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1. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
NEBOSH International General
Certificate in Occupational Health
and Safety
Day 2
Presented by
Dr Geoff Lloyd

2. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
IGC1 Element 2
Policy

3. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Role
 A health and safety policy provides a
framework of general health and safety
responsibilities for staff, and of general
operational arrangements to be taken to
protect workers and others from harm as a
result of activities in the workplace

4. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Key Elements
General statement of intent
Organisation
Roles and responsibilities
Arrangements
Systems and procedures

5. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Statement of Intent
Commitment
Of organisation to achieve high
standards of performance
Of MD / CEO
Signed and dated

6. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Statement of Intent
General objectives
Health, safety and welfare is a
management responsibility
Importance of health and safety in
relation to other business objectives
Compliance with legal obligations
Duty of management
Duty of workers
Monitor and review performance

7. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Statement of Intent
Targets (measurable)
Accident rates
Benchmarking
Monitoring
Review

8. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Organising
 Allocation of
responsibilities
Management at
all levels
Workers
Specialists CEO
Finance Director Production Director HR Director
Accounts Managers Admin Managers
Production Managers
Accounts staff
Production
Supervisors
Production workers
Admin staff
Safety Manager
Safety department
staff
 Lines of
communication
Organisational chart

9. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Organising
Feedback loops
Consultation
Information
Role of managers

10. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Arrangements
Planning and organising
Controlling hazards
Consultation
Communication
Monitoring compliance and
assessing effectiveness

11. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Arrangements
 Hazard identification, risk assessment and control
 Emergencies, fire, first-aid, etc.
 Accident investigation
 Contractor control
 Training
 Machinery safety
 DSE
 Electrical safety
 Noise control
 Vibration control
 COSHH
 Vehicle safety
 Welfare provision
 Confined spaces
 Permits-to-work
 Monitoring performace
 Etc. (Consider the topics included in the course)

12. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Policy Review
When no longer valid
After significant change
Key personnel
Arrangements
Introduction of new process activity,
technology or law
As a result of monitoring and
reviewing performance
Periodically

13. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
(a) Explain the purpose of EACH of
the following sections of a health
and safety policy document:
(i) „statement of intent‟.
(ii) „organisation‟.
(iii) „arrangements‟.
(b) Outline the issues that are typically
included in the arrangements
section of a health and safety
policy document.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(12)

14. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
 ILO Convention R164
 Provide a written policy and
arrangements, including
responsibilities, and inform every
worker, in a language or medium
the worker readily understands
 Management systems
 ILO-OSH
 OHSAS 18001
 HSG 65
Health and Safety Policy

15. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
 Minimal management commitment
 Minimal leadership
 No objectives set
 Lack of priority
 Unawareness of roles and responsibilities
 Lack of training
 Poor communication
 No monitoring of performance
Ineffective Safety Policies

16. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Ineffective Safety Policies
 “Bad communication and
organisation of the
paperwork allowed a
pump to be turned on
while it was in the
process of being fixed…
.......The safety policy
and procedures were in
place: the practice was
deficient”
 Cullen Inquiry into the
Piper Alpha disaster
1988, 167 deaths

17. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
IGC1 Element 3
Organising for Health and Safety

18. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Responsibilities of Employers to
Workers
 See Element 1
Provide and maintain safe plant / equipment and
a safe systems of work
Provide instruction, training, information and
supervision
Provide and maintain a safe place of work with
safe access and egress
Provide a safe working environment and provide
‘welfare’ facilities, e.g. drinking water, sanitation,
etc.

19. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Responsibilities of Employers to
Other Persons
 Ensure the health, safety and welfare of
‘other persons’, e.g.:
Visitors, contractors, members of the public

20. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Roles and Responsibilities
 Responsibilities for fulfilling the employer’s
responsibilities will fall upon:
CEO / MD
Directors
Senior Managers
Middle Managers
Supervisors

21. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Health and Safety Advisers
The Management System
Policy
Organising
Control, Competence, Co-operation,
Communication
Planning and Implementing
Monitoring
Review
Audit
Remember
POPI MR A

22. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Roles and Responsibilities
 First-aiders
Preserving life
Prevent the condition worsening
Promote recovery
 Workers
See Element 1

23. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Persons in Control of Premises
(Landlords)
Depending upon the tenancy (lease)
agreement the landlord may have
responsibilities for:
Plant and substances
Maintenance
Access / egress
Common areas

24. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Self-Employed
 Self-employed people are not employees,
as they work for themselves
 They may employ others, e.g. sub-
contractors
 Ensure the health and safety of:
Themselves
Others, e.g.:
The client’s employees
Sub-contractors
Other contractors
Visitors
Members of the public

25. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Suppliers, Manufacturers and
Designers
Articles (Plant and equipment)
Designed and constructed to be safe
when used, maintained, cleaned
Product testing
Information about the safe and proper
use
Provide those supplied with information
if additional risks become known

26. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Suppliers, Manufacturers and
Designers
 Substances (natural or artificial chemicals)
Ensure that their product is, so far
as possible, safe (taking account
of the natural properties)
Product testing, e.g. risk category
– toxic, corrosive, etc.

27. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Suppliers, Manufacturers and
Designers
Provide safety
information
Container label
Material safety data
sheet (MSDS)
Provide those
supplied with
information if
additional risks
become known
 Substances (natural or artificial chemicals)

28. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Client and Contractor
Contractors are people engaged by a
client to perform a task
The client is responsible for the
workplace and environment, and as
the employer to his own workers
The contractor is responsible for the
job, and as the employer to his own
workers

29. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 3
Plan & implement
Practical arrangements, methods
of work and contract agreements
Step 5
Review
Results of monitoring
Step 4
Monitor
Inspect and audit
what actually happens
Step 1
Policy
Set your health and safety policy,
including arrangements for contractors
Step 2
Organise
your staff, include contractors,
communication and authority
Step 6
Audit
Decide what needs to be
improved
and how to go about it
Managing Contractors

30. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Planning and Co-ordination of
Contracted Work
Policy
Commitment
General targets and objectives
Organise
Control - roles, responsibilities
Competence requirements
Communication requirements
Co-operation / consultation requirements
Selection and approval criteria

31. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Planning and Co-ordination of
Contracted Work
Plan and implement
Contract and Job Specification
Risk assessments, method statements,
permits-to-work
Site rules
Signing in procedure
Site contact / Supervision
Site induction
Provision of information

32. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Planning and Co-ordination of
Contracted Work
Monitoring
Check progress
Accidents
New staff / sub-contractors
Review
Findings of monitoring
Where improvements required
Audit
Management system

33. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Use of Contractors
 Determine job specification
 Preferred list
Contractor selection / appraisal
 Invite tenders
 Select contractor
 Provide information
Site rules, emergency procedures, etc.
 Request risk assessments and method
statements

34. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Selection of Contractors
List the factors that could be
considered when assessing the
competence of a contractor. (8)

35. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Selection of Contractors
 Safety Policy /
management system
 Competence
requirements &
checks
 Membership of trade
organisations
 Health and safety
advice
 Training records
 Use of sub-
contractors?
 References
 Accident /
enforcement history
 Insurance claims
 Resources
 Insurances
 Liaison with the client
 Risk assessments
and method
statements
 Monitoring and
supervision

36. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Consultation with Workers
A two-way process, employers
should, either:
Consult directly with all workers, or
Consult with the workers’ health and
safety representative
On health and safety matters

37. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Consultation with Workers
 Introduction of new measures affecting the health
and safety
 Appointment of people nominated to provide
health and safety assistance, and assist in
emergency procedures
 Health and safety training or information the
employer is required to provide to the workers
 Consequences of the planning and introduction of
new technologies
 Relevant information required by health and
safety legislation

38. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Consultation with Workers
No need to consult where:
National security is affected
Legally prohibited
Commercially damaging
Not health and safety related
Information relates to an individual
(without consent), e.g. medical
information
Information relates to legal proceedings

39. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Workers’ Health and Safety
Representatives
 Functions / Role
Making representation to employer
Investigating hazards, accidents, complaints
Workplace inspection
At regular intervals
Following an accident, incident, disease
New information published
Change of work conditions
Consult with Enforcing Authority
Attend Health and Safety Committee

40. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Workers’ Health and Safety
Representatives
 Rights
Access to all parts of workplace
Protection from dismissal for exercising their
function
Contribute to decision making and negotiations
Free to contact Enforcing Authorities
Appropriate training
Time and facilities to perform their function

41. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Safety Committee
 Formal consultation – may be a legal
entitlement
 Set objectives and functions (terms of
reference)
Study of accident statistics, etc.
Examination of audit reports
Consideration of reports
Policy development
Monitoring
Link to Enforcing Authority
 Agenda

42. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Effective Health and Safety
Committees
Terms of reference
Frequent meetings
A level of formality with effective chairing
Good balance – management & employees
Adequate authority & management commitment
Knowledge and expertise
Good communication, does not focus on trivia
Proactive and reactive
External input and access to specialists
Limited individual input
Identified and agreed priorities
Minutes with actions

43. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Non-Formal Consultation Forums
Safety circles
Works and office committees

44. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Employee Consultation
Outline the topics that may typically
be included in the agenda of a health
and safety committee meeting. (8)

45. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
IGC1 Element 4
Promoting a Positive Health
and Safety Culture

46. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Health & Safety Culture
“The product of individual and group
values, attitudes, competencies and
patterns of behaviour that determine
the commitment to, and the style and
proficiency of, an organisation's health
and safety programmes.”

47. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Characteristics
 Clear, communicated and accepted
organisational goals
 Dominant patterns of behaviour
 Authority and decision-making
 Organisational structure
 Leadership
 Values / beliefs
 Enterprise, innovation, competitiveness,
flexibility and drive for excellence
 Open to change

48. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
H&S Characteristics
Clear, communicated and accepted
policy
Dominant patterns of behaviour
Authority and decision-making
Involvement
Values / beliefs
Priority
Active v reactive

49. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Culture and Performance
An organisation with a positive health
and safety culture will consist of
competent people with strongly-held
safety values which they put into
practice
There will be clear firmness of
purpose to control hazards and risks,
and to make the workplace a safe
place for all concerned

50. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Positive H&S Culture
Active and reactive indicators
Compliance with rules and procedures
Reduced:
Complaints about working conditions
Accidents
Absenteeism and sickness
Staff turnover

51. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Negative H&S Culture
 Non-compliance with rules and procedures
Poor example set by management
Poor management decision making
Inadequate supervision
Poor working conditions
 Increased:
Job insecurity
Re-organisation
Complaints about working conditions
Accidents
Absenteeism and sickness
Staff turnover

52. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Factors Promoting a Negative H&S
Culture
 Conflicting organisational objectives
Safety v quality, production / service targets
 Management decision making
Inconsistent decision making
No delegation
Overturning of decisions
Delays in decision making
Lack of understanding of workers needs
Lack of consultation
Exploitation

53. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Factors Promoting a Negative H&S
Culture
Organisational change
Accident rates increase during periods
of major change, e.g.:
Change to existing structures / working
practices
Relocations, mergers and downsizing
Resistance to change
The need to maintain operations during
the period of change

54. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Factors Promoting a Negative H&S
Culture
Uncertainty
Human beings seek security and
stability
Individuals will make their own
decisions in the light of the
circumstances

55. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Outline ways in which the health &
safety culture of an organisation
might be improved. (8)

56. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving Culture
 A clear policy with health & safety being given obvious equal
priority to other business objectives (production, quality, etc.)
 The setting of realistic and achievable targets that motivate
employees to improve H&S performance
 The provision of a good working environment (including lighting,
noise reduction, temperature, etc.) which will facilitate good safe
working practices
 Proactive monitoring of health & safety standards, including
regular inspections and audits to ensure continual improvement
 Effective communication channels, verbal, written, visual
throughout all levels of the organisation
 A ‘no-blame’ culture
 Employee reward and recognition schemes for reporting near
misses, etc.
 Consultation with, and the involvement of, the workforce and
acting on their opinions
 Improvement of welfare facilities, reasonable working hours, rest
breaks, etc.

57. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Physiological
Safety
& security
Belonging &
acceptance
Self-esteem
Self-actualisation
- Hunger
- Thirst
- Sleep
- Security
- Protection
from danger
- Belonging
- Social activities
- Love
- Friendship
- Self respect
- Status
- Recognition
- Growth
- Personal
development
- Accomplishment
Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs
Uncertainty & Motivation

58. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Influence of Human Behaviour
Individual
Job
Physical match
Mental match
Organisation
Management style
Culture

59. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Job Factors
 Extent of decision making
 Procedures, information and instructions
 Working environment
 Maintenance
 Working time

60. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Individual
Attitude
 The way an individual believes they will respond
in a given situation. A persons point of view.
 Influenced by family / social groups, education,
experience
 Influenced by involvement, less influenced by
threats, monetary reward
 Behaviour often conflicts with attitude when reward is
offered.
 Behaviour is observable so can be managed, which in
turn will influence attitude

61. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Individual
Aptitude
An individual’s ability to learn /
understand
Motivation
The force which stimulates an
individual to do something
People are motivated by their perceived
wants and needs
Maslow, Hertzberg, Expectancy
theories
Money, promotion, pleasant working
conditions, sense of belonging,
accomplishment, recognition

62. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Individual
Which figure is the tallest?
Perception
The way in
which a
person
interprets
sensory
information

63. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Individual
Perception
Ambiguity

64. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Perception

65. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Perception of Risk
 Danger may not be recognised

66. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Perception of Risk
66

67. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Perception of Risk
Distortion
Not noticing things
Defective senses
Selectivity
Familiarity
Fatigue
Interpretation
Knowledge / experience
Attitude
Drugs and alcohol

68. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
The Individual – Perception of Risk
Affected by:
 Sensory defects
 Mental processing
 Hazard nature
 Previous experience
 Being in control
 Training
 Peer group
influence
 Confidence in
others
 Personal
characteristics
Managed by:
 Increasing
awareness of
hazards
 Involving people
 Identification of
poor behaviour
 Improving the
working
environment

69. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Outline ways in which employers
may motivate their employees to
comply with health & safety
procedures. (8)

70. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Motivation
 Motivation is the driving force behind the way in which a
person acts in order to achieve a goal
 Improving, by training and the provision of information,
employee’s knowledge of the consequences of not working
safely
 Showing the commitment of the organisation to safety by
providing resources and a safe working environment
 Involving employees in H&S decisions by consultation and
team meetings
 Recognising and rewarding achievement
 Eliminating boring monotonous tasks by automation or job
rotation
 Clear written procedures and instructions which are not
ambiguous
 By the setting of clear aims, objectives and targets to
stimulate employees to continually improve H&S

71. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Promoting Safe Behaviour
1. Involve workers - consultation
2. Discipline – clear procedures/instructions
3. Reward – recognise achievements
4. Inform – clear aims
5. Facilitate – safe place, good resources
6. Train –training and information
IDRIFT

72. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Errors and Violations
Error
An action or decision which was not
intended
Oversight, lapse of concentration
Mistakes
Violation
Deviation from a rule, procedure,
instruction or regulation

73. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Human Error
Skill based
 Slips of action / Lapses of memory
Failures to carry out the actions of a task or
routine, e.g.
Omitting a step in a series of steps
Performing an action in a sequence too soon or
leaving it too late
Performing an action in the wrong direction or with
too much or too little force
Carrying out the correct action on the wrong item

74. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Human Error
 Mistakes
 Rule based
Based upon a learned set
of rules, and mistakes
occur when the rule
applied does not suit the
situation, e.g. after change
 Knowledge based
Where individuals are
faced with unfamiliar
circumstances or
situations where there are
no learned rules

75. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Human Violations
 Routine
 Habit rather than by
conscious thought
 Situational
 Due to pressure
 Exceptional
 To solve problems
when something has
gone wrong
individuals may feel it
necessary to break a
rule