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The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2
- 1. ‹#› The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2 Copyright © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
- 2. Learning Objectives • Explain the chemical nature of biological molecules • Identify the primary elements in living organisms • Describe the structure of atoms • Compare and contrast the different types of bonds • Differentiate between atoms, molecules, and compounds • Explain how the structure of water affects its chemical properties • Explain how acids and bases affect pH • Explain how monomers are used to form polymers • Compare and contrast the structure and function of the four classes of biological molecules
- 4. WHY?
- 11. Table 2.2
- 12. Figure 2.3
- 13. Chemical Bonds Link Atoms
- 14. Figure 2.4
- 19. 1. Ionic Bond
- 24. Figure 2.7
- 26. 3. Hydrogen Bond 26 negative positive
- 27. Figure 2.9
- 29. Table 2.3
- 30. Water is Essential to Life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 30
- 33. Figure 2.12
- 37. Water is essential to life’s chemical reactions 37
- 38. Acids and Bases
- 40. Figure 2.14
- 42. 2_Page35
- 43. Figure 2.16
- 44. Figure 2.31
- 45. 4 Major Organic Molecules •1. •2. •3. •4.
- 46. 1. Carbohydrates a. Examples b. Functions c. Structure 46
- 48. Figure 2.17
- 56. 2_A
- 57. 2. Proteins a. Examples b. Functions c. Structure
- 59. Figure 2.20
- 60. Figure 2.18
- 61. Figure 2.19
- 63. Figure 2.21
- 65. 3. Nucleic Acids a. Examples b. Functions c. Structure
- 66. Figure 2.22
- 67. Figure 2.23
- 70. DNA vs. RNA
- 71. 4. Lipids a. Examples b. Functions c. Structure
- 72. Figure 2.27
- 73. Figure 2.24
- 76. Figure 2.26
- 79. Table 2.4
Editor's Notes
- FIGURE 2-4 There aren't many ingredients in you. Four of the 10 most common elements make up about 96% of your body.
- FIGURE 2-1 Familiar elements. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substances.
- FIGURE 2-3 The vital statistics of atoms. A guide to reading the periodic table.
- FIGURE 2-2 The atom. At the center of an atom is a nucleus containing protons and (in all elements except hydrogen) neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons whirling about in a cloud.
- FIGURE 2-5 (part 1) Electrons and the shells they inhabit.
- FIGURE 2-5 (part 2) Electrons and the shells they inhabit.
- FIGURE 2-8 (part 1) Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The resulting charged atoms (ions) attract each other.
- FIGURE 2-8 (part 2) Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The resulting charged atoms (ions) attract each other.
- FIGURE 2-7 (part 1) Covalent bonds: strength through electron sharing. The molecular structures formed by covalent bonding can be represented on paper in several different ways.
- FIGURE 2-7 (part 2) Covalent bonds: strength through electron sharing. The molecular structures formed by covalent bonding can be represented on paper in several different ways.
- FIGURE 2-10 Three ways in which atoms and molecules are bound.
- FIGURE 2-13 (part 1) Walking on water! Hydrogen bonds make this possible for some animals.
- FIGURE 2-14 Like a giant straw. Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to "stick" together, so that they can be pulled up through the giant sequoia.
- FIGURE 2-17 Solutions. Water pries apart ionic bonds, dissolving ionic compounds.
- FIGURE 2-15 Water as a moderator of temperature change. Hydrogen bonds help water resist heating.
- FIGURE 2-16 Ice floats. When frozen, water becomes less dense.
- FIGURE 2-18 pH is a measure of acidity.
- FIGURE 2-20 All carbohydrates have a similar structure and function.
- FIGURE 2-24 (part 1) Chains of sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made from simple sugars bound together.
- FIGURE 2-24 (part 2) Chains of sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made from simple sugars bound together.
- FIGURE 2-21 What happens to sugar in your blood?
- FIGURE 2-23 Water weight. Water molecules bound to glycogen account for much of the weight lost early in a diet.
- FIGURE 2-25 Short-term versus long-term energy? Complex carbohydrates and simple sugars differ in the way they make energy available to you.
- FIGURE 2-26 Carbohydrates can serve as structural materials.
- FIGURE 2-27 Fiber. It's not digestible but it's still important for our diet.
- FIGURE 2-36 Proteins everywhere! Proteins are the chief building blocks of all organisms.
- FIGURE 2-39 Protein structure. The functions of proteins are influenced by their three-dimensional shape.
- FIGURE 2-38 All proteins are not created equal. Some foods have "complete proteins" with all the essential amino acids. Other foods have "incomplete proteins" and we must consume proteins from multiple sources to get all the essential amino acids.
- FIGURE 2-43 The molecules that carry genetic information. The structure of nucleic acids.
- FIGURE 2-45 The middleman between DNA and protein. The structure of RNA.
- FIGURE 2-31 Degrees of saturation. Fatty acids (and thus the fats that contain them) can be unsaturated or saturated; unsaturated fats can be saturated artificially, making them tastier but less healthful.
- FIGURE 2-35 Lipid versatility. Phospholipids have important roles in many organisms.
- FIGURE 2-30 Animals (including humans!) prefer the taste of fats.