17.Impact of chemical fertilizers on human health A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan

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Chemical fertilizers have negative impacts on human health according to a lecture. The lecture discussed how overuse of chemical fertilizers in agriculture leads to contamination of soil and water supplies with harmful chemicals. This contamination has been linked to various diseases and health issues in humans. The lecture concluded that alternative organic farming practices are needed to protect human health and the environment from the overuse of chemical fertilizers.

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IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON
HUMAN HEALTH
A
LECTURE
BY
MR.ALLAH DAD KHAN

17.Impact of chemical fertilizers on human health A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan

Plant propagation can occur through seeds, cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture. Seeds contain dormant plant embryos that germinate under suitable environmental conditions like water, oxygen, temperature, and light. Cuttings involve rooting stem or branch cuttings, while grafting combines tissues from similar or dissimilar plants. Tissue culture grows plants from collected plant tissues in a sterile nutrient solution. Sexual propagation uses seeds to create genetically variable offspring, while asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture replicates the exact parent plant. Propagation allows multiplying plant species, protecting endangered plants, and improving plant qualities and yields commercially.

Domestication of Crop plants

Roshan Parihar

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ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISM

BHU,Varanasi, INDIA

jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate

Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)

BHU

General principles of seed production

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Seed multiplication

Chandike Ehelamalpe

This document discusses seed multiplication, which is the process of increasing the quantity of seed from limited breeder seed to commercial quantities. It involves several stages: breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Breeder seed is produced by the plant breeder and is genetically pure. Foundation seed is produced directly from breeder seed to be the source of registered and certified seed. Registered seed is produced from foundation or registered seed. Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered, or certified seed and must meet purity and quality requirements to be certified for commercial use. The benefits of new varieties cannot be realized without sufficient seed multiplication to commercial levels.

MULTIPLE ALLELES SMG

sajigeorge64

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Avishek Das

This document discusses plant ecology. It begins by defining plant ecology as the study of plant distributions, abundances, and interactions with the environment. It notes that plant ecology developed within the wider field of ecology in the 20th century. Biomes are determined by climate, mostly temperature and precipitation, and follow latitudinal trends. Plant ecology is important because plants supply food and oxygen, recycle matter, provide many products for human use, and create habitats for other organisms. The effects of plant ecology can be physical (on light, temperature, water, air) or human-related (acid rain, ozone thinning, deforestation, global warming). Photosynthesis, trophic levels, and soil formation are positive effects, while climate

Plant growth regulators are chemicals that alter plant growth and development. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid induces dormancy and leaf senescence. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and senescence. Together these hormones precisely regulate key processes in the plant life cycle.

Ethylene

pritish swain

Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many processes in plants including fruit ripening, flower and leaf senescence, and stress responses. It was discovered in 1864 that gas leaks caused abnormal plant growth and was later identified as the hydrocarbon ethylene. Ethylene is produced from methionine through various intermediates and binds to receptors in plants to trigger gene expression changes and physiological responses. Some key effects of ethylene include stimulating fruit ripening, inducing leaf and flower abscission, breaking seed and bud dormancy, and causing the "triple response" in seedlings.

Lecture agrobiodiversity

Rione Drevale

This document discusses agrobiodiversity, which refers to the variety of plants, animals and microorganisms used in agriculture, as well as the ecosystems that support agricultural systems. It notes that agrobiodiversity provides food, medicine, ecosystem services and genetic resources. However, agrobiodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat loss, deforestation, overgrazing, and climate change. The document recommends best practices to enhance agrobiodiversity such as organic farming, integrated pest management, seed banking systems, and crop diversity.

Hybridization Techniques in Cereals

Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi

The document discusses hybridization techniques in various cereal crops. It begins by explaining the basic concepts of hybridization, including inter-varietal and distant hybridization. It then describes the key techniques for hybridization in different cereals like rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet. The techniques involve selection of parents, emasculation of the female parent to remove male parts, artificial pollination using pollen from the male parent, bagging of the crossed flowers, harvesting and selection of hybrid seeds. Emasculation methods discussed are clipping, hot water, vacuum etc. Hybridization allows creation of genetic variation for crop improvement.

Multiple factor hypothesis

MelusinaNorwood

This document discusses the multiple factor hypothesis for quantitative traits. It explains that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes (polygenes) and show continuous variation. The document then summarizes an experiment by Nilsson-Ehle in 1908 on kernel color in wheat. Nilsson-Ehle found that red kernel color showed different shades that could be explained by the interaction of two duplicate dominant genes, R1 and R2. Offspring with more of these genes showed darker red color. This supported the idea that quantitative traits are governed by multiple independent genes with cumulative effects on the phenotype.

Role of mutation breding in crop improvement

Sanjay Kumar

This document summarizes a seminar on the role of mutation breeding in crop improvement. It discusses types of mutations, mutagens used, procedures for mutation breeding including choice of material and mutagen dose, screening and selection of mutants, achievements and major varieties developed through mutation breeding in India. Key advantages are that mutation breeding is a cheap and rapid method to develop new varieties and induce novel alleles. Limitations include the low frequency of desirable mutants and difficulties identifying micro-mutations. Mutation breeding has significantly contributed to global food security by developing new crop varieties.

The Benefits of Seaweed in Agriculture

Advancing Eco Agriculture

Plant growth regulators

morshedpstu

Plant growth regulators include hormones and vitamins that control plant growth and development. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins were the first to be discovered and include natural auxins like IAA as well as synthetic auxins such as IBA and NAA. Their structure requires an aromatic ring and acidic side chain. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, stem elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, and root initiation. They have various agricultural applications such as rooting cuttings and fruit thinning. Gibberellins were discovered due to their role in causing excessive stem growth in diseased rice. Cytokinins

heterosis new insights into old topic by revisiting the magic of heterosis

sushmita balaraju

1) Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, refers to the increased vigor and performance of hybrid offspring compared to their inbred parents. It was first documented by Charles Darwin in 1876 and the term was coined by Shull in 1914. 2) There are several proposed genetic models to explain heterosis, including the dominance model, overdominance model, and epistasis model. Physiological models propose greater initial embryo size or more efficient use of nutrients contribute to heterosis. 3) Heterosis is exploited commercially in many crops through the production of F1 hybrid seeds, and results in increased traits like yield, growth, disease resistance, and stress tolerance relative to inbred lines. Degree of

Home gardening

Sudhanshu Srivastava

This document provides guidelines for home gardening, including vegetable gardening, pot gardening, and terrace gardening. It discusses choosing a sunny location with good drainage and soil for the garden. Layout and planting should make use of space, with taller plants towards the north and vines trained vertically. Regular fertilizer and micronutrient application is recommended, with an emphasis on organic sources. Intercropping, mulching, and physical pest removal are suggested for weed and pest management before considering chemicals. Composting and seed starting are also covered. The aim is to maximize the space and harvest while maintaining a sustainable, organic approach.

Soil pH

ExternalEvents

Biotic and abiotic stress in agriculture

vajinder kalra

Stress and strain terminology, Nature of stress injury, resistance and causes of stress Vajinder Pal Kalra Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana 1. Stress refers to adverse environmental conditions that negatively impact plant growth and development, while strain refers to the physical or chemical changes that occur in plants in response to stress. 2. Stress can cause direct injury to plants through damage to proteins, membranes and other structures, as well as indirect injury by disrupting metabolism. 3. Plants have developed various mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to stress, including avoidance, escape, and tolerance strategies that allow plants to survive under adverse conditions.

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Heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, copper, and aluminum can contaminate soil through industrial and urban pollution. When present in excess, these metals can be toxic to plants, inhibiting root growth and photosynthesis. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms like secreting organic acids to chelate metals in the soil or accumulating metals intracellularly bound to organic acids. The root is the primary entry point for metals into plants, and their translocation to shoots depends on factors like bioavailability, competing nutrients, and complexation within roots. [/SUMMARY]

FLOODING STRESS IN PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

ANFAS KT

Flooding causes detrimental effects on plant metabolism, photosynthesis, and nutrient and water relations. It reduces aerobic respiration and the production of ATP in roots. Photosynthesis decreases due to stomatal closure and inhibition of photosynthetic enzymes. Nutrient uptake is limited due to insufficient ATP. However, plants have developed adaptive responses to flooding stress, including the formation of aerenchyma tissue for gas transport, leaf and stem reorientation, adventitious root formation, shoot elongation, and biochemical changes like increased lactate production and pH regulation.

Botanical insecticides

Naresh Deuba

This document provides information on botanical insecticides. It discusses how botanical insecticides are naturally occurring chemicals extracted from various plant parts that act as insecticides. Some key botanical insecticides discussed include nicotine, pyrethrum, and neem. Nicotine is extracted from tobacco leaves and acts as a contact and fumigant insecticide. Pyrethrum comes from chrysanthemum flowers and is a stomach poison effective against many common garden pests. Neem is derived from the neem tree and contains limonoids that act as antifeedants and growth regulators in insects. The document provides details on the mode of action, extraction sources, target insects, and uses of these natural insecticide

Impact of pesticides on soil

Pranay Krishnan

The document discusses the impacts of pesticide use on soil and soil enzymes. It describes an experiment conducted in India that showed various pesticides led to declines in the activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease enzymes in soil. Pesticides can negatively impact soil fertility by reducing beneficial soil microorganisms. The document discusses integrated pest management and organic farming as better alternatives to heavily relying on pesticides and their effects on soil health.

Abscisic acid i

renubiokem

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that controls various processes in response to environmental stresses like drought. It is produced in leaves and fruits, especially under stress conditions. ABA promotes stomatal closure, abscission of leaves and fruits, bud and seed dormancy, and inhibits shoot growth under water stress. It was first identified and characterized in 1963 from studies on cotton fruit abscission. ABA is synthesized in chloroplast-containing cells and transported throughout the plant.

Agricultural Pollution

Nandar Nwe (Glory)

This document discusses agricultural pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It identifies the main causes of agricultural pollution as pesticides, fertilizers, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, and pests/weeds. It explains that fertilizers provide necessary nutrients to soil while pesticides are used to kill pests and weeds, but overuse can degrade soil quality. Specifically, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can contaminate groundwater, reduce soil fertility over time, and damage habitats. The document provides examples of fertilizer types and outlines some methods for reducing pollution, such as nutrient management and cover crops.

49. Energy Sources ( Production of biodiesel from jatropha) A Series of Prese...

17.Impact of chemical fertilizers on human health A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan

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17.Impact of chemical fertilizers on human health A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan