Vibrio cholerae is the bacteria that causes cholera. It is a facultative anaerobe that grows well between 37°C and pH 7.4-9.6. It can be cultured on ordinary media like nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar, as well as special transport and enrichment media. Pathogenesis involves ingesting contaminated food/water, with the bacteria multiplying in the intestines and producing cholera toxin which causes hypersecretion of fluids. Diagnosis methods include microscopy, culture studies using selective media, and biochemical tests. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement therapy and oral rehydration.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria. People can get sick when they swallow food or water contaminated with cholera bacteria. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can sometimes be severe and life-threatening.
A bunch of topic were selected for our subject Communicable Diseases, surprisingly I picked up "Cholera El tor"...
I have done enough research regarding this topic from Brunner and Suddarths MedSurg books and other resources. I collated the ideas and came up to this presentation...
Hope it will be able to help my colleagues, students and those people who needs to know the what, why's, and how of Cholera!
xoxo ^___^
Antenatal care (ANC) coverage is an indicator of access and use of health care during pregnancy. The antenatal period presents opportunities for reaching pregnant women with interventions that may be vital to their health and wellbeing and that of their infants.
Family medicine
Detail explanation about family medicine
Relation between family medicine.
Classification of medicine
Differentiating point between Different medicine
Medicine and health
Health and community medicine
Public health
Family medicine Detail explanation about medicine
Health status
Public health care
Primary treatment
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria. People can get sick when they swallow food or water contaminated with cholera bacteria. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can sometimes be severe and life-threatening.
A bunch of topic were selected for our subject Communicable Diseases, surprisingly I picked up "Cholera El tor"...
I have done enough research regarding this topic from Brunner and Suddarths MedSurg books and other resources. I collated the ideas and came up to this presentation...
Hope it will be able to help my colleagues, students and those people who needs to know the what, why's, and how of Cholera!
xoxo ^___^
Antenatal care (ANC) coverage is an indicator of access and use of health care during pregnancy. The antenatal period presents opportunities for reaching pregnant women with interventions that may be vital to their health and wellbeing and that of their infants.
Family medicine
Detail explanation about family medicine
Relation between family medicine.
Classification of medicine
Differentiating point between Different medicine
Medicine and health
Health and community medicine
Public health
Family medicine Detail explanation about medicine
Health status
Public health care
Primary treatment
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
6. SPECIAL MEDIA
TRANSPORT MEDIA
VR medium
Bile peptone transport medium
Cary blair medium
ENRICHMENT MEDIA
Alkaline peptone water
Monsur’s medium
PLATING MEDIA
Alkaline bile salt agar medium
Monsur’s gelatin taurocholate trypticase tellurite agar medium
Thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar medium
7. ORDINARY MEDIA
NUTRIENT AGAR MEDIUM
After overnight incubation round,
moist, translucent, bluish colonies will be
appear with 1-2mm size.
8. MACCONKEY AGAR MEDIUM
Colorless colonies will be form after that it
will change to pink color.
9. BLOOD AGAR MEDIUM
A zone of green discoloration appears
around the colonies at first and later it
become clear.
10. GELATIN STAB CULTURE
After three days of incubation a white line of
growth appears in the medium
11. TRANSPORT MEDIA
VENKATRAMAN - RAMAKRISHNAN MEDIUM
⚫This is an ideal transport medium.
⚫The organism will be viable in this
medium for several weeks without
multiplication
12. ENRICHMENT MEDIA
ALKALINE PEPTONE WATER
Rapid growth occurs in about 6 hours with
formation of thick surface pellicle.
13. PLATING MEDIA
ALKALINE BILE SALTAGAR MEDIUM
It is a modified nutrient agar medium and the
colonies are similar that appears in the nutrient agar
medium.
14. MONSUR’S GELATIN TAUROCHOLATE
TRYPTICASE TELLURITE AGAR MEDIUM
After 24 hours of incubation small colonies will be
formed with 1-2 mm in size and grayish color with
black centers.
The size will be increased to 3-4 mm after 48 hours
of incubation.
15. THIOSULPHATE CITRATE BILE SUCROSE AGAR
MEDIUM
In this medium large colonies will be formed in
yellow color.
Later the yellow color will be changed to green
color.
16. PATHOGENESIS
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the
diarrheal disease cholera.
The disease is characterized by sudden
effortless vomiting, profuse rice water stool
followed by rapid dehydration.
17. Infection occurs in humans via oral route by
ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Incubation period is 6hours to 3 days.
The ingested micro organism reaches to the
stomach and the multiplication occurs in the small
intestine.
After the growth and multiplication it starts to
produce toxins namely, “cholera toxin” or “cholera
enterotoxin” or “choleragen”
18. This toxins cause the hyper secretion of glands in
the intestine and resulting in large amount of
intestinal fluids in the intestinal lumens.
The toxin also increases the capillary permeability
leading to edema.
On the same hand it produces proteolytic enzymes,
which help the organism to penetrate the covering
of GI tract and causes the diarrheal disease among
humans.
19. The stools are rice water similar which containing
mucous, epithelial cells and large number of
vibrios.
The massive loss of electrolytes from the body
leads to metabolic acidosis, muscle cramps, anuria,
acute tubular necrosis, shock and some times
death.
The disease may last for 4-5 days with an average
fluid loss of 15-20 liters per day.
20. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Hematological investigations:
no significant abnormalities
Bacteriological examination
1, microscopic examination
2, cultural studies
3, biochemical test
4, slide agglutination test
22. CULTURAL STUDIES
Ordinary media, transport media and enrichment
media can be use for the culture studies.
In macconkeys medium pale color colonies will
developed.
In mansur medium colonies will be formed with
black centers.
23. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Sugar fermentation test: fermentation of glucose,
sucrose and maltose will occur with the production
of gas.
Nitrate reduction test: positive
Iodole test: positive
Catalase test: positive
Oxidase test: positive
Motility test: positive
24. SLIDE AGGLUTINATION TEST
The specimen from a selective media is placed on
a microscopic slide and add a drop of normal saline
over that and then observe under a microscope
after adding one drop of antiserum over the
specimen.
Presence of clumps indicates the positive test.
25.
26. TREATMENT
Adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement is
necessary for such patients which is known as fluid
replacement therapy.
Oral rehydration therapy.