QDQF

1. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
NEBOSH International General
Certificate in Occupational Health
and Safety
Day 3
Presented by
Dr Geoff Lloyd.

2. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
IGC1 Element 4
Promoting a Positive Health
and Safety Culture
Continued...

3. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving H&S Culture
Management commitment and
leadership
Being seen and involved
Promoting change
Providing sufficient resources
Ensuring competence
Enforcing rules
Use of competent personnel
Effective communication

4. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving H&S Culture
 Communication – the process whereby an
individual or group conveys, consciously or
unconsciously, information to another individual
or group and where necessary triggers a
response . The information may be facts,
feelings or ideas.
 Communication
 Sender - transmission – receiver
 Feedback
 Environment
 Culture
 Interference

5. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Barriers to Communication
Receiver
 Sensory
impairment
 Learning
difficulties
 Inexperience
 Lack of
motivation
Sender
 Technical
jargon
 Ambiguity
 Complexity
or length
 Lack of
feedback
Environment
 Noise
 PPE
interference
 Distractions
 Culture

6. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Give reasons why a verbal
instruction may not be clearly
understood by an employee. (8)

7. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Answer
 The working environment, e.g. high levels of
noise, interference from personal protective
equipment and other distractions
 Too much technical jargon
 Language or dialect issues
 Ambiguity of the message
 Sensory impairment or learning difficulties
 Inexperience of the recipient, i.e. unable to relate
properly to what is being said, lack of motivation
 The instruction is too complex or lengthy to be
given verbally
 Lack of feedback

8. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving H&S Culture
Forms of Communication
Formal / informal
Written
Oral
Non-verbal
Symbols
Body language
Visual

9. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving H&S Culture
Communication effectiveness
Worker handbooks
Procedure manuals
Safety briefings
Toolbox talks
Memos
Posters
Films
Signs

10. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving H&S Culture
Consultation procedures
Training
“A planned process to modify attitude,
knowledge or skill behaviour through
learning experience to achieve effective
performance in an activity or range of
activities.”
Targeted at developing the necessary
understanding and skills in individuals
and groups

11. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Improving H&S Culture
Training
Benefits
When is training needed?
Recruitment - induction
Exposure to new or increased risk due
to job or process change:
Transfer
New responsibilities
New technology
New systems of work
Changes in legislation

12. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Outline the main health & safety
issues to be included in an induction
training programme for new
employees. (8)

13. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Induction Training
 The organisation’s H&S policy emphasising the
management’s commitment and worker involvement
 Emergency procedures for fire / spillages including escape
routes and assembly points
 Hazards specific to the workplace and the need to comply
with H&S requirements
 Risk assessment process and general and job specific
precautions, e.g. PPE, permits, etc.
 Health & safety responsibilities and lines of communication
within the organisation
 Accident and first-aid arrangements including and accident
procedure, who to report to, names of first-aiders and
location of first-aid facilities
 Welfare provision including location of canteen facilities,
toilets, wash and changing rooms
 Health surveillance and consultation procedures

14. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
IGC1 Element 5
Risk Assessment

15. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Hazard
 Something with the potential to cause harm
Article (plant / machine, equipment)
Substance
Situation

16. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Hazard
 Physical, e.g. working at heights, fire,
noise, electricity, machinery, poor lighting
 Chemical, e.g. toxic, corrosive, irritant,
harmful, etc.
 Biological, e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi
 Ergonomic, e.g. posture, manual handling
 Psychological, e.g. excessive demands,
violence, bullying

17. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Risk
 Likelihood of harm occurring
 Degree of risk is the likelihood and
severity of harm

18. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Risk
 Likelihood
 Where is the
hazard?
 Number of people
exposed?
 How knowledgeable
are they?
 Frequency of
exposure?
 Quantity of
exposure (time,
dose, concentration,
etc.)?
 Severity
 Death
 Injury
 Ill-health (disease)
 Dangerous
occurrence
 Damage only
 Loss of business
opportunity
 Loss of reputation
 Any other loss
 Near miss

19. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Risk Assessment
 Risk assessment is a careful examination of
what could cause harm so that you can
determine whether you have done enough or
should do more to prevent harm.
 Aim - To ensure that no one suffers harm
3 reasons:
Moral – Human harm
Legal / social effects
Economic effects

20. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Analysing Incidents
 Accidents
 Dangerous occurrences
 Near miss
 Damage only
Ill-health
Poisonings
Skin diseases
Lung diseases
Infections
Cancer

21. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Incident and Accident Ratios
Probability
Frequency rate
Incidence rate
Number of defined accidents in a period
Total person hours worked in a period
x 100,000
Number of defined accidents
Average number of employees
x 1,000

22. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Incident and Accident Ratios
Probability
Severity (or gravity) rate
Number of days lost in a period
Total person hours worked in a period
x 1,000

23. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Incident and Accident Ratios
 Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Accident statistics can be used to identify
importance of hazards in an organisation, e.g.:
Low priority
 High frequency, but low severity and cost
Lower financial expenditure and effort on preventive
measures, e.g. to prevent minor cut injuries
CAUTION – especially for high severity, low
frequency hazards
Potential outcome
Statistics are historic and may not predict future
performance

24. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Accident Triangles
1
29
300
No injury
Minor injuries
Major injury
 Accident data should be considered during
the risk assessment process

25. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
The Risk Assessment Process
 5 steps
1. Look for the hazards
2. Decide who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risks and decide if existing
precautions are adequate or whether
more should be done
4. Record the significant findings
5. Review the assessment and revise it if
necessary

26. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
STEP 1 - Identifying Hazards
Inspections
Inspection / testing of plant / equipment
Work environment

27. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
STEP 1 - Identifying Hazards
Job / Task analysis
Hazards identified and risks assessed
MEEP
The Materials and Equipment used
The Environment in which the work is
undertaken
Account taken of the People involved
(number, skills, etc.)
The work methods
Existing control measures
Legal requirements, standards and
other information that may be relevant

28. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
STEP 1 - Identifying Hazards
Job / Task analysis
Study of documents
Observation of work
Special safety aspects
Interaction
Validation

29. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Identifying Hazards
Legislation / best practice
requirements
Manufacturer’s information
Incident data

30. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
STEP 1 - Identifying Hazards
Accidents
By cause of accident
By cause of injury
Health risks
Chemical
Biological
Physical
Psychological

31. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
STEP 1 - Identifying Hazards
Health Effects
 Evaluation
The nature (harmful characteristics) of the
substance or condition
Dose (quantity and time)
The concentration, intensity or level of exposure to
the harmful agent
The time exposed
 Effects
Acute
Short-term response triggered by a single dose or
limited exposure to the agent causing the ill-health
Chronic
Long-term response, usually after repeated
exposures to a sub-lethal concentration

32. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 2 - Decide Who Might be Harmed
and How
 Employees
Staff, operators, maintenance staff, etc.
 Non-employees
Cleaners
Contractors
Visitors
Members of public
 Include anyone especially at risk
Disabled, young persons, lone workers,
pregnant women

33. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 3 - Evaluate the Risk
Consider:
Adequacy and effectiveness of existing
controls
Risk estimation
Likelihood of harm and probable severity
Further action necessary
Eliminate or reduce

34. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 3 - Qualitative Risk Ranking
 High?
 Medium?
 Low?

35. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 3 - Quantitative Risk Ranking
Minor (1) Medium (2) Major (3)
Low (1) 1 2 3
Medium (2) 2 4 6
High (3) 3 6 9
Severity of harm
Likelihood
of
harm

36. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 3 - Evaluate the Risk
Residual risk
Risk that remains once controls have
been put in place
Acceptable / tolerable risk level
Risk reduced to the lowest level that is
reasonably practicable
 Control measures
Guidance/ legislation

37. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 3 - Evaluate the Risk
General Control hierarchy
Elimination
Hardware – physical controls
Software – individual, behavioural and
procedural controls
Prioritisation based on risk

38. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 4 - Record Significant
Findings
Ignore trivial, everyday risks
Process / activity description
Significant hazards
Workers at risk
Extent of risk (e.g. high, medium, low)
Adequacy of existing controls
Further actions required
By whom, by when
Date

39. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Step 5 - Review and Revise
 If no longer valid
 After an accident, incident, ill-health
 Advice from Enforcing Agency
 When improved control measures become
available
 After significant change
 New equipment or hazards introduced
 Changes to plant, process, work routine,
legislation
 New hazard information available
 Change of workers, competency or
vulnerability
 After an elapse of time

40. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
(a) Explain, using an example, the
meaning of the term Hazard
(2)
(b) Outline techniques for identifying
hazards in the workplace
(5)

41. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Extent of Risk Assessment
 Suitable and Sufficient
Proportionate to level of risk
Reviews all aspects of work activity
Considers work organisation
Identifies significant hazards and risks
Evaluates the risks
Identifies control measures
Enables priorities to be set
Considers non-routine operations
Considers risks to the public
Undertaken by competent person(s)
Valid for a reasonable time

42. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
a) Outline the steps that should be used in
carrying out a risk assessment, identifying the
issues that would need to be considered at
each stage. (10)
b) Outline the factors that the employer should
take into account when selecting individuals to
carry out risk assessments. (6)
c) List FOUR criteria which need to be fulfilled to
ensure that a risk assessment is ‘suitable and
sufficient’. (4)

43. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
(a) Risk
 Risk is the likelihood of harm occurring
and the severity of harm. For example, a
trailing cable is a hazard and the
associated risk is the chance of a trip or a
fall over the cable, accompanied by a
particular degree of injury.

44. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
(b) Competency of Risk Assessors
 Experience and training in hazard
identification and carrying out risk
assessments
 Knowledge of the process or activity
 Technical knowledge of the plant or
equipment
 Good communication and report writing
skills
 Ability to interpret legislation and
guidance
 Positive attitude

45. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Special Categories of Workers
 Those especially at risk
Young Persons
Under age of 18
New and expectant mothers
Disabled
Lone workers

46. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Young Persons
 At greater risk due to:
Lack of perception of risk or of ability
to avoid risk (because of limited
knowledge, experience and / or lack of
training)
The individual’s stage of physical
development
Tendency of young persons to take
risks and to respond to peer group
pressure

47. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Young Persons
 Risk assessment factors
Workplace
Physical, biological and chemical
agents
Work equipment
Restrictions, e.g. use of machinery
Work organisation and processes
Training
Specific agents
Carcinogens, radiation, noise, vibration,
etc.

48. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Expectant & Nursing Mothers
 The risk assessment should include
risks to the unborn child, or the child
of a woman who is still
breastfeeding

49. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Expectant & Nursing Mothers
 Risk assessment factors
Physical risks
Chemical agents
Biological agents
Working conditions
Other aspects, e.g.:
Morning sickness, tiredness, comfort,
backache, hormonal change

50. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Disabled
 Risk assessment factors
Mobility
Emergency evacuation
Welfare facilities
Impaired senses
Fire alarm, evacuation
Communication
Manual handling
Ergonomics

51. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Lone Workers
 Risk assessment factors
The type of work, hazards and risks
MEEP
Materials and equipment used
Work environment
Competence and suitability of the people
involved
Existing control measures
Methods of communication
Emergency and first-aid procedures
Welfare facilities

52. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Outline the factors to consider when
assessing the risks to a long distance
delivery driver. (8)

53. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
 Materials (Load)
 The means of handling materials that may be hazardous
on the vehicle
 The emergency procedures in place for first-aid, fires,
etc. and the provision of first-aid kits and fire
extinguishers
 Equipment (Vehicle)
 Maintenance and breakdown provision, including signs,
etc.
 The design and layout of the cab
 Environment (Job)
 The duration of the journey, including the need for rest
breaks & not exceeding daily travel hours allowed
 The demands of the route (complexity, road conditions,
traffic congestion, etc.)
 People (Individual)
 The capabilities of the driver to cope with the demands
of the job
 The level of training provided, including first-aid
procedures, safe places to park

54. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
IGC1 Element 6
Principles of Control

55. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Principles of Prevention
 Avoid risks
 Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided
 Combat risks at source
 Adapt work to the individual, reducing their effect
on health
 Adapt to technical progress
 Replace the dangerous by the non-dangerous or
less dangerous
 Develop a coherent prevention policy, relating to
the working environment
 Give collective protective measures priority over
individual protective measures
 Give appropriate instructions to employees

56. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Principles of Prevention
Safe place
Collective measures
Safe person
Individual measures

57. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Safety Signs
 Prohibition
Fire-fighting equipment
Warning
Mandatory
Safe condition

58. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Safety Signals
 Acoustic
 Verbal
 Hand

59. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Risk Control Hierarchy
 Elimination
 Hardware – engineering / physical controls
 Software – behavioural controls
 PPE

60. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Risk Control Hierarchy
 Hierarchy of control
Eliminate
Reduce
Isolate
Control
PPE
Discipline
Remember ERICPD
Safe
Place
Safe
Person

61. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Risk Control Hierarchy
 Eliminate (avoid)
The risk
e.g. use water based instead of solvent based paints
The task
e.g. use mechanical handling aids
 Reduce (substitute)
Change work method
e.g. brush paint instead of spray painting
Change work pattern
e.g. job rotation to reduce duration (time) exposed
and reduce frequency of exposure

62. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Risk Control Hierarchy
 Isolate
e.g. totally enclose, guard, fence
 Control
Number of people exposed
e.g. authorised entry
Engineering control
Design
Ventilation
Safe systems of work

63. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Risk Control Hierarchy
PPE
Discipline
Fear of discipline
Self-discipline
Safe systems of work
 Combination of measures and other
controls…

64. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
General Risk Control Hierarchy
Other controls
Organisational
ITIS
Information, Training, Instruction and Supervision
Monitoring
Housekeeping
Cleaning the workplace
Laundering clothing
Welfare
Rest areas
No smoking, eating, drinking in contaminated
areas

65. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Outline a hierarchy of control
measures for controlling risk (8)

66. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Safe Systems of Work
 “A formal procedure following a
systematic examination of a task in
order to identify all the hazards. It
defines methods of working which
eliminate those hazards or minimise
the risks.”
 Written procedure following job / task
analysis, e.g. method statement

67. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Safe Systems of Work
 Factors to consider
 Employers’ duties
 Competent persons
 Worker involvement
 Written procedures
 Technical controls
 Procedural controls
 Behavioural controls

68. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Developing a Safe System of Work
 Select task
 Record each step in task
 Evaluate risks
 Identify hazards, assess risks and identify
control measures
 MEEP
 Develop written procedure
 Implement through instruction & training
 Monitor the effectiveness of the system.
 Remember SREDIM

69. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Confined Space
 Any place, by virtue of its enclosed nature,
where there is a reasonably foreseeable
risk of:
Fire or explosion
Loss of consciousness from increase in body
temperature
Loss of consciousness or asphyxiation from
gas, fume, vapour, or lack of oxygen
Drowning from an increase in level of liquid
Asphyxiation arising from free flowing solid or
entrapment by a free flowing solid

70. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Confined Spaces
Hazards may:
Be present in the confined space
e.g. flammable gases, lack of oxygen,
chemicals, moving machinery
Be introduced by the work
e.g. welding fume, heat, electricity, exhaust
fumes, oxygen - causing enrichment
Flow into the confined space
e.g. flood water, grain, powder, gas, vapour

71. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Confined Space Entry
 Risk assessment factors
 Avoid entry
 Safe system of work
 Including a permit-to-work (PTW)
 Emergency
arrangements

72. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Safe System of Work
 Supervision and
competency
 Removal of residues
/ clean before entry
 Isolation of services
 Gas Purging
 Ventilation and
cooling
 Adequate size of
entry
 Communication
 Limit working time
 Permit-to-work
 Test / monitor
atmosphere
 Suitable tools and
lighting
 Safe use of gas
cylinders
 Safe use of internal
combustion engines
 Fire precautions
 PPE

73. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Confined Space Entry
 Safe System of Work
 Control measures
 Technical
Physical isolations, access equipment,
ventilation system, rescue equipment
 Procedural
Atmospheric checks, rescue arrangements,
time limitations
 Behavioural
Following safe system of work, use of PPE ,
etc.

74. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Sample Question Exercise
Outline the factors to be considered
when developing a safe system of
work. (8)

75. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Lone Working
 Safe System of Work
 Control measures
 Technical
Communication equipment, first-aid
equipment, fire extinguishers, etc.
 Procedural
Log movements, premises entry
requirements, etc.
 Behavioural
Following safe system of work, use of
PPE, etc.

76. © BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
Working and Travelling Abroad
 Safe System of Work
 Control measures
 Technical
Communication equipment
 Procedural
Insurance, health, financial, security,
accommodation and emergency
arrangements
 Behavioural
Following safe system of work, use of
PPE, etc.