1/9/2017 Public Health: What It Is and How It Works
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284046342/cfi/14!/4/2/44/88/[email protected]:52.9 1/13
PRINTED BY: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
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Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J. 1950;2:740–748.
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Teutsch SM, Churchill RE, eds. Principles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance. New York: Oxford University
Press; 1994.
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Remington PL, Smith MY, Williamson DF, et al. Design, characteristics and usefulness of statebased behavioral risk
factor surveillance, 1981–87. Public Health Rep. 1988;103:366–375.
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Kann L, Kinchen SA, Williams BI, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 1997. In: CDC surveillance
summaries (August 14). MMWR. 47(no. SS3).
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Mosher WD. Design and operation of the 1995 national survey of family growth. Fam Plann Perspect. 1998;30:43–
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1997. MMWR.
1997;46(no. SS54).
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Langmuir AD. The surveillance of communicable diseases of national importance. N Engl J Med. 1963;268:182–192.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History perspectives: history of CDC. MMWR. 1996;45:526–528.
31.
Roemer MI. Preparing public health leaders for the 1990s. Public Health Rep. 1988;103: 443–451.
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Winkelstein W, French FE. The training of epidemiologists in schools of public health in the United States: a
historical note. Int J Epidemiol. 1973;2:415–416.
33.
Association of Schools of Public Health. Enrollment of U.S. schools of public health 1987–1997.
http://www.asph.org/webstud1.gif. Accessed December 14, 1999.
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Crawford BL. Graduate students in U.S. schools of public health: comparison of 3 academic years. Public Health Rep.
1979;94:67–72.
http://www.asph.org/webstud1.gif
1/9/2017 Public Health: What It Is and How It Works
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284046342/cfi/14!/4/2/44/88/[email protected]:52.9 2/13
PRINTED BY: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
35.
Association of Schools of Public Health. Ten most frequently asked questions by perspective students.
http://www.asph.org/10quest.htm. Accessed December 14, 1999.
36.
U.S. Treasury Department/Public Health Service. History of county health organizations in the United States 1908–
1933. In: Public Health Bulletin (No. 222). Washington, DC: Public Health Service, 1936.
37.
Altman D, Morgan DH. The role of state and local government in health. Health Aff. 1983;2;7–31.
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Mountin JW, Flook E. Guide to Health Organization in the United States, 1951. Washington, DC: Public Health
Service, Federal Security Agency, Bureau of S ...
introduction-to-public-health. department of PHpdfosmanolow
An Introduction to pH. Simply put, pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in water. An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, and thus has a negative or positive charge. The pH scale measures the concentration of those charges, assigning them a value from 0 to 14
This document provides an overview of public health in Oklahoma. It discusses what public health is, its core functions, important historical figures and advances, current public health problems, achievements, and essential services. It also describes factors affecting community health, responsibilities in public health, the public health workforce, Oklahoma health department structure, and public health laws.
The document provides a history of health education and health promotion from early civilizations to the present. It discusses how early civilizations advocated for sanitation, clean water, exercise and diet. It then summarizes the early public health movement in Europe in response to poor living conditions during the Industrial Revolution. It describes how the medical model became popular in the late 19th century but was later questioned in the 1960s-70s. This led to the new public health movement and conferences like the Ottawa Charter which emphasized environmental and behavioral factors influencing health.
This document provides an overview of changing concepts in public health. It begins with definitions of public health and discusses its focus on prevention of disease at the population level. The document then outlines 4 phases in the history of public health: [1] the disease control phase from 1880-1920 with a focus on sanitation; [2] the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 adding services like maternal/child health; [3] the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases and behaviors; and [4] the 'Health for All' phase from 1981-2000 aiming to reduce health inequalities. It also lists 5 notable public health officials and 16 surprising facts about the field.
The document discusses the role and history of public health in America. It describes how public health aims to prevent disease through education, vaccination, sanitation efforts, and promoting healthy behaviors. Major milestones include the establishment of the Marine Hospital Service in 1798, the American Public Health Association in 1872, and initiatives in the early 20th century that helped control epidemics. While public health spending remains low compared to treatment costs, programs have significantly reduced smoking and occurrence of diseases. Ongoing challenges include addressing issues like obesity, natural disasters, and drug abuse.
The document provides an overview of public health in the United States through a series of lectures. It begins with distinguishing between private health, which focuses on treating individuals, and public health, which aims to maintain population health through education, policy, and other measures. Next, it reviews the history of public health in the US from the 1700s to present, highlighting milestones like the establishment of the CDC and responses to health crises. The document concludes with learning objectives and references for further information.
introduction-to-public-health. department of PHpdfosmanolow
An Introduction to pH. Simply put, pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in water. An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, and thus has a negative or positive charge. The pH scale measures the concentration of those charges, assigning them a value from 0 to 14
This document provides an overview of public health in Oklahoma. It discusses what public health is, its core functions, important historical figures and advances, current public health problems, achievements, and essential services. It also describes factors affecting community health, responsibilities in public health, the public health workforce, Oklahoma health department structure, and public health laws.
The document provides a history of health education and health promotion from early civilizations to the present. It discusses how early civilizations advocated for sanitation, clean water, exercise and diet. It then summarizes the early public health movement in Europe in response to poor living conditions during the Industrial Revolution. It describes how the medical model became popular in the late 19th century but was later questioned in the 1960s-70s. This led to the new public health movement and conferences like the Ottawa Charter which emphasized environmental and behavioral factors influencing health.
This document provides an overview of changing concepts in public health. It begins with definitions of public health and discusses its focus on prevention of disease at the population level. The document then outlines 4 phases in the history of public health: [1] the disease control phase from 1880-1920 with a focus on sanitation; [2] the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 adding services like maternal/child health; [3] the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases and behaviors; and [4] the 'Health for All' phase from 1981-2000 aiming to reduce health inequalities. It also lists 5 notable public health officials and 16 surprising facts about the field.
The document discusses the role and history of public health in America. It describes how public health aims to prevent disease through education, vaccination, sanitation efforts, and promoting healthy behaviors. Major milestones include the establishment of the Marine Hospital Service in 1798, the American Public Health Association in 1872, and initiatives in the early 20th century that helped control epidemics. While public health spending remains low compared to treatment costs, programs have significantly reduced smoking and occurrence of diseases. Ongoing challenges include addressing issues like obesity, natural disasters, and drug abuse.
The document provides an overview of public health in the United States through a series of lectures. It begins with distinguishing between private health, which focuses on treating individuals, and public health, which aims to maintain population health through education, policy, and other measures. Next, it reviews the history of public health in the US from the 1700s to present, highlighting milestones like the establishment of the CDC and responses to health crises. The document concludes with learning objectives and references for further information.
CHANGING CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH..pptxsuyogspatil
The document discusses the changing concepts of public health over time. It outlines 4 phases - the disease control phase from 1880-1920 which focused on sanitation reforms; the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 which added a focus on individual health; the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 which addressed chronic diseases and risk factors; and the 'Health for All' phase from 1981-2000 which aimed to provide a basic level of health for all people. It also provides some examples of important figures in public health like Edwin Chadwick and outlines how public health systems have contributed to increased life expectancy worldwide through programs like immunization.
Historical developments of community health nursing in the worldNursing Path
The document discusses the historical development of community health nursing around the world and in specific regions. It describes how ancient civilizations had systems of public health and sanitation. It then outlines the development of modern public health and community health nursing in Britain and the United States in the 19th century, driven by industrialization and epidemics. This led to establishing nursing as a profession. The document also discusses the development of community health nursing in India under British rule and post-independence. It raises issues around assessment, diagnosis and goals in community health nursing practice.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical public health study conducted in the 1930s-1970s by the U.S. Public Health Service on poor African American sharecroppers. Researchers withheld treatment for syphilis even after penicillin was discovered without obtaining proper consent. The study caused tremendous harm by resulting in many deaths from syphilis among participants and their families and causing lasting mistrust in government health programs. This highlighted the need to consider ethics in all public health decisions to prevent harm and promote trust.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of public health from ancient times to the present. It outlines key events and figures that helped establish public health practices and institutions, such as early sanitation codes, John Snow's identification of contaminated water as the cause of a cholera outbreak, and the establishment of local boards of health in Massachusetts. The document also describes the shifting phases of public health from disease control and health promotion to a goal of "health for all" established by the World Health Organization in 1981. It defines public health's focus on prevention, community protection, and serving hard-to-reach populations.
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
The document defines public health and public health systems. It then discusses the history of public health in the Philippines from the pre-American occupation period through the American military government and Philippine Assembly periods. During these times, efforts were made to establish hospitals and address diseases like plague, cholera, and tuberculosis. The establishment of organizations like the Bureau of Health helped formalize the public health system and programs in the Philippines.
Public health has evolved significantly over time. Key historical milestones include Hippocrates distinguishing between endemic and epidemic diseases in Ancient Greece, Romans establishing early sanitation systems, the plague pandemics of the Middle Ages, and scientific discoveries during the Renaissance leading to the germ theory of disease. The Industrial Revolution deteriorated worker health but also increased calls for public health reforms. Major figures in the 19th century included John Snow identifying the Broad Street pump as a cholera outbreak source. The 20th century saw the establishment of the World Health Organization and a shift toward addressing non-communicable diseases and health disparities as modern public health challenges.
Chapter 1Community and Public Health Yesterday, Today, and ToEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 1
Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Define the terms health, community, community health, population health, public health, public health system, and global health.
Briefly describe the five major determinants of health.
Explain the difference between personal and community health activities.
List and discuss the factors that influence a community’ s health.
Briefly relate the history of community and public health, including the recent U.S. history of community and public health in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Provide a brief overview of the current health status of Americans.
Describe the purpose of the Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives as they apply to the planning process of the health of Americans.
Describe the major community and public health problems facing the United States and the world today.
Introduction
Much progress made over last 100 years in health and life expectancy
Still room for improvement
Achievement of good health is worldwide goal of 21st century
Requires individual actions to improve personal health and organized community actions
20th Century Achievements in Public Health
Vaccination
Motor vehicle safety
Control of infectious diseases
Decline of deaths from CHD and stroke
Healthier mothers and babies
Safer and healthier foods
Safer workplaces
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Definition: Health
Can mean different things to different people
A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment
Definition: Community
A group of people who have common characteristics
Can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds
Characterized by
Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
Other Definitions (1 of 2)
Public health – actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur; most inclusive term
Community health – health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Population health – health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
Other Definitions (2 of 2)
Global health – health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries
May be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries
Best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
Personal Health Activities Versus Community/Public Health Activities
Personal health activities
Individual actions and decision making that affect the heal ...
Public health aims to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health through organized community efforts. It focuses on assuring healthful conditions for populations rather than treating individuals. Major developments include Hippocrates distinguishing endemic and epidemic diseases, Romans establishing sanitation systems, and the identification of disease-causing microbes in the Renaissance. During the Industrial Revolution, John Snow mapped cholera cases to identify contaminated water as the source. The germ theory of disease became established in the late 1800s, identifying specific pathogens and leading to vaccines. The World Health Organization was formed in 1948 to coordinate global public health efforts.
Philanthropists who seek to improve health often find themselves torn between efforts to identify cures for disease and projects that strive to improve the social conditions that lead to better health. As this remarkable book shows, over a hundred years, The Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to balance these sometimes competing objectives have fundamentally shaped the fields of public health and medicine along the way.
Health well-being-150328134453-conversion-gate01Karina CALEGARI
The Rockefeller Foundation has played a pivotal role in advancing global health and medical science over the past century. It helped launch the first global public health campaigns against diseases like hookworm and supported the development of schools of public health and medicine worldwide. While disease-specific initiatives proved effective, debates emerged around also addressing the social and economic root causes of ill health. The Foundation's work highlighted the need to focus on underserved populations and strengthen health systems, though achieving equity globally remained a challenge. Its efforts established models of collaboration that continue shaping innovations to improve health for all.
This document discusses key concepts in public health, including:
- The rise of public health in response to poor health conditions during the Industrial Revolution such as overcrowding and tuberculosis.
- Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report on the poor sanitary conditions of laborers which shifted focus to improving housing and working conditions.
- The 1848 Public Health Act in England and similar initiatives in the US which established the responsibility of the state for public health.
- Definitions of public health emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion, and organized community efforts around sanitation, infection control, education and access to healthcare.
- The challenges of recognizing achievements in public health due to its preventive nature and "silent victories" compared to clinical
The document examines the World Health Organization's (WHO) endorsement of food irradiation, finding that the WHO abandoned its original research agenda on irradiation safety and ceded authority to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), whose mission is to promote nuclear technology rather than public health, influencing the WHO's determination that irradiated food is safe for human consumption without sufficient independent review.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
The field concerned with the study of health and disease in the defined community or group.
Its goal is to identify the health problems and needs of people (community diagnosis) and to plan, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of health care system.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study from 1932 to 1972 involved hundreds of poor African American sharecroppers in Alabama who unknowingly had syphilis. Researchers failed to obtain informed consent from participants or provide proper treatment even after penicillin was found to be effective. A review panel halted the study in 1972, deeming it "ethically unjustified" for putting participants' health at serious risk. In the aftermath, the government and Tuskegee University tried to repair trust damaged by the study, which caused many lives lost to syphilis. The legacy of this unethical study sparked discussions about promoting ethical decision making in public health.
In Africa, the Humana People to People organization has even set up "soy restaurants" that are operated by committed volunteers who fight HIV/AIDS in their communities. By coupling a protein-rich meal of soy with educational programs, Humana believes that it can feed the body while it informs the mind about how to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Soy restaurant customers pay a minimal amount for their meals, although meals are free fo
The document provides an overview of key concepts from Lecture c of Public Health, Part 1. It discusses the radical improvements public health has made to population health, including examples of successes in communicable disease control. It also reviews some historical highlights of public health in the US, noting how life expectancy has increased 30 years since 1900 due largely to public health initiatives. Major causes of death in 2014 are listed, with all but one being chronic or injury-related.
THEORIES OF DISEASE, ICEBERG PHENOMENON OF DISEASE, HEALTH & ITS CONCEPTS, CHANGING CONCEPTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH, LANDMARK COMMITTEES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN INDIA, RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
*videos, animations may not play
Business UseWeek 1 Assignment #1Instructions1. Plea.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Week 1: Assignment #1
Instructions
1. Please read these two articles:
· Using forensics against a fitbit device to solve a murder: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-fitbit-alibi-21st-century-technology-used-to-help-solve-wisconsin-moms-murder/
· How Amazon Echo could be forensically analyzed! https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14189384/amazon-echo-murder-evidence-surveillance-data
2. Then go around in your residence / dwelling (home, apartment, condo, etc) and be creative.
3. Identify at least five appliances or devices that you THINK could be forensically analyzed and then identify how this might be useful in an investigation. Note - do not count your computer or mobile device. Those are obvious!
4. I expect at least one paragraph answer for each device.
Why did I assign this?
The goal is to have you start THINKING about how any device, that is capable of holding electronic data (and transmitting to the Internet) could be useful in a particular investigation!
Due Date
This is due by Sunday, May 10th at 11:59PM
Surname 6
Informative speech on George Stinney Jr.
A. Info research analysis
The general purpose of the speech was to inform people about the civil injustice being done against the African American community in the United States. The specific purpose of the speech was to portray to the audience how an innocent 14-year old black boy suffered in the hands of the South Carolina State law enforcing officers. He was falsely accused of killing two white girls and electrocuted within two months after conviction.
I decided the topic of my speech after perusing through all the suggested topics ad found that the story of George Stinney Jr. was touching and emotional entirely.
This topic benefits the audience and the society in general by giving them an insight of the cruelty that the American law system has against the African American community. The audience gets to know how the shady investigations were done with claims that George had pleaded guilty to the charges of murder when there was no real evidence tying him to the crime or a signed plea agreement.
The alternative view that I found in the research was the version of the investigating officer of the case who claimed that the 14-year old boy managed to kill two girls aged 11 and 7 with a blunt object and ditch them in a nearby trench. This alternative point of view did not make sense because it is hard for a 14-year old boy to use the force that was reported by postmortem results to kill the girls. Therefore, I knew everything was a lie and I had to take the point of view of George’s innocence.
B. informative outline
Introduction:
George Stinney Jr. was an African American boy born on October 21, 1929 in Pinewood, South Carolina, U.S. He is considered as the youngest person to be executed by the United State government in 20th century.
Main body
Investigations of the alleged crimes (Bickford, 05)
The investigations concerning the alleged crimes of George S.
Business UsePALADIN ASSIGNMENT ScenarioYou are give.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
PALADIN ASSIGNMENT
Scenario:
You are given a PC and you are faced with this scenario: you don’t know the password to the PC which means you can’t login so you can use a forensic tool like FTK IMAGER to capture the hard drive as a bit-for-bit forensic image AND/OR
1. The hard drive is either soldiered onto the motherboard (there are some new hard drives like this!) or cannot be removed because the screws are stripped (this has happened to me);
2. Even if you figured out the password or got an admin password the PC may have its USB ports blocked via a GPO policy (this is very common in corporations now);
3. Even if you can get the GPO policy overridden you may have some concerns about putting it on the network (which is true especially if you are dealing with malware).
So what you can you do? The best solution is to boot the PC up into forensically sound environment that lets you bypass the password aspect; GPO policy; etc and take a bit-for-bit image. One software that has done the job very well for me is Paladin.
How to get points
If you can send me a screenshot showing me that you had installed Paladin .ISO and made your USB device a bootable device with Paladin using Rufus then you get 10 points.
If you can send me a screenshot showing that you had a chance to boot your computer into Paladin then you will earn an extra 10 points. It is not necessary for you to take a forensic image of your PC but I have included generic instructions here.
Assumptions:
1. You have downloaded Rufus on your computer
2. You have downloaded Paladin on your computer.
Instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least one USB drive.
2. If not down already, download Rufus from https://rufus.ie/.
3. If not done already, download the Paladin ISO image from this website: https://sumuri.com/product/paladin-64-bit-version-7/ which is free. It’s suggested price is $25.00 but you can adjust the price to $0 then order. To be clear – do not pay anything.
4. Insert the USB device in your computer.
5. Run Rufus where you install the Paladin .ISO file on the USB device and make it bootable. Now I could provide you step by step instructions, but this is a Masters class so I want you to explore a bit and figure this out. One good video is this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6JehM0WDTI.
6. After you are done using Rufus where you have installed Paladin.ISO on the USB device and made it bootable then make sure the USB device is in the PC.
7. Restart your PC. Press F9(HP) laptop) or F12 (Dell laptop) so you can be taken into the BIOS bootup menu.
8. This is where things get a bit tricky e.g. your compute may be configured differently where you have to adjust your BIOS settings. If you do not feel comfortable doing this then stop here. I do not want you to mess up your computer. You have already earned ten extra points!
9. If you still proceed then you will see a list of bootable devices. You may, for example, see a list of devices. Pick the device .
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CHANGING CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH..pptxsuyogspatil
The document discusses the changing concepts of public health over time. It outlines 4 phases - the disease control phase from 1880-1920 which focused on sanitation reforms; the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 which added a focus on individual health; the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 which addressed chronic diseases and risk factors; and the 'Health for All' phase from 1981-2000 which aimed to provide a basic level of health for all people. It also provides some examples of important figures in public health like Edwin Chadwick and outlines how public health systems have contributed to increased life expectancy worldwide through programs like immunization.
Historical developments of community health nursing in the worldNursing Path
The document discusses the historical development of community health nursing around the world and in specific regions. It describes how ancient civilizations had systems of public health and sanitation. It then outlines the development of modern public health and community health nursing in Britain and the United States in the 19th century, driven by industrialization and epidemics. This led to establishing nursing as a profession. The document also discusses the development of community health nursing in India under British rule and post-independence. It raises issues around assessment, diagnosis and goals in community health nursing practice.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical public health study conducted in the 1930s-1970s by the U.S. Public Health Service on poor African American sharecroppers. Researchers withheld treatment for syphilis even after penicillin was discovered without obtaining proper consent. The study caused tremendous harm by resulting in many deaths from syphilis among participants and their families and causing lasting mistrust in government health programs. This highlighted the need to consider ethics in all public health decisions to prevent harm and promote trust.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of public health from ancient times to the present. It outlines key events and figures that helped establish public health practices and institutions, such as early sanitation codes, John Snow's identification of contaminated water as the cause of a cholera outbreak, and the establishment of local boards of health in Massachusetts. The document also describes the shifting phases of public health from disease control and health promotion to a goal of "health for all" established by the World Health Organization in 1981. It defines public health's focus on prevention, community protection, and serving hard-to-reach populations.
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
The document defines public health and public health systems. It then discusses the history of public health in the Philippines from the pre-American occupation period through the American military government and Philippine Assembly periods. During these times, efforts were made to establish hospitals and address diseases like plague, cholera, and tuberculosis. The establishment of organizations like the Bureau of Health helped formalize the public health system and programs in the Philippines.
Public health has evolved significantly over time. Key historical milestones include Hippocrates distinguishing between endemic and epidemic diseases in Ancient Greece, Romans establishing early sanitation systems, the plague pandemics of the Middle Ages, and scientific discoveries during the Renaissance leading to the germ theory of disease. The Industrial Revolution deteriorated worker health but also increased calls for public health reforms. Major figures in the 19th century included John Snow identifying the Broad Street pump as a cholera outbreak source. The 20th century saw the establishment of the World Health Organization and a shift toward addressing non-communicable diseases and health disparities as modern public health challenges.
Chapter 1Community and Public Health Yesterday, Today, and ToEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 1
Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Define the terms health, community, community health, population health, public health, public health system, and global health.
Briefly describe the five major determinants of health.
Explain the difference between personal and community health activities.
List and discuss the factors that influence a community’ s health.
Briefly relate the history of community and public health, including the recent U.S. history of community and public health in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Provide a brief overview of the current health status of Americans.
Describe the purpose of the Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives as they apply to the planning process of the health of Americans.
Describe the major community and public health problems facing the United States and the world today.
Introduction
Much progress made over last 100 years in health and life expectancy
Still room for improvement
Achievement of good health is worldwide goal of 21st century
Requires individual actions to improve personal health and organized community actions
20th Century Achievements in Public Health
Vaccination
Motor vehicle safety
Control of infectious diseases
Decline of deaths from CHD and stroke
Healthier mothers and babies
Safer and healthier foods
Safer workplaces
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Definition: Health
Can mean different things to different people
A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment
Definition: Community
A group of people who have common characteristics
Can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds
Characterized by
Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
Other Definitions (1 of 2)
Public health – actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur; most inclusive term
Community health – health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Population health – health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
Other Definitions (2 of 2)
Global health – health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries
May be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries
Best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
Personal Health Activities Versus Community/Public Health Activities
Personal health activities
Individual actions and decision making that affect the heal ...
Public health aims to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health through organized community efforts. It focuses on assuring healthful conditions for populations rather than treating individuals. Major developments include Hippocrates distinguishing endemic and epidemic diseases, Romans establishing sanitation systems, and the identification of disease-causing microbes in the Renaissance. During the Industrial Revolution, John Snow mapped cholera cases to identify contaminated water as the source. The germ theory of disease became established in the late 1800s, identifying specific pathogens and leading to vaccines. The World Health Organization was formed in 1948 to coordinate global public health efforts.
Philanthropists who seek to improve health often find themselves torn between efforts to identify cures for disease and projects that strive to improve the social conditions that lead to better health. As this remarkable book shows, over a hundred years, The Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to balance these sometimes competing objectives have fundamentally shaped the fields of public health and medicine along the way.
Health well-being-150328134453-conversion-gate01Karina CALEGARI
The Rockefeller Foundation has played a pivotal role in advancing global health and medical science over the past century. It helped launch the first global public health campaigns against diseases like hookworm and supported the development of schools of public health and medicine worldwide. While disease-specific initiatives proved effective, debates emerged around also addressing the social and economic root causes of ill health. The Foundation's work highlighted the need to focus on underserved populations and strengthen health systems, though achieving equity globally remained a challenge. Its efforts established models of collaboration that continue shaping innovations to improve health for all.
This document discusses key concepts in public health, including:
- The rise of public health in response to poor health conditions during the Industrial Revolution such as overcrowding and tuberculosis.
- Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report on the poor sanitary conditions of laborers which shifted focus to improving housing and working conditions.
- The 1848 Public Health Act in England and similar initiatives in the US which established the responsibility of the state for public health.
- Definitions of public health emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion, and organized community efforts around sanitation, infection control, education and access to healthcare.
- The challenges of recognizing achievements in public health due to its preventive nature and "silent victories" compared to clinical
The document examines the World Health Organization's (WHO) endorsement of food irradiation, finding that the WHO abandoned its original research agenda on irradiation safety and ceded authority to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), whose mission is to promote nuclear technology rather than public health, influencing the WHO's determination that irradiated food is safe for human consumption without sufficient independent review.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
The field concerned with the study of health and disease in the defined community or group.
Its goal is to identify the health problems and needs of people (community diagnosis) and to plan, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of health care system.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study from 1932 to 1972 involved hundreds of poor African American sharecroppers in Alabama who unknowingly had syphilis. Researchers failed to obtain informed consent from participants or provide proper treatment even after penicillin was found to be effective. A review panel halted the study in 1972, deeming it "ethically unjustified" for putting participants' health at serious risk. In the aftermath, the government and Tuskegee University tried to repair trust damaged by the study, which caused many lives lost to syphilis. The legacy of this unethical study sparked discussions about promoting ethical decision making in public health.
In Africa, the Humana People to People organization has even set up "soy restaurants" that are operated by committed volunteers who fight HIV/AIDS in their communities. By coupling a protein-rich meal of soy with educational programs, Humana believes that it can feed the body while it informs the mind about how to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Soy restaurant customers pay a minimal amount for their meals, although meals are free fo
The document provides an overview of key concepts from Lecture c of Public Health, Part 1. It discusses the radical improvements public health has made to population health, including examples of successes in communicable disease control. It also reviews some historical highlights of public health in the US, noting how life expectancy has increased 30 years since 1900 due largely to public health initiatives. Major causes of death in 2014 are listed, with all but one being chronic or injury-related.
THEORIES OF DISEASE, ICEBERG PHENOMENON OF DISEASE, HEALTH & ITS CONCEPTS, CHANGING CONCEPTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH, LANDMARK COMMITTEES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN INDIA, RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
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Similar to 192017 Public Health What It Is and How It Workshttps.docx (20)
Business UseWeek 1 Assignment #1Instructions1. Plea.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Week 1: Assignment #1
Instructions
1. Please read these two articles:
· Using forensics against a fitbit device to solve a murder: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-fitbit-alibi-21st-century-technology-used-to-help-solve-wisconsin-moms-murder/
· How Amazon Echo could be forensically analyzed! https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14189384/amazon-echo-murder-evidence-surveillance-data
2. Then go around in your residence / dwelling (home, apartment, condo, etc) and be creative.
3. Identify at least five appliances or devices that you THINK could be forensically analyzed and then identify how this might be useful in an investigation. Note - do not count your computer or mobile device. Those are obvious!
4. I expect at least one paragraph answer for each device.
Why did I assign this?
The goal is to have you start THINKING about how any device, that is capable of holding electronic data (and transmitting to the Internet) could be useful in a particular investigation!
Due Date
This is due by Sunday, May 10th at 11:59PM
Surname 6
Informative speech on George Stinney Jr.
A. Info research analysis
The general purpose of the speech was to inform people about the civil injustice being done against the African American community in the United States. The specific purpose of the speech was to portray to the audience how an innocent 14-year old black boy suffered in the hands of the South Carolina State law enforcing officers. He was falsely accused of killing two white girls and electrocuted within two months after conviction.
I decided the topic of my speech after perusing through all the suggested topics ad found that the story of George Stinney Jr. was touching and emotional entirely.
This topic benefits the audience and the society in general by giving them an insight of the cruelty that the American law system has against the African American community. The audience gets to know how the shady investigations were done with claims that George had pleaded guilty to the charges of murder when there was no real evidence tying him to the crime or a signed plea agreement.
The alternative view that I found in the research was the version of the investigating officer of the case who claimed that the 14-year old boy managed to kill two girls aged 11 and 7 with a blunt object and ditch them in a nearby trench. This alternative point of view did not make sense because it is hard for a 14-year old boy to use the force that was reported by postmortem results to kill the girls. Therefore, I knew everything was a lie and I had to take the point of view of George’s innocence.
B. informative outline
Introduction:
George Stinney Jr. was an African American boy born on October 21, 1929 in Pinewood, South Carolina, U.S. He is considered as the youngest person to be executed by the United State government in 20th century.
Main body
Investigations of the alleged crimes (Bickford, 05)
The investigations concerning the alleged crimes of George S.
Business UsePALADIN ASSIGNMENT ScenarioYou are give.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
PALADIN ASSIGNMENT
Scenario:
You are given a PC and you are faced with this scenario: you don’t know the password to the PC which means you can’t login so you can use a forensic tool like FTK IMAGER to capture the hard drive as a bit-for-bit forensic image AND/OR
1. The hard drive is either soldiered onto the motherboard (there are some new hard drives like this!) or cannot be removed because the screws are stripped (this has happened to me);
2. Even if you figured out the password or got an admin password the PC may have its USB ports blocked via a GPO policy (this is very common in corporations now);
3. Even if you can get the GPO policy overridden you may have some concerns about putting it on the network (which is true especially if you are dealing with malware).
So what you can you do? The best solution is to boot the PC up into forensically sound environment that lets you bypass the password aspect; GPO policy; etc and take a bit-for-bit image. One software that has done the job very well for me is Paladin.
How to get points
If you can send me a screenshot showing me that you had installed Paladin .ISO and made your USB device a bootable device with Paladin using Rufus then you get 10 points.
If you can send me a screenshot showing that you had a chance to boot your computer into Paladin then you will earn an extra 10 points. It is not necessary for you to take a forensic image of your PC but I have included generic instructions here.
Assumptions:
1. You have downloaded Rufus on your computer
2. You have downloaded Paladin on your computer.
Instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least one USB drive.
2. If not down already, download Rufus from https://rufus.ie/.
3. If not done already, download the Paladin ISO image from this website: https://sumuri.com/product/paladin-64-bit-version-7/ which is free. It’s suggested price is $25.00 but you can adjust the price to $0 then order. To be clear – do not pay anything.
4. Insert the USB device in your computer.
5. Run Rufus where you install the Paladin .ISO file on the USB device and make it bootable. Now I could provide you step by step instructions, but this is a Masters class so I want you to explore a bit and figure this out. One good video is this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6JehM0WDTI.
6. After you are done using Rufus where you have installed Paladin.ISO on the USB device and made it bootable then make sure the USB device is in the PC.
7. Restart your PC. Press F9(HP) laptop) or F12 (Dell laptop) so you can be taken into the BIOS bootup menu.
8. This is where things get a bit tricky e.g. your compute may be configured differently where you have to adjust your BIOS settings. If you do not feel comfortable doing this then stop here. I do not want you to mess up your computer. You have already earned ten extra points!
9. If you still proceed then you will see a list of bootable devices. You may, for example, see a list of devices. Pick the device .
Business UsePractical Connection WorkThis work is a writte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Practical Connection Work
This work is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and been put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course, to date, have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment.
If you are not currently working, then this is where you can be creative and identify how you THINK this could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word minimum reflection.
Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments given in the course. Reflect and write about how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
// Pediatric depressionTherapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.
Client complained of feeling “sad” Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages Physical exam unremarkable Laboratory studies WNL Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation Client seen by Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation, but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead.
The PMHNP administers the Children's Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)
RESOURCES
§ Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale--Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Decision Point OneSelect what the PMHNP should do:Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
.
Business System Analyst
SUMMARY:
· Cognos Business In experience intelligence with expertise in Software Design, Development, and Analysis, Teradata, Testing, Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence tools.
· Expertise in Cognos 11/10.2, 10.1, 8.x (Query Studio, Report Studio, Analysis Studio, Business Insight/Workspace, Business Insight/Workspace Advanced, Metric Studio (Score carding), Framework Manager, Cognos Connection)
· Expertise in Installation and Configuration of Cognos BI Products in Distributed environment on Windows
· Expertise with Framework Manager Modeling (Physical Layer, Business Layer, Packages) and Complex Report building with Report Studio.
· Expertise developing complex reports using drill-through reports, prompts, dashboards, master-detail, burst-reports, dynamic filtering in Cognos.
· Expertise in creating Dashboard reports using Java Script in Report studio.
· Expertise in building scorecard reports and dashboard reports using metric studio.
· Expertise with Transformer models and cubes that were used in Power play analysis and also these cubes were used in various Analysis Studio reports.
· Expertise with MDX Functions in Report Studio using Multi-dimensional Sources.
· Expertise with Cognos security (LDAP, Active Directory, Access manager, object level security, data security).
· Expertise with Tabbed Inter-phases and with Interactive Behavior of value based chart highlighting.
· Sound Skills in developing SQL Scripts, PL/SQL Stored Procedures, functions, packages.
· Expertise on production support and troubleshoot/test issues with existing reports and cubes.
· Experienced with MS SQL Server BI Tools like SSIS, SSRS and SSAS.
· Expertise in creation of packages, Data and Control tasks, Reports and Cubes using MS SQL Server BI Tools.
· Ability to translate business requirements into technical specifications and interact with end users to gather requirements for reporting.
· Good understanding of business process in Financial, Insurance and Healthcare areas.
· Expertise in infrastructure design for the cognos environment and security setup for different groups as per business requirement.
· Creating training material on all the Ad-Hoc training
· Expertise in all the basic administrative tasks like deployments, routing rule setup’s , user group setup , folder level securities etc.
· Have deployment knowledge of IBM Cognos report in Application servers like WAS.
· Have knowledge on handling securities and administration functionalities on IBM Cognos 10.x
· Good work ethics, detail oriented, fast learner, team oriented, flexible and adaptable to all kinds of stressful environments. Possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
Technical Skills:
BI Platform
Cognos 11,10.2, 10.1, 8.x (Query Studio, Report Studio, Analysis Studio, Business Insight/Workspace, Business Insight/Workspace Advanced, Metric Studio (Score carding), Framework Manager, Cognos Connection)
Data Base
MS Access, MS SQL Server, Orac.
Business StrategyOrganizations have to develop an international .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy
Organizations have to develop an international Human Resources Management Strategy, when they expand globally. Which do you think is more critical for international Human Resource Management:
Understanding the cultural environment, or
Understanding the political and legal environment?
Please choose 1 position and give a rationale; examples are also a way to demonstrate your understanding of the learning concepts.
.
Business StrategyGroup BCase Study- KFC Business Analysis.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy
Group B
Case Study- KFC Business Analysis
Abstract
Introduced in 1952 by Colonel Sanders
Second largest restaurant chain today in terms of popularity
Annual revenue of $23 billion
Diversified its menu to suit cultural needs of people across different countries
Hindering factors in KFC’s growth are growing consumer health consciousness, animal welfare criticism, environmental criticism
Introduction
KFC was born in 1952 and its founder was Colonel Sanders
First franchise to grow globally over international market
By the 1960s – 1980s the market was booming in countries like England, Mexico, China
Management and ownership transferred over the years to Heublin, Yum Brands and PepsiCo.
Annual revenue of $23 billion in 2013
KFC had expanded its menu to suit cultural needs of people across different countries
Hindering factors in KFC’s growth are growing consumer health consciousness, animal welfare criticism, environmental criticism, logistic management issue in UK, cultural differences in Asian countries towards accepting the fried chicken menu.
Factors contributing to KFC’s global success
The core reason for KFCs success is it’s mandate to follow strict franchise protocols that have continuously satisfied customers demands:
The quality of the chicken cooked in KFC has certain specific guidelines
The size of the restaurant should be 24x60 feet.
The restaurant washrooms and ktichen has certain cleanliness standards
Food that is not sold off needs to be trashed
The workers need to have a specific clothing and uniform.
A certain % of the gross earnings should be used for advertisement and R&D
Air conditioning is mandatory in the outlets
Global number of KFC restaurants in the past decade
Importance of cultural factors to KFC’s sales success in India and China
Culture is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values
“Culture is everything that people have, think, and do as members of their society”, which demonstrating that culture is made up of (1) material objects; (2) ideas, values, attitudes and beliefs; and (3) specified, or expected behavior.
Many scholars have theorized and studied the notion of cross-cultural adaptation, which tends to move from one culture to another one, by learning the elements such as rules, norms, customs, and language of the new culture (Oberg 1960, Keefe and Padilla 1987, Kealey 1989). According to Ady (1995),
“Cultural adaptation is the evolutionary process by which an individual modifies his personal habits and customs to fit into a particular culture. It can also refer to gradual changes within a culture or society that occur as people from different backgrounds participating in the culture and sharing their perspectives and practices.”
Cultural factors in India that go against KFC’s original recipe.
.
Business Strategy Differentiation, Cost Leadership, a.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document discusses various concepts related to business strategy and competitive advantage. It begins by defining a business-level strategy and outlining the "who, what, why, and how" of competing for advantage. It then discusses how industry and firm effects jointly determine competitive advantage. Key ideas around generating and sustaining advantage through barriers to imitation are presented. The document also discusses concepts like differentiation advantage, cost leadership, learning curves, economies of scale, value chains, and the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic coherence and dynamic strategic activity systems are defined.
Business RequirementsReference number Document Control.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Requirements
Reference number:
Document Control
Change Record
Date
Author
Version
Change Reference
Reviewers
Name
Position
Table of Contents
2Document Control
1
Business Requirements
4
1.1
Project Overview
4
1.2
Background including current process
4
1.3
Scope
4
1.3.1
Scope of Project
4
1.3.2
Constraints and Assumptions
5
1.3.3
Risks
5
1.3.4
Scope Control
5
1.3.5
Relationship to Other Systems/Projects
5
1.3.6
Definition of Terms (if applicable)
5
1 Business Requirements
1.1 Project Overview
Provide a short, yet complete, overview of the project.
1.2 Background including current process
Describe the background to the project, (same section may be reused in the Quality Plan) include:
This project is
The project goal is to
The IT role for this project is
1.3 Scope
1.3.1 Scope of Project
The scope of this project includes a number of areas. For each area, there should be a corresponding strategy for incorporating these areas into the overall project.
Applications
In order to meet the target production date, only these applications will be implemented:
Sites
These sites are considered part of the implementation:
Process Re-engineering
Re-engineering will
Customization
Customizations will be limited to
Interfaces
the interfaces included are:
Architecture
Application and Technical Architecture will
Conversion
Only the following data and volume will be considered for conversion:
Testing
Testing will include only
Funding
Project funding is limited to
Training
Training will be
Education
Education will include
1.3.2 Constraints and Assumptions
The following constraints have been identified:
The following assumptions have been made in defining the scope, objectives and approach:
1.3.3 Risks
The following risks have been identified as possibly affecting the project during its progression:
1.3.4 Scope Control
The control of changes to the scope identified in this document will be managed through the Change Control, with business owner representative approval for any changes that affect cost or timeline for the project.
1.3.5 Relationship to Other Systems/Projects
It is the responsibility of the business unit to inform IT of other business initiatives that may impact the project. The following are known business initiatives:
1.3.6 Definition of Terms (if applicable)
List any definitions that will be used throughout the duration of the project.
5
A working structure is the fundamental programming that bargains with all the mechanical social affair and other programming on a PC. It other than pulls in us to visit with the PC without perceiving how to talk the piece PC programs language's. A working structure is inside theory of programming on a contraption that keeps everything together. Working systems visit with the's contraption. They handle everything from your solace and mice to the Wi-Fi radio, gathering contraptions, and show. Symbolically, a worki.
Business ProposalThe Business Proposal is the major writing .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Proposal
The Business Proposal is the major writing assignment in the course. You are to create and submit a formal proposal that suggests how to change something within an organization. This organization can be large or small, a place of employment now or in the past, or an organization to which the students belong. From past experiences, it is best to use a business with fewer than 200 employees, and one with which you have personal experience. It could be a place where you currently work or a place you have worked or volunteered in the past.
The change can be specific to a unit or can apply to the whole organization; it can relate to how important information is distributed, who has access to important information, how information is accessed, or any other change in practices the students see as having a benefit. The proposal should be directed to the person or committee with the power to authorize the change. However, if you are working within a large organization, and asking for a small organizational change, communicating with a CEO or president may not make the most sense. You need to think about who within the organization might be the best person for the type of change suggested.
For the submission, you are to follow the guidelines for formal proposals available in Chapter 10 of the text. You can review 10.1, 10.4, and 10.19 for more information about specific components for a well-written formal business proposal. A complete proposal must have all required sections of a formal report excluding the copy of an RFP and the Authorization. The final draft of the proposal should be 1500–2000 words, and include the following necessary formal proposal components:
Letter of transmittal
Executive summary
Title page
Table of contents
List of illustrations
Introduction
Background: Purpose/problem
Proposal: plan, schedule, details
Staffing
Budget
Appendix
Formatting does matter for this assignment, and you are to check the text for details about how to format and draft the different proposal segments. Proposals don't just have text; graphics and charts are necessary, too. In addition, research is important, and footnotes and references must be included. All content should be concise, clear, and detailed. The proposal should be well-written with appropriate grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
This is a scaffolded writing project that consists of four assignments.
.
Business ProjectProject Progress Evaluation Feedback Form .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Project
Project Progress Evaluation
Feedback Form Week 3
Date:
__________________________________________________
Student Name:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Project Title: Effect Of Increasing Training Budget
Project Type: Business Research
Researchers:
Has a topic been chosen and a problem statement created?
Yes { } NO { }
Was the problem statement submitted in a 1-4 page paper that includes an introduction to the topic with appropriate documentation?
Yes { } No { }
Specifically, if any, needs additional content or rewriting to create more clarity? What specific recommendations do you have to help in this process?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What is your workable timetable that states specific objectives and target completion dates for completing the final draft of the plan? Write the timetable below:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Feedback Form #3 – Project Proposal and Plan
▼
THE UK’S LEADING PROVIDER OF EXPERT SERVICES FOR IT PROFESSIONALS
NATIONAL COMPUTING CENTRE
IT Governance
Developing a successful governance strategy
A Best Practice guide for decision makers in IT
IT Governance
Developing a successful governance strategy
A Best Practice guide for decision makers in IT
The effective use of information technology is now an accepted organisational imperative - for
all businesses, across all sectors - and the primary motivation; improved communications and
commercial effectiveness. The swift pace of change in these technologies has consigned many
established best practice approaches to the past. Today's IT decision makers and business
managers face uncertainty - characterised by a lack of relevant, practical, advice and standards
to guide them through this new business revolution.
Recognising the lack of available best practice guidance, the National Computing Centre has
created the Best Practice Series to capture and define best practice across the key aspects of
successful business.
Other Titles in the NCC Best Practice series:
IT Skills - Recruitment and Retention ISBN 0-85012-867-6
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Aligning IT with Business Strategy ISBN 0-85012-889-7
Enterprise Architecture - underst.
BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF COST MANAGEMENT IN H.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF COST
MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS
1
1
st
IVANA DRAŽIĆ LUTILSKY
Departement of Accounting
Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Zagreb
Croatia
[email protected]
2
nd
LUCIJA JUROŠ
Faculty of Economics and Business
[email protected]
Abstract: This paper is dealing with the importance of business processes regarding costs
tracking and cost management in healthcare institutions. Various changes within the health
care system and funding of hospitals require the introduction of management information
systems and cost accounting. The introduction of cost accounting in public hospitals would
allow the planning and control of costs, monitoring of costs per patient or service and the
calculation of indicators for the analysis and assessment of the economic performance of the
business of public hospitals and lead to the transparency of budget spending. A model that
would be suited to the introduction in the public hospital is full cost allocation model based on
activities or processes that occur, known as the ABC method. Given that this is a calculation
of cost of services provided through various internal business processes, it is important to
identify all business processes in order to be able to calculate the costs incurred by services.
Although the hospital does not do business with the aim to make a profit, they must follow all
the costs (direct and indirect) to be able to calculate the full costs i.e. the price of the service
provided. In addition, the long-term sustainability of business activities in terms of funding
difficulties and the continuous growth of cost of services provided, hospitals must control and
reduce the cost of the program and specific activities. Therefore, the objective of this paper is
to point out the importance of business processes while introducing ABC method.
Keywords: Business Processes, Cost management, ABC method, Healthcare Institutions
1
This work has been fully supported by University of Zagreb funding the project “Business processes in the
implementation of cost management in healthcare system”, Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
University of Zagreb.
mailto:[email protected]
1 Introduction
In recent years, the efficiency of the management in health care services and the system of
quality in health care institutions significantly increased. Patients expect more from
healthcare providers and higher standards of care. At the same time, those who pay for
health services are increasingly concerned about the rising costs of health care services, but
also the potential ineffectiveness of the health care system. Consequently, there is a broad
interest in understanding the ways of efficient work of health care management and .
Business Process Management JournalBusiness process manageme.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Process Management Journal
Business process management: a maturity assessment of Saudi Arabian
organizations
Omar AlShathry,
Article information:
To cite this document:
Omar AlShathry, (2016) "Business process management: a maturity assessment of Saudi Arabian
organizations", Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Issue: 3, pp.507-521, https://
doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
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https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
Downloaded on: 04 September 2018, At: 00:11 (PT)
References: this document contains references to 26 other documents.
To copy this document: [email protected]
The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1083 times since 2016*
Users who downloaded this article also downloaded:
(2016),"Process improvement for professionalizing non-profit organizations: BPM approach",
Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 3 pp. 634-658 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/
BPMJ-08-2015-0114">https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-08-2015-0114</a>
(2016),"Ownership relevance in aspect-oriented business process models", Business
Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 3 pp. 566-593 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/
BPMJ-01-2015-0006">https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-01-2015-0006</a>
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*Related content and download information correct at time of download.
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Business process management:
a maturity assessment of Saudi
Arabian organizations
Omar AlShathry
Department of Information Systems,
Imam Mohammed Bin Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Purpose – Business Process Management (BPM) has become increasingly common among organizations
in d.
Business Plan[Your Name], OwnerPurdue GlobalBUSINESS PLANDate.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan[Your Name], Owner
Purdue Global
BUSINESS PLAN
Date
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Product
1.2 Customers
1.3 What Drives Us
2. COMPANY DESCRIPTION
2.1 Mission and Vision Statements
2.2 Principal Members at Startup (In Unit 7 you will expand on this section to include medium and long term personnel plans for all team members, including the line staff.)
2.2.1 Using chapter 10 of your text, write the plan, using the section in Chapter 10 that shows how to introduce each team member and describe their background and responsibilities. You will start with the leaders and managers, then discuss other employees as needed for your company to grow.
2.2.2 Use this spreadsheet to show the planning
Leaders/managers (unit 1)
When needed (number of months/years after opening)
Outside Services Needed
Key Functions
Add line staff (Unit 7)
2.3 Legal Structure
3. MARKET RESEARCH
3.1 Industry (from SBA, Business Guides by Industry, and Bureau of Labor Statistics)
3.1.1 Industry description
3.2.1 Resources used
3.2 Customers (from SBA site fill in worksheet, then use text for spreadsheets and follow-up explanations)
Add SBA part here:
Then, fill in spreadsheet using this example from the text:
Housewife:
Married Couple:
Age:
35–65
Age:
35–55
Income:
Fixed
Income:
Medium to high
Sex:
Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Children living at home
Family:
0 to 2 children
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
Housewife
Occupation:
Varies
Attitude:
Security minded
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Older Couple:
Elderly:
Age:
55–75
Age:
70+
Income:
High or fixed
Income:
Fixed
Sex:
Male or Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Empty nest
Family:
Empty nest
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
White-collar or retired
Occupation:
Retired
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Explain who you are targeting and where they are located. Insert information here using these guidelines:
Information About Your Target Market – Narrow your target market to a manageable size. Many businesses make the mistake of trying to appeal to too many target markets. Research and include the following information about your market:
Distinguishing characteristics – What are the critical needs of your potential customers? Are those needs being met? What are the demographics of the group and where are they located? Are there any seasonal or cyclical purchasing trends that may impact your business?
Size of the primary target market – In addition to the size of your market, what data can you include about the annual purchases your market makes in your industry? What is the forecasted market growth for this group? For more information, see the market research guide for tips and free government resources that can help you build a market profile.
How much market share can you gain? – What is the market share.
Business PlanCover Page Name of Project, Contact Info, Da.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan
Cover Page
Name of Project, Contact Info, Date
Picture/graphics
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
The Company
The Project
The Industry
The Market
Distribution
Risk Factors
Financing
Sources
List of sources, specific articles, and websites
I WILL PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION IN CHAT TO COMPLETE PROPOSAL.
.
Business Planning and Program Planning A strategic plan.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document discusses business planning and program planning. It explains that a strategic plan specifies how a program will achieve its objectives, while a business plan defines the path of a business and includes its organizational structure and financial projections. The document also discusses how the financial projection element of a business plan can impact a program's strategic planning process by influencing the program's budget. Finally, it notes that a program plan should include a funding request, as outlined in a business plan, to help secure necessary resources and facilitate achieving the program's goals and objectives.
Business Plan In your assigned journal, describe the entity you wil.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan: In your assigned journal, describe the entity you will utilize and explain your decision.
Must be:
At required length or longer
Written in American English at graduate level
Received on or before the deadline
Must pass turn it in
Written in APA with references
.
Business Plan Part IVPart IV of the Business PlanPart IV of .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan Part IV
Part IV of the Business Plan
Part IV of the business plan is due in week 7. Together with this part, you must show to your instructor that you have implemented the necessary corrections based on the part I feedback.
Part IV Requirements
1. Financials Plan
a. Present an in-depth narrative to demonstrate the viability of your business to justify the need for funding.
b. In this section describe financial estimates and rationale which include financial statements and forms that document the viability of your proposed business and its soundness as an investment.
c. Tables and figures must be introduced in the narrative.
i. Describe the form of business (sole-proprietor, LLC, or Corporation).
ii. Prepare three-year projections for income, expenses, and sources of funds.
iii. Base predictions on industry and historical trends.
iv. Make realistic assumptions.
v. Allow for funding changes at different stages of your company’s growth.
vi. Present a written rationale for your projections.
vii. Indicate your startup costs.
viii. Detail how startup funds will be used to advance your proposed business
ix. List current capital and any other sources of funding you may have
x. Document your calculations.
xi. Use reasonable estimates or actual data (where possible).
2. Continuous Improvement System
a. Present a brief summary of the continuous improvement processes that you will utilize for quality management (Six sigma, TQM, etc).
.
BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT Whether you plan to apply for a bu.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT
Whether you plan to apply for a business loan or not, you need to have a roadmap or plan to get you from where you are to the successful operation of your business. The pages that follow demonstrate the content of a simple business plan which has been found to be successful in obtaining startup funds from banks. You are encouraged to use all or whatever portions of this fit your business.
Please DO NOT write page after page of drivel or copy from someone else’s plan or one of those templates you can find on the Internet. In most cases this will not “sound" like you, nor will it be short and to the point. Those who read these things are busy people and will not be inclined to spend time reading irrelevant paperwork.
Throughout this sample, there are
italicized
comments which are meant to guide you in preparation. If you follow this format it is reasonable to expect a finished document with 15-20 pages plus the supporting documents in the last section.
If you have good quality pictures of your space, products or other items, you might include them as another way to convey just what you plan to do. A map of your location, diagram of floor space, or other illustration is also sometimes helpful. On the other hand, do not add materials simply to “bulk-up” the report.
While content is critical, it is also important to make this presentation look as good as possible. For this course, you will create the business plan in Word and submit the plan and all attachments through the Assignment drop box. That means all attachments have to be in digital form. For a bank loan or an investor, you would normally provide them with a print version. Print the pages in black ink on a high quality tinted letterhead paper. Color is not necessary but would add some interest in headlines, etc. Bind the document in a presentation folder or with a spiral binding. Don’t simply punch a staple in the upper left corner.
If your were going to pursue a bank loan or an investor, it would be normal to take this business plan to your SCORE counselor for a review and critique.
NOTE: Before you begin your inspection of the simple plan outline which follows, take a moment to review the Business Plan Checklist on the next page.
BUSINESS PLAN CHECKLIST
By way of review, here is a concise list of the basic requirements for a Business Plan, as recommended by the MIT Enterprise Forum:
·
Appropriate Arrangement
- prepare an executive summary, a table of contents and chapters in the right order.
·
Right Length
- make it not too long and not too short, not too fancy and not too plain.
·
Expectations
- give a sense of what founder(s) and the company expect to accomplish three to seven years in the future.
·
Benefits
- explain in quantitative and qualitative terms the benefit to the consumer of the products and services.
·
Marketability
- present hard evidence of the mar.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
192017 Public Health What It Is and How It Workshttps.docx
1. 1/9/2017 Public Health: What It Is and How It Works
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284046342/cfi/1
4!/4/2/44/88/[email protected]:52.9 1/13
PRINTED BY: [email protected] Printing is for personal, privat
e use only. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permissio
n. Violators will be prosecuted.
23.
Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J.
1950;2:740–748.
24.
Teutsch SM, Churchill RE, eds. Principles and Practice of Publi
c Health Surveillance. New York: Oxford University
Press; 1994.
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Remington PL, Smith MY, Williamson DF, et al. Design, charac
teristics and usefulness of state-based behavioral risk
factor surveillance, 1981–87. Public Health Rep. 1988;103:366–
375.
26.
Kann L, Kinchen SA, Williams BI, et al. Youth risk behavior su
rveillance: United States, 1997. In: CDC surveillance
2. summaries (August 14). MMWR. 47(no. SS-3).
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Mosher WD. Design and operation of the 1995 national survey o
f family growth. Fam Plann Perspect. 1998;30:43–
46.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifia
ble diseases, United States, 1997. MMWR.
1997;46(no. SS-54).
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Langmuir AD. The surveillance of communicable diseases of na
tional importance. N Engl J Med. 1963;268:182–192.
30.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History perspective
s: history of CDC. MMWR. 1996;45:526–528.
31.
Roemer MI. Preparing public health leaders for the 1990s. Publi
c Health Rep. 1988;103: 443–451.
32.
Winkelstein W, French FE. The training of epidemiologists in s
chools of public health in the United States: a
historical note. Int J Epidemiol. 1973;2:415–416.
33.
3. Association of Schools of Public Health. Enrollment of U.S. sch
ools of public health 1987–1997.
http://www.asph.org/webstud1.gif. Accessed December 14, 1999
.
34.
Crawford BL. Graduate students in U.S. schools of public health
: comparison of 3 academic years. Public Health Rep.
1979;94:67–72.
http://www.asph.org/webstud1.gif
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https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284046342/cfi/1
4!/4/2/44/88/[email protected]:52.9 2/13
PRINTED BY: [email protected] Printing is for personal, privat
e use only. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permissio
n. Violators will be prosecuted.
35.
Association of Schools of Public Health. Ten most frequently as
ked questions by perspective students.
http://www.asph.org/10quest.htm. Accessed December 14, 1999.
36.
U.S. Treasury Department/Public Health Service. History of cou
nty health organizations in the United States 1908–
1933. In: Public Health Bulletin (No. 222). Washington, DC: Pu
4. blic Health Service, 1936.
37.
Altman D, Morgan DH. The role of state and local government i
n health. Health Aff. 1983;2;7–31.
38.
Mountin JW, Flook E. Guide to Health Organization in the Unit
ed States, 1951. Washington, DC: Public Health
Service, Federal Security Agency, Bureau of State Services, 195
1; Public Health Service publication no. 196.
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Emerson H, Luginbuhl M. 1200 local public school departments
for the United States. Am J Public Health.
1945;35:898–904.
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Dyal WW. Ten organizational practices of public health: a histo
rical perspective. Am J Prev Med. 1995;11(suppl 2):6–
8.
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Institute of Medicine. The Future of Public Health. Washington,
DC: National Academy Press, 1988.
42.
Public Health Service. Healthy People 2000: National Health Pr
omotion and Disease Prevention Objectives: Full
Report, With Commentary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department o
5. f Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
1991; Department of Health and Human Services publication no
. (Public Health Service) 91-50212.
43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Selected characteri
stics of local health departments: United States, 1992–
1993. MMWR. 1994;43:839–843.
44.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated expendit
ures for core public health functions: selected states,
October 1992–September 1993. MMWR. 1995;44: 421:427–429.
45.
Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Healthy People 2010 Midcourse Review: Chapter 23,
Public Health Infrastructure. Washington, DC: Department of H
ealth and Human Services–Public Health Service;
2006.
Public Health Spotlight on Safer and Healthier Foods
http://www.asph.org/10quest.htm
1/9/2017 Public Health: What It Is and How It Works
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284046342/cfi/1
4!/4/2/44/88/[email protected]:52.9 3/13
PRINTED BY: [email protected] Printing is for personal, privat
e use only. No part of this book may
6. be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permissio
n. Violators will be prosecuted.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACHIEVEMENTS IN 20TH CENTURY AM
ERICA1
During the early 20th century, contaminated food, milk, and wat
er caused many food-borne infections, including
typhoid fever, TB, botulism, and scarlet fever. In 1906, Upton S
inclair described in his novel The Jungle the
unwholesome working environment in the Chicago meat-packin
g industry and the unsanitary conditions under which
food was produced. Public awareness dramatically increased an
d led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.2
After the sources and characteristics of food-borne diseases wer
e identified—long before vaccines or antibiotics—
they could be controlled by handwashing, sanitation, refrigerati
on, pasteurization, and pesticide application. Healthier
animal care, feeding, and processing also improved food supply
safety. In 1900, the incidence of typhoid fever was
approximately 100 per 100,000 population; by 1920, it had decr
eased to 33.8 and by 1950 to 1.7 (Figure 6-9). During
the 1940s, studies of autopsied muscle samples showed that 16
% of persons in the United States had trichinellosis;
300 to 400 cases were diagnosed every year, and 10 to 20 deaths
occurred.3 Since then, the rate of infection has
declined markedly; from 1991 through 1996, three deaths and an
average of 38 cases per year were reported.4
Figure 6-9 Incidence of typhoid fever, by year, United States, 1
920–1960.
Source: From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achi
evements in public health, United States, 1900–
1999: safer and healthier
foods. MMWR. 1999;48 (40):905–913.
7. Nutritional sciences also were in their infancy at the start of the
century. Unknown was the concept that minerals and
vitamins were necessary to prevent diseases caused by dietary d
eficiencies. Recurring nutritional deficiency diseases,
including rickets, scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra, were thought to
be infectious diseases. By 1900, biochemists and
physiologists had identified protein, fat, and carbohydrates as th
e basic nutrients in food. By 1916, new data had led to
the discovery that food contained vitamins, and the lack of “vita
l amines” could cause disease. These scientific
discoveries and the resulting public health policies, such as foo
d fortification programs, led to substantial reductions in
nutritional deficiency diseases during the first half of the centur
y. The focus of nutrition programs shifted in the
second half of the century from disease prevention to control of
chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and
obesity.
Food Safety
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n. Violators will be prosecuted.
Perishable foods contain nutrients that pathogenic microorganis
ms require to reproduce. Bacteria such as Salmonella
sp., Clostridium sp., and Staphylococcus sp. can multiply quickl
y to sufficient numbers to cause illness. Prompt
refrigeration slows bacterial growth and keeps food fresh and ed
ible.
At the turn of the 20th century, consumers kept food fresh by pl
acing it on a block of ice or, in cold weather, burying it
in the yard or storing it on a window sill outside. During the 19
20s, refrigerators with freezer compartments became
available for household use. Another process that reduced the in
cidence of disease was invented by Louis Pasteur—
pasteurization. Although the process was applied first in wine p
reservation, when milk producers adopted the process,
pasteurization eliminated a substantial vector of food-borne dise
ase. In 1924, the PHS created a document to assist
Alabama in developing a statewide milk sanitation program. Thi
s document evolved into the Grade A Pasteurized
Milk Ordinance, a voluntary agreement that established uniform
sanitation standards for the interstate shipment of
Grade A milk and now serves as the basis of milk safety laws in
the 50 states and Puerto Rico.5
Along with improved crop varieties, insecticides and herbicides
have increased crop yields, decreased food costs, and
enhanced the appearance of food. Without proper controls, howe
ver, the residues of some pesticides that remain on
foods can create potential health risks.6 Before 1910, no legislat
9. ion existed to ensure the safety of food and feed crops
that were sprayed and dusted with pesticides. In 1910, the first
pesticide legislation was designed to protect consumers
from impure or improperly labeled products. During the 1950s a
nd 1960s, pesticide regulation evolved to require
maximum allowable residue levels of pesticides on foods and to
deny registrations for unsafe or ineffective products.
During the 1970s, acting under these strengthened laws, the new
ly formed EPA removed DDT and several other
highly persistent pesticides from the marketplace. In 1996, the F
ood Quality Protection Act set a stricter safety
standard and required the review of older allowable residue leve
ls to determine whether they were safe. In 1999,
federal and state laws required that pesticides meet specific safe
ty standards; the EPA reviews and registers each
product before it can be used and sets levels and restrictions on
each product intended for food or feed crops.
Newly recognized food-borne pathogens have emerged in the U
nited States since the late 1970s; contributing factors
include changes in agricultural practices and food processing op
erations and the globalization of the food supply.
Seemingly healthy food animals can be reservoirs of human pat
hogens. During the 1980s, for example, an epidemic of
egg-associated Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infection spread
to an estimated 45% of the nation’s egg-laying flocks,
which resulted in a large increase in egg-associated food-borne i
llness within the United States.7,8 Escherichia coli
O157:H7, which can cause severe infections and death in human
s, produces no signs of illness in its nonhuman
hosts.9 In 1993, a severe outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections
attributed to consumption of undercooked ground
beef resulted in 501 cases of illness, 151 hospitalizations, and 3
deaths and led to a restructuring of the meat
inspection process.10 The most common food-borne infectious a
gent may be the calicivirus (a Norwalk-like virus),
10. which can pass from the unwashed hands of an infected food ha
ndler to the meal of a consumer. Animal husbandry
and meat production improvements that have contributed to redu
cing pathogens in the food supply include pathogen
eradication campaigns, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Point,11 better animal feeding regulations,12 the use
of uncontaminated water in food processing,13 more effective f
ood preservatives,14 improved antimicrobial products
for sanitizing food processing equipment and facilities, and ade
quate surveillance of food-handling and preparation
methods.15 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point program
s also are mandatory for the seafood industry.16
Improved surveillance, applied research, and outbreak investiga
tions have elucidated the mechanisms of
contamination that are leading to new control measures for food
-borne pathogens. In meat-processing plants,17 the
incidence of Salmonella and Campylobacter infections has decre
ased; however, in 1998, apparently unrelated cases of
Listeria infections were linked when an epidemiologic investiga
tion indicated that isolates from all cases shared the
same genetic DNA fingerprint; approximately 100 cases and 22
deaths were traced to eating hot dogs and deli meats
produced in a single manufacturing plant.18 In 1998, a multistat
e outbreak of shigellosis was traced to imported
parsley.19 During 1997 to 1998 in the United States, outbreaks
of cyclosporiasis were associated with mesclun mix
lettuce, basil/basil-containing products, and Guatemalan raspber
ries.20 These instances highlight the need for
measures that prevent food contamination closer to its point of
production, particularly if the food is eaten raw or is
difficult to wash.21
Any 21st century improvement will be accelerated by new diagn
ostic techniques and the rapid exchange of
information through use of electronic networks and the Internet.
11. PulseNet, for example, is a network of laboratories in
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state health departments, the CDC, and food-regulatory agencies
. In this network, the genetic DNA fingerprints of
specific pathogens can be identified and shared electronically a
mong laboratories, enhancing the ability to detect,
investigate, and control geographically distant yet related outbr
eaks. Another example of technology is DPDx, a
computer network that identifies parasitic pathogens. By combin
ing PulseNet and DPDx with field epidemiologic
investigations, the public health system can rapidly identify and
control outbreaks. The CDC, the Food and Drug
Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), ot
her federal agencies, and private organizations are
enhancing food safety by collaborating in education, training, re
search, technology, and transfer of information and by
considering food safety as a whole—from farm to table.
Nutrition
The discovery of essential nutrients and their roles in disease pr
evention has been instrumental in almost eliminating
nutritional deficiency diseases such as goiter, rickets, and pella
gra in the United States. During 1922 to 1927, with the
implementation of a statewide prevention program, the goiter ra
te in Michigan fell from 38.6% to 9%.22 In 1921,
13. rickets was considered the most common nutritional disease of c
hildren, affecting approximately 75% of infants in
New York City.23 In the 1940s, the fortification of milk with vi
tamin D was a critical step in rickets control.
Because of food restrictions and shortages during World War I,
scientific discoveries in nutrition were translated
quickly into public health policy; in 1917, the USDA issued the
first dietary recommendations based on five food
groups; in 1924, iodine was added to salt to prevent goiter. The
1921 to 1929 Maternal and Infancy Act enabled state
health departments to employ nutritionists, and during the 1930s
, the federal government developed food relief and
food commodity distribution programs, including school feeding
and nutrition education programs, and national food
consumption surveys.
Pellagra is a good example of the translation of scientific under
standing to public health action to prevent nutritional
deficiency. Pellagra, a classic dietary deficiency disease caused
by insufficient niacin, was noted in the South after the
Civil War. Then considered infectious, it was known as the dise
ase of the four Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and
death. The first outbreak was reported in 1907. In 1909, more th
an 1000 cases were estimated based on reports from
13 states. One year later, approximately 3000 cases were suspec
ted nationwide based on estimates from 30 states and
the District of Columbia. By the end of 1911, pellagra had been
reported in all but nine states, and prevalence
estimates had increased nearly ninefold.24 During 1906 to 1940,
approximately 3 million cases and approximately
100,000 deaths were attributed to pellagra.25 From 1914 until h
is death in 1929, Joseph Goldberger, a PHS physician,
conducted groundbreaking studies that demonstrated that pellagr
a was not infectious but was associated with poverty
and poor diet. Despite compelling evidence, his hypothesis rema
14. ined controversial and unconfirmed until 1937. The
near elimination of pellagra by the end of the 1940s has been att
ributed to improved diet and health associated with
economic recovery during the 1940s and to the enrichment of fl
our with niacin. Today, most physicians in the United
States have never seen pellagra, although outbreaks continue to
occur, particularly among refugees and during
emergencies in developing countries.26
The growth of publicly funded nutrition programs was accelerat
ed during the early 1940s because of reports that 25%
of draftees showed evidence of past or present malnutrition; a fr
equent cause of rejection from military service was
tooth decay or loss. In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt co
nvened the National Nutrition Conference for
Defense, which led to the first recommended dietary allowances
of nutrients and resulted in issuance of War Order
Number One, a program to enrich wheat flour with vitamins and
iron. In 1998, the most recent food-fortification
program was initiated; folic acid, a water-soluble vitamin, was a
dded to cereal and grain products to prevent neural
tube defects.
Although the first half of the century was devoted to preventing
and controlling nutritional deficiency disease, the
focus of the second half has been on preventing chronic disease
with initiation of the Framingham Heart Study in
1949. This landmark study identified the contribution of diet an
d sedentary lifestyles to the development of
cardiovascular disease and the effect of elevated serum choleste
rol on the risk for coronary heart disease. With
increased awareness, public health nutrition programs have soug
ht strategies to improve diets. By the 1970s, food and
nutrition labeling and other consumer information programs sti
mulated the development of products low in fat,
saturated fat, and cholesterol. Since then, persons in the United
15. States have significantly decreased their dietary
intakes of total fat from approximately 40% of total calorie inta
ke in 1977 to 1978 to 33% in 1994 to 1996,
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approaching the recommended 30%;27 saturated fat intake and s
erum cholesterol levels also have decreased.28
Prevention efforts, including changes in diet and lifestyle and e
arly detection and improved treatment, have
contributed to impressive declines in mortality from heart disea
se and stroke.29,30
Populations with diets rich in fruits and vegetables have a subst
antially lower risk for many types of cancer. In 1991,
the National Cancer Institute and the Produce for Better Health
16. Foundation launched a program to encourage eating at
least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Although publi
c awareness of the “5 A Day” message has increased,
only approximately 36% of persons in the United States aged gr
eater than or equal to 2 years achieved the daily goal
of five or more servings of fruits and vegetables.29 A diet rich i
n fruits and vegetables that provide vitamins,
antioxidants (including carotenoids), other phytochemicals, and
fiber is associated with additional health benefits,
including decreased risk for cardiovascular disease.
21ST CENTURY PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES
The most urgent challenge to nutritional health during the 21st c
entury will be obesity. In the United States, with an
abundant, inexpensive food supply and a largely sedentary popu
lation, overnutrition has become an important
contributor to morbidity and mortality in adults. As early as 190
2, USDA’s W.O. Atwater linked dietary intake to
health, noting that “the evils of overeating may not be felt at on
ce, but sooner or later they are sure to appear—
perhaps in an excessive amount of fatty tissue, perhaps in gener
al debility, perhaps in actual disease.”31 In U.S. adults,
overweight (body mass index [BMI] of greater than or equal to
25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI greater than or equal to
30 kg/m2) have increased markedly, especially since the 1970s.
Figure 6-10 tracks changes since 1960 using National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.32 Figure 6-11 d
emonstrates that this phenomenon is not limited to a
few states or regions of the United States. Obesity rates doubled
among American adults between 1980 and 2000,
whereas the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined inc
reased nearly 40%. More than two thirds of American
adults are overweight and/or obese.
Figure 6-10 Overweight and obesity, selected age categories, Un
18. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; 2009. Data from the National Health E
xamination Survey and the National Health and Nutrition Exami
nation
Survey.
Figure 6-11 Percentage of adults aged 18 years or over who wer
e obese,*
by state—
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States,
1995, 2000, and 2005.
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n. Violators will be prosecuted.
Note: *Persons with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or eq
ual to 30.0; self-reported weight and height were used to calcula
te BMI.
Source: From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State
-specific prevalence of obesity among adults, United States, 200
5. MMWR.
2006;55(36): 985–988.
Overweight and obesity increase risk for and complications of h
ypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary heart
19. disease, osteoarthritis, and other chronic disorders; total costs at
tributable to obesity are an estimated $100 billion
annually.33 Obesity also is a growing problem in developing co
untries where it is associated with substantial
morbidity and where malnutrition, particularly deficiencies of ir
on, iodine, and vitamin A, affects approximately 2
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billion people. Increasing physical activity in the U.S. populatio
n is an important step, but effective prevention and
control of overweight and obesity will require concerted public
health action.34
Factors contributing to overweight and obesity are many but in t
he end result from consuming more calories than are
expended through physical activity. Genes, metabolism, behavio
r, environment, culture, and socioeconomic status can
all play roles in determining energy imbalance and body weight.
The rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight
and obesity among all age groups over recent decades argues tha
t genetic factors are not the primary factor involved.
Social, behavioral, cultural, and environmental factors are more
20. likely contributors. American society has undergone
major changes in food options and eating habits, including incre
ased portion sizes, prepackaged foods, fast food
restaurants, soft drinks, and more frequent snacking. Increased c
onsumption of calories has not been accompanied by
increased levels of physical activity. More than one fourth of A
merican adults report no leisure-time physical activity.
One positive trend, however, has been a steady decline in adult
blood cholesterol levels, as demonstrated in Figure 6-
12.
As the U.S. population ages, attention to both nutrition and food
safety will become increasingly important.
Challenges will include maintaining and improving nutritional s
tatus, because nutrient needs change with aging, and
ensuring food quality and safety, which is important to an older,
more vulnerable population. Continuing challenges
for public health action include reducing iron deficiency, especi
ally in infants, young children, and women of
childbearing age; improving initiation and duration of breastfee
ding; improving folate status for women of
childbearing age; and applying emerging knowledge about nutrit
ion on dietary patterns and behavior that promotes
health and reduce risk for chronic disease. Behavioral research i
ndicates that successful nutrition promotion activities
focus on specific behaviors, have a strong consumer orientation,
segment and target consumers, use multiple
reinforcing channels, and continually refine the messages.35 Th
ese techniques form a paradigm to achieve public
health goals and to communicate and motivate consumers to cha
nge their behavior.
Figure 6-12 Average total cholesterol level among men and wo
men aged
20–
74 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, U
21. nited
States, 1959–1962 to 2007–2008.
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e use only. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permissio
n. Violators will be prosecuted.
Note: Graph points represent serum total cholesterol levels at th
e midpoint of the survey years for the National Health Examinat
ion Survey
conducted during 1959–
1962 and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
s conducted during 1971–1974, 1976–1980,
1988–1994, 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–
2006, and 2007–
2008. Data were age adjusted by the direct method to the 2000
Census population estimates using the age groups 20–
39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years.
Sources: From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ave
rage total cholesterol level among men and women aged 20–
74 years,
22. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United State
s, 1959–1962 to 2007–
2008. MMWR. 2009;58(37):1045. Data from
National Health Examination Survey, 1959–
1962; National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1971
–1974, 1976–1980, 1988–
1994, 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–
2006, and 2007–2008.
In the Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Gu
ide), the Task Force on Community Preventive
Services assessed the effectiveness of selected population-based
interventions aimed at promoting healthy growth and
development in children and adolescents and supporting healthy
weights among adults.36 Only a few interventions are
recommended; others lacked sufficient evidence. In general, the
task force found multicomponent counseling or
coaching interventions to be effective in achieving or maintaini
ng weight loss. Also effective were behavioral
interventions to reduce screen time (time spent watching TV, vi
deotapes, or DVDs; playing video or computer games;
and surfing the Internet). These could be single-component or m
ulticomponent interventions that often focus on
changing screen time through classes aimed at improving childr
en’s or parents’ knowledge, attitudes, or skills.
Components of these interventions may include:
• Skills building, tips, goal setting, and reinforcement technique
s.
• Parent or family support through provision of information on e
nvironmental strategies to reduce access to
television, video games, and computers.
• A TV turnoff challenge in which participants are encouraged n
ot to watch TV for a specified number of days.
Another effective community intervention strategy involves wor
23. ksite nutrition and physical activity programs that
include one or more approaches to support behavioral change in
cluding informational and educational, behavioral and
social, and policy and environmental strategies. Such programs
may include:
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• Informational and educational strategies designed to increase
knowledge about a healthy diet and physical
activity using lectures, written materials (provided in print or o
nline), or educational software.
• Behavioral and social strategies that target the thoughts (e.g.,
awareness, self-efficacy) and social factors that
affect behavior changes through individual or group behavioral
counseling, skill-building activities such as cue
control, rewards or reinforcement, or inclusion of coworkers or
family members to build support systems.
• Policy and environmental approaches designed to make health
y choices easier and target the entire workforce
by changing physical or organizational structures through impro
ving access to healthy foods (e.g., changing
cafeteria options and vending machine content) and/or providin
g more opportunities to be physically active
24. (e.g., providing on-site facilities for exercise).
• Modifying rules and procedures for employees such as health i
nsurance benefits or costs or money for health
club membership.
• Worksite weight control strategies that may occur separately o
r as part of a comprehensive worksite wellness
program that addresses several health issues (e.g., smoking cess
ation, stress management, cholesterol
reduction).
The recognition of the obesity epidemic greatly influenced the
Healthy People process. One of the 2010 national
health objectives called for the prevalence of adult obesity to be
reduced to less than 15% by 2010. Recent data,
however, indicate the situation is getting worse rather than bette
r, both for children (Figure 6-13) and older age groups
(Figure 6-14). The prevalence of overweight among children has
been climbing steadily since 2000, while rates
among adults show no improvement since 2000, and have even b
een increasing for men.
Figure 6-13 Prevalence of overweight* among persons aged 2–
19 years, by
sex, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHAN
ES),
United States, 1999–2000 through 2003–2004.
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e use only. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permissio
n. Violators will be prosecuted.
* Defined as having a body mass index (weight [kg]/height [m2]
) at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex based on the ref
erence
population of the CDC 2000 growth charts.
Source: From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preva
lence of overweight among persons aged 2–
19 years, by sex, National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–
2000 through 2003–2004. MMWR. 2006;55(45):1229.
Figure 6-14 Prevalence of obesity* among adults aged more tha
n 20 years
by gender, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
United
States, 1999–2000 through 2003–2004.
* Defined as having a body mass index (weight [kg]/height [m2]
) >30.
Source: From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preva
lence of obesity among adults aged >20 years, by sex, National
Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000 through 2003–
2004. MMWR. 2006;55(44):1206.
The net result is that the lofty aspirations for obesity in the Heal
26. thy People process may not be realized and that the
nation is losing, rather than gaining, ground in the battle being
waged in the early decades of the 21st century. Figures
6-15 and 6-16 illustrate the challenges that lie ahead. The age-a
djusted percentage of adults aged ≥20 years who were
obese during 2003–
2006 varied by race/ethnicity among women, ranging from 53.3
% for non-Hispanic black women
to 41.8% for Mexican American women and 31.6% for non-Hisp
anic white women. Obesity levels were more similar
for Mexican American men (28.8%), non-Hisp anic black men (
35.0%), and non-Hispanic white men (32.0%). None
of the groups had met the Healthy People 2010 target of 15%. Fi
gure 6-16 further documents the gap between
achieved levels and year 2010 targets for adolescent and adult o
besity.
Figure 6-15 Prevalence* of obesity† among adults aged ≥20 yea
rs, by
race/ethnicity§ and sex, National Health and Nutrition Examinat
ion
Survey, United States, 2003–2006.
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* Prevalence estimates are age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standar
d population.
† Defined as having a body mass index (weight [kg]/height [m2]
) ≥30.
§ The categories non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white inc
lude persons who reported only one race and exclude persons of
Hispanic
ethnicity. Persons of Mexican American ethnicity might be of a
ny race.
¶ 95% confidence interval.
Sources: From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prev
alence of obesity among adults aged ≥20 Years, by race/ethnicit
y and sex,
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United State
s, 2003–
2006. MMWR. 2009;58 (Data from National Health and Nutritio
n
Examination Survey, 2003–
2006. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Healthy People 201
28. 0 database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/data2010.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People
2010. 2nd ed. With understanding and improving health and obj
ectives for
improving health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Pri
nting Office; 2000. http://www.health.gov/healthypeople. Acces
sed May
31, 2010.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
http://wonder.cdc.gov/data2010
http://www.health.gov/healthypeople