The document discusses files and streams in C++. It defines files as sequences of bytes that end with an end-of-file marker. Streams are used to connect programs to files for input and output. There are standard input and output streams (cin and cout) as well as file streams that use classes like ifstream for input and ofstream for output. Files can be accessed sequentially or randomly - sequential files are read from start to finish while random access files allow direct access to any record.

1. Files and Streams
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By
G.SasiKumar., M.E., (Ph.D).,
Assistant Professor
School of Computing Science and Engineering
VIT University

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Files
Diskette
Memory
Input file
Output file
Used to transfer data to and from disk

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Streams
Stream
a channel or medium where data are passed to receivers from
senders.
Output Stream
a channel where data are sent out to a receiver
cout; the standard output stream (to monitor)
the monitor is a destination device
Input Stream
a channel where data are received from a sender
cin; the standard input stream (from the keyboard)
the keyboard is a source device

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Standard Input / Output Streams
Standard Streams use #include <iostream.h>
Standard Input Stream
cin names the stream
the extractor operator >> extracts, gets, or receives the next element from the
stream
Standard Output Stream
cout names the stream
the inserter operator << inserts, puts, or sends the next element to the stream
Opening & closing of the standard streams occur automatically when
the program begins & ends.

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File Streams
Files
data structures that are stored separately from the program (using
auxiliary memory)
streams must be connected to these files
Input File Stream
extracts, receives, or gets data from the file
Output File Stream
inserts, sends, or puts data to the file
#include <fstream.h> creates two new classes
ofstream (output file stream)
ifstream (input file stream)

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C++ Files and Streams
C++ views each files as a sequence of bytes.
Each file ends with an end-of-file marker.
When a file is opened, an object is created and a stream is
associated with the object.
To perform file processing in C++, the header files
<iostream.h> and <fstream.h> must be included.
<fstream.> includes <ifstream> and <ofstream>

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File Handling Classes
Hierarchy Diagram

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iosios
streambufstreambuf ostreamostreamistreamistream
iostreamiostream
fstreamfstream
filebuffilebuf
ofstreamofstreamifstreamifstream
fstreambasefstreambase

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Opening Files
Use open function or include file name when declaring
variable:
ifstream inobj1;
inobj1.open(“in1.dat”)
ifstream inobj2(“in2.dat”);
To check if file successfully opened check object in
condition:
if (!inobj1)
 cout << “Unable to open file in1.dat” << endl;

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Opening Output Files
Ofstream outClientFile(“clients.dat”, ios:out)
OR
Ofstream outClientFile;
outClientFile.open(“clients.dat”, ios:out)
Example
ofstream out(“outf”,ios::out | ios::append);
// out is an append connection to outf

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File Open Modes
ios:: app - (append) write all output to the end of file
ios:: ate - data can be written anywhere in the file
ios:: binary - read/write data in binary format
ios:: in - (input) open a file for input
ios::out - (output) open a file for output
ios: trunc -(truncate) discard the files’ contents if
it exists
ios:nocreate - if the file does NOT exists, the open operation fails
ios:noreplace - if the file exists, the open operation fails

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Closing a File
Use close() on object to close connection to file:
ifstream in(“in.dat”);
…
in.close();

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#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
void main() {
char infname[101];
char outfname[101];
char buffer[101];
cout << ”File to copy from: ";
cin >> infname;
ifstream in(infname);
if (!in) {
cout << "Unable to open " << infname
<< endl;
exit(0);
}
cout << "File to copy to: ";
cin >> outfname;
ofstream out(outfname,ios::out |
ios::noreplace);
if (!out) {
cout << "Unable to open " <<
outfname << " -- already exists!" <<
endl;
exit(0);
}
in.getline(buffer,100);
while (!in.eof()) {
out << buffer << endl;
in.getline(buffer,100);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}

15. Using Sequential Access Files
A sequential access file is often called a text file
 Bit - smallest data item
value of 0 or 1
 Byte – 8 bits
 used to store a character
 Decimal digits, letters, and special symbols
 Field - group of characters conveying meaning
Example: your name
 Record – group of related fields
Represented a struct or a class
Example: In a payroll system, a record for a particular employee that
contained his/her identification number, name, address, etc.
 File – group of related records
Example: payroll file
 Database – group of related files
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The Data Hierarchy
Record key
identifies a record to facilitate the retrieval of specific records from a file
Sequential file
 records typically sorted by key
1
01001010
Judy
Judy Green
Sally Black
Tom Blue
Judy Green
Iris Orange
Randy Red
File
Record
Field
Byte (ASCII character J)
Bit

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Files and Streams
C++ views each file as a sequence of bytes
File ends with the end-of-file marker
Stream created when a file is opened
File processing
Headers <iostream.h> (cout, cin, cerr, clog)
and <fstream.h>
class ifstream - input
class ofstream - output
class fstream - either input or output

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Creating a Sequential Access
File
Files are opened by creating objects of stream classes
ifstream, ofstream or fstream
File stream member functions for object file:
file.open(“Filename”, fileOpenMode);
file.close();
destructor automatically closes file if not explicitly closed
File open modes:
Mode Description
ios::app Write all output to the end of the file.
ios::ate Open a file for output and move to the end of the
file (normally used to append data to a file).
Data can be written anywhere in the file.
ios::in Open a file for input.
ios::out Open a file for output.
ios::trunc Discard the file’s contents if it exists (this is
also the default action for ios::out)
ios::binary Open a file for binary (i.e., non-text) input or
output.
Makes a "line of
communication"
with the object and
the file.

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File position pointer
<istream> and <ostream> classes provide member functions for
repositioning the file pointer (the byte number of the next byte
in the file to be read or to be written.)
These member functions are:
seekg (seek get) for istream class
seekp (seek put) for ostream class

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Examples of moving a file
pointer
inClientFile.seekg(0) - repositions the file get pointer to the beginning
of the file
inClientFile.seekg(n, ios:beg) - repositions the file get pointer to the
n-th byte of the file
inClientFile.seekg(m, ios:end) -repositions the file get pointer to the
m-th byte from the end of file
nClientFile.seekg(0, ios:end) - repositions the file get pointer to the
end of the file
The same operations can be performed with <ostream>
function member seekp.

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Member functions tellg() and
tellp().
Member functions tellg and tellp are provided to return the
current locations of the get and put pointers, respectively.
long location = inClientFile.tellg();
To move the pointer relative to the current location use ios:cur
inClientFile.seekg(n, ios:cur) - moves the file get pointer n bytes
forward.

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Updating a sequential file
Data that is formatted and written to a sequential file cannot
be modified easily without the risk of destroying other data
in the file.
If we want to modify a record of data, the new data may be
longer than the old one and it could overwrite parts of the
record following it.

23. Problems with sequential files
Sequential files are inappropriate for so-called “instant access”
applications in which a particular record of information must
be located immediately.
These applications include banking systems, point-of-sale
systems, airline reservation systems, (or any data-base
system.)
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24. Random access files
Instant access is possible with random access files.
Individual records of a random access file can be accessed
directly (and quickly) without searching many other
records.
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25. Creating a Random Access
Filewrite - outputs a fixed number of bytes beginning at a
specific location in memory to the specified stream
When writing an integer number to a file,
outFile.write( reinterpret_cast<const char *>( &number ),
sizeof( number ) );
First argument: pointer of type const char * (location to
write from)
address of number cast into a pointer
Second argument: number of bytes to write(sizeof(number))
recall that data is represented internally in binary (thus, integers can be
stored in 4 bytes)
Do not use
outFile << number;
could print 1 to 11 digits, each digit taking up a byte of storage
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26. #include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "clntdata.h"
int main()
{
ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::ate );
if ( !outCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
}
cout << "Enter account number "
<< "(1 to 100, 0 to end input)n? ";
clientData client;
cin >> client.accountNumber;
while ( client.accountNumber > 0 &&
client.accountNumber <= 100 )
{
cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balancen?
";
cin >> client.lastName >> client.firstName
>> client.balance;
outCredit.seekp( ( client.accountNumber - 1 ) *
sizeof( clientData ) );
outCredit.write(
reinterpret_cast<const char *>( &client ),
sizeof( clientData ) );
cout << "Enter account numbern? ";
cin >> client.accountNumber;
}
return 0;
}
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27. Writing Data Randomly to a
Random Access File
seekp can be used in combination with write to store data
at exact locations in an output file
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28. Reading data from a random file
#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "clntdata.h"
void outputLine( ostream&, const clientData & );
int main()
{
ifstream inCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in );
if ( !inCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
}
cout << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 ) <<
"Account"
<< setw( 16 ) << "Last Name" << setw( 11 )
<< "First Name" << resetiosflags( ios::left )
<< setw( 10 ) << "Balance" << endl;
clientData client;
inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast<char
*>( &client ),
sizeof( clientData ) );
while ( inCredit && !inCredit.eof() ) {
if ( client.accountNumber != 0 )
outputLine( cout, client );
inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast<char
*>( &client ),
sizeof( clientData ) );
}
return 0;
}
void outputLine( ostream &output, const clientData &c )
{
output << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 )
<< c.accountNumber << setw( 16 ) <<
c.lastName
<< setw( 11 ) << c.firstName << setw( 10 )
<< setprecision( 2 ) << resetiosflags( ios::left )
<< setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
<< c.balance << 'n';
}
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29. The <istream> function read
inCredit.read (reinterpret_cast<char *>(&client),
sizeof(clientData));
The <istream> function inputs a specified (by
sizeof(clientData)) number of bytes from the current
position of the specified stream into an object.
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