The Role of Business Ethics in Employee Engagement Novembe.docxoreo10
The Role of Business Ethics in Employee Engagement
November 04, 2009
//By Tom Monahan, CEO of the Corporate Executive Board
My focus on ethical management reminds me that I still own a box full of business cards with
my name from a company that no longer exists.
My first job out of college was with Arthur Andersen. At the time, it was a single organization
and I worked in a division that became Andersen Consulting, and is now Accenture. Arthur
Andersen had one of the most ethical cultures I have seen; the best people, the best business
systems, and a holistic commitment to performance ethics. Yet, it went from being one of the
leading professional services organizations to only a Wikipedia entry in a matter of months, due
to unethical behaviors in a reasonably small niche of the firm. The disappearance of my first
employer due to ethical failures is a powerful lesson I bring to work everyday.
While this is a somber example of the potential downside from an ethics or compliance failure, I
have the opportunity at CEB to see how much upside a manager and leader can create with a
focus on this issue. One of CEB’s core strengths is a voracious appetite for quantifying the
drivers of corporate performance. We ask ourselves: what do the best companies do to create
inordinate value? We have gathered and analyzed millions of data points about employee
perceptions and behavior and rigorously tied them to key drivers of corporate productivity. What
we found is a strong link between ethical cultures and employee engagement. If an employee
works for a company they consider having a strong ethical culture they work harder, stay longer,
and are less likely to leave. Collectively, this data points to a 9% productivity boost from ethical
leadership in the management ranks. That’s a stunning figure, and for me, maybe even more
compelling than the business cards.
While there is a strong link, both ethical behaviors and employee engagement are at risk. What
we see happening, across hundreds of thousands of employees at the world’s largest companies,
is a perfect storm brewing composed of three different factors.
First, we see heightened employee cynicism about commitment of management to ethical
principles and compliance standards, as management teams wrestle with critical issues elsewhere
in the business.
Second, unhappy employees are unable to leave their current roles. In a normal economy, if an
employee does not like their boss, they can leave. However, today unsatisfied employees are
unable to move because of limited opportunities. This results in what we estimate to be about a 7
percent productivity shortfall in most companies as a result of low engagement levels.
Third, employee disengagement is particularly pronounced with the highest potential employees
within an organization. These employees are three times as likely to leave as a normal employee
once the economy improves. Mos ...
A discussion of how to manage employee performance taking into account how people’s actions affect and are influenced by the behaviors of their fellow team members, work groups and organizations.
Ldr 531 final exam latest uop final exam questions with answersEmmajons
Welcome to the best tutorials ever! UOPeTutors.com provide simple and easy to follow homework help, the Ldr 531 final exam latest uop final exam questions with answers. hurry! Find the best study material ever. Once you visit us you won’t look back for sure.
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Business UseWeek 1 Assignment #1Instructions1. Plea.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Week 1: Assignment #1
Instructions
1. Please read these two articles:
· Using forensics against a fitbit device to solve a murder: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-fitbit-alibi-21st-century-technology-used-to-help-solve-wisconsin-moms-murder/
· How Amazon Echo could be forensically analyzed! https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14189384/amazon-echo-murder-evidence-surveillance-data
2. Then go around in your residence / dwelling (home, apartment, condo, etc) and be creative.
3. Identify at least five appliances or devices that you THINK could be forensically analyzed and then identify how this might be useful in an investigation. Note - do not count your computer or mobile device. Those are obvious!
4. I expect at least one paragraph answer for each device.
Why did I assign this?
The goal is to have you start THINKING about how any device, that is capable of holding electronic data (and transmitting to the Internet) could be useful in a particular investigation!
Due Date
This is due by Sunday, May 10th at 11:59PM
Surname 6
Informative speech on George Stinney Jr.
A. Info research analysis
The general purpose of the speech was to inform people about the civil injustice being done against the African American community in the United States. The specific purpose of the speech was to portray to the audience how an innocent 14-year old black boy suffered in the hands of the South Carolina State law enforcing officers. He was falsely accused of killing two white girls and electrocuted within two months after conviction.
I decided the topic of my speech after perusing through all the suggested topics ad found that the story of George Stinney Jr. was touching and emotional entirely.
This topic benefits the audience and the society in general by giving them an insight of the cruelty that the American law system has against the African American community. The audience gets to know how the shady investigations were done with claims that George had pleaded guilty to the charges of murder when there was no real evidence tying him to the crime or a signed plea agreement.
The alternative view that I found in the research was the version of the investigating officer of the case who claimed that the 14-year old boy managed to kill two girls aged 11 and 7 with a blunt object and ditch them in a nearby trench. This alternative point of view did not make sense because it is hard for a 14-year old boy to use the force that was reported by postmortem results to kill the girls. Therefore, I knew everything was a lie and I had to take the point of view of George’s innocence.
B. informative outline
Introduction:
George Stinney Jr. was an African American boy born on October 21, 1929 in Pinewood, South Carolina, U.S. He is considered as the youngest person to be executed by the United State government in 20th century.
Main body
Investigations of the alleged crimes (Bickford, 05)
The investigations concerning the alleged crimes of George S.
Business UsePALADIN ASSIGNMENT ScenarioYou are give.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
PALADIN ASSIGNMENT
Scenario:
You are given a PC and you are faced with this scenario: you don’t know the password to the PC which means you can’t login so you can use a forensic tool like FTK IMAGER to capture the hard drive as a bit-for-bit forensic image AND/OR
1. The hard drive is either soldiered onto the motherboard (there are some new hard drives like this!) or cannot be removed because the screws are stripped (this has happened to me);
2. Even if you figured out the password or got an admin password the PC may have its USB ports blocked via a GPO policy (this is very common in corporations now);
3. Even if you can get the GPO policy overridden you may have some concerns about putting it on the network (which is true especially if you are dealing with malware).
So what you can you do? The best solution is to boot the PC up into forensically sound environment that lets you bypass the password aspect; GPO policy; etc and take a bit-for-bit image. One software that has done the job very well for me is Paladin.
How to get points
If you can send me a screenshot showing me that you had installed Paladin .ISO and made your USB device a bootable device with Paladin using Rufus then you get 10 points.
If you can send me a screenshot showing that you had a chance to boot your computer into Paladin then you will earn an extra 10 points. It is not necessary for you to take a forensic image of your PC but I have included generic instructions here.
Assumptions:
1. You have downloaded Rufus on your computer
2. You have downloaded Paladin on your computer.
Instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least one USB drive.
2. If not down already, download Rufus from https://rufus.ie/.
3. If not done already, download the Paladin ISO image from this website: https://sumuri.com/product/paladin-64-bit-version-7/ which is free. It’s suggested price is $25.00 but you can adjust the price to $0 then order. To be clear – do not pay anything.
4. Insert the USB device in your computer.
5. Run Rufus where you install the Paladin .ISO file on the USB device and make it bootable. Now I could provide you step by step instructions, but this is a Masters class so I want you to explore a bit and figure this out. One good video is this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6JehM0WDTI.
6. After you are done using Rufus where you have installed Paladin.ISO on the USB device and made it bootable then make sure the USB device is in the PC.
7. Restart your PC. Press F9(HP) laptop) or F12 (Dell laptop) so you can be taken into the BIOS bootup menu.
8. This is where things get a bit tricky e.g. your compute may be configured differently where you have to adjust your BIOS settings. If you do not feel comfortable doing this then stop here. I do not want you to mess up your computer. You have already earned ten extra points!
9. If you still proceed then you will see a list of bootable devices. You may, for example, see a list of devices. Pick the device .
The Role of Business Ethics in Employee Engagement Novembe.docxoreo10
The Role of Business Ethics in Employee Engagement
November 04, 2009
//By Tom Monahan, CEO of the Corporate Executive Board
My focus on ethical management reminds me that I still own a box full of business cards with
my name from a company that no longer exists.
My first job out of college was with Arthur Andersen. At the time, it was a single organization
and I worked in a division that became Andersen Consulting, and is now Accenture. Arthur
Andersen had one of the most ethical cultures I have seen; the best people, the best business
systems, and a holistic commitment to performance ethics. Yet, it went from being one of the
leading professional services organizations to only a Wikipedia entry in a matter of months, due
to unethical behaviors in a reasonably small niche of the firm. The disappearance of my first
employer due to ethical failures is a powerful lesson I bring to work everyday.
While this is a somber example of the potential downside from an ethics or compliance failure, I
have the opportunity at CEB to see how much upside a manager and leader can create with a
focus on this issue. One of CEB’s core strengths is a voracious appetite for quantifying the
drivers of corporate performance. We ask ourselves: what do the best companies do to create
inordinate value? We have gathered and analyzed millions of data points about employee
perceptions and behavior and rigorously tied them to key drivers of corporate productivity. What
we found is a strong link between ethical cultures and employee engagement. If an employee
works for a company they consider having a strong ethical culture they work harder, stay longer,
and are less likely to leave. Collectively, this data points to a 9% productivity boost from ethical
leadership in the management ranks. That’s a stunning figure, and for me, maybe even more
compelling than the business cards.
While there is a strong link, both ethical behaviors and employee engagement are at risk. What
we see happening, across hundreds of thousands of employees at the world’s largest companies,
is a perfect storm brewing composed of three different factors.
First, we see heightened employee cynicism about commitment of management to ethical
principles and compliance standards, as management teams wrestle with critical issues elsewhere
in the business.
Second, unhappy employees are unable to leave their current roles. In a normal economy, if an
employee does not like their boss, they can leave. However, today unsatisfied employees are
unable to move because of limited opportunities. This results in what we estimate to be about a 7
percent productivity shortfall in most companies as a result of low engagement levels.
Third, employee disengagement is particularly pronounced with the highest potential employees
within an organization. These employees are three times as likely to leave as a normal employee
once the economy improves. Mos ...
A discussion of how to manage employee performance taking into account how people’s actions affect and are influenced by the behaviors of their fellow team members, work groups and organizations.
Ldr 531 final exam latest uop final exam questions with answersEmmajons
Welcome to the best tutorials ever! UOPeTutors.com provide simple and easy to follow homework help, the Ldr 531 final exam latest uop final exam questions with answers. hurry! Find the best study material ever. Once you visit us you won’t look back for sure.
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Business UseWeek 1 Assignment #1Instructions1. Plea.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Week 1: Assignment #1
Instructions
1. Please read these two articles:
· Using forensics against a fitbit device to solve a murder: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-fitbit-alibi-21st-century-technology-used-to-help-solve-wisconsin-moms-murder/
· How Amazon Echo could be forensically analyzed! https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14189384/amazon-echo-murder-evidence-surveillance-data
2. Then go around in your residence / dwelling (home, apartment, condo, etc) and be creative.
3. Identify at least five appliances or devices that you THINK could be forensically analyzed and then identify how this might be useful in an investigation. Note - do not count your computer or mobile device. Those are obvious!
4. I expect at least one paragraph answer for each device.
Why did I assign this?
The goal is to have you start THINKING about how any device, that is capable of holding electronic data (and transmitting to the Internet) could be useful in a particular investigation!
Due Date
This is due by Sunday, May 10th at 11:59PM
Surname 6
Informative speech on George Stinney Jr.
A. Info research analysis
The general purpose of the speech was to inform people about the civil injustice being done against the African American community in the United States. The specific purpose of the speech was to portray to the audience how an innocent 14-year old black boy suffered in the hands of the South Carolina State law enforcing officers. He was falsely accused of killing two white girls and electrocuted within two months after conviction.
I decided the topic of my speech after perusing through all the suggested topics ad found that the story of George Stinney Jr. was touching and emotional entirely.
This topic benefits the audience and the society in general by giving them an insight of the cruelty that the American law system has against the African American community. The audience gets to know how the shady investigations were done with claims that George had pleaded guilty to the charges of murder when there was no real evidence tying him to the crime or a signed plea agreement.
The alternative view that I found in the research was the version of the investigating officer of the case who claimed that the 14-year old boy managed to kill two girls aged 11 and 7 with a blunt object and ditch them in a nearby trench. This alternative point of view did not make sense because it is hard for a 14-year old boy to use the force that was reported by postmortem results to kill the girls. Therefore, I knew everything was a lie and I had to take the point of view of George’s innocence.
B. informative outline
Introduction:
George Stinney Jr. was an African American boy born on October 21, 1929 in Pinewood, South Carolina, U.S. He is considered as the youngest person to be executed by the United State government in 20th century.
Main body
Investigations of the alleged crimes (Bickford, 05)
The investigations concerning the alleged crimes of George S.
Business UsePALADIN ASSIGNMENT ScenarioYou are give.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
PALADIN ASSIGNMENT
Scenario:
You are given a PC and you are faced with this scenario: you don’t know the password to the PC which means you can’t login so you can use a forensic tool like FTK IMAGER to capture the hard drive as a bit-for-bit forensic image AND/OR
1. The hard drive is either soldiered onto the motherboard (there are some new hard drives like this!) or cannot be removed because the screws are stripped (this has happened to me);
2. Even if you figured out the password or got an admin password the PC may have its USB ports blocked via a GPO policy (this is very common in corporations now);
3. Even if you can get the GPO policy overridden you may have some concerns about putting it on the network (which is true especially if you are dealing with malware).
So what you can you do? The best solution is to boot the PC up into forensically sound environment that lets you bypass the password aspect; GPO policy; etc and take a bit-for-bit image. One software that has done the job very well for me is Paladin.
How to get points
If you can send me a screenshot showing me that you had installed Paladin .ISO and made your USB device a bootable device with Paladin using Rufus then you get 10 points.
If you can send me a screenshot showing that you had a chance to boot your computer into Paladin then you will earn an extra 10 points. It is not necessary for you to take a forensic image of your PC but I have included generic instructions here.
Assumptions:
1. You have downloaded Rufus on your computer
2. You have downloaded Paladin on your computer.
Instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least one USB drive.
2. If not down already, download Rufus from https://rufus.ie/.
3. If not done already, download the Paladin ISO image from this website: https://sumuri.com/product/paladin-64-bit-version-7/ which is free. It’s suggested price is $25.00 but you can adjust the price to $0 then order. To be clear – do not pay anything.
4. Insert the USB device in your computer.
5. Run Rufus where you install the Paladin .ISO file on the USB device and make it bootable. Now I could provide you step by step instructions, but this is a Masters class so I want you to explore a bit and figure this out. One good video is this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6JehM0WDTI.
6. After you are done using Rufus where you have installed Paladin.ISO on the USB device and made it bootable then make sure the USB device is in the PC.
7. Restart your PC. Press F9(HP) laptop) or F12 (Dell laptop) so you can be taken into the BIOS bootup menu.
8. This is where things get a bit tricky e.g. your compute may be configured differently where you have to adjust your BIOS settings. If you do not feel comfortable doing this then stop here. I do not want you to mess up your computer. You have already earned ten extra points!
9. If you still proceed then you will see a list of bootable devices. You may, for example, see a list of devices. Pick the device .
Business UsePractical Connection WorkThis work is a writte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Practical Connection Work
This work is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and been put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course, to date, have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment.
If you are not currently working, then this is where you can be creative and identify how you THINK this could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word minimum reflection.
Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments given in the course. Reflect and write about how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
// Pediatric depressionTherapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.
Client complained of feeling “sad” Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages Physical exam unremarkable Laboratory studies WNL Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation Client seen by Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation, but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead.
The PMHNP administers the Children's Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)
RESOURCES
§ Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale--Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Decision Point OneSelect what the PMHNP should do:Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
.
Business System Analyst
SUMMARY:
· Cognos Business In experience intelligence with expertise in Software Design, Development, and Analysis, Teradata, Testing, Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence tools.
· Expertise in Cognos 11/10.2, 10.1, 8.x (Query Studio, Report Studio, Analysis Studio, Business Insight/Workspace, Business Insight/Workspace Advanced, Metric Studio (Score carding), Framework Manager, Cognos Connection)
· Expertise in Installation and Configuration of Cognos BI Products in Distributed environment on Windows
· Expertise with Framework Manager Modeling (Physical Layer, Business Layer, Packages) and Complex Report building with Report Studio.
· Expertise developing complex reports using drill-through reports, prompts, dashboards, master-detail, burst-reports, dynamic filtering in Cognos.
· Expertise in creating Dashboard reports using Java Script in Report studio.
· Expertise in building scorecard reports and dashboard reports using metric studio.
· Expertise with Transformer models and cubes that were used in Power play analysis and also these cubes were used in various Analysis Studio reports.
· Expertise with MDX Functions in Report Studio using Multi-dimensional Sources.
· Expertise with Cognos security (LDAP, Active Directory, Access manager, object level security, data security).
· Expertise with Tabbed Inter-phases and with Interactive Behavior of value based chart highlighting.
· Sound Skills in developing SQL Scripts, PL/SQL Stored Procedures, functions, packages.
· Expertise on production support and troubleshoot/test issues with existing reports and cubes.
· Experienced with MS SQL Server BI Tools like SSIS, SSRS and SSAS.
· Expertise in creation of packages, Data and Control tasks, Reports and Cubes using MS SQL Server BI Tools.
· Ability to translate business requirements into technical specifications and interact with end users to gather requirements for reporting.
· Good understanding of business process in Financial, Insurance and Healthcare areas.
· Expertise in infrastructure design for the cognos environment and security setup for different groups as per business requirement.
· Creating training material on all the Ad-Hoc training
· Expertise in all the basic administrative tasks like deployments, routing rule setup’s , user group setup , folder level securities etc.
· Have deployment knowledge of IBM Cognos report in Application servers like WAS.
· Have knowledge on handling securities and administration functionalities on IBM Cognos 10.x
· Good work ethics, detail oriented, fast learner, team oriented, flexible and adaptable to all kinds of stressful environments. Possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
Technical Skills:
BI Platform
Cognos 11,10.2, 10.1, 8.x (Query Studio, Report Studio, Analysis Studio, Business Insight/Workspace, Business Insight/Workspace Advanced, Metric Studio (Score carding), Framework Manager, Cognos Connection)
Data Base
MS Access, MS SQL Server, Orac.
Business StrategyOrganizations have to develop an international .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy
Organizations have to develop an international Human Resources Management Strategy, when they expand globally. Which do you think is more critical for international Human Resource Management:
Understanding the cultural environment, or
Understanding the political and legal environment?
Please choose 1 position and give a rationale; examples are also a way to demonstrate your understanding of the learning concepts.
.
Business StrategyGroup BCase Study- KFC Business Analysis.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy
Group B
Case Study- KFC Business Analysis
Abstract
Introduced in 1952 by Colonel Sanders
Second largest restaurant chain today in terms of popularity
Annual revenue of $23 billion
Diversified its menu to suit cultural needs of people across different countries
Hindering factors in KFC’s growth are growing consumer health consciousness, animal welfare criticism, environmental criticism
Introduction
KFC was born in 1952 and its founder was Colonel Sanders
First franchise to grow globally over international market
By the 1960s – 1980s the market was booming in countries like England, Mexico, China
Management and ownership transferred over the years to Heublin, Yum Brands and PepsiCo.
Annual revenue of $23 billion in 2013
KFC had expanded its menu to suit cultural needs of people across different countries
Hindering factors in KFC’s growth are growing consumer health consciousness, animal welfare criticism, environmental criticism, logistic management issue in UK, cultural differences in Asian countries towards accepting the fried chicken menu.
Factors contributing to KFC’s global success
The core reason for KFCs success is it’s mandate to follow strict franchise protocols that have continuously satisfied customers demands:
The quality of the chicken cooked in KFC has certain specific guidelines
The size of the restaurant should be 24x60 feet.
The restaurant washrooms and ktichen has certain cleanliness standards
Food that is not sold off needs to be trashed
The workers need to have a specific clothing and uniform.
A certain % of the gross earnings should be used for advertisement and R&D
Air conditioning is mandatory in the outlets
Global number of KFC restaurants in the past decade
Importance of cultural factors to KFC’s sales success in India and China
Culture is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values
“Culture is everything that people have, think, and do as members of their society”, which demonstrating that culture is made up of (1) material objects; (2) ideas, values, attitudes and beliefs; and (3) specified, or expected behavior.
Many scholars have theorized and studied the notion of cross-cultural adaptation, which tends to move from one culture to another one, by learning the elements such as rules, norms, customs, and language of the new culture (Oberg 1960, Keefe and Padilla 1987, Kealey 1989). According to Ady (1995),
“Cultural adaptation is the evolutionary process by which an individual modifies his personal habits and customs to fit into a particular culture. It can also refer to gradual changes within a culture or society that occur as people from different backgrounds participating in the culture and sharing their perspectives and practices.”
Cultural factors in India that go against KFC’s original recipe.
.
Business Strategy Differentiation, Cost Leadership, a.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy:
Differentiation, Cost Leadership,
and Integration
Lina Deng
Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage
• A business-level strategy is an integrated and
coordinated set of commitments and actions designed
to provide value to customers and to gain a competitive
advantage by utilizing core competencies in specific
individual product markets.
6–2
Business-Level Strategy:
How to Compete for Advantage?
• Answer the “Who, What, Why, and How”
Ø Who - which customer segments to serve?
Ø What needs, wishes, desires will we satisfy?
Ø Why do we want to satisfy them?
Ø How will we satisfy customers’ needs?
• Details actions that managers take in the quest
for competitive advantage
Ø Single product or group of similar products
6–3
Industry and Firm Effects Jointly Determine
Competitive Advantage
6–4
Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage
• Two fundamental questions:
Ø How do you generate advantage?
Ø How do you sustain advantage?
• Key idea for sustainability is “barriers to imitation.”
Ø How long will it be before the first rival
imitates the first mover?
Ø How fast does new imitation occur
once it starts?
v These two factors determine appropriability.
6–5
Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage
• Does market share generate competitive advantage?
Ø The computer industry is an excellent example of the lack
of correspondence between market share and profit rates.
IBM was a clear market leader in terms of market share
but had only mediocre economic performance relative to its
rivals. High market share is no guarantee of high rates
of profitability.
6–6
Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage
• Does market share generate competitive advantage?
Ø Perhaps high market share causes high profit rates.
Ø But it could equally well be that there is a third factor
(e.g., good service capabilities, such as those of
Caterpillar), either not considered or unobserved by us,
that causes both high profitability and high market share.
v In this case, we would see a correlation
between profitability and market share
but there is no causal explanation.
Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage
• When can market share work to generate and sustain
an advantage?
Ø Scale economies (to generate cost leadership advantage)
combined with high exit costs (to sustain the advantage)
may make market share a defensible advantage.
6–8
Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage
• An organization’s knowledge or expertise can lead to
sustainable advantage if:
Ø The knowledg.
Business RequirementsReference number Document Control.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Requirements
Reference number:
Document Control
Change Record
Date
Author
Version
Change Reference
Reviewers
Name
Position
Table of Contents
2Document Control
1
Business Requirements
4
1.1
Project Overview
4
1.2
Background including current process
4
1.3
Scope
4
1.3.1
Scope of Project
4
1.3.2
Constraints and Assumptions
5
1.3.3
Risks
5
1.3.4
Scope Control
5
1.3.5
Relationship to Other Systems/Projects
5
1.3.6
Definition of Terms (if applicable)
5
1 Business Requirements
1.1 Project Overview
Provide a short, yet complete, overview of the project.
1.2 Background including current process
Describe the background to the project, (same section may be reused in the Quality Plan) include:
This project is
The project goal is to
The IT role for this project is
1.3 Scope
1.3.1 Scope of Project
The scope of this project includes a number of areas. For each area, there should be a corresponding strategy for incorporating these areas into the overall project.
Applications
In order to meet the target production date, only these applications will be implemented:
Sites
These sites are considered part of the implementation:
Process Re-engineering
Re-engineering will
Customization
Customizations will be limited to
Interfaces
the interfaces included are:
Architecture
Application and Technical Architecture will
Conversion
Only the following data and volume will be considered for conversion:
Testing
Testing will include only
Funding
Project funding is limited to
Training
Training will be
Education
Education will include
1.3.2 Constraints and Assumptions
The following constraints have been identified:
The following assumptions have been made in defining the scope, objectives and approach:
1.3.3 Risks
The following risks have been identified as possibly affecting the project during its progression:
1.3.4 Scope Control
The control of changes to the scope identified in this document will be managed through the Change Control, with business owner representative approval for any changes that affect cost or timeline for the project.
1.3.5 Relationship to Other Systems/Projects
It is the responsibility of the business unit to inform IT of other business initiatives that may impact the project. The following are known business initiatives:
1.3.6 Definition of Terms (if applicable)
List any definitions that will be used throughout the duration of the project.
5
A working structure is the fundamental programming that bargains with all the mechanical social affair and other programming on a PC. It other than pulls in us to visit with the PC without perceiving how to talk the piece PC programs language's. A working structure is inside theory of programming on a contraption that keeps everything together. Working systems visit with the's contraption. They handle everything from your solace and mice to the Wi-Fi radio, gathering contraptions, and show. Symbolically, a worki.
Business ProposalThe Business Proposal is the major writing .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Proposal
The Business Proposal is the major writing assignment in the course. You are to create and submit a formal proposal that suggests how to change something within an organization. This organization can be large or small, a place of employment now or in the past, or an organization to which the students belong. From past experiences, it is best to use a business with fewer than 200 employees, and one with which you have personal experience. It could be a place where you currently work or a place you have worked or volunteered in the past.
The change can be specific to a unit or can apply to the whole organization; it can relate to how important information is distributed, who has access to important information, how information is accessed, or any other change in practices the students see as having a benefit. The proposal should be directed to the person or committee with the power to authorize the change. However, if you are working within a large organization, and asking for a small organizational change, communicating with a CEO or president may not make the most sense. You need to think about who within the organization might be the best person for the type of change suggested.
For the submission, you are to follow the guidelines for formal proposals available in Chapter 10 of the text. You can review 10.1, 10.4, and 10.19 for more information about specific components for a well-written formal business proposal. A complete proposal must have all required sections of a formal report excluding the copy of an RFP and the Authorization. The final draft of the proposal should be 1500–2000 words, and include the following necessary formal proposal components:
Letter of transmittal
Executive summary
Title page
Table of contents
List of illustrations
Introduction
Background: Purpose/problem
Proposal: plan, schedule, details
Staffing
Budget
Appendix
Formatting does matter for this assignment, and you are to check the text for details about how to format and draft the different proposal segments. Proposals don't just have text; graphics and charts are necessary, too. In addition, research is important, and footnotes and references must be included. All content should be concise, clear, and detailed. The proposal should be well-written with appropriate grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
This is a scaffolded writing project that consists of four assignments.
.
Business ProjectProject Progress Evaluation Feedback Form .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Project
Project Progress Evaluation
Feedback Form Week 3
Date:
__________________________________________________
Student Name:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Project Title: Effect Of Increasing Training Budget
Project Type: Business Research
Researchers:
Has a topic been chosen and a problem statement created?
Yes { } NO { }
Was the problem statement submitted in a 1-4 page paper that includes an introduction to the topic with appropriate documentation?
Yes { } No { }
Specifically, if any, needs additional content or rewriting to create more clarity? What specific recommendations do you have to help in this process?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What is your workable timetable that states specific objectives and target completion dates for completing the final draft of the plan? Write the timetable below:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Feedback Form #3 – Project Proposal and Plan
▼
THE UK’S LEADING PROVIDER OF EXPERT SERVICES FOR IT PROFESSIONALS
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Developing a successful governance strategy
A Best Practice guide for decision makers in IT
IT Governance
Developing a successful governance strategy
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The effective use of information technology is now an accepted organisational imperative - for
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commercial effectiveness. The swift pace of change in these technologies has consigned many
established best practice approaches to the past. Today's IT decision makers and business
managers face uncertainty - characterised by a lack of relevant, practical, advice and standards
to guide them through this new business revolution.
Recognising the lack of available best practice guidance, the National Computing Centre has
created the Best Practice Series to capture and define best practice across the key aspects of
successful business.
Other Titles in the NCC Best Practice series:
IT Skills - Recruitment and Retention ISBN 0-85012-867-6
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BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF COST MANAGEMENT IN H.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF COST
MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS
1
1
st
IVANA DRAŽIĆ LUTILSKY
Departement of Accounting
Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Zagreb
Croatia
[email protected]
2
nd
LUCIJA JUROŠ
Faculty of Economics and Business
[email protected]
Abstract: This paper is dealing with the importance of business processes regarding costs
tracking and cost management in healthcare institutions. Various changes within the health
care system and funding of hospitals require the introduction of management information
systems and cost accounting. The introduction of cost accounting in public hospitals would
allow the planning and control of costs, monitoring of costs per patient or service and the
calculation of indicators for the analysis and assessment of the economic performance of the
business of public hospitals and lead to the transparency of budget spending. A model that
would be suited to the introduction in the public hospital is full cost allocation model based on
activities or processes that occur, known as the ABC method. Given that this is a calculation
of cost of services provided through various internal business processes, it is important to
identify all business processes in order to be able to calculate the costs incurred by services.
Although the hospital does not do business with the aim to make a profit, they must follow all
the costs (direct and indirect) to be able to calculate the full costs i.e. the price of the service
provided. In addition, the long-term sustainability of business activities in terms of funding
difficulties and the continuous growth of cost of services provided, hospitals must control and
reduce the cost of the program and specific activities. Therefore, the objective of this paper is
to point out the importance of business processes while introducing ABC method.
Keywords: Business Processes, Cost management, ABC method, Healthcare Institutions
1
This work has been fully supported by University of Zagreb funding the project “Business processes in the
implementation of cost management in healthcare system”, Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
University of Zagreb.
mailto:[email protected]
1 Introduction
In recent years, the efficiency of the management in health care services and the system of
quality in health care institutions significantly increased. Patients expect more from
healthcare providers and higher standards of care. At the same time, those who pay for
health services are increasingly concerned about the rising costs of health care services, but
also the potential ineffectiveness of the health care system. Consequently, there is a broad
interest in understanding the ways of efficient work of health care management and .
Business Process Management JournalBusiness process manageme.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Process Management Journal
Business process management: a maturity assessment of Saudi Arabian
organizations
Omar AlShathry,
Article information:
To cite this document:
Omar AlShathry, (2016) "Business process management: a maturity assessment of Saudi Arabian
organizations", Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Issue: 3, pp.507-521, https://
doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
Permanent link to this document:
https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
Downloaded on: 04 September 2018, At: 00:11 (PT)
References: this document contains references to 26 other documents.
To copy this document: [email protected]
The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1083 times since 2016*
Users who downloaded this article also downloaded:
(2016),"Process improvement for professionalizing non-profit organizations: BPM approach",
Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 3 pp. 634-658 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/
BPMJ-08-2015-0114">https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-08-2015-0114</a>
(2016),"Ownership relevance in aspect-oriented business process models", Business
Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 3 pp. 566-593 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/
BPMJ-01-2015-0006">https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-01-2015-0006</a>
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*Related content and download information correct at time of download.
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Business process management:
a maturity assessment of Saudi
Arabian organizations
Omar AlShathry
Department of Information Systems,
Imam Mohammed Bin Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Purpose – Business Process Management (BPM) has become increasingly common among organizations
in d.
Business Plan[Your Name], OwnerPurdue GlobalBUSINESS PLANDate.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan[Your Name], Owner
Purdue Global
BUSINESS PLAN
Date
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Product
1.2 Customers
1.3 What Drives Us
2. COMPANY DESCRIPTION
2.1 Mission and Vision Statements
2.2 Principal Members at Startup (In Unit 7 you will expand on this section to include medium and long term personnel plans for all team members, including the line staff.)
2.2.1 Using chapter 10 of your text, write the plan, using the section in Chapter 10 that shows how to introduce each team member and describe their background and responsibilities. You will start with the leaders and managers, then discuss other employees as needed for your company to grow.
2.2.2 Use this spreadsheet to show the planning
Leaders/managers (unit 1)
When needed (number of months/years after opening)
Outside Services Needed
Key Functions
Add line staff (Unit 7)
2.3 Legal Structure
3. MARKET RESEARCH
3.1 Industry (from SBA, Business Guides by Industry, and Bureau of Labor Statistics)
3.1.1 Industry description
3.2.1 Resources used
3.2 Customers (from SBA site fill in worksheet, then use text for spreadsheets and follow-up explanations)
Add SBA part here:
Then, fill in spreadsheet using this example from the text:
Housewife:
Married Couple:
Age:
35–65
Age:
35–55
Income:
Fixed
Income:
Medium to high
Sex:
Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Children living at home
Family:
0 to 2 children
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
Housewife
Occupation:
Varies
Attitude:
Security minded
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Older Couple:
Elderly:
Age:
55–75
Age:
70+
Income:
High or fixed
Income:
Fixed
Sex:
Male or Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Empty nest
Family:
Empty nest
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
White-collar or retired
Occupation:
Retired
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Explain who you are targeting and where they are located. Insert information here using these guidelines:
Information About Your Target Market – Narrow your target market to a manageable size. Many businesses make the mistake of trying to appeal to too many target markets. Research and include the following information about your market:
Distinguishing characteristics – What are the critical needs of your potential customers? Are those needs being met? What are the demographics of the group and where are they located? Are there any seasonal or cyclical purchasing trends that may impact your business?
Size of the primary target market – In addition to the size of your market, what data can you include about the annual purchases your market makes in your industry? What is the forecasted market growth for this group? For more information, see the market research guide for tips and free government resources that can help you build a market profile.
How much market share can you gain? – What is the market share.
Business PlanCover Page Name of Project, Contact Info, Da.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan
Cover Page
Name of Project, Contact Info, Date
Picture/graphics
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
The Company
The Project
The Industry
The Market
Distribution
Risk Factors
Financing
Sources
List of sources, specific articles, and websites
I WILL PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION IN CHAT TO COMPLETE PROPOSAL.
.
Business Planning and Program Planning A strategic plan.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Planning and Program Planning
A strategic plan specifies how a particular program will realize its objectives. With a strategic plan, it is possible to focus efforts on the accomplishment of a program's goals. A strategic plan provides a link between what a program seeks to accomplish and the required actions for successful program implementation (Kettner, Moroney & Martin, 2017). A business plan, on the contrary, defines the path of business. It includes a company's organizational structure, marketing plan as well as financial projections (Kettner et al., 2017).
Impact of Business Plan on a Program’s Strategic Plan
The logic model can help understand the impact of a business plan on a program’s strategic plan. The logic model comprises five major elements such as inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. The inputs are the resources such as funding, facilities, staff and volunteers needed for a given program. The activities are the events or actions of a program such as running the program and data collection. Outputs are the direct products and the desired effects of a program. Impact recalls the goals of a program (Hodges & Videto, 2011).
The financial projection element of a business plan can impact the strategic planning process of a program. This medium is because the allocated budget, as well as its parameters, must be assessed to ascertain if the funds available are enough to perform the tasks and activities of a program, which is what amounts to strategic planning. Hodges and Videto (2011) asserted that the resources required to implement a program, including those available and those needed, should be reviewed to determine if there are enough resources to achieve the goals of a program. The budget must include allocations for facilities and space, staff, supplies and materials, marketing resources as well as other operational expenses. An accurate budget is vital for the success of a program, and it is critical to consider all the possible expenses plus income.
The relationship between Business Planning and Program Planning
Programs usually face resource constraints, including the difficulty to attract funding streams. Business planning, according to the United States Small Business Administration (n.d.) is a methodology that can be used to address the challenge of financial constraints systematically. A business plan can demonstrate the link or association between a proposed program and social return. Through a funded plan, it is possible for a program to secure funding sources. As such a program plan must include a budget that specifies the number of revenues needed to achieve the program's goals and objectives. From this medium perspective, a budget is considered as an integral component rather than a stand-alone activity of program planning process (Kettner, Moroney and Martin, 2017).
The program planning process must include areas that require add.
Business Plan In your assigned journal, describe the entity you wil.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan: In your assigned journal, describe the entity you will utilize and explain your decision.
Must be:
At required length or longer
Written in American English at graduate level
Received on or before the deadline
Must pass turn it in
Written in APA with references
.
Business Plan Part IVPart IV of the Business PlanPart IV of .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan Part IV
Part IV of the Business Plan
Part IV of the business plan is due in week 7. Together with this part, you must show to your instructor that you have implemented the necessary corrections based on the part I feedback.
Part IV Requirements
1. Financials Plan
a. Present an in-depth narrative to demonstrate the viability of your business to justify the need for funding.
b. In this section describe financial estimates and rationale which include financial statements and forms that document the viability of your proposed business and its soundness as an investment.
c. Tables and figures must be introduced in the narrative.
i. Describe the form of business (sole-proprietor, LLC, or Corporation).
ii. Prepare three-year projections for income, expenses, and sources of funds.
iii. Base predictions on industry and historical trends.
iv. Make realistic assumptions.
v. Allow for funding changes at different stages of your company’s growth.
vi. Present a written rationale for your projections.
vii. Indicate your startup costs.
viii. Detail how startup funds will be used to advance your proposed business
ix. List current capital and any other sources of funding you may have
x. Document your calculations.
xi. Use reasonable estimates or actual data (where possible).
2. Continuous Improvement System
a. Present a brief summary of the continuous improvement processes that you will utilize for quality management (Six sigma, TQM, etc).
.
BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT Whether you plan to apply for a bu.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT
Whether you plan to apply for a business loan or not, you need to have a roadmap or plan to get you from where you are to the successful operation of your business. The pages that follow demonstrate the content of a simple business plan which has been found to be successful in obtaining startup funds from banks. You are encouraged to use all or whatever portions of this fit your business.
Please DO NOT write page after page of drivel or copy from someone else’s plan or one of those templates you can find on the Internet. In most cases this will not “sound" like you, nor will it be short and to the point. Those who read these things are busy people and will not be inclined to spend time reading irrelevant paperwork.
Throughout this sample, there are
italicized
comments which are meant to guide you in preparation. If you follow this format it is reasonable to expect a finished document with 15-20 pages plus the supporting documents in the last section.
If you have good quality pictures of your space, products or other items, you might include them as another way to convey just what you plan to do. A map of your location, diagram of floor space, or other illustration is also sometimes helpful. On the other hand, do not add materials simply to “bulk-up” the report.
While content is critical, it is also important to make this presentation look as good as possible. For this course, you will create the business plan in Word and submit the plan and all attachments through the Assignment drop box. That means all attachments have to be in digital form. For a bank loan or an investor, you would normally provide them with a print version. Print the pages in black ink on a high quality tinted letterhead paper. Color is not necessary but would add some interest in headlines, etc. Bind the document in a presentation folder or with a spiral binding. Don’t simply punch a staple in the upper left corner.
If your were going to pursue a bank loan or an investor, it would be normal to take this business plan to your SCORE counselor for a review and critique.
NOTE: Before you begin your inspection of the simple plan outline which follows, take a moment to review the Business Plan Checklist on the next page.
BUSINESS PLAN CHECKLIST
By way of review, here is a concise list of the basic requirements for a Business Plan, as recommended by the MIT Enterprise Forum:
·
Appropriate Arrangement
- prepare an executive summary, a table of contents and chapters in the right order.
·
Right Length
- make it not too long and not too short, not too fancy and not too plain.
·
Expectations
- give a sense of what founder(s) and the company expect to accomplish three to seven years in the future.
·
Benefits
- explain in quantitative and qualitative terms the benefit to the consumer of the products and services.
·
Marketability
- present hard evidence of the mar.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
42. hypothesis, language determines the nature of the culture. So,
an astute international business manager must be able to
understand the distinction between low-context language (in
which expressions are stated directly and explicitly), examples
of which you will find in most Northern European countries and
the U.S., and high-context language (in which expressions are
stated indirectly and implicitly), whose examples are Asian and
Arab countries. The distinguishing factor is the extent to which
people in these two language classifications use verbal and non-
verbal communication. While, people in low-contest language
culture use more verbal than non-verbal communication, the
reverse is true for high-context language culture. Non-verbal
communication are characterized mostly by: kinesics
(communication through body movements), proxemics
(communication by use of space), haptics (communication by
touch), oculesics (communication by use of eye contact) and
olfasics (communication by use of smells). The importance of
understanding these low- and
high-context cultural variables must be underscored.
Considering the important role communication plays in the
negotiation process, it is recommended that the
international negotiator use official interpreters. Effective
interpretation would entail, at a minimum, knowing
the interpreter and letting him or her understand your accent,
reviewing technical details of the deal, learning
about communication styles, and confirming all key components
of the message being delivered prior to
concluding.
Although, many countries may have similarities in negotiation
styles based on regional and cultural affinity,
there are common differences that the international negotiator
must be knowledgeable of. Such differences
include the goal of negotiation (whether signing the contract
first, or developing a relationship), formal or
informal communication style, direct or indirect
communication, sensitivity to time (low or high), forms of
43. agreement (specific or general), team organization (team
leadership or solo leader), attitude toward
negotiation (win-lose, zero-sum, or win-win), and high or low
emotions.
At this juncture in the lesson, essential steps to be followed in
international negotiation are important. First is
the preparation step. In the preparation stage, after collecting
country- and company-specific research, the
negotiator must be able to answer in the affirmative a number of
important questions. Is this negotiation
possible? Will my company get what it wants from the
negotiation? Are there any compromises to be made?
Do I have sufficient knowledge of the negotiation styles and
tricks of the other party? Does my company have an
experienced team to handle the negotiation or any special,
technical skills required? Do we have an
agreed-upon agenda? To answer these questions, the
international negotiation in his research may need to
read extensively, visit the country ahead of time, create a mock
negotiation or improvise one. With adequate
preparation, he or she should be able to successfully negotiate.
Since, there is no deal that does have its own
risks, he or she must research into not only country- and
company-specific risks, but also industry-specific
risks that may endanger consummating the deal for which the
negotiation is to take place.
In the second stage, relationship building is important. In high-
context, collectivist societies, there is a lot of
emphasis on building relationship, which is more important than
signing a one-time contract. So, when a
Japanese negotiator picks up his or her U.S. counterpart at the
airport and drives across town, spending half of the day
attending to family obligations and social activities, such time
spent should not be considered a
"waste of resources". The associates costs (travel and lodging)
of negotiating the deal should include the time
44. spent on building relationship. In the high-context culture, the
legalistic requirement to sign a legally binding
contract will be attended to later.
The third stage is when there is the exchange and perusal of
task-related information. The specific details of
the contract are presented as an official proposal which is
considered the first offer. Discussions are held to
clarify foggy areas of the contract, interpretation and document
translations are conducted, attention is paid to
details, and emotions are addressed.
In the fourth stage, the persuasion stage, each negotiator
presents their own position, engaging in multiple
negotiation tactics, which may be verbal (promise, reward,
recommendation, warning, threat, or punishment), non-verbal
(posture, grimace, or hand gestures) or "dirty" tactics.
In identifying dirty negotiation tricks, the astute international
negotiator must be able to decipher whether there
is deliberate deception or bluffing by the other party, know
whether the other party decides to stall the contract
signing time intentionally to frustrate him or her or escalate
decision making to a higher authority. Other dirty
tricks include a member of the negotiation team playing the role
of the "good guy" and another the "bad guy",
and pretending be "old friends". In general, to address the
foreign negotiator's dirty tricks, a well-informed
negotiator must state directly what he or she feels is happening,
clarify who the key decision-maker is, and
focus on mutual benefits of the agreement.
In stage five, a final agreement is signed in accordance with
chosen legal system. In certain cases, some
unfinished business in third and fourth stages may be addressed.
Concession making takes place in stage
six. Concession making may either be sequential approach (each
side reciprocates a concession made by
the order) or holistic approach (each side makes very few
concessions or none at all). It is important to
45. remember that concession making runs parallel with negotiation
strategies of competitive negotiation (each side tries to yield
very little in an attempt to win maximum benefits), using dirty
tricks, or problem-solving
(seeking mutually beneficial ground for both negotiators While
not often traditionally considered, the last stage, stage 7, is of
paramount importance. In this stage, the
post-agreement stage, an evaluation of the success of the
negotiation is conducted and doing so can be
beneficial. First, post-agreement evaluation allows the
collection of valuable data that tell us the strengths and
weaknesses of the negotiation. Second, areas in need of
improvements are presented. Lastly, postagreement
analysis can create an opportunity for fostering relationships
with counterparts. U.S. multinationals
intending on engaging in business relationships with high-
context collectivist societies like China, India, and
Japan would appreciate this last benefit. The successful
international negotiator must have certain unique
characteristics viz-a-viz high tolerance for ambiguity,
flexibility, creativity, humor, stamina (physical and
emotional), empathy, and bilingualism.
As we read Chapter 14, we begin to discuss an important aspect
of work: motivation. While financial rewards
are compensations for work done, multinationals continue to
appreciate the importance of motivation in the
work environment, as they embed motivational philosophies in
their management decision making. We
continue to see that work centrality (the overall value of work
in a person's life when compared to other
activities including religion, leisure, family, and community)
and work obligation norms (degree to which work
is considered as an obligation) continue to be the primary focus
of multinational management. However, the
key reasons for why people work can be dichotomized into two
categories: extrinsic values (preference for the security aspects
46. of jobs, such as money and job security) and intrinsic values
(preferences for openness to
change, pursuit of autonomy, growth, creativity and use of
initiative). Knowledge of such differences in
peoples' preferences will always help multinationals design
effective strategies appropriate for local hiring.
We now turn to the theories of motivation categorized as the
need theory of motivation and process and
reinforcement theories. Let's briefly discuss them. There are
four types of need theory of motivation. First,
according to Thomas Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals
have five basic types of needs: psychological,
security, affiliation, esteem, and self-actualization. According
to Maslow, these needs are fulfilled according to
a hierarchy from the lowest to the highest levels. Second,
Alderfer’s ERG Theory presents a simplified
hierarchy of needs similar to Maslow's: growth needs,
relatedness needs and existence needs. Third, we
have the motivator-hygiene theory, which states that the two
characteristics of job are motivators (factors that
allow the fulfillment of higher-level needs (e.g., having a
challenging task which leads to greater levels of
achievement) and hygiene (factors that allow the fulfillment of
lower-level needs, e.g., good benefits and
better working conditions). Finally, the achievement-motivation
theory states that only a given percentage of
people have the need to win in a competitive environment or
exceed a standard of excellence.
But what are the implications of the needs theories for
multinational management? In adapting the needs
theory, multinational managers should be able to (a) identify
basic functions of work in the national or local
culture (b) identify the most important needs and focus on
providing jobs that meet those needs (c)
understand that jobs available to satisfy workers' needs have
limitations that cannot be addressed given cultural, political or
47. socio-economic economic environment.
There are three process and reinforcement theories of
motivation: expectancy theory, equity theory and goalsetting
theory. Basically, the process theories assert that motivation is
a function of needs and values
combined with individuals' beliefs regarding work environment.
According to Victor Vroom, the expectancy
theory assumes that people are motivated to work, if there is a
connection between their needs and values for
work and the results of their hard work. Equity theory states
that people perceive the fairness of rewards on
work efforts mainly as pay, benefits, recognition, job
perquisites, and prestige, when their age, educational
qualifications, seniority, and social status are also considered.
Simplistically, goal-setting theory states that
the mere setting of a goal is the motivating force for work.
Finally, the reinforcement theory, focusing on
operant conditioning, advanced by B.F. Skinner, proposes that
if a pleasurable consequence follows a
behavior, the behavior will continue. However, if an unpleasant
consequence follows a behavior, the behavior
will not.
What are the implications for multinationals based on
knowledge of the expectancy theory? Multinationals
armed with knowledge of the expectancy theory should be able
to identify specific outcomes people value and
reward them positively accordingly. Moreover, the former
should also be able to find essential cultural ways to
assure employees that their work efforts will generate expected
results. With regards to the equity theory,
multinationals must assess basic principles of equity, and
provide motivational factors accordingly.
Concerning goal-setting, multinationals must be able to set clear
and specific goals, assign difficult, but attainable goals,
increase employee acceptance of goals, and provide effective
feedbacks. Finally, for the
48. reinforcement theory, a slew of research in this areas shows that
positive reinforcement improves employee productivity. The
challenge multinationals have is whether certain punishments
should be introduced and
what kinds would be appropriate for certain undesirable work
behavior or performances, especially when we
consider different national cultures and social institutions.
We have been able to see how important it is that multinationals
develop essential negotiation skills and how
those skills can be helpful in not only successfully negotiating
across borders, but also in developing
relationships with their international counterparts. An exposure
of the different skills and pitfalls has been
presented to illuminate us in understanding the different
cultural challenges that we might experience. Our
reviews and discussions on motivational theories have helped to
educate us about the importance of
motivation and the related challenges we might face when
dealing with foreign multinationals and their
employees. Our knowledge of motivational tools should help in
preparing us for challenges we might
experience in motivating the multi-cultural work base for the
ultimate goal of productivity improvement.
Management 77 Questions
1.) Dirty tricks might be unavoidable in cross-cultural
negotiation. What are examples of dirty tricks? How are they
inappropriate in international negotiation, and how should
negotiators avoid them?
2.) Discuss the major principles of reward allocation. Which
one(s) is (are) preferred by the collectivist culture?
Individualistic culture? Why?
3.) What do you think Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation
49. stands for? In a multicultural environment, what are the
multinational management implications for this expectancy
model?
4.) A slew of research points to the fact that performance is
significantly reduced in an individualistic culture in work team
assignments. What is responsible for this? How should
multinational managers address this phenomenon?