ميليتون فريدمان (1912-2006) هو اقتصادي أمريكي من أصل مجري حصل على جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد عام 1976، حيث أثرى مجالات النقد والتاريخ الاقتصادي. قدم العديد من الأفكار والتحليلات التي أسهمت في فهم الدخل والاستثمار وشارك في سياسة الحكومة الأمريكية فيما يتعلق بالنقد. توفي فريدمان في 16 نوفمبر 2006، تاركًا وراءه إرثًا علميًا بارزًا وتجارب أكاديمية واسعة.

1. 1 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)١(
Milton Friedman
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮن‬)١٩١٢–٢٠٠٦‫م‬(
‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺎذ‬

2. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 2
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮن‬)١٩١٢–٢٠٠٦‫م‬(
Milton Friedman
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧوﺑل‬ ‫ة‬‫ﺟﺎﺋز‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣت‬‫اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣرﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ي‬‫ﻣﺟر‬‫اﻷﺻل‬‫ﻣﯾﻠﺗون‬
‫ﻓرﯾدﻣﺎن‬Milton Friedman‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٧٦‫م‬.‫ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋن‬"‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻻﺳﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬‫ﻬﻼك‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘد‬ ‫وﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬."
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﯾﻬودﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫أﺳ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻠﺗون‬ ‫د‬ِ‫ﻟ‬ُ‫و‬٣١‫ﯾوﻟﯾو‬١٩١٢‫ﺑﺣﻰ‬ ،
‫ﺑروﻛﻠﯾ‬‫اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟدﻩ‬‫و‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬ ،‫ﻧﯾوﯾورك‬ ‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ن‬.
،‫ﻻدﺗﻪ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ة‬‫ز‬‫وﺟﯾ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﺟﯾرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﯾو‬ ‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻫوي‬‫ر‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺗﻘﻠت‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻫوي‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻣدرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ج‬‫ﺗﺧر‬١٩٢٨‫ﻋﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎدﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫وﻟم‬.

3. 3 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫اﺳﺗ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫وﻗﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟد‬ ‫روﺗﺟرز‬ ‫ﺑﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣق‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺣت‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺗذة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺛﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬‫ف‬ ‫آرﺛر‬.‫ﺟوﻧز‬ ‫وﻫوﻣر‬ ‫ﺑﯾرﻧز‬‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ،
‫اﻟﻌظﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾث‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫أﻗﻧﻌﺎﻩ‬.‫اﻧﺗﻘل‬
‫ﺑﻌد‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺣﺻل‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬١٩٣٣‫وﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﻣدرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﺣت‬،‫ﻓﯾﻧر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻛوب‬
‫ﺳﯾﻣوﻧز‬ ‫ي‬‫وﻫﻧر‬ ،‫ﻓﺎرس‬ ‫اﻧك‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬.‫زوﺟﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎدﯾر‬ ‫روز‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
١٩٣٥‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫آﻧذاك‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ارد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﺑدأ‬ ،
‫اﺳﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠك‬ ‫اﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣﯾ‬،‫و‬‫ﺟت‬‫ﺧر‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺻﺑﺣت‬ ‫ع‬‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻓﻛﺎر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼك‬ ‫داﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ءا‬‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻻﺣق‬ ‫وﻗت‬.‫اﻧﺗﻘل‬ ‫ﺛم‬‫ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺗب‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣوث‬ ‫اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬١٩٣٧‫ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬‫ﻛوزﻧﺗس‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻣون‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‬‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬‫ﻟﻸطﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺻﻔﺔ‬.‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أدى‬‫و‬
‫ظﻬ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺷﺗرك‬ ‫ف‬َ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣؤ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ‬‫ﻋن‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ،
‫أدﺧﻠت‬‫اﻟﻣؤﻗت‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟداﺋم‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم‬‫اﻟﻔرﺿ‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ،‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﺻﯾل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ز‬‫ﺑﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬١٩٥٠،‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎب‬ ‫اﻓﺗرض‬‫و‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬‫أﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫وﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺻطﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﺣد‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
١٩٤٥‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﺗد‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋرﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬،‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬‫ﻗد‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫أ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣدﯾ‬ ‫ﺻﺑﺢ‬‫وﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺗب‬
‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫دور‬‫ﻧﻘود‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟدو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬١٩٥٠
‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺿﻲ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗدﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل‬ ‫ﺧطﺔ‬‫ﻹﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ر‬‫أو‬ ‫إﻋﻣﺎر‬‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣرب‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٤٠‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ،
‫ﻣﺎدﯾ‬ ‫وﯾﺳﻛوﻧﺳن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫أﺳﺗﺎذ‬‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛﯾف‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫وﻟﻛﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳون‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌودة‬ ‫وﻗرر‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋد‬.‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻗﺿﻰ‬١٩٤١-١٩٤٣
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬‫اﻟﺣرب‬ ‫زﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬،‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬

4. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 4
‫ﻋﻣل‬‫اﻧﺔ‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﺧ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫وو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺑﺎر‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎ‬.‫ﻫذا‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫داﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫اﺑﺗﻛر‬‫و‬ ،‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟﻛﯾﻧ‬
‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺑﻧﯾﻪ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫أﻋرب‬ ‫ﻻﺣق‬ ‫وﻗت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﯾﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺷوف‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬١٩٤٣‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣرب‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻟﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻧﺿم‬ ،
‫ﻛوﻟوﻣﺑﯾﺎ‬)‫ﻫوﺗﻠﯾﻧﻎ‬ ‫وﻫﺎروﻟد‬ ‫اﻟﯾس‬‫و‬ ‫أﻟﯾن‬ ‫وﯾﻠﺳون‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬(،‫وﻋﻣل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﺗﯾﻛ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺳﻛ‬ ‫ﺎت‬،‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬١٩٤٦‫م‬‫د‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺻل‬‫رﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻩ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟدﻛﺗو‬‫ﻛوﻟوﻣﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ع‬‫ﺷر‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬١٩٤٠‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎون‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗز‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬َ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻋن‬‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘد‬ ‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﺗ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
١٨٦٧-١٩٦٠‫م‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻛﺗﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺷر‬ ‫ﺗم‬١٩٦٣،‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻻﻛﺎدﯾﻣﯾﻪ‬١٩٥٣/١٩٥٤‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اﺋ‬‫ز‬ ‫أﺳﺗﺎذا‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬‫ﺑﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟوﻧﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﯾوس‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺑردج‬.
‫ي‬‫اﻟﺟﻣﻬور‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻣرﺷﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻏوﻟدووﺗر‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺑﺎر‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٦٤‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺳر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ،‫ﺟوﻧﺳون‬ ‫ﻟﯾﻧدون‬‫اطﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺣزب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ،،‫و‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٦٨‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺣدا‬‫و‬ ‫اﺻﺑﺢ‬‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫رﯾﺗﺷﺎ‬‫رد‬
‫ﻧﯾﻛﺳون‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٧٧‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻋد‬

5. 5 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﺗﺻﺎﻟﻪ‬‫اﻟﺑﺣوث‬‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫و‬‫ﻋﻣل‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻣﻌﻬد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣث‬ ‫زﻣﯾل‬
‫ﻫوﻓر‬ ‫وﺗﯾون‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺳﺗﺎﻧﻔورد‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﺑدﻋوﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﺑل‬ ‫ﻏﻠﯾن‬‫أﺻﺑﺢ‬‫ﻣدﯾر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣﻛﺗب‬
‫ﻫوﻓر‬ ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺳﺗﺎﻧﻔورد‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬‫اﻧﺳﯾﺳﻛو‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﺗﻘل‬‫و‬.‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﻣل‬
‫رﺳﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬‫رﯾﺟﺎن‬ ‫ﻟروﻧﺎﻟد‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟﻣﻬو‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗرﺷﯾﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬١٩٨٠
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬ ‫وﺑوﺻﻔﻪ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬‫ي‬‫اﻻﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠس‬
‫ﺋﺎﺳﺗﻪ‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬،‫وﻓﻰ‬١٩٨٨‫اﻟر‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻪ‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠﺣ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺟﺎن‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺋﯾس‬،
ُ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ِ‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠم‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬ ‫ﺢ‬.‫ﯾدﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗوﻓﻰ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ن‬١٦‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ﻓﻣﺑر‬‫ﻋﺎم‬
٢٠٠٦‫اﻟﺗﺳﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺎﻫز‬ ‫ﻋﻣر‬ ‫ﻋن‬.
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٧٩‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدم‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫وﺣول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬،
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫أﻟﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯾوﻧﺎن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻧد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺎﺑﺎن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛوﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﻫوﻧﻎ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬
‫اﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬ ‫ﻫذة‬ ‫وﺗرﺟﻣت‬.‫ﺳﺎ‬‫ﻓر‬‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻧذ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﻋدة‬١٩٧٧‫ﻫﺎ‬‫اﺑرز‬ ‫وﻟﻌل‬‫اﻟﺻﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫رﺣﻼت‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳﻔ‬

6. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 6
‫و‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٨٠‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدم‬‫اﻟﺻﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﯾﻪ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺗﺣت‬ ‫ات‬،
‫و‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٨٨‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻧﻐﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﻣؤﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎرك‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺷﻣﻠت‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣو‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺛو‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣول‬
‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣرﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧطط‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺗدﻋ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺣد‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫دور‬‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬.‫و‬‫ﺻﻔﺗﻪ‬‫ﻣﺟﻠﺔ‬‫اﻹﯾﻛوﻧوﻣﯾﺳت‬‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
"‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺻف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرن‬ ‫ﻣن‬".‫اﻷﺻل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻛﯾﻧ‬ ‫ﻣؤﯾدا‬‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﺟدﯾدة‬‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟداﻋﯾﺔ‬‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬،‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬‫وذﻟك‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٥٠‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫م‬‫أﻋﺎد‬‫ﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬‫ي‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼك‬ ‫ظﯾﻔﺔ‬‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﺗﺣدى‬
‫ﻟ‬‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ي‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫ﻠﻧﻣوذج‬.‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺑدﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋزز‬ ،‫اﻟﺳﺗﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ُطﻠق‬‫أ‬"‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻧﻘودﯾﺔ‬."‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬"‫ﻟﻠﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌدل‬"،
‫و‬ ،‫ﻓﯾﻠﯾﺑس‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻓض‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ﻗﺎل‬‫ﺳوف‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫أن‬

7. 7 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺗ‬‫ﺳﺑب‬‫ﻓﻲ‬"‫اﻟرﻛود‬) "‫اﻟﻧﻣو‬ ‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺿﺧم‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫ا‬.(‫أﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ادﻋﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫دﯾﺔ‬‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫أن‬‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬‫ﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ‬
‫إن‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ،‫ﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﻟدﺣض‬‫اﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫و‬‫ظروف‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫دﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﺎؤم‬‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ،‫ﻫو‬‫اﻟﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺿرو‬.
‫ﻣﻌﺎرﺿ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻏم‬‫اﻟر‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫وﺟود‬‫اﻟﻧﻘدي‬،‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدي‬‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫طﺎﻟﻣﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈن‬‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌرض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطرد‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛﯾﻣﺔ‬‫وﺣﯾدة‬‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧذ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻬود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﺣذر‬ ،‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑذﻟﻬﺎ‬‫أى‬‫ﺑﻧك‬
‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﺑﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫ي‬‫ﻣرﻛز‬.‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘرب‬ ‫ﺻدﯾﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬‫ﺟورج‬
‫ﺳﺗﯾ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻠر‬،‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫إﻧﺟﺎز‬ ‫أﻋظم‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺟﻧﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫دو‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫دﻋﻣﻪ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬‫اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ‬.‫اﻋﺗﺑر‬‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻣﺎن‬‫أن‬
‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺗﻪ‬‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﺳو‬ ‫اﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷددت‬ ،‫ﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫وﺗﺣر‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﯾﺑ‬‫ق‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧل‬ ‫وﻣﺳﺎوئ‬.‫و‬‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬‫و‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٦٢‫دﻋﺎ‬ ،
‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﻟﻐﺎء‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ،‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺣ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺻرف‬ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر‬‫و‬ ،‫ع‬‫اﻟﻣﺗطو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾش‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬

8. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 8
‫اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫وﺿ‬ ،‫ﻟﻸطﺑﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص‬.‫ﺣظﯾ‬ ‫وﻗد‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﻛﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺳﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺑول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻬﺟﯾﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﺣد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟدل‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺛﯾ‬،‫ﻓﺿ‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺗﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرن‬‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫اﺳﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺑول‬ ‫ﺣظﯾت‬‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘرن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﻋﺎش‬ ‫وﻫﻛذا‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫أﻓﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻟرؤﯾﺔ‬‫اﻋﺗﻧ‬‫ﻘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬.‫و‬‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬‫اﺋﻪ‬‫ر‬‫آ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻐﺎء‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺻﺧﺻﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬‫و‬ ‫دﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻧﺗﺷ‬‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫أﻧﺣﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫أﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ات‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﺎﺗﺷر‬ ‫رﯾت‬،‫ﯾطﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫رﯾ‬ ‫وروﻧﺎﻟد‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎن‬،‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣوﻟروﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﺑرﯾﺎن‬،‫ﻛﻧدا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫دو‬ ‫وروﺟر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻼ‬‫س‬،‫ﯾﻠﻧدا‬‫ز‬‫ﻧﯾو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫أودﺳون‬ ‫ودﯾﻔﯾد‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
، ‫أﯾﺳﻠﻧدا‬‫أو‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫وﺳﺗو‬‫ﺗﺷﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.

9. 9 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٧٥‫ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ي‬‫اﻟﻌﺳﻛر‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﻼب‬ ‫إﺳﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ،
‫اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔﺎدور‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺷﻬد‬ ،‫ﯾﻧدي‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫دﻋوة‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫وﻗﺑل‬ ،‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺑﯾ‬ ‫أزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬ ‫وﺗﻘدﯾم‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ‬.
‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻰ‬ ‫وﻫﻧﺎك‬‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫أوﺟﺳﺗو‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗور‬‫ﻟﻣدة‬٤٥‫دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬.‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﯾﻘول‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫أرﺳل‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫اﻟﺗﺷﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺧدم‬ ‫ﻟم‬‫ﺧطﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺿﺧم‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻬﺎء‬.،‫ﺧطﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫أﻻﺳل‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬

10. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 10
،‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷﯾﻠﯾﯾن‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﺑرر‬
‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﯾﻘوض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﻘد‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬.‫وﺑﺎﻟطﺑﻊ‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺗﻘد‬ ‫ﻟم‬
‫اﻻﻏﺗﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫دﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗو‬‫ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻻت‬‫وﻣﺣل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫أﻧﺣﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إداﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﺑﻌد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬‫اﻧﺗﺷر‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﺧﺎطﺊ‬ ‫ﻋﺗﻘﺎد‬
‫ﺑطﺑﯾﻌﺗﻬﺎ‬،‫و‬‫أﻧﻪ‬‫ﯾﺟب‬‫ﺗﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧب‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬‫ﺣدوث‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺑﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ً‫ا‬‫إﺳﺗﻧﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫دو‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬.‫ﯾوﻣﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫أي‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ﻫذا‬،‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫وﯾﻘول‬‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫أن‬‫اﻟﻧﻘدي‬‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدي‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬٢٠٠٢‫ﻗﺎل‬‫ﻣﺣﺎﻓظ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑن‬
‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻼد‬ ‫ﻟﻌﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻛ‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺧطﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﯾد‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬‫ال‬٩٠‫أن‬ ‫أود‬
‫ﻟﻣﯾﻠﺗون‬ ‫أﻗول‬‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬‫ﺣق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﻠق‬،‫ﻟﻘد‬‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻧﺎ‬،‫و‬‫ﻧﺣن‬
‫ﺟد‬‫آﺳﻔون‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫ئ‬‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠوم‬ ‫إﻟﻘﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻬل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟد‬
"‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬"‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻘدﺳ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬.‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظر‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ،‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻛل‬‫ﻓﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫أﻧﻘذت‬ ‫ﺑل‬ ،‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗﻌﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻠب‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻓﻠت‬‫ز‬‫رو‬
‫اﻛﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻻﺷﺗ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻫﯾر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻌداد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬‫اﻷزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺳﻠوب‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٣٠‫م‬.‫ﻛم‬ ‫ﯾدرﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬‫ات‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫ﺷﻛﻠ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻣوذج‬
،‫ي‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺗوظﯾف‬‫اﻧﺗﺷر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫اﻟﻘرن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬،‫ﻓ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻر‬‫ﯾﺗﻔﻘون‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺛل‬"‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬"‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬‫و‬ ،‫ﯾ‬‫طوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻔﺗ‬ ‫رﻛود‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺛر‬
‫ﺟدا‬.،‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬‫ﺟﺎء‬‫ﻗﺑﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺛل‬‫ﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣ‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫وﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬٢٠‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﺋﺔ‬‫وﺑﻠﻐت‬٢٥‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٣٣

11. 11 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﻋدم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﻛن‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ،‫ﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ج‬‫ﻟﻠﺧرو‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻧﺗﺷﺎل‬‫ﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺎ‬،‫ى‬‫أﺧر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وﺑﻌﺑﺎ‬‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺳت‬
‫ذاﺗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬)‫أو‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬‫ﯾد‬‫ﺧﻔﯾﺔ‬(‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬
‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫ذﻟك‬‫اﺳﻌﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾؤدي‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻗﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾ‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وﻣدﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺗظﺎم‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬‫ﻘوﻣﻲ‬.‫ى‬‫ﻧر‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬‫أن‬‫اﻟ‬‫دور‬‫ات‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺗوﻗﻌ‬‫وﻫﻰ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫ﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﯾدة‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬.‫إذن‬‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟرﻛود‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧب‬ ‫ﻣطﻠوب‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺎﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎت‬‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬‫ﺗﻛﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬،‫ﻟﻛن‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻔﻌل‬)‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬‫و‬ ‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬(‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫أو‬‫ﻧﻘ‬‫و‬‫دﯾﺔ‬)‫اﻟﻧﻘود‬ ‫ﻋرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺳﯾط‬.(‫ﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ووﻓﻘ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺄن‬
‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺟز‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺳﻣﺢ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌوﯾﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬
‫اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﻌبء‬.‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺣﻛوﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬‫ﺗﻘوم‬ ‫أن‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻗﻌﺎت‬ ‫وﻋﻛس‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻓرص‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺣﻔﺎظ‬
‫اﻟﻣطﺎف‬.‫اﻟطﻠب‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺈدا‬‫ﻫﻰ‬‫وﺻﻔﻪ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﺿوﺣ‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬.‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻘذا‬ُ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫﻣﺎ‬‫اﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻛن‬ُ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻠت‬‫ز‬‫ورو‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬‫أزﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺟﻬﺗﻬﺎ‬‫و‬.
‫ﻓﺮﯾﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮن‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫أھﻢ‬:
 "Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk" with L.
Savage, 1948, JPE.
 "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic
Stability", 1948, AER.
 "Some Comments on the Significance of Labor
Unions for Economic Policy", 1951, in D. McC.
Wright, editor, The Impact of the Union. New York:
Harcourt Brace.

12. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 12
 "Commodity-Reserve Currency", 1951, JPE
 "The Expected-Utility Hypothesis and the
Measurability of Utility", with L. Savage, 1952, JPE
 "The Methodology of Positive Economics" in
Friedman, 1953 (excerpts)
 Essays in Positive Economics, 1953.
 "The Quantity Theory of Money: A restatement",
1956, in Friedman, editor, Studies in Quantity Theory.
 A Theory of the Consumption Function, 1957.
 "The Supply of Money and Changes in Prices and
Output", 1958, in Relationship of Prices to Economic
Stability and Growth.
 A Program for Monetary Stability, 1959.
 "The Demand for Money: Some theoretical and
empirical results", 1959, JPE
 "The Lag in Effect of Monetary Policy", 1961, JPE
 Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.
 "Should There be an Independent Monetary
Authority?", in L.B. Yeager, editor, In Search of a
Monetary Constitution
 Inflation: Causes and consequences, 1963.
 A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960,
with Anna J. Schwartz, 1963.
 "Money and Business Cycles" with A.J. Schwartz,
1963, REStat.
 "The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the
Investment Multiplier in the United States, 1898-
1958", with D. Meiselman, 1963, in Stabilization
Policies.
 "A Reply to Donald Hester", with D. Meiselman,
1964, REStat
 "Interest Rates and the Demand for Money", 1966,
JLawE
 "What Price Guideposts?", in G.P. Schultz, R.Z.
Aliber, editors, Guidelines
 "The Role of Monetary Policy: Presidential Address to
AEA", 1968, AER
 "Money: the Quantity Theory", 1968, IESS

13. 13 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
 "The Definition of Money" with Anna J. Schwartz,
1969.
 The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays,
1969
 "Comment on Tobin", 1970, QJE
 Monetary Statistics of the United States: Sources,
methods. with Anna J. Schwartz, 1970.
 "A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis",
1970, JPE.
 The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. 1970.
 "A Monetary Theory of National Income", 1971, JPE
 "Comments on the Critics", 1974, in Gordon, Milton
Friedman and his Critics.
 Monetary Correction: A proposal for escalation
clauses to reduce the cost of ending inflation, 1974
 "Comments on Tobin and Buiter", 1976, in J. Stein,
editor, Monetarism.
 "Inflation and Unemployment: Nobel lecture", 1977,
JPE.
 Free to Choose: A personal statement, with Rose
Friedman, 1980
 "Interrelations between the United States and the
United Kingdom, 1873-1975.", with A.J. Schwartz,,
1982, J Int Money and Finance
 Monetary Trends in the United States and the United
Kingdom: Their relations to income, prices and
interest rates, 1876-1975. with Anna J. Schwartz,
1982
 "Monetary Policy: Tactics versus strategy", 1984, in
Moore, editor, To Promote Prosperity.
 "The Case for Overhauling the Federal Reserve",
1985, Challenge
 "Has Government Any Role in Money?" with Anna J.
Schwartz, 1986, JME
 "Quantity Theory of Money", in J. Eatwell, M.
Milgate, P. Newman, editors, The New Palgrave
 "The Case for Free Trade" with Rose Friedman, 1997,
Hoover Digest

14. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 14
 "George J. Stigler, 1911-1991: Biographical Memoir",
1998, at NAS (pdf version)
 Two Lucky People, with Rose Friedman.