The document summarizes a research paper that presents an X-shaped fractal antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) for multiband applications. The antenna consists of an X-shaped fractal patch with a slotted ground plane. Parameters like scale factor, width of ground plane, number and dimensions of slots are optimized to reduce size and improve performance. Simulation results show the antenna covers multiple applications bands between 1-7 GHz, such as WiFi, 5G communications. The antenna was fabricated on an FR4 substrate and experimental results matched simulations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Conical Shaped Monopole Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design & simulation of dual band t shaped slot micro strip antenna for c-...eSAT Journals
Abstract Microstrip patches radiate from the currents induced on the surface of the patch because of the electromagnetic cavity with significant resonant frequencies formed between patch and ground plane according to the frequencies applied with different feeding techniques. This paper presents the design and simulation of a T-shaped Dual band Microstrip patch antenna with operating frequencies 5.40GHz, and 6.60GHz for C-Band applications. The T-shape provides Dual band characteristics with good bandwidth which is required in wireless devices with significant design characteristics and can be easily mounted on air craft, space craft, satellites, missiles etc., An Edge-Fed microstrip with substrate FR4epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 and substrate heights of 6.5mm, 4.56 mm, 3.048mm, and 1.524mm are designed and analyzed with different parameters like VSWR, Gain, Peak directivity, Return losses, Bandwidth, Radiation efficiency, FBR etc,. This antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. Keywords :T-shaped slot microstrip,Dual Band, C-Band, Edge-Fed, HFSS Software 13.0
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
A Wide Multiband T-Slotted, Semicircular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN/Wi...IJAEMSJORNAL
A multifrequency semicircularmicrostrip antenna is designed and simulated in this paper using HFSS simulation software. The proposed antenna consists of two quarter rings in different radius with one as perfect ground and other as defect ground structure, with an inverted T-shaped slot. The relationship of the resonant frequency with different physical size parameters for the single one-quarter-ring microstrip antenna is also reported. This designed multiresonant antenna proves increase in bandwidth when defect ground is used as compared to normal or conventional ground plane. The simulation show that proposed designed antenna operates at six different frequencies of 1.7, 1.93, 2.3, 3.03, 3.57 and 3.67 GHz, respectively for normal ground whereas wide bandwidth of 500 MHz is achieved for 1.9 GHz operating frequency.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Conical Shaped Monopole Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design & simulation of dual band t shaped slot micro strip antenna for c-...eSAT Journals
Abstract Microstrip patches radiate from the currents induced on the surface of the patch because of the electromagnetic cavity with significant resonant frequencies formed between patch and ground plane according to the frequencies applied with different feeding techniques. This paper presents the design and simulation of a T-shaped Dual band Microstrip patch antenna with operating frequencies 5.40GHz, and 6.60GHz for C-Band applications. The T-shape provides Dual band characteristics with good bandwidth which is required in wireless devices with significant design characteristics and can be easily mounted on air craft, space craft, satellites, missiles etc., An Edge-Fed microstrip with substrate FR4epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 and substrate heights of 6.5mm, 4.56 mm, 3.048mm, and 1.524mm are designed and analyzed with different parameters like VSWR, Gain, Peak directivity, Return losses, Bandwidth, Radiation efficiency, FBR etc,. This antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. Keywords :T-shaped slot microstrip,Dual Band, C-Band, Edge-Fed, HFSS Software 13.0
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
A Wide Multiband T-Slotted, Semicircular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN/Wi...IJAEMSJORNAL
A multifrequency semicircularmicrostrip antenna is designed and simulated in this paper using HFSS simulation software. The proposed antenna consists of two quarter rings in different radius with one as perfect ground and other as defect ground structure, with an inverted T-shaped slot. The relationship of the resonant frequency with different physical size parameters for the single one-quarter-ring microstrip antenna is also reported. This designed multiresonant antenna proves increase in bandwidth when defect ground is used as compared to normal or conventional ground plane. The simulation show that proposed designed antenna operates at six different frequencies of 1.7, 1.93, 2.3, 3.03, 3.57 and 3.67 GHz, respectively for normal ground whereas wide bandwidth of 500 MHz is achieved for 1.9 GHz operating frequency.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
T- Shape Antenna Design for Microwave Band Applications IJEEE
It’s been studied fractal antennas shows promising future. There are numerous kinds of antenna, the thirst for excelling in this area is ever increasing. In this paper a Fractal based Antenna is designed to achieve reduced size and multiband. Fractal antenna is simulated using EM wave simulator like HFSS (High frequency structured simulator) and is designed and developed for multiple applications. The proposed antenna is experimentally realized using FR Epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness h= 1.56 mm with coaxial feeding. The patch has the dimensions of 2.5 cm 2.5 cm. An experimental result of this antenna shows multiband characteristics having resonances at frequencies such as 2.4 GHz , 6.8 GHz, 8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 12.2 GHz,15.4 GHz with bandwidth of 230 MHz, 2 GHz, 600 MHz, 870 MHz and 2 GHz respectively. Further VSWR is also studied in this paper.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far-field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual-band frequency operation by using slit
load.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual band frequency operation by using slit
load.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of
3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 . The measured results indicate that the proposed
antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi
and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed
antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for
the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi
and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability
Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
T- Shape Antenna Design for Microwave Band Applications IJEEE
It’s been studied fractal antennas shows promising future. There are numerous kinds of antenna, the thirst for excelling in this area is ever increasing. In this paper a Fractal based Antenna is designed to achieve reduced size and multiband. Fractal antenna is simulated using EM wave simulator like HFSS (High frequency structured simulator) and is designed and developed for multiple applications. The proposed antenna is experimentally realized using FR Epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness h= 1.56 mm with coaxial feeding. The patch has the dimensions of 2.5 cm 2.5 cm. An experimental result of this antenna shows multiband characteristics having resonances at frequencies such as 2.4 GHz , 6.8 GHz, 8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 12.2 GHz,15.4 GHz with bandwidth of 230 MHz, 2 GHz, 600 MHz, 870 MHz and 2 GHz respectively. Further VSWR is also studied in this paper.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSjantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far-field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual-band frequency operation by using slit
load.
Dual band microstrip antenna with slit load design for wireless local area ne...BASIM AL-SHAMMARI
This paper presents a design of dual frequency band operation nearly square patch antenna
for IEEE 802.11b,g (2.4Ghz-2.4835GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15GHz-5.25GHz)by using a patch
antenna. The patch and ground plane are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch have two pairs
of orthogonal slits cut from the edge, this antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of
(WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz and from 5.12 GHz to 5.32
GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been
simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave
Office 2009 v9.0. The results show that the antenna has dual band frequency operation by using slit
load.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of
3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 . The measured results indicate that the proposed
antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi
and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3. The measured results indicate that the proposed
antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for
the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi
and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability
Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
20 Hemdutt.pdf
1. research paper
An X-shaped fractal antenna with DGS for
multiband applications
ankush gupta, hem dutt joshi and rajesh khanna
In this paper, an X-shaped fractal antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is presented for multiband and wideband
applications. The X shape is used due to its simple design and DGS is utilized to achieve size reduction with multiband and
wideband features in the frequency range of 1–7 GHz. The proposed structure is fabricated on FR4 substrate with 1.6 mm
thickness. We have proposed two different antennas both are having X-shaped fractal patch with a slotted ground plane
to have more impedance bandwidth and better return loss. Various parameters like scale factor, width of ground plane,
number of slots with their dimensions and feed line length are optimized to have size reduction and for enhancing the per-
formance of antenna. Reflection coefficient shows the multiband and wideband features of proposed antenna. One of the pro-
posed antennas covers various applications like IEEE802.11y at 3.65 and 4.9 GHz, IEEE 802.11a at 5.4 GHz, 802.11P at
5.9 GHz. Other antenna covers applications like IEEE802.16 at 3.5 GHz; 5 cm band for amateur radio and satellite and
future 5 G communication systems over 6 GHz. The antenna designing was done using CST software and simulation
results were compared with experimental results (using E5071C network analyzer).
Keywords: Antenna design, Modeling and measurements, Antennas and propagation for wireless systems
Received 9 June 2016; Revised 2 August 2016; Accepted 4 August 2016
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
Fractal means broken or irregular segments, which have self-
similarity or self-affinity within their geometrical structure [1].
Fractals can be applied for antenna design to achieve size
miniaturizing, multiband and wideband characteristics [2].
Different Fractal shapes such as Koch snowflake, Sierpinski
Gasket, Hilbert curve have been used for designing antenna
over a period of time [3]. In today’s world, reduced size
antenna with wideband and multiband behavior are becoming
most important design considerations for making things more
and more compact with wide range of practical applications.
Various size reduction techniques having wideband behavior
using parasitic elements [4], shorted pins, shaped slots [5, 6]
or post-gap [7], Coplanar waveguide feed [8] etc. came over
a period of time, but all these have some disadvantages such
as poor efficiency, high-cross polarization, low gains, and
low bandwidth etc.
In contrast to conventional geometries of Koch, Sierpinski
gasket and the Hilbert curve, new fractal shapes are emerging
having more simple design, which are quite straight forward
and easy to implement [9, 10]. In our study, a new
X-shaped fractal is proposed with defected ground structure
(DGS) to design a multiband and wideband planar antenna.
Proposed antenna is the combination of simple X-shaped
fractal patch with ground plane having three vertical “I”
shaped defects/slots to have size reduction and to control
the flow of current on the antenna surface. The dimensions
of slots are optimized to improve the antenna parameters
such as impedance bandwidth and return loss. DGSs or
slotted ground planes have been used to provide multi-band
performance with size reduction in antennas [11, 12]. DGS
is achieved by etching defects on the ground plane of micro-
strip antenna, which perturbed the shield current distributions
in the ground plane, influencing the input impedance and
current flow of the antenna. In this DGS technique, the metal-
lic strip of ground plane is intentionally modified for enhan-
cing the performance of antenna [13, 14]. The antenna is
excited using a coaxial feed line of 50 V. Reflection coefficients
|S11| and three-dimensional (3D) radiation patterns shows the
multi-band and wideband feature of the proposed X-fractal
antenna with good directive gain.
The paper is organized as follows. Section I gives the intro-
duction and literature review. Section II describes the mathem-
atical background of X-shape fractal. Section III gives the design
parameter of proposed antenna. Results and discussion are pre-
sented in Section IV and Section V presents the conclusion.
I I . M A T H E M A T I C A L B A C K G R O U N D
O F X - S H A P E D F R A C T A L W I T H
M I C R O S T R I P F E E D L I N E
In this section, the design methodology of proposed X-shaped
fractal geometry is discussed. Figure 1 shows the design
process of the proposed fractal shape. Initially at stage-1, it
consists of two perpendicular metal strips both having
Corresponding author:
H.D. Joshi
Email: hemdutt@gmail.com
Department of ECE, Thapar University, Patiala, India. Phone: +91 8727871864
1
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, page 1 of 9. # Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association, 2016
doi:10.1017/S1759078716000994
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2. length and width of L1 and W respectively. The width of all
metal strips remains unchanged in all stages. In stage-2, the
length of the two perpendicular strips (L2) is m × L1, where
m is the scale factor whose value lies between 0 and 1. Hence,
L2 is smaller than L1. For stage-2, four pairs of these
X-shaped perpendicular strips of length L2 and width W are
then added on all four corners of X of stage-1. The same pro-
cedure is applied in next two stages (i.e. third and fourth
stage). Finally, the proposed X-shape fractal is achieved at
stage-4 as shown in Fig. 2. The length of perpendicular strips
of ith stage can be determined by the following expression:
L(i + 1) = m L(i) (i = 1, 2, 3), (1)
where, m is multiplying factor and i is iteration number and L1
is the initial length considered.
Different feeding techniques like microstrip feed line,
coaxial feed line, proximity coupled, aperture coupled etc.
can be used to use this X-shaped fractal as antenna. Special
care should be taken in designing the geometry of antenna,
while giving power using microstrip line feed so that its
strips do not overlap with the feed line or they do not form
any closed structure due to overlapping after any iteration.
Fig. 1. Different stages of X-shaped fractal antenna. The proposed shape is at
the stage-4.
Fig. 3. The dimensions of the proposed antenna at stage-4. (a) Front view, (b) back view.
Fig. 2. Geometry of proposed antenna shape.
2 ankush gupta, hem dutt joshi and rajesh khanna
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3. Therefore, before designing the antenna with this X-shaped
fractal, we have derived the condition of no overlapping
between strips edges and microstrip feed line. In Fig. 3, the
geometry of proposed antenna shape along with one portion
zoomed is given, which is required to derive this condition.
For simplicity and more clarity, intermediate stages L2 and
L3 are not shown in Fig. 3.
It is clearly visible from Fig. 3, that in order to avoid over-
lapping between strips edges and microstrip feed line, the
length AC must be greater than the length DE, i.e.
AC . DE (2)
Table 1. Dimensions used in the proposed X-shaped fractal antenna.
S.No Parameter Size (mm)
1 Substrate thickness (T ) 1.6
2 Width of ground plane (Wg) 20
3 Width of feed line (W0) 3
4 Width of strip lines at all stages (stage 1–4)
W1 ¼ W2 ¼ W3 ¼ W4
3
5 Length of ground plane (Lg) 88
6 Initial length of strip lines at stage-1 (L1) 62
7 Length of perpendicular strip lines at stage-2 (L2) 31
8 Length of perpendicular strip lines at stage-3 (L3) 15.5
9 Length of perpendicular strip lines at stage-4 (L4) 7.75
10 Scale factor (m) 0.5
Fig. 4. Reflection coefficients of the proposed X-fractal antenna in different stages.
Fig. 5. Reflection coefficients of the proposed X-fractal antenna for different width of ground plane, (a) Wg is 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 (b) Wg is 5, 6, 7.
fractal antenna designing 3
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4. From triangle ABC and DBE and with the help of Pythagoras
theorem, (2) can be written as –
AB
2
√
. BE
2
√
. (3)
After substituting the value of AB and BE in terms of L1, W,
and W0, (3) becomes –
L1
2
−
W
2
−
W0
2
√
2
√
.
L2
2
−
W
2
+
L3
2
+
L4
2
+
W
2
2
√
,
(4)
where, W is the width of strip line.
Now, after substituting the value of L2, L3, and L4 in terms
of L1 as given in (1), and (4) can be written as
1 − m − m2
− m3
.
W
L1
1 +
W0
W
2
√
. (5)
The above expression (5) can be generalized for Nth stage to
determine the range of scale factor m to avoid the overlapping:
1 −
N−1
j=1
mj
.
W
L1
1 +
W0
W
2
√
, (6)
where, N is the stage number, W0 is the width of feed line and
L1 is the initial length of strip lines at stage-1.
Fig. 7. (a) Front view, (b) back view of X-fractal antenna with three slots in
6 mm ground plane.
Fig. 6. (a) Front view, (b) back view of proposed antenna with Wg ¼ 6 mm.
Fig. 8. Reflection coefficients of the proposed X-fractal antenna for three slots in the ground plane of different length.
Fig. 9. Smith chart plot showing input impedance of 49.16 V.
4 ankush gupta, hem dutt joshi and rajesh khanna
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5. I I I . A N T E N N A D E S I G N
The dimensions of proposed antenna based on fractal shape as
discussed in Section-II are given in this section. The resonance
and impedance can be greatly affected by scale factor m (as it
can control the size of the antenna), width of ground plane,
number of slots in ground plane and their lengths; hence we
can change theses different parameters for getting desired
results.
In our proposed antenna, the width of all metal strips is
taken identical as 3.0 mm. Microstrip feed line coupling
used with the width of feed line is W0.The geometry of the
X-shape fractal is symmetric to the 50 V microstrip fed line.
The dimensions of the ground plane are Lg × Wg. The thick-
ness of substrate (T ) is 1.6 mm. Other dimensions of the pro-
posed antenna are listed in Table 1.
As it is known that m must be a real number whose value lies
between 0 and 1, the following condition is obtained after sub-
stituting the value of W, W0, and L1 (as given in Table 1) in (6)
m , 0.5029
For the simplicity of design we have taken m ¼ 0.5 in this
paper.
I V . R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N S
In this section, the simulation results of proposed antenna are
discussed and compared with the experimental results
obtained after the fabrication of antenna. In the proposed
Fig. 10. Photograph of (a) front and (b) back view of the fabricated antenna.
Fig. 11. Measured and simulated reflection coefficients of the proposed X-fractal antenna.
Fig. 12. Simulated 3D radiation patterns of the proposed X-fractal antenna for frequency (a) 2 GHz, (b) 3.5 GHz, (c) 4.9 GHz, (d) 6.5 GHz.
fractal antenna designing 5
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6. antenna, patch and ground plane are made up of copper
(annealed) of 0.07 mm thickness, electric conductivity of
5.8 × 107
and is fabricated on FR4 substrate, with substrate
thickness of 1.6 mm, dielectric constant of 4.4, and loss
tangent of 0.02. The parametric results of following cases
are discussed:
(a) Proposed structure at different stages (Stage-1–4) with
constant width of ground plane.
(b) Variation in the width of ground plane of proposed
antenna (at stage-4).
(c) Proposed antenna with DGS (having slots in ground
plane).
(d) Proposed antenna with reduced feed line length and net
reduction in total size
A) X-shaped fractal patch antenna with
different stages of patch having constant width
of ground plane
To observe the variation in resonant frequency, the reflection
coefficient |S11| is investigated by designing and simulating
different stages of X-shaped fractal geometry with the help
of simulator, CST MICROWAVE STUDIO 2014. Figure 4
shows the results of reflection coefficient |S11| for four differ-
ent stages (Stage-1–4), with width of ground plane Wg as
20 mm as shown in Fig. 2. It can be easily observed from
the graph that as the number of stages increases, the
number of bands with |S11 , 210 dB| also increases and as
we approach to stage-4, the antenna shows more multiband
and wideband behavior. The reason of multiple resonances
is the increase in paths and lengths of the antenna geometry.
The proposed structure can also be designed beyond the
stage-4, but it roughly doubles the antenna size as compared
with 4th stage, which is practically difficult to use.
B) X-shaped fractal patch antenna with
different width of ground plane
Further, to optimize the characteristics of proposed antenna,
the width of ground plane is varied and reflection coefficient
for various cases has been studied. Figure 5(a) shows the reflec-
tion coefficient curve with different width of ground plane (vary
from 4 to 28 mm with minimum variation of 4 mm). It is
clearly visible from Fig. 5(a), that the proposed antenna struc-
ture can be fabricated with any particular ground plane width
as it is giving multiband behavior for all the cases.
However, the better results are obtaining from Wg ¼ 4–
8 mm. Therefore, we have further investigated the antenna
by varying the width of ground plane from 5 to 7 mm and
obtained its reflection coefficient curve as shown in
Fig. 5(b). It is visible from Fig. 5(b) that the best results are
obtained with Wg ¼ 6 mm. The antenna structure with
Wg ¼ 6 mm is shown in Fig. 6.
C) X-shaped fractal patch antenna having slots
in ground plane
The results are further optimized using the slots in ground
plane. Figure 7 shows the patch and ground plane of width
6 mm having three slots into it. Further, design and simula-
tion of antenna is carried out for different value of slots
length in the ground plane for optimized reflection coefficient
value. Figure 8 shows the reflection coefficient value for the
slot length of 2, 3, and 4 mm in the ground plane. It can be
seen that, by cutting the slots of 4 mm in ground plane, the
Table 3. Frequency bands and their applications.
Center frequency Frequency
range (MHz)
Application [15–20]
2 GHz 1980–2010 Used for Earth to space
communication in Europe
3.5 GHz
(IEEE802.16)
3400–3500 WMAN band for WiMAX
applications (one of the band
depending on the region of
world)
4.9 GHz
(IEEE802.11y)
4940–4990 Used for Public safety WLAN
6.5 GHz 6000–6800 Over 6 GHz band for future 5 G
telecommunication network
[20]
Fig. 13. (a) Front view (b) Back view of X-fractal antenna with reduced total
size.
Table 2. Results of radiation patterns.
Frequency (Ghz) 2 3.5 4.9 6.5
Directivity (dBi) 03.23 04.30 05.95 04.65
Radiation efficiency (%) 46.00 79.00 73.00 58.00
Total efficiency (%) 45.00 40.00 70.00 51.00
Fig. 14. Photograph of (a) front and (b) back view of the fabricated antenna
with reduced size.
6 ankush gupta, hem dutt joshi and rajesh khanna
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7. net electrical length increases without changing the input im-
pedance of antenna as shown in smith chart in Fig. 9.
Figure 10 showsthephotographoffabricatedantennahaving
X-shaped fractal patch up to 4th iteration, a ground plane of
6 mm width having three slots of 4 mm length. Measurement
of results is carried out by E5071C Network Analyzer.
Fig. 16. Measured and simulated reflection coefficients of the proposed X-fractal antenna with reduced size.
Fig. 15. Smith chart plot of the proposed antenna showing input impedance of 49.11 V.
Fig. 17. Simulated 3D radiation patterns of the proposed X-fractal antenna with reduced size for frequency (a) 3.6 GHz, (b) 5.5 GHz, (c) 5.95 GHz, (d) 6.5 GHz.
Table 4. Results of radiation patterns.
Frequency (GHz) 3.6 5.5 5.95 6.5
Directivity (dBi) 4.36 7.13 5.52 5.55
Radiation efficiency (%) 61 70 70 64
Total efficiency (%) 45 69 68 64
fractal antenna designing 7
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8. Figures 11 and 12 shows that the proposed antenna has
good impedance match, directivity and radiation efficiency
for the desired bands, covering various applications of L, S,
and C Frequency bands as shown in Tables 2 and 3.
D) X-shaped fractal patch antenna with
reduced feed line length and net reduction in
total size
To utilize wideband feature for practical application and to
further reduce total size of antenna, the proposed X-shaped
fractal antenna is further optimized by reducing the feed
line length with DGS. Different values of feed line lengths
are taken and results are carried out. Best optimized results
are obtained for antenna having feed line length of 50 mm
with net reduction in size of approximately 13% as compared
with original antenna, as shown in Figs 13 and 14 (photograph
of fabricated antenna with reduced size). Figure 15 shows the
smith chart plot of the proposed antenna showing the input
impedance value to be 49.11 V. Thus, maximum power will
be transferred when Coaxial cable of 50 V characteristic im-
pedance will be used for feeding the microstrip line.
The reflection coefficient value of simulated and fabricated
antenna as shown in Fig. 16 shows a good wideband and mul-
tiband behavior of presented antenna. Figure 17 shows pro-
posed antenna is also having good directivity and efficiency
for the desired frequency bands, which covers various applica-
tions in S and C band as shown in Tables 4 and 5.
V . C O N C L U S I O N
In this paper, an X-shaped fractal patch has been proposed to
design multiband antenna. Due to the simple structure of
X-shaped fractal, it is easy to implement and fabricate
antenna for practical use. Two different dimensions are
given using proposed fractal shape patch for different applica-
tion as mentioned in Tables 3 and 5. An exhaustive parametric
study of proposed antenna has been done using both simula-
tion and experimental methods. The experimental results
were carried out using VNA and found to be closely
matched with the simulations result. Based on the results, it
is shown that we can have multiband and wideband behavior
with proposed X-shaped fractal patch by changing its geom-
etry, ground plane width, slot length and multiplying factor.
Simulated 3D radiation pattern shows that proposed
antenna have good directivity and efficiency for the desired
bands. Optimized results show that we have achieved our
desired goal of having various multiband and wideband appli-
cations in the required S and C band.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
The authors would like to thank Dr. A. K. Singh and Dr. R. P.
Yadav, Assistant Professor, Thapar University, Patiala for his
useful suggestion and discussions regarding the proposed
design. The authors would also like to thank Thapar
University, Patiala for providing research facilities.
R E F E R E N C E S
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Table 5. Frequency bands and their applications.
Center frequency Frequency range (MHz) Application [15–20]
3.65 GHz
(IEEE802.11y)
3655–3695 Used as licensed band in USA
5.4 GHz
(IEEE802.11a)
5470–5725, 5725–5875 For Wi-Fi application (two out of total three bands depending on the region
of the world)
5.6, 5.8 GHz (5650–5670) for uplink and (5830–5850) for
downlink
5 cm band by Amateurs and C band by AMSAT for uplink and downlink
5.7 GHz 5729–5800 Fixed Satellite Radio Transmission
5.8 GHz 5741–5828 Used for cordless telephony in USA
5.9 GHz
(IEEE802.11P)
5850–5925 Used in vehicular communication systems
6 GHz 5800–7707 Used for military applications
6.5 GHz 6000–6800 Over 6 GHz band for future 5 G telecommunication network [20]
8 ankush gupta, hem dutt joshi and rajesh khanna
http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1759078716000994
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9. [10] Weng, W-C.; Hung, C-L.: An H-Fractal antenna for multiband
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[19] Wikipedia contributors (2016, May 12) “List of WLAN channels,”
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[20] Ofcom (2015, January 16), Spectrum above 6 GHz for future mobile
communications [Online]. Available: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.
uk/binaries/consultations/above-6ghz/summary/spectrum_above_6_
GHz_CFI.pdf
Ankush Gupta received a Bachelor in
Engineering degree from Thapar Uni-
versity, Patiala in 2014 and is pursuing
Maters in Engineering from Thapar
University in the field of Wireless Com-
munication. He was with CSIR-CEERI,
Pilani for 6 months for his Internship.
His main research interests are design
and optimization of Microstrip antenna
design, Microwave Design, Fractal Antennas, Multiband and
wideband antenna, and Wireless networks.
Hem Dutt Joshi has completed his
B.Tech. in ECE in the year July 1999
from Barkatullah University, Bhopal.
He did his M.E. in Communication
Control and Networking (CCN) from
M.I.T.S., Gwalior in the year 2004. He
worked as Assistant Professor in JUET,
Guna from 2006 to 2013. Currently, he
is working as Assistant Professor in
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, University,
Patiala. His research include wireless communication systems,
OFDM, MIMO-OFDM, Antenna designing. He is a life
member of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunica-
tions Engineers (IETE), India.
Rajesh Khanna was born in Ambala,
India. He received his B.Sc (Engineer-
ing) degree in Electronics Communi-
cation in 1988 from REC, Kurkshetra
and M.E degree in 1998 from Indian In-
stitute of Sciences; Bangalore. He was
with Hartron RD centre till 1993.
Until 1999 he was in All India Radio
as Assistant Station Engineer. Presently
he is working as Professor in the Department of Electronics
Communication at Thapar University, Patiala. He com-
pleted his Ph.D. degree in 2006. He has handled project
worth Rs 95 lakhs and is presently handling projects worth
Rs 70 lakhs, He has published 35 papers in SCI indexed inter-
national Journals and 20 Paper in International conferences.
His area of interest includes wireless communication and An-
tennas. He has guided around 55 M.E. thesis and 11 Ph.D.
thesis. Dr. Khanna is a Fellow of the Institution of Electronics
and Telecommunications Engineers (IETE) and life member
of ISTE, Punjab Academy of Sciences.
fractal antenna designing 9
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