1English 202 Research Paper AssignmentText The research p.docx

1
English 202 Research Paper Assignment
Text: The research paper is a documented prose work resulting
from an organized analysis of a subject. Your paper will
examine a particular writer’s work. The short stories you have
chosen to read will be the focus of your research paper. It is
not a biographical sketch of the writer; however, you may
include biographical information if it relates to your thesis. It
is not a plot summary; I can read the book or play for that.
Primarily, you are going to take a position about the works and
use specific events or quotes from the work to support and
explain that position. Your thesis statement will be based upon
this position. In addition, you are going to examine what
literary critics have to say concerning the works. You must
read the works prior to beginning your research.
Format: Research papers must be typed and formatted according
to MLA documentation style. This includes using Times New
Roman, 12 point font. You will be expected to list each of your
sources in proper MLA format on the Works Cited page at the
end of your research paper. You will also use proper MLA
parenthetical internal documentation throughout your paper.
The New McGraw-HillHandbook or an MLA guidebook is an
absolute necessity. You cannot pass the research paper if your
format is wrong!
Length: A minimum of five full pages of text (double-spaced).
In addition, you will include a Works Cited page.
Sources: A minimum of six (6) sources is required. You must
have four (4) secondary sources quoted directly in the body
paragraphs (there should be at least 1 secondary source per
main point). You cannot pass the research paper without
including four secondary sources. The literary works you have

chosen (short stories) will count as a fifth and sixth source, the
primary sources. There are many sources available for literary
research, and I expect you to use a variety of sources. You
should use at least one article as a source, and you can have
only one Internet source. Masterplots, Cliffs Notes, Spark
Notes, eNotes, Grade Saver, Wikipedia, and Classic Notes DO
NOT count as a source.
Process: You will be expected to follow a guided process in
your research and writing. I have designed the course to make
it easier for you to write a research paper step by step. On the
course syllabus, I have indicated dates when topics, annotated
bibliographies, thesis statements and outlines, and rough drafts
are due. I will be maintaining a file which will indicate whether
or not you have completed these steps. Any student who fails to
follow these steps in a timely manner and does not indicate a
work in progress will not be allowed to turn in a research paper.
Other guidelines to consider:
1 DO NOT WATCH THE MOVIE and expect to do well on the
research paper without having read the short stories.
2 Ultimately, your paper will focus on the themes within the
short stories. It will not be a biographical study or a summary
of the plot.
3 Your two biggest enemies will be disorganization and
procrastination.
Organization-Have the following materials with you at all
times: research packet, handbook, primary source, photocopies
of secondary sources
Staying on Schedule-You have been given a calendar with all
due dates clearly marked. As you are working on your own in
the library, you must be responsible enough to work at a steady
pace. No late work will be accepted or checked for any reason.

Early checks are always possible.
4 I will be available to help you when you need it. Openly
communicating with me when you are having problems is
essential. Ask me if you need help BEFORE you get behind.
5 Don’t forget to bring your BPCC student ID if you use their
library. Without it, you will have extremely limited use of the
library’s resources.
6 Research papers (both the rough draft and the final draft) must
be typed. Computer labs are located on the 2nd floor of the
college library and on the 2nd floor of Building G. Because
computer classes are taught in the computer labs, you will need
to go by the location most convenient to you and find the posted
available times for student use. Save your work on your disk.
Computer problems and printer problems will not be accepted as
an excuse for late work.
Where Do I Begin?
As you search for material for your paper, keep in mind what
your author wishes to relate through his/her writing. Focus on
this message and apply the message to your interpretation of the
theme (the main idea) of the work.
Below is a partial list of common themes found in literature.
Survey the list to see if any of these themes apply to the pieces
you have read.
Civilization versus Nature
Order versus Chaos
The Hero’s Journey
Rite of Passage (Separation/Transformation/Return)
The Epic Paradigm

Aristotelian Tragedy
Appearance (Illusion) versus Reality
Intent
The Role of Women
The Role of the Scop/Bard/Author
Prejudice
Forbidden Knowledge
Freedom and Responsibility
The Role of Nature
Literature as a Reflection of Society
Power Struggles/Who is in Control?
Class Struggle
How Do You Decide What to Write About?
Brainstorming! Think about these things:
1 First, did you like the book? Hate it? How did you feel about
the characters? If you hate them, it can be even more fun to
analyze them.
2 Do their actions reflect the words (in other words, are they
consistent)? Or, do their actions reveal something more about
their “true” character?

a. Do they reveal insecurities/fears?
b. Remember that people who seek to control others usually act
this way because they are very insecure-they have to control
their environment as much as possible because they feel a loss
of control over their own lives.
3 Can you compare/contrast 3 or more characters in the book?
4 Is the author’s life reflected in his/her writings? Do the
author’s fears, insecurities (consciously or otherwise) come out
in the characters?
5 Do the characters discover/possess some forbidden
knowledge-is there power in the secret? Who knows the secret?
6 Are characters who appear to be weak really the strong ones-
the ones with the most power? Is there some sort of irony in
who actually has the power?
7 Is there some discrepancy between appearance and reality?
8 What about archetypal motifs or images in the story?
a. A “wise old man” who appears just in time to help the hero
(like Obiwan Kinobe)?
b. A “trickster” who serves as a foil to the hero (Satan in
Paradise Lost)?
c. A “good mother” (Glenda the good witch of the North in The
Wizard of Oz, Snow White, etc.)?
d. A “terrible mother” (the queen in Alice in Wonderland)?
9 Is there a “Hero Quest” (Braveheart, Disney movies)? A male

protagonist who
a. Goes on a long journey
b. Experiences battles (real or symbolic)
c. Manipulates language (lies, jokes, motivates others)
d. Sacrificial death (real or symbolic)
10 Is there a “Hero Initiation”? A Rite of Passage story, a
movement from innocence to experience? Forbidden
knowledge?
a. Separation
b. Transformation
c. Return
11 Is anyone playing a game (real game, word game, mind
game, or joke)?
12 Are any women characters empowered? How do the women
manipulate the “man’s” system in order to survive?
13 Portrait of women: Are they seen as male, as well as other
female characters, as “virgins” (above reproach) or “whores”
(evil by nature)?
14 Are the men in the story held to the same standard (whether
good or evil) as the women?
15 Is there anything unusual about the structure of the work?
Are there stories within stories? Does it begin and end at the
same place? Does it begin in medias res (in the middle of
things) then return to the past?
Writing the Rough Draft

1 Do not begin writing your rough draft before you have
completed reading your primary and secondary sources. You
must have read your secondary sources and highlighted any
information you intend to use in your paper.
2 Make certain that your thesis and outline are working for
you before you start writing.
3 Make certain that you have all sources in front of you as
you are writing.
4 Your introduction should be one paragraph long. A
research paper introduction and conclusion are a bit different
from those in an essay in that they should not be imaginative.
See the following page (page 10) for more information.
5
As you write, remember that your As and Bs (or 1s and 2s if
you have them) will determine your paragraph breaks. Also,
remember that each paragraph must begin with a topic sentence
that corresponds with your outline and your thesis.
6
Each major idea (each paragraph) must have at least one critical
source (one quote). Do not, however, end your paragraph with a
quote. Also, remember that every quote has some method of
introduction.
7
Discuss the events that occur in your novel in present tense.
Anything that happened before the novel’s events is history and
should be discussed in past tense.
8
Do not overuse any source. Six sources must be used, and they
should be used as equally as possible.
9
Parenthetical documentation form must be exact. Page
references in documentation must be accurate.

10
Direct quotes must be exact. Quote accuracy is of the utmost
importance. If a quote’s wording seems odd, double check it.
11
Plagiarism is a failing offense, and it is against the law. Avoid
plagiarism by documenting (giving credit) and using quotation
marks when you use the exact words of a source or when you
use an original/unique idea of a critic even if you’ve put it in
your own words.
12
On your Works Cited page, include only the sources from which
you have actually quoted (cited) or paraphrased. In other
words, the names on your Works Cited page must correspond
exactly to the names within your parenthetical documentation.
TYPING THE PAPER, MARKING PHOTOCOPIES, AND
TURNING THE PAPER IN
I
TYPING
A
Page One: Type your last name and page ½” from the top on the
right hand side. Skip an additional half inch and type your
heading on the left side. On the next line type your title
centered on the page. The title of your paper should contain
either the title of the novel or of a main recognizable character.
It should also convey the aspect of the novel on which you’ve
focused. A colon works nicely for this:
The Grapes of Wrath: Biblical Principles in Action
The Member of the Wedding: A Study of Adolescence

The Great Gatsby: Chasing the American Dream
Religious Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath
Silas’ Redemption
Ethan Frome’s Sin
You will use a 1” left margin, a 1” right margin, and a 1”
bottom margin. Double space everything.
B
Subsequent Pages: Name and page ½” from the top on the left;
come down an additional ½” before beginning the text. Use a
1” left margin, a 1” right margin, and a 1” bottom margin.
Double space everything.
C
Works Cited: Name and page ½” from the top on the left; come
down an additional ½” and center the words Works Cited. Do
not underline, italicize, bold, or change font of these words.
Follow these rules also: alphabetize entries, use a hanging
indent, double space everything, list only the sources cited in
the paper. NOTE: The form must conform exactly to MLA
format.
II
FORM
A
Typos count against you. Proofread again and again. Have
someone else proofread for you.
B
Neatness counts. Show me that you care about this project.
III
PHOTOCOPIES

Copies must accompany every source that you use in your
paper. There should be at least one secondary source per main
point. You cannot pass the research paper without including
four secondary sources.Likewise, you cannot pass the research
paper without including copies of your sources exactly as I
specify below.Highlight quotes on copies. Staple each source
separately. Guidelines for copies of sources:
Primary Sources (the short stories that are the focus of your
paper) – copy only the title page and copyright information
(usually found on the back side of the title page). NOTE: If the
stories are found within the class anthology, there is no need to
do this.
Secondary Sources (literary criticism of the primary source):
Gale Group, Infotrac, or Internet Source – print out the entire
article NOTE: If the article is a .pdf, you must print out the
first page before you click on the article (that page has all of
the documentation you need to write your Works Cited).
Printed article (includes reprinted articles in reference books
such as Twentieth Century Literary Criticism) (this also
includes book chapters if there is an editor and if each chapter
is written by a different author) – copy the entire article and the
title page and copyright information from the reference book it
is in
Book (This would be an entire book written by one author)–
copy the title page, copyright information, and only the page or
pages you have used (cited) in your paper
IV
TURNING THE PAPER IN
A
I must have a hard copy of the paper and your sources in order
for you to pass the paper.You will still submit the paper through
Canvas as well. You have two options: You can either drop off

your envelope or mail it. If you bring the paper to campus, you
will turn it in to Building G, Room 113. If you mail it, the
package must be postmarked by the due date of the paper, and
the mailing address should look exactly like this:
Ms. Jessica Cobbs
Bossier Parish Community College
Liberal Arts Department
6220 East Texas Street
Bossier City, Louisiana 71111
B
Buy a manila envelope. If you mail the envelope, then you will
address it using your full name and address. If you deliver the
envelope to campus yourself, on the top left corner of the
envelope, write the MLA heading you use for all essays:
Name
Ms. Cobbs
English 202-275
Date

PLEASE NOTE: If the paper is due on Saturday, you must have
your hard copy delivered to campus by 4:30 the Friday before
the paper is due. The offices are not open on Saturday!
C
Buy a folder. Put your PAPER-CLIPPED FINAL COPY in the
right pocket in the correct order (thesis/outline, paper, Works
Cited).
D
In the left side, put the following:
1
Copies of your sources stapled separately (You cannot pass the
research paper without including copies of your sources)
Works Cited
Baker, Virginia L., and Robert Cole. F. Scott Fitzgerald:
Spokesman for the Jazz Age. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.
Print.
Benet, Stephen Vincent. “Fitzgerald’s Unfinished Symphony.”
The Saturday Review of Literature 22.3 (1941): 15-27. Rpt in.
Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 55. Ed. Marie
Lazzari. Detroit: Gale, 1995. 192-3. Print.
Cowley, Malcolm. “Fitzgerald: The Romance of Money.”
Modern Critical Views: F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Chelsea,
1985. 49-72. Print.
Eble, Kenneth. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Boston: Twayne, 1985.
Print.
---. Fitzgerald and Hemingway. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
UP, 1978. Print.
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner’s,
1993. Print.
Kisker, George W. The Disorganized Personality. 3rd ed.
Cincinnati: McGraw Hill, 1977. Print.
Maxwell, Catherine. “Richard Wright and the African-American
Experience.” The English Journal 60 (1993): 43-9. Galenet.
Web. 10 Oct. 2008.

Mitchell, Seth L. “Mitigating the Issues: A New Perspective on
The Grapes of Wrath.” Bloom’s Critical Views. Ed. Harold
Bloom. New York: Penguin, 1972. 49-63. Print.
Turbin, James. Introduction. The Great Gatsby. By F. Scott
Fitzgerald. New York: Scribner’s, 1993. xi-xiii. Print.
Additional Works Cited Information
Here is an example of an article that has been reprinted in a
reference book such as Contemporary Literary Criticism. Essays
found here were originally published in literary journals. You
may also find where sections or chapters of books have been
reprinted in a reference book. You must give the original
author credit for his/her writing. Look below the articles
(sometimes it is at the beginning), and you will see his/her
name and the original venue for the essay’s publication. (Use
this form for Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, Nineteenth
Century Literature Criticism, Contemporary Literary Criticism,
Novels for Students, and World Literature Criticism.) It should
be documented like this:
Benet, Stephen Vincent. “Fitzgerald’s Unfinished Symphony.”
The Saturday Review of Literature 22.3 (1941): 15-27. Rpt in.
Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 55. Ed. Marie
Lazzari. Detroit: Gale, 1995. 192-3. Print.
Benet is the original author of the essay. Next, you’ll include
the title of the article, the name of the original journal, the
volume number (and issue number if there is one), and the
original year of publication. After that, you’ll add the reprint
information—the essay has been reprinted in (Rpt. in) TCLC
(the reference book)—then include the volume where you found
the essay, the editor’s name, and the publication information for
the reference book. Then, list the page or pages which the
article encompasses. Do not just indicate the page you are
using; give the pagination of the entire article. Finally,
conclude with the medium (print).
Articles reprinted in an Internet database like Literary Resource

Center or MLA Bibliography will look like this:
Maxwell, Catherine. “Richard Wright and the African-American
Experience.” The English Journal 60 (1993): 43-9. Galenet.
Web. 10 Nov. 2008.
Notice that, once again, the original publication information is
listed first. The “60” indicates an original volume number.
Next are original date and page numbers. Finally, list the
database information, starting with the title of the database in
italics (Galenet), the medium (print), and the access date.
For books, check the title page and table of contents to ascertain
if it is an edited book that contains different essays by different
authors. Notice that page numbers are included in this format.
You will have a separate entry for each essay that you use as
each essay is considered a separate source. (This form is used
for Dictionary of Literary Bibliography, Critical Survey of Long
Fiction, and most books you will use from the reserve shelves.)
Your entry will look like this:
Lewis, Leon. “The Great Gatsby: Novel 1925.” Beacham’s
Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction. Vol. 3. Ed. Kirk H. Beetz,
Ph.D. Osprey: Beacham, 1996. 562-70. Print.
Bibliographic Form Guidelines
You will be going to the library to look for sources for your
research paper. When you find a possible source, list the
following information to use later in your Works Cited entry for
that source:
For Books:
For Periodicals:

Author*
Author*
Chapter or Part of Book
Title of Article*
Title of Book*
Name of Periodical*
Editor or Translator
Volume and Issue
Number or Edition
Date*
Name of the Series
Page Numbers of the Article*

Place of Publication*
Publisher*
Date of Publication*
Pages of Chapter Used
*Items marked with an asterisk are required for each citation.
Other items may be needed for some books.
Guidelines for Creating the Works Cited Entry
1 Use reverse or “hanging” indention for each entry. The first
line of each entry begins at the left margin. Second and
subsequent lines are indented five spaces from the left margin.
2 Place a period after each of the three main parts of an entry:
author, title, publication information. Leave only one space
after each period. If the author’s name ends with a middle
initial, one period after the initial is sufficient. If the title ends
in a question mark or exclamation point, do not add a period.
3 Give the author’s full name as it appears in the work.
4 For a work by two or three authors, cite all names but give
only the first author’s name with the last name first: Gove,
Michael R., Walter Hughes, and Michael H. Geerken.
5 If a work has four or more authors, give only the first name
listed, followed b a comma and the Latin abbreviation et al:
Baugh, Albert C., et al.
6 Italicize titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays,
movies, works of art, and computer software.

7 The Bible and books of the Bible are not underlined.
8 Place quotation marks around titles of articles, essays,
newspaper articles, lectures, poems, short stories, chapter titles,
TV or radio episodes in a series, songs, and speeches. Place the
period ending the title part of the entry INSIDE the quotation
mark.
9 Capitalize the first and last words of a title and all other
words expect articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so) and prepositions of fewer than six letters.
Follow this rule even if the title is not capitalized in the source.
10 Include a work’s subtitle as part of the title, also italcized
and preceded by a colon, even if there is no colon on the title
page or in the reference source used. Always capitalize the first
word of the subtitle, even if the first word is an article,
conjunction, or preposition.
Example: Children and Television: A Look at Images in a
Changing World
11 Indicate a work in its second or later edition, or in a revised
edition, by adding the appropriate information after the title.
Example: The Growth of American Thought. 3rd ed.
12 Give the city of publication (followed by a colon), the
publisher’s name (followed by a comma), and the date of
publication (followed by a period).
Example: Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1997.
13 Cite only the city of publication, not the state.
14 Give only the first city listed on the book’s title page, even
if several cities are listed.
15 If no place or no date appears in a book, write n.p. or n.d. in
the appropriate place in the entry. If there are no pages listed in
an article, write n.p. in the appropriate place in the entry.
16 Give the most recent copyright date provided on the
copyright page.
17 Use the shortened form of publisher’s names. Omit business

abbreviations (Co., Inc.) and descriptive terms (Press, House,
Publishers).
18 If the publisher’s name includes several surnames, cite only
the first name.
Example: Prentice Hall becomes Prentice
19 If the publisher’s name is one person’s name, cite only the
surname.
Example: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. becomes Knopf
20 Shorten university press names as follows:
Harvard University Press becomes Harvard UP
University of Chicago Press becomes U of Chicago P
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is intentionally or unintentionally giving the
impression that words or ideas from another source are your
own. In other words, plagiarism is academic dishonesty and
carries severe penalties in all colleges and universities.
Students who plagiarize will, at minimum, receive a zero on
that paper. On the second offense, students will fail this course
and can also be dismissed from the institution. Also, state and
federal laws impose severe fines and/or imprisonment for
plagiarism.
How can you avoid plagiarism?
This is a simple process if the writer is aware of what should be
documented or what does not have to be documented. Note the
following:
1 Common knowledge items do not have to be documented. To
be common knowledge, information must be well-known to a
general audience. For example, America claimed its

independence in 1776. This is a well-known fact; therefore, it
needs no documentation.
2 Original ideas do not have to be documented. Many times
during research, a student will formulate an original idea or
opinion concerning a topic. When this happens, the material
needs no documentation.
3 Critical comments must be documented. These are ideas and
theories taken from other writers. They do not originate with
the writer of the paper.
4 Direct quotes must be documented (even if it’s only a few
words). It is often necessary or appropriate to use material or
statements verbatim from a text. This material must be put in
quotation marks and documented. It is essential to copy the
quoted material exactly as it appears in the text.
5 Paraphrased statements must be documented. When the writer
uses the ideas of another writer and puts these ideas in his or
her own words, the material must still be documented.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Simply rearranging the order of the words
or replacing one or two words with your own still constitutes
plagiarism.
6 Statistics or numbers must be documented.
Using Quotations
1 Direct quotes must always be documented, NO
EXCEPTIONS! Document as quickly as possible after the quote
without interfering with the smooth reading of the sentence.
2 Three ways exist to incorporate quotes into your paper:
a. Quote the entire sentence and identify the author:
Paul Gannon, author of Huxley and His Times, states about

Huxley’s handicap: “His blindness acted as a stimulant rather
than a depressant” (92).
b. Use a portion of the quote to complete your thought:
This period of Huxley’s life “acted as a stimulant rather than a
depressant” (Gannon 92).
c. Paraphrase the entire quote, but credit the author with the
original theory or viewpoint:
This time in Huxley’s life seemed to stimulate him to work
instead of having it defeat him (Gannon 92).
3 NEVER have an entire quotation stuck in the middle of your
paper with no identification or no words of your own leading
into the quotation:
Incorrect: Huxley had difficulties accepting his handicap, but he
was productive nevertheless. “His blindness seemed to act as a
stimulant rather than a depressant” (Gannon 92).
4 Always use present tense verbs when introducing quotes:
Travers says, “………….
Boykin writes, “………...
**Use varied verbs to introduce your direct quotes:
According to Melville…
Raymond Weaver sees…
Watson insists…

One critic argues…
R.W. Lewis declares…
Wright suggests…
Other useful introductory words: adds, affirms, believes, thinks,
verifies, states, reveals. DO NOT use the word quotes as an
introductory word.
5 A quote of more than four typewritten lines is a block quote
and must be set off from the text in the following manner (DO
NOT use more than two block quotes in a five-page paper):
a. Introduce the block quote just as you would any other quote.
b. Double space throughout the quoted material.
c. Indent each line of the quote ten spaces (two tabs) from the
left margin, but keep the right margin even with the rest of the
text.
d. Use a period before citing critic and page number.
e. The long quote does not go in quotation marks.
Example:
Buck’s portrait of the Chinese peasants presents universal
happenings with which the reader can identify:
Not only does the particularity of the wedding day loom on a
general level of credibility, but several other events ring true,
surpassing mere time and locale: the expectation and joy over
the birth of the first child, the suffering induced by poverty and
sickness […] the difficulties caused by war and the catastrophes
of nature. (Doyle 31)

6 Use ellipses to omit material from a direct quote. If you are
omitting an entire sentence, four spaced periods are used:
Doyle claims, “The novel considerably elevates the character of
Wang [….] He receives dimension and a satisfying solidity, and
becomes vivid to the reader” (30).
If you are omitting words within the sentence, three spaced
periods are used:
Doyle states, “He receives dimension […] and becomes vivid to
the reader” (30).
7 Use brackets to interpolate (add) material to a direct quote or
make any changes needed. This may be necessary if you need
to change the tense of a verb or make a pronoun reference clear:
Buck’s life meshed with those of the peasants and “past link[ed]
with present and present link[ed] with future” (Doyle 28).
Doyle asserts, “She never attempted to rewrite it [her first
novel], and no trace of the original exists” (28).
8 If the quote you use contains a mistake in spelling or
grammar, an interpolation is necessary to assure the reader that
the quote is accurate:
Pound dissuaded him: “The thing now runs…without a break.
That is nineteen pages, and let us say the longest poem in the
English langwidge [sic]” (Adams 53).
Sic is a Latin term that means “thus” or “so.”
9 Other rules to follow when quoting:
a. Do not quote the critic quoting your novel.
b. Do not quote the critic discussing obvious factual events that

occur in the novel.
c. The first time you use a critic’s name in text, use his or her
full name. If you use his or her name again in text, use only the
last name.
d. Do not overuse any quote introduction method.
Paraphrasing
In order to avoid plagiarizing, a student must learn to
paraphrase. A paraphrase precisely restates in YOUR WORDS
the written or spoken words of someone else. A paraphrase is
your wording but not your thinking. A paraphrased idea must
be documented even though it’s not quoted directly.
Guidelines for Writing Paraphrases
1 Say what the source says, but no more.
2 Reproduce the source’s order of ideas without having the
source in front of you.
3 Use your own words, phrasing, and sentence structure to
restate the message.
4 Read your sentences over to make sure they do not distort the
source’s meaning.
5 Document carefully. You are required to give the source of
any paraphrase, just as you do for quotations.
Examples
The following example badly plagiarizes both the structure and
the words of the original quotation by Jessica Mitford in Kind
and Unusual Punishment:
ORIGINAL: The character and mentality of the keepers may be

of more importance in
understanding prisons than the character and mentality of
the kept.
PLAGIARISM: But the character of prison officials (the
keepers) is more important in
understanding prisons than the character of prisoners (the
kept).
The next example is more subtle plagiarism because it changes
Mitford’s sentence structure, but it still uses her words.
PLAGIARISM: In understanding prisons, we should know more
about the character and
mentality of the keepers than of the kept.
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM IN PARAPHRASING
The plagiarism in the above examples can be remedied two
ways: Mitford’s exact words can be placed in quotation marks,
or correct paraphrasing can be used.
QUOTATION: According to one critic of the penal system,
“The character and mentality of the
keepers may be of more importance in understanding prisons
than the character

and mentality of the kept” (Mitford 9).
PARAPHRASE: One critic of the penal system maintains that
we may be able to learn more
about prisons from the psychology of the prison officials
than from that of the
prisoners (Mitford 9).
Form and Punctuation for Documentation
After a direct quote:
…in the lives of Daisy and Tom” (Eble 319).
After paraphrase:
…in relation to Fitzgerald’s career (Poupard and Persons 146).
After a long quote set off from the text:
…according to the history of the Jazz Age. (Turbin xii)
When critic’s name is mentioned in text:
Malcolm Cowley strongly suggests that this is true “when
discussing Gatsby and his relationships in relation to the
American Dream” (50).
When you use more than one book by the same author:

…as Nick comments throughout this incident” (Eble, F. Scott
Fitzgerald 14).
…which is Gatsby’s particular brand of dishonesty” (Eble,
Hemingway 85).
When you use a book by two authors:
…and had a profound effect on his life” (Baker and Cole 138).
When you use a book by three or more authors:
…are bound to produce new forms of subjectivity” (Henriques
et al. 275).
Tag Words
Verbs used to help weave quotations into your writing are
sometimes called “tag words.” A number of these words have
rather specific meanings, while others are appropriate in most
situations. Choose the ones that fit your context from the
following representative word list:
1 affirms
2 alleges
3 announces
4 argues
5 ascertains
6 asserts
7 believes

8 cites
9 claims
10 complains
11 concedes
12 concludes
13 contends
14 deduces
15 demonstrates
16 describes
17 disagrees
18 emphasizes
19 explains
20 explores
21 finds
22 grants
23 implies
24 informs
25 insists

26 maintains
27 notes
28 observes
29 offers
30 offers another view
31 points out
32 proposes
33 protests
34 queries
35 questions
36 quotes
37 rails
38 reaffirms
39 recalls
40 recommends
41 reflects
42 reiterates
43 repeats

44 reports
45 reveals
46 says
47 shares
48 shows
49 speculates
50 states
51 stresses
52 submits
53 suggests
54 supposes
55 takes exception
56 tells
57 thinks
58 volunteers
59 writes
Existential Therapy

©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
from philosophy
phenomenological philosophy of “humanness”
are in a constant state of transition, evolving and
becoming
are searching for meaning in their subjective
worlds
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter
6 (1)
questions/sources of existential angst for clients
am I?”
will die.”
does it all mean?”
I die alone?”
am I going to get to where I want to be in my life?”
6 (2)

capacity for self‐awareness
tension between freedom & responsibility
creation of an identity & establishing meaningful
relationships
6 (3)
search for meaning
anxiety as a condition of living
awareness of death and nonbeing
6 (4)
greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for
freedom
is realizing that:
are finite‐‐time is limited

have the choice to act or not to act
Meaning is not automatic‐‐we must seek it
are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness,
emptiness, guilt, and isolation
6 (5)
is “the courage to be”– We must trust ourselves to
search within and find our own answers
great fear is that we will discover that there is no
core, no self
existentially “alone” helps us to discover our
authentic self
6 (6)
aloneness and relatedness helps us develop a
unique identity and live authentically in the moment
their best our relationships are based on our desire for
fulfillment, not based on deprivation
that spring from our sense of deprivation are
clinging, parasitic, and symbiotic

dependence versus the authentic need to be
with others
6 (7)
pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely
meaning in life is a by‐product of a
commitment to creating, loving, and working
will to meaning” is our primary striving
is not meaningful in itself; the individual must
create and discover meaning
6 (8)
four givens of existence create anxiety
anxiety is normal ‐ life cannot be lived, nor can
death be faced, without anxiety
anxiety, of which we typically are unaware, is
anxiety about concrete things that is out of proportion to
the situation
6 (9)

healthy view of anxiety
can be a stimulus for growth as we become
aware of and accept our freedom; it can be a catalyst for
living authentically and fully
can blunt our anxiety by creating the illusion that
there is security in life
we have the courage to face ourselves and life we may
be frightened, but we will be able to change
6 (10)
clients to accept their freedom and responsibility to
act
people in coming to terms with the crises in their
lives
clients to recognize the ways in which they are
not living fully authentic lives
clients to become more honest with themselves
6 (11)

clients’ awareness of their choices
the client’s search for purpose and meaning in
life
clients in developing a deep understanding of
themselves and the ways they can effectively communicate
with others
6 (12)
is a journey taken by therapist and client
person‐to‐person relationship is key
relationship demands that therapists be in contact
with their own phenomenological world
core of the therapeutic relationship
pect and faith in the clients’ potential to cope
reactions with genuine concern and empathy
6 (13)

psychotherapy is not technique oriented
from other models can be used within the
context of striving to understand the subjective world of
the client, but they must be used in an integrated fashion
the deepest self of the therapist meets the
deepest part of the client, the counseling process is at its
best
6 (14)
phase: Clients are assisted in identifying and
clarifying their assumptions about the world
phase: Clients are assisted in more fully
examining the source and authority of their present value
system
phase: Clients are assisted in translating what they
have learned about themselves into action
6 (15)
an ideal environment for therapeutic work on

responsibility
are responsible for their behavior in group
settings provide a mirror of how clients may act
in the world
feedback members learn to view themselves
through another’s eyes
learn how their behavior affects others
ory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 6
(16)
interpersonal skills
an opportunity to relate to others in a
meaningful and authentic way
an opportunity to explore the paradoxes of
existence
to experience anxiety as a reality of the human
condition
g choices in the face of uncertainty
there are no ultimate answers for ultimate
concerns
(17)

existential approach has appeal to culturally diverse
clients since it does not dictate a particular way of
viewing or relating to reality
has a focus on universality, or the common ground
that we all share, as well as on subjective experience
enables clients to examine the degree to which their
behavior is being influenced by social and cultural
conditioning.
(18)
regard the approach excessively individualistic
and insensitive to social factors that cause problems;
however, this is beginning to change.
external realities of racism, discrimination, and
oppression may lead clients to feel patronized or
misunderstood if the therapist too quickly conveys that
they have choice in improving their lives.
clients may prefer more concrete direction.
(19)

have contributed a new dimension to the
understanding of death, anxiety, guilt, frustration,
loneliness, and alienation.
emphasis on the human quality of the therapeutic
relationship is a strength.
key concepts of the existential approach can be
integrated into most therapeutic schools.
(20)
individualistic focus may not fit within the world
views of clients from a collectivistic culture
high focus on self‐determination may not fully
account for real‐life limitations of those who are
oppressed and have limited choices
clients prefer a more directive approach to
counseling
6 (21)
approach may prove difficult for clients who
experience difficulty conceptualizing or have limited

intellectual capacities
approach does not focus on specific techniques,
making treatments difficult to standardize
Limited empirical support
6 (22)
WRITING YOUR THESIS AND OUTLINE
1 Using the information you’ve gathered on content and themes
of your selection, author background, influences, and historical
times, write a cohesive thesis and outline for your paper.
2 You may devote as much of the final text of your paper to
aspects other than thematic (biography, style, influences,
historical times, etc.) as are relevant, but keep in mind as you
set up your outline and plan your paper that at least TWO
COMPLETE PAGES of your text (not counting the conclusion
paragraph) must discuss the themes within the work.
3 Using the format provided to you (see the next link for a
sample thesis/outline), type your thesis and outline. NOTE: If
you have an A, you must have a B.
The Thesis Statement:
· You should think of the thesis statement as the idea you are
proposing. It is based on some interpretation that you are
making about the primary source. From the beginning of your
research, you may formulate a tentative thesis statement which
you will later use, or you may even change it after you have
started writing it.
· The thesis statement is the statement of an idea. It is not a
question and should not appear in question form.

· The thesis statement should be a complete sentence. Don’t
confuse your title with your thesis. Your statement must have a
subject and a verb to form a complete thought. It should
address the themes, underlying meanings, and messages of the
novel which can be proved using primary (the novel) and
secondary (critical commentary) sources as evidence.
· The strongest thesis statement is specific, not vague and
general. It is precise. It is stated in words that can only be
interpreted in one way.
· A thesis statement should never be a simple personal response.
WEAK: Huckleberry Finn is a fascinating account.
BETTER: In Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn,
the character of Huckleberry Finn can be seen as a symbol of
the American spirit.
· A thesis statement should not be simply a fact; rather, it
should be something that is arguable.
WEAK: In Jurassic Park, the dinosaurs destroy and kill
man.
BETTER: In Jurassic Park, Michael Crichton shows
that when man tampers with nature, it can be self-destructive.
· A thesis statement is restricted. It is cut down in size to fit
the scope of the assignment. For this assignment, it should be
broad enough to be covered in five pages (vs. an entire book!),
and not so narrow that after one paragraph you have nothing left
to say!
· For additional information on developing a thesis statement,
review the thesis/outline directions and sample located in this
same folder.
The Outline:
· The outline is a summary of the points you are going to make

in the body of your research paper. The body excludes the
introduction and conclusion, so you will NOT have a Roman
numeral indicating “Introduction” or “Conclusion.” This type
of outline may be different from some you’ve done in your
other classes, but it is the correct MLA outline for a literary
paper.
· The format of the outline is as follows (an example can be
found under Research and MLA tab, Research Paper folder):
1. In the top right corners, you will have your last name and use
lower case Roman numerals (for example, i, ii, iii) to paginate.
2. Type the word Outline in the center at the top.
3. Double-space the entire outline.
4. At the left margin, type the words Thesis Statement (italicize
them), followed by a colon. Then, type out your thesis
statement. Include the title of the work in your thesis
statement.
5. Use upper case Roman numerals (I, II, for example), and
beside each Roman numeral type the topic sentence for a body
paragraph. Each one must be a complete sentence, and it must
directly connect to an idea in your thesis statement. You WILL
NOT type a Roman numeral and write “Introduction” or
“Conclusion” beside it – don’t worry, I know you’ll have these
in your essay!
6. Use upper case Arabic letters (A, B, C, etc.) for specific
events, characters, etc., that you will use within that paragraph
for your point. You do not have to use these if you would only
have one (“A”). You will never include an “A” under a Roman
numeral unless you have a “B.”
7. Your preliminary outline must contain at least three major
points, which will have at least two subtopics per main point.
The more detailed an outline you can produce before starting
your focused research, the easier your research will be.
· There should be no quotes in your outline!

1English 202 Research Paper AssignmentText The research p.docx

1English 202 Research Paper AssignmentText The research p.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 1English 202 Research Paper AssignmentText The research p.docx

Similar to 1English 202 Research Paper AssignmentText The research p.docx (20)

More from felicidaddinwoodie

More from felicidaddinwoodie (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

1English 202 Research Paper AssignmentText The research p.docx