.
For Steel-Concrete Composite beam creep and shrinkage are highly associated with concrete.
Simple approach depending on modular ratio has been adopted to compute the elastic section properties instead of the theoretically complex calculations of creep.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are a common form of construction all around the world. Often, engineers do not consider masonry infill walls in the design process because the final distribution of these elements may be unknown to them, or because masonry walls are regarded as non-structural elements. Separation between masonry walls and frames is often not provided and, as a consequence, walls and frames interact during strong ground motion. This leads to structural response deviating radically from what is expected in the design. The presence of masonry infills can result in higher stiffness and strength and it is cheap and built with low cost labor. Under lateral load, Masonry walls act as diagonal struts subjected to compression, while reinforced concrete confining members (Frames) act in tension and/or compression, depending on the direction of lateral earthquake forces. The main objective of this research is to develop a realistic matrix for the response modification factors for medium-rise skeletal buildings with masonry infills. In this study, the contribution of the masonry infill walls to the lateral behavior of reinforced concrete buildings was investigated. For this purpose, a five, seven and ten stories buildings are modelled as bare and infilled frames. The parameters investigated were infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, bidirectional eccentricities. A Parametric study was developed on the behavior of medium rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads to investigate the effect of these parameters as well as infill properties on this behavior
“Analysis and design of multi storeyed load bearing reinforced masonry struct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
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You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
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Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
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https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
2. CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE,
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE.
• Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and
aggregate, which are bound chemically by
the addition of water.
• Concrete can be given any shape, with
any practical dimensions, without any
joints.
3. • Concrete has a very good compressive
strength, concrete -like stone- is a weak
material as far as tensile forces are
concerned. Since the flexural and shear
resistance of a material is directly related
to its tensile strength; concrete is not a
suitable material for the loading conditions
that generate flexure and shear.
• Weakness of concrete in tension can be
overcome by reinforcing it with steel bars
in the tensile regions.
4. • Steel bars placed in their positions before the
concrete is poured can have a very good bond
with concrete, both mechanically and chemically
after the hardening of concrete.
• This means that the reinforcing bars become an
integral part of the material. This new
combination of two materials is called “
Reinforced Concrete ”.
• Because of the bond the deformation of both
concrete and steel i.e. strains and in surrounding
concrete are the same. What’s more, the
coefficients of thermal expansion and
contraction of steel and concrete are luckily the
same.
5. • Concrete cracks even under the normal
loads. The cracks may be invisible, hence
the term “ hairline cracks”.
Reinforcement
A
P1 P2
A
n.a
SECTION A-A
FIG. 1.1
Fig.1.1 shows a reinforced concrete beam under the action of bending
moments.
6. • One important result of the cracking is that, the
tensile zone of the beam can no more contribute
to the resistance of the beam. This part of the
beam is there simply ignored during the design
process. Resisting forces in a beam section after
the cracking is shown in Fig.1.2.
c
z
FIG. 1.2
7. • On the other hand, if a beam is compressed
before any lateral exterior load is applied,
superposition of flexure stresses and initial
compressive stresses will yield either totally
compressive stress on the whole concrete
section or very small tensile stress at a small
area. These are shown in Fig. 1.3.
+ = or
Mex
Nin
comp.
initial
compression
Bending
stresses
comp. comp.
Tension
FIG. 1.3
8. • The initial compression applied to the
beam should be fixed in a way that it
would last through the life span of the
beam.
• This process is called “pre-stressed
concrete” and during the pre-stressing
process, steel wires or strands are used.
9. 1.2. HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
• First known reinforced concrete product is not a
building but a boat, which was demonstrated in
1855 Paris World Exhibition. Later, reinforced
concrete was used for manufacturing flowerpots.
• In 1855 Fraucois Coiguet used reinforced
concrete for the first time in a building.
• In 1861 Coiguet wrote a book and explained the
use of the reinforced concrete.
10. • In 1861 Coiguet wrote a book and
explained the use of the reinforced
concrete.
• First theory of reinforced concrete was
published in 1886 by Koennen.
• Hennebique explained the monolithic
behavior of the reinforced concrete in
1892 and he exhibited his works in 1900
Paris World Exhibition.
11. 1.3. LOADS
• In a building certain parts are essentially
structural members. They form the skeleton of
the building and are known as the “structural
system” of the building. The purpose of the
structural system is to make the building strong
and safe, that is all kinds loads acting on the
building must be carried and transferred to the
ground safely by this system. Other parts of the
building such as walls, floor fill, plaster etc. do
not take a load-carrying role in the system even
if they are fixed to the structural elements.
12. Structures must be designed so that they will not
fail or deform excessively under load. Engineers
must anticipate probable loads a structure must
carry. Structures be able to carry all the loads
that may act on throughout its economical life.
The design loads specified by the codes are
satisfactory in general. However, depending on
the nature of the structure, an engineer may
refer to experiments etc. and increase the
minimum loads specified by the code.
13. • Typical loads acting on structures are:
– Dead Loads
– Live Loads
– Construction Loads (settlement in supports,
lack of it of element temperature changes
etc).
– Wind Loads
– Earthquake Loads
– etc.
14. • Dead Loads
The load associated with the weight of the
structure and its permanent components (floors,
ceiling, ducts etc.) is called the dead load. Dead
loads can not be calculated exactly before the
design since the dimensions of the members are
not known at the beginning. Therefore, initially
magnitude of the dead load is estimated for
preliminary design and after sizing of the
members it is calculated more accurately.
15. • Distribution of Dead Load to Framed Floor
Systems
Floor systems consist of a reinforced
concrete slab supported on a rectangular
grid of beams and load of the slab is
carried by these beams. The distribution of
load to a floor beam depends on the
geometric configuration of the beams
forming the grid. The area of slab that is
supported by a particular beam is termed
the beam’s tributary area (see figure)
16. Concept of tributary area; a) square slab, all edge beams support a triangular
area; (b) two edge beam divide load equally; (c) load on a 1 ft of slab in (b).
17. (d) tributary areas for beams B1 and B2 shown shaded, all diagonal lines slope at 45o;
(e) top figure shows most likely load on beam B2 in figure (d); bottom figure shows
simplified load distribution on beam B2; (f) most likely load on beam B1; (g) simplified
load distribution to beam B1.
18. • Live Loads
Loads that can be moved on or off a structure
are classified as live loads. Live loads include
the weight of people, furniture, machinery, and
other equipment. Live loads specified by codes
for various types of buildings represent a
conservative estimate of the maximum load
likely to be produced by the intended use of the
building. In addition to long term live load, when
sizing members short term construction loads (if
these loads are large) should be considered.
19. Live loads are also vertical, but their magnitudes
and locations are not certain. They are mainly
occupancy loads i.e. the weights of human
beings and furniture etc. Every country has a
national standard, which specifies the minimum
magnitudes of the live loads to be used in
design. In ordinary buildings live loads act on
floors. A special kind of live load is the traffic
load on bridges, but they are always specified in
bridge design regulations issued by highway or
railway officials. Live loads specified by the
standards are well over the actual average
values.
20. • In Turkey, TS 498 is used for the load
calculations. The title of this standard is
“The loads to be used for proportioning of
structural elements”. During the structural
analysis certain load combinations are
used. In most of them live load exist.
Important point here is the location of the
live loads.
• To explain this let us investigate the
continuous beam shown in the Fig 1.4a.
21. 1 2 3
M1 M2 M3
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
- -
+
(b) M1
influence line
(c) M2
influence line
(d) M3
influence line
(e) X1
influence line
(a) Continues beam
FIG.1.4
22. • Wind Loads
The magnitude of wind pressure on a
structure depends on the wind velocity, the
shape and stiffness of the structure, the
roughness and profile of the surrounding
ground, and influence of adjacent
structures. As wind pressure may be
computed from wind velocities an
alternative is the equivalent horizontal
wind pressure specified by codes
23. a) variation of wind velocity with distance
above ground surface; (b) variation of wind
pressure specified by typical building codes
for windward side of building
a) uplift pressure on a sloping roof; (b)
Increased velocity creates negative pressure
(suction) on sides and leeward face
24. • Earthquake Forces
The ground motions created by major
earthquake forces cause buildings to sway
back and forth. Assuming the building is
fixed at its base, the displacement of floors
will vary from zero at the base to a
maximum at the roof. As the floors move
laterally, the lateral bracing system is
stressed as it acts to resist the lateral
displacement of the floors. The forces
associated are inertia forces and related
with the weight and stiffness of the
structure.
25. (a) Displacement of floors as building sways;
(b) inertia forces produced by motion of floors
26. • In reinforced concrete structures, the structural
system is monolithic. That is, slabs, beams,
columns and footings constitute a single three-
dimensional structure. This system deforms in
three-dimensional space. However, for the
purpose of analysis, structural systems can
suitably be parted to simplify the analysis. For
example, slabs of each floor are analyzed
separately. Frames, which are formed by the
beams and the columns in vertical plane, are
analyzed separately as plane systems.
27. Mechanical Properties of Concrete
a) Properties in Compression
Properties can be investigated best by
crashing cylindrical specimens under
axial compression and drawing the
stress-strain diagram.
300mm
150mm
28. • A typical set of stress-strain curves of
concrete is:
0.001 0.002
( )
0.003
co
29. • Such a curve has initial elastic part (proportional
limit: Fc = Ec ec)
• At certain strain curve becomes nonlinear
• Reach to the maximum strength (compressive
strength of concrete eco=0.002 (app.)
• After peak point stress-strain diagram has a
descending part which ends by crashing.
• Approximately, strain when concrete crash is
ecu=0.003
30. Classification of Concrete:
Concrete is classified according to
compression strength
TS 500 (Code of practice for reinforced
cocrete structures) indicates compressive
strength as characteristic strength, fck
32. • Elasticity modulus of concrete at the
age of jth day can be calculated as:
)
/
(kg
140000
10270
)
/
(
14000
3250
2
2
cm
f
E
mm
N
f
E
ckj
cj
ckj
cj
33. (b) Properties in Tension:
Tension strength in general, neglected
in design since it is low
In many cases, tension strength has to be known (uncracked section
analysis etc).
Test to get tension strength of concrete:
• Direct tension test
• Indirect tension test
• Plain concrete test of beams modulus of rupture
• Cylinder splitting test
P=applied load
d= diameter of the cylinder
l= length of the cylinder
dl
P
fcts
2
34. • Tensile strength id related to compressive
strength. TS 500 gives empirical formulas for
the characteristic tensile strength:
)
(kg/cm
1
.
1
)
(N/mm
35
.
0
2
2
ck
ctk
ck
ctk
f
f
f
f
From test results:
fctk=(strength obtained from split tests)/1.5
fctk=(Modulus of rupture)/2
35. 1.4. SERVICEABILITY, STRENGTH AND
SAFETY OF THE STRUCTURE
• Any structure should not fail when subjected to
service loads. Service loads are the loads used
in design. They should also be reasonably safe.
Excessive deformations of structural members,
even if they are strong enough may create
problems under the service conditions. Besides,
cracks that form in the concrete should be
invisible, in some structures concrete should not
crack at all. For example, cracks are not
desirable in water tanks, reactor buildings etc.
All these requirements are known as the
serviceability of the structure.
36. There are a number of uncertainties in the analysis, design and
construction processes. For this reason neither strength nor
serviceability of a structure can be defined precisely. However
as it will be explained later, a margin of safety may be provided
for both strength and serviceability.
The main reasons of uncertainties are listed below:
– Actual loads may be different than the assumed ones.
– Distribution of loads may be different than that assumed.
– Calculated load effects (stresses etc.) may be different than the
actual effects because of the assumptions and simplifications
made in analysis.
– Actual behavior of the structure may not be as assumed.
– Errors may be made in the dimensions of the members during the
construction.
– Errors may be made during the placing of reinforcement.
– Actual material strength may be different than the specified
strength.
Margin of safety of a structure should be related to the
probable results of a failure.
37. 1.5. STATISTICAL APPROCH FOR SAFETY
MARGIN
• Maximum load of a structural element during the lifetime
of a structure is not certain. Variation of the load may be
considered random and may be approximated in the
form of a frequency curve, as shown in Fig. 1.5.
Pk
Pm
f(P)
P
FIG. 1.5