This slide describes two essential elements in machining operations:
cutting-tool materials and cutting fluids.
° The slide opens with a discussion of the types and characteristics of cutting tool materials.
° The properties and applications of high-speed steels, carbides, ceramics, cubic boron nitride, diamond, and coated tools are described in detail.
The types of cutting fluids in common use are then described, including their functions and how they affect the machining operation.
° Trends in near-dry and dry machining are also discussed, and their importance with respect to environmentally friendly machining operations are explained.
The selection of cutting-tool materials for a particular application is among the most important factors in machining operations, just as the selection of mold and die
materials was critical for forming and shaping processes . We will discuss throughout this slide the relevant properties and performance characteristics of all major types of cutting-tool materials, which will help us in tool selection.
However, as it will become apparent, the complex nature of this subject does not always render itself to the determination of appropriate tool materials; hence, we also must rely on general guidelines and recommendations that have been accumulated in industry over many years.More detailed information on tool material recommendations for specific workpiece materials and machining operations will be presented.
As noted, the cutting tool is subjected to
(a) high temperatures,
(b) high contact stresses, and
(c) rubbing along the tool-chip interface and along the machined surface.
Consequently, the cutting-tool material must possess the following characteristics:
° Hot hardness, so that the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the tool are maintained at the temperatures encountered in machining operations. This property ensures that the tool does not undergo any plastic deformation and thus retains its shape and sharpness.
Toughness and impact strength (or mechanical shock resistance), so that impact forces on the tool that are encountered repeatedly in interrupted cutting operation (such as milling and turning a splined shaft on a lathe) or forces due to vibration and chatter during machining do not chip or fracture the tool.
Thermal shock resistance, to withstand the rapid temperature cycling encountered in interrupted cutting.
Wear resistance, so that an acceptable tool life is obtained before replacement is necessary.
Chemical stability and inertness with respect to the material being machined, to avoid or minimize any adverse reactions, adhesion, and tool-chip diffusion that would contribute to tool wear.
This slide describes two essential elements in machining operations:
cutting-tool materials and cutting fluids.
° The slide opens with a discussion of the types and characteristics of cutting tool materials.
° The properties and applications of high-speed steels, carbides, ceramics, cubic boron nitride, diamond, and coated tools are described in detail.
The types of cutting fluids in common use are then described, including their functions and how they affect the machining operation.
° Trends in near-dry and dry machining are also discussed, and their importance with respect to environmentally friendly machining operations are explained.
The selection of cutting-tool materials for a particular application is among the most important factors in machining operations, just as the selection of mold and die
materials was critical for forming and shaping processes . We will discuss throughout this slide the relevant properties and performance characteristics of all major types of cutting-tool materials, which will help us in tool selection.
However, as it will become apparent, the complex nature of this subject does not always render itself to the determination of appropriate tool materials; hence, we also must rely on general guidelines and recommendations that have been accumulated in industry over many years.More detailed information on tool material recommendations for specific workpiece materials and machining operations will be presented.
As noted, the cutting tool is subjected to
(a) high temperatures,
(b) high contact stresses, and
(c) rubbing along the tool-chip interface and along the machined surface.
Consequently, the cutting-tool material must possess the following characteristics:
° Hot hardness, so that the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the tool are maintained at the temperatures encountered in machining operations. This property ensures that the tool does not undergo any plastic deformation and thus retains its shape and sharpness.
Toughness and impact strength (or mechanical shock resistance), so that impact forces on the tool that are encountered repeatedly in interrupted cutting operation (such as milling and turning a splined shaft on a lathe) or forces due to vibration and chatter during machining do not chip or fracture the tool.
Thermal shock resistance, to withstand the rapid temperature cycling encountered in interrupted cutting.
Wear resistance, so that an acceptable tool life is obtained before replacement is necessary.
Chemical stability and inertness with respect to the material being machined, to avoid or minimize any adverse reactions, adhesion, and tool-chip diffusion that would contribute to tool wear.
Classification of Tool Materials.
For More Details
Subscribe to My YOUTUBE CHANNEL
Engineering Study Materials : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8vigo0VxccfcGnmJnf-ESA
In this report the basic design principles and the current state-of-the-art for cutting tools specially designed to be applied on difficult-to-cut materials are described. One by one, the main aspects involved in tool design and construction will be explained in depth over the following sections, completing a general view of the tool world, to provide easy comprehension of the whole book. Materials for the substrates, coatings, and geometry are explained, with special attention to recent developments. A section is devoted to new machining techniques such as high-feed and plunge milling, turn milling and trochoidal milling.
Comparative Analysis of Coated and Non Coated HSS Tool with Zinc, Nickel, and...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Machining is the heart of any manufacturing
process so coating material have been used in the coating of
tool steels. The tool used is high speed steel and are coated
with Zinc, Nickel and Chromium separately. The various
reasons to coat cutting tools are to increase tool life and
improve the surface quality of the product, and to increase
the production rate. The advantage of Zi, Ni, Cr coating
include high hardness, good ductility, excellent lubricity,
high chemical stability and tough resistance to wear,
corrosion and temperature. In this paper, the principle,
advantage and limitation of various Zn, Ni, Cr coating
processes are summarized. This paper involves of machining
hardened steel using Zi, Ni, Cr, coated HSS cutting tool is
studied. This paper discussed about the wear and also
hardness factor after coating compared with conventional
cutting tool(high speed steel).
STUDY OF EFFECT OF FORGING ON CUTTING TOOL PROPERTIES IAEME Publication
In this paper an attempt has been made to improve the properties of cutting tool like hardness,toughness & wear resistance by forging & heat treatment process. Hence we selected D-series tool steel (D1, D2, D3, D4) for our test. Common applications of these tool steels are forging dies, diecasting die blocks, drawing dies etc., the experiment evaluates Rockwell hardness test, Micro hardness test, Force analysis, Turning operation & wear test. The results revels that in force analysis during turning operation the heat treated D-series tool steels perform better than forged & heat treated tools. The forged & Heat treated D2 tool steel has low wear rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Classification of Tool Materials.
For More Details
Subscribe to My YOUTUBE CHANNEL
Engineering Study Materials : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8vigo0VxccfcGnmJnf-ESA
In this report the basic design principles and the current state-of-the-art for cutting tools specially designed to be applied on difficult-to-cut materials are described. One by one, the main aspects involved in tool design and construction will be explained in depth over the following sections, completing a general view of the tool world, to provide easy comprehension of the whole book. Materials for the substrates, coatings, and geometry are explained, with special attention to recent developments. A section is devoted to new machining techniques such as high-feed and plunge milling, turn milling and trochoidal milling.
Comparative Analysis of Coated and Non Coated HSS Tool with Zinc, Nickel, and...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Machining is the heart of any manufacturing
process so coating material have been used in the coating of
tool steels. The tool used is high speed steel and are coated
with Zinc, Nickel and Chromium separately. The various
reasons to coat cutting tools are to increase tool life and
improve the surface quality of the product, and to increase
the production rate. The advantage of Zi, Ni, Cr coating
include high hardness, good ductility, excellent lubricity,
high chemical stability and tough resistance to wear,
corrosion and temperature. In this paper, the principle,
advantage and limitation of various Zn, Ni, Cr coating
processes are summarized. This paper involves of machining
hardened steel using Zi, Ni, Cr, coated HSS cutting tool is
studied. This paper discussed about the wear and also
hardness factor after coating compared with conventional
cutting tool(high speed steel).
STUDY OF EFFECT OF FORGING ON CUTTING TOOL PROPERTIES IAEME Publication
In this paper an attempt has been made to improve the properties of cutting tool like hardness,toughness & wear resistance by forging & heat treatment process. Hence we selected D-series tool steel (D1, D2, D3, D4) for our test. Common applications of these tool steels are forging dies, diecasting die blocks, drawing dies etc., the experiment evaluates Rockwell hardness test, Micro hardness test, Force analysis, Turning operation & wear test. The results revels that in force analysis during turning operation the heat treated D-series tool steels perform better than forged & heat treated tools. The forged & Heat treated D2 tool steel has low wear rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6. Specific Objectives
6
Students will able to
SO 1: list of Tool materials widely used for tool
making.(E) (R-F)
SO 2: Identify the characteristics of cutting tool materials.
(E) (U-C).
SO 3: Identify the properties of cutting tool materials (E)
(U-C).
7. 7
Taxonomy of Objectives
Knowledge
Dimension
The Cognitive Process Dimension
Remem
ber
Understa
nd
Apply Analys
e
Evalua
te
Create
A. Factual
Knowledge
1
B. Conceptual
Knowledge
2 3
C. Procedural
Knowledge
D. Meta Cognitive
Knowledge
12. Cutting tool Material Property
⚫ Hard, to resist flank wear and deformation
⚫ Tough, to resist bulk breakage
⚫ Non-reactive with the work piece material
⚫ Chemically stable, to resist oxidation and diffusion
⚫ Resistant to sudden thermal changes
14. Coated cemented carbide cutting
tool material
⚫ Coated cemented carbide currently represents 80-90%
of all cutting tool inserts. Its success as a cutting tool
material is due to its unique combination of wear
resistance and toughness, and its ability to be formed
into complex shapes.
⚫ Coated cemented carbide combines cemented carbide
with a coating. Together they form a grade which is
customized for its application.
⚫ Coated cemented carbide grades are the first choice for
a wide variety of tools and applications.
15. Coating – CVD
⚫ CVD stands for Chemical Vapor Deposition.
⚫ The CVD coating is generated by chemical reactions
at temperatures of 700-1050°C.
⚫ CVD coatings have high wear resistance and excellent
adhesion to cemented carbide.
⚫ The first CVD coated cemented carbide was the single
layer titanium carbide coating (TiC).
⚫ Alumina coatings (Al2O3) and titanium nitride (TiN)
coatings were introduced later.
16. ⚫ More recently, the modern titanium carbonitride
coatings (MT-Ti(C,N) or MT-TiCN, also called
MT-CVD) were developed to improve grade
properties through their ability to keep the cemented
carbide interface intact.
⚫ Modern CVD coatings combine MT-Ti(C,N), Al2O3
and TiN. The coating properties have been
continuously improved for adhesion, toughness and
wear through micro structural optimizations and
post-treatments.
17. ⚫ MT-Ti(C,N) - Its hardness provides abrasive wear
resistance, resulting in reduced flank wear.
⚫ CVD-Al2O3 - Chemically inert with low thermal
conductivity, making it resistant to crater wear. It also
acts as a thermal barrier to improve plastic
deformation resistance.
⚫ CVD-TiN - Improves wear resistance and is used for
wear detection.
⚫ Post-treatments - Improve edge toughness in
interrupted cuts and reduce smearing tendencies.
18. Applications
⚫ Wide range of applications where wear resistance is
important.
⚫ Turning and boring of steel, with crater wear
resistance offered by the thick CVD coatings;
⚫ general turning of stainless steels
⚫ Milling grades in ISO P, ISO M, ISO K.
⚫ For drilling, CVD grades are usually used in the
peripheral insert.
19. Coating – PVD
⚫ Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings are formed
at relatively low temperatures (400-600°C).
⚫ The process involves the evaporation of a metal which
reacts with, for example, nitrogen to form a hard
nitride coating on the cutting tool surface.
⚫ PVD coatings add wear resistance to a grade due to
their hardness.
20. ⚫ Their compressive stresses also add edge toughness and comb
crack resistance.
⚫ The main PVD-coating constituents are described below.
Modern coatings are combinations of these constituents in
sequenced layers and/or lamellar coatings.
⚫ Lamellar coatings have numerous thin layers, in the nanometer
range, which make the coating even harder.
21. ⚫ PVD-TiN - Titanium nitride was the first PVD coating.
It has all-round properties and a golden colour.
⚫ PVD-Ti(C,N) - Titanium carbonitride is harder than
TiN and adds flank wear resistance.
⚫ PVD-(Ti,Al)N - Titanium aluminium nitride has high
hardness in combination with oxidation resistance,
which improves overall wear resistance.
⚫ PVD-oxide - Is used for its chemical inertness and
enhanced crater wear resistance.
22. Applications
⚫ PVD coated grades are recommended for tough, yet
sharp, cutting edges, as well as in smearing materials.
⚫ Such applications are widespread and include all solid
end mills and drills, and a majority of grades for
grooving, threading and milling.
⚫ PVD-coated grades are also extensively used for
finishing applications and as the central insert grade in
drilling.
23. Cemented carbide
⚫ Cemented carbide is a powdery metallurgical
material; a composite of tungsten carbide (WC)
particles and a binder rich in metallic cobalt (Co).
⚫ Cemented carbides for metal cutting applications
consist of more than 80% of hard phase WC.
⚫ Additional cubic carbonitrides are other important
components, especially in gradient sintered grades.
The cemented carbide body is formed, either through
powder pressing or injection moulding techniques,
into a body, which is then sintered to full density.
24. ⚫ WC grain size is one of the most important parameters
for adjusting the hardness/toughness relationship of a
grade; the finer grain size means higher hardness at a
given binder phase content.
⚫ The amount and composition of the Co-rich binder
controls the grade’s toughness and resistance to plastic
deformation. At equal WC grain size, an increased
amount of binder will result in a tougher grade, which
is more prone to plastic deformation wear. A binder
content that is too low may result in a brittle material.
25. ⚫ Cubic carbonitrides, also referred to as γ-phase, are generally
added to increase hot hardness and to form gradients.
⚫ Gradients are used to combine improved plastic deformation
resistance with edge toughness. Cubic carbonitrides
concentrated in the cutting edge improve the hot hardness
where it is needed. Beyond the cutting edge, a binder rich in
tungsten carbide structure inhibits cracks and chip hammering
fractures.
26. cubic boron nitride cutting tool
material
⚫ Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride, CBN, is a cutting
tool material with excellent hot hardness that can be
used at very high cutting speeds. It also exhibits good
toughness and thermal shock resistance.
⚫ Modern CBN grades are ceramic composites with a
CBN content of 40-65%. The ceramic binder adds
wear resistance to the CBN, which is otherwise prone
to chemical wear. Another group of grades are the
high content CBN grades, with 85% to almost 100%
CBN. These grades may have a metallic binder to
improve their toughness.
27. ⚫ CBN is brazed onto a cemented carbide carrier to
form an insert. The Safe-Lok™ technology further
enhances the bondage of CBN cutting tips on negative
inserts.
⚫ CBN grades are largely used for finish turning of
hardened steels, with a hardness over 45 HRc. Above
55 HRc, CBN is the only cutting tool which can
replace traditionally used grinding methods. Softer
steels, below 45 HRc, contain a higher amount of
ferrite, which has a negative effect on the wear
resistance of CBN.
⚫ CBN can also be used for high speed roughing of grey
cast irons in both turning and milling operations
28. Polycrystalline diamond
⚫ PCD is a composite of diamond particles sintered
together with a metallic binder. Diamond is the
hardest, and therefore the most abrasion resistant, of
all materials. As a cutting tool material, it has good
wear resistance but it lacks chemical stability at high
temperatures and dissolves easily in iron.
29. Applications
⚫ PCD tools are limited to non-ferrous materials, such as
high-silicon aluminium, metal matrix composites
(MMC) and carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP).
PCD with flood coolant can also be used in titanium
super-finishing applications.
30. Formative Assessment
cubic boron nitride, CBN, is a cutting tool material with
excellent hot hardness and it be used at very high
cutting speeds. It also exhibits good toughness and
____ shock resistance
⚫ Deformation
⚫ Break
⚫ wear
⚫ Thermal
⚫ Oxidation
⚫ diffusion
31. Coated cemented carbides success as a cutting tool
material is due to its unique combination of _____
resistance and toughness.
⚫ Deformation
⚫ Break
⚫ wear
⚫ Thermal
⚫ Oxidation
⚫ diffusion