The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes Griffith's experiments showing bacteria can be transformed by DNA and work by Avery showing the transforming material was DNA. It also discusses experiments by Hershey and Chase using bacteriophages that provided evidence bacterial viruses transfer DNA into host cells. The document then explains Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, including how they built physical models and deduced base-pairing rules. It concludes with an overview of DNA replication.
The document discusses the sequencing of genomes and analysis of genomic data. It describes how the Human Genome Project developed faster sequencing techniques like the whole-genome shotgun approach. Bioinformatics tools are now used to analyze genomes, identify gene functions, and study biological systems through comparisons of gene sequences, expression patterns, and protein interactions. Genomes vary significantly in size, number of genes, and amount of noncoding repetitive DNA including transposable elements.
DNA has a double helix structure. It is composed of nucleotides that each contain a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The nucleotides are bonded together in a chain with the phosphate of one nucleotide bonded to the deoxyribose of the next. The bases project inward and form hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs - adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine. These hydrogen bonds connect the two anti-parallel nucleotide chains into the familiar double helix structure.
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It makes the following key points:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic (M) phase. Interphase includes cell growth and DNA replication, while mitosis involves the equal division of genetic material into two daughter cells.
2) In eukaryotes, cell division results in two genetically identical daughter cells through mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each cell receives one copy of each chromosome, while cytokinesis physically separates the cytoplasmic components.
3) The stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During this process, chromosomes condense and
This document summarizes Bryan Crable's research on understanding the metabolism of syntrophic interactions, with a focus on benzene ring degradation. It discusses how Thauera aromatica and Rhodopseudomonas palustris degrade benzene rings through known enzyme-catalyzed steps. While similar intermediates and activities have been found in Syntrophus aciditrophicus, its genome lacks genes from R. palustris. The document aims to elucidate the unknown enzyme(s) and membrane complexes that could catalyze the energetically favorable reduction/dearomatization of benzoyl-CoA in S. aciditrophicus. Native PAGE techniques are being developed and tested on S. aciditrophicus
1) The document discusses the core themes of biology, including evolution, genetic inheritance, energy flow through ecosystems, interactions between organisms and their environment, and the classification of life.
2) It describes the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere and how new properties emerge at each level.
3) Evolution accounts for both the unity and diversity of life and has transformed life on Earth through genetic changes over time.
This document summarizes a study that tested whether remote cis-syn-thymine dimers in DNA can be repaired by radical cations migrating through the DNA duplex. The researchers prepared DNA oligomers containing an anthraquinone derivative linked to the 5' end to act as an oxidant upon irradiation, as well as a cis-syn thymine dimer and strategically placed GG steps. Irradiation led to damage at remote GG steps, but no detectable repair (<3%) of the thymine dimer, in contrast to previous reports claiming efficient repair initiated by rhodium metallointercalators.
1) The document provides an overview of cell structure and microscopy techniques used to study cells. It describes the basic features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and how eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize functions into organelles.
2) Key microscopy techniques described are light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. These techniques allow visualization of subcellular structures down to 10-20 micrometers in size.
3) The structures and functions of organelles in plant and animal cells are summarized, including the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and cell wall. Diagrams illustrate the relative sizes and
1) The document discusses motor mechanisms and behavior in animals. It describes how muscle contraction occurs through the sliding filament model, where actin and myosin filaments interact in a sarcomere through cross bridges formed by myosin.
2) Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin and exposing actin binding sites, allowing the cross bridge cycle. Motor neurons stimulate muscles through acetylcholine release and action potentials.
3) There are different types of skeletal muscle fibers adapted for tasks like strength or endurance. Fiber types differ in their fuel source and speed of contraction.
The document discusses the sequencing of genomes and analysis of genomic data. It describes how the Human Genome Project developed faster sequencing techniques like the whole-genome shotgun approach. Bioinformatics tools are now used to analyze genomes, identify gene functions, and study biological systems through comparisons of gene sequences, expression patterns, and protein interactions. Genomes vary significantly in size, number of genes, and amount of noncoding repetitive DNA including transposable elements.
DNA has a double helix structure. It is composed of nucleotides that each contain a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The nucleotides are bonded together in a chain with the phosphate of one nucleotide bonded to the deoxyribose of the next. The bases project inward and form hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs - adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine. These hydrogen bonds connect the two anti-parallel nucleotide chains into the familiar double helix structure.
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It makes the following key points:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic (M) phase. Interphase includes cell growth and DNA replication, while mitosis involves the equal division of genetic material into two daughter cells.
2) In eukaryotes, cell division results in two genetically identical daughter cells through mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each cell receives one copy of each chromosome, while cytokinesis physically separates the cytoplasmic components.
3) The stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During this process, chromosomes condense and
This document summarizes Bryan Crable's research on understanding the metabolism of syntrophic interactions, with a focus on benzene ring degradation. It discusses how Thauera aromatica and Rhodopseudomonas palustris degrade benzene rings through known enzyme-catalyzed steps. While similar intermediates and activities have been found in Syntrophus aciditrophicus, its genome lacks genes from R. palustris. The document aims to elucidate the unknown enzyme(s) and membrane complexes that could catalyze the energetically favorable reduction/dearomatization of benzoyl-CoA in S. aciditrophicus. Native PAGE techniques are being developed and tested on S. aciditrophicus
1) The document discusses the core themes of biology, including evolution, genetic inheritance, energy flow through ecosystems, interactions between organisms and their environment, and the classification of life.
2) It describes the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere and how new properties emerge at each level.
3) Evolution accounts for both the unity and diversity of life and has transformed life on Earth through genetic changes over time.
This document summarizes a study that tested whether remote cis-syn-thymine dimers in DNA can be repaired by radical cations migrating through the DNA duplex. The researchers prepared DNA oligomers containing an anthraquinone derivative linked to the 5' end to act as an oxidant upon irradiation, as well as a cis-syn thymine dimer and strategically placed GG steps. Irradiation led to damage at remote GG steps, but no detectable repair (<3%) of the thymine dimer, in contrast to previous reports claiming efficient repair initiated by rhodium metallointercalators.
1) The document provides an overview of cell structure and microscopy techniques used to study cells. It describes the basic features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and how eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize functions into organelles.
2) Key microscopy techniques described are light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. These techniques allow visualization of subcellular structures down to 10-20 micrometers in size.
3) The structures and functions of organelles in plant and animal cells are summarized, including the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and cell wall. Diagrams illustrate the relative sizes and
1) The document discusses motor mechanisms and behavior in animals. It describes how muscle contraction occurs through the sliding filament model, where actin and myosin filaments interact in a sarcomere through cross bridges formed by myosin.
2) Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin and exposing actin binding sites, allowing the cross bridge cycle. Motor neurons stimulate muscles through acetylcholine release and action potentials.
3) There are different types of skeletal muscle fibers adapted for tasks like strength or endurance. Fiber types differ in their fuel source and speed of contraction.
The document summarizes key discoveries in establishing DNA as the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase showing that DNA transforms bacteria and is the genetic material in viruses. Watson and Crick developed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Franklin's X-ray images, explaining Chargaff's rules. Their model suggested DNA replication is semiconservative, supported by Meselson-Stahl experiments. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands while helicase and ligase aid replication.
1. The document discusses the discovery of DNA as the genetic material through experiments in the early 20th century. Key evidence came from studies showing that DNA from one bacteria could transform another harmless strain into a pathogenic one.
2. Further evidence came from studies of viruses that infect bacteria, which showed that only the DNA component of the viruses was able to enter bacterial cells and provide genetic information.
3. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson and Crick through building physical models. They proposed the double helix structure with nucleotides on two spiraling backbones linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide pairs.
Molecular biology for post graduates.pptAhmedKasem39
DNA is the genetic material that contains the hereditary information and directs development. Key evidence supporting this includes Griffith's experiments showing transformation of bacteria by DNA and Hershey and Chase's experiments demonstrating that viral DNA enters host cells during infection. Watson and Crick developed the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953, explaining the prior findings and Chargaff's rules regarding DNA composition. Their model showed how DNA can be replicated through complementary base pairing and provided the basis for understanding inheritance and molecular genetics.
Ch 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance veneethmathew
DNA is the genetic material that is faithfully replicated and passed from parents to offspring. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, which explained how DNA could store and replicate the instructions for making organisms. Their model showed that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other, with nucleotides on the strands bonded together through base pairing with adenine bonding only to thymine and guanine only to cytosine. This allows each strand to serve as a template for duplicating the other, explaining DNA's role in inheritance and allowing organisms to pass genetic information between generations.
The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase showing that DNA transforms bacteria and is the genetic material of viruses. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images of DNA helped Watson and Crick deduce the double helix structure of DNA, with bases pairing specifically according to their rules. The semiconservative model of DNA replication was supported by Meselson and Stahl's experiments tracking isotopic labels.
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in
DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
1. Watson and Crick introduced the elegant double-helical model for the structure of DNA in 1953. Their model proposed that DNA consists of two antiparallel strands coiled around each other, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to those on the other strand.
2. Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that heat-killed pathogenic bacteria could transform harmless bacteria into pathogenic ones, demonstrating the phenomenon of transformation. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod later showed that the transforming substance was DNA.
3. Hershey and Chase's experiment in 1952 provided evidence that the genetic material of viruses is DNA rather than protein, by showing that only radioactive DNA from viruses entered host bacteria cells during infection.
1. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material, carrying hereditary information from parents to offspring.
2. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with nucleotides containing complementary bases (A-T and G-C) that bond the two strands together.
3. The double helix structure explained how DNA can replicate precisely by unwinding and each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand.
1. During DNA replication, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate and each strand serves as a template for assembling a new complementary strand. This process is semi-conservative, resulting in two double helices each with one original strand and one new strand.
2. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with bases pairing across the strands. This explained Chargaff's rules and allowed DNA to replicate semiconservatively using each strand as a template.
3. DNA replication involves many enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair any errors to maintain high-fidelity copying of the genetic material from one cell to the next.
1) The document discusses evidence from experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material and that DNA replication is semiconservative.
2) Griffith's experiments showed living bacteria could be transformed into a different form by DNA from dead bacteria of that form.
3) Hershey and Chase found that only DNA, not protein, from viruses entered host cells during viral infection.
4) Meselson and Stahl's experiments supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication through density gradient centrifugation of bacterial DNA.
1) The document discusses evidence from experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material and that DNA replication is semiconservative.
2) Griffith's experiments showed living bacteria could be transformed into a different form by DNA from dead bacteria of that form.
3) Hershey and Chase found that only DNA, not protein, from viruses entered host cells during viral infection.
4) Meselson and Stahl's experiments supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication through density gradient centrifugation of bacterial DNA.
DNA replication is a highly regulated process that occurs semiconservatively to produce two identical copies of DNA during cell division. It begins at origins of replication where the double helix unwinds into single strands. One strand serves as the template for continuous synthesis of the leading strand while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined. DNA polymerases add nucleotides to growing strands based on base pairing rules, while other proteins such as helicases and ligases facilitate the process to maintain fidelity of the genetic code.
The document describes DNA structure and replication. It begins by discussing early evidence that DNA is the genetic material, including Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation and Hershey and Chase's experiments tracing phage DNA and proteins during infection. Watson and Crick then developed the first accurate double-helix model of DNA structure in 1953 based on Franklin's X-ray crystallography images, with base-pairing of A-T and C-G. The document concludes by explaining that DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix and using each strand as a template to build new complementary strands based on base-pairing rules, with many proteins involved.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 10 of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses several important scientific discoveries: Griffith's experiment showing transformation of bacteria, Hershey and Chase's experiment demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material of viruses, and Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. It also describes DNA and RNA as polymers of nucleotides, DNA replication through semiconservative replication and specific base pairing, transcription producing mRNA from DNA templates, translation of mRNA into proteins according to codons, and processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA through splicing of introns.
This document provides an overview of the key discoveries and evidence establishing DNA as the genetic material. It summarizes Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation by DNA and Hershey and Chase's experiments using bacteriophages to demonstrate that viral DNA enters host cells to direct new phage production. It also reviews Watson and Crick's proposal of the double helix structure of DNA based on Franklin's X-ray crystallography images, including their explanation of how specific base-pairing of A-T and C-G allows DNA to replicate semi-conservatively as shown by Meselson and Stahl's experiments.
This document provides an overview of the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It discusses early evidence from experiments transforming bacteria and showing that viral DNA enters bacterial cells. It also describes Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography work that provided insights into DNA's structure and allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix model with paired nitrogenous bases. Their model resolved the structure and showed how DNA could store and replicate the genetic information required for inheritance.
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic information of living organisms. DNA specifically stores and carries genetic information in the form of genes. It has a double helix structure with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). The bases on each strand bond with each other through hydrogen bonds - A pairs with T and C pairs with G. This discovery of DNA's double helix structure was made in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick based on experimental evidence from scientists like Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Erwin Charg
Principles of DNA Structure, Replication and how it affects Plant breeding.pdfGedifewGebrie
A narrative review assignment on Principle of DNA structure, replication
and how it affects plant breeding
Submitted to: Assoc. Professor Tigist Abebe (PhD)
Bahir dar university
College of agriculture and environmental sciences
Department: Plant Sciences
Program: Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahir Dar Ethiopia
- Bacterial transformation occurs when DNA from heat-killed bacteria alters the inherited traits of living bacteria. Griffith and Avery discovered that DNA is the transforming factor that carries genetic information.
- Hershey and Chase used radioactive tracers to show that when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, only the phage's DNA enters the cell, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material of phages.
- DNA is made of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The double helix structure of DNA contains two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Watson and Crick developed the first model of DNA's double helix structure based on Franklin's X-ray crystal
The document summarizes early discoveries about DNA and its structure. Frederick Griffith discovered transformation could occur between bacterial strains. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that DNA was the transforming molecule. Hershey and Chase provided evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of viruses. Chargaff discovered base pairing rules for DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. Watson and Crick then proposed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Chargaff's rules and Franklin and Wilkins' research.
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
The document summarizes key discoveries in establishing DNA as the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase showing that DNA transforms bacteria and is the genetic material in viruses. Watson and Crick developed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Franklin's X-ray images, explaining Chargaff's rules. Their model suggested DNA replication is semiconservative, supported by Meselson-Stahl experiments. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands while helicase and ligase aid replication.
1. The document discusses the discovery of DNA as the genetic material through experiments in the early 20th century. Key evidence came from studies showing that DNA from one bacteria could transform another harmless strain into a pathogenic one.
2. Further evidence came from studies of viruses that infect bacteria, which showed that only the DNA component of the viruses was able to enter bacterial cells and provide genetic information.
3. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson and Crick through building physical models. They proposed the double helix structure with nucleotides on two spiraling backbones linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide pairs.
Molecular biology for post graduates.pptAhmedKasem39
DNA is the genetic material that contains the hereditary information and directs development. Key evidence supporting this includes Griffith's experiments showing transformation of bacteria by DNA and Hershey and Chase's experiments demonstrating that viral DNA enters host cells during infection. Watson and Crick developed the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953, explaining the prior findings and Chargaff's rules regarding DNA composition. Their model showed how DNA can be replicated through complementary base pairing and provided the basis for understanding inheritance and molecular genetics.
Ch 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance veneethmathew
DNA is the genetic material that is faithfully replicated and passed from parents to offspring. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, which explained how DNA could store and replicate the instructions for making organisms. Their model showed that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other, with nucleotides on the strands bonded together through base pairing with adenine bonding only to thymine and guanine only to cytosine. This allows each strand to serve as a template for duplicating the other, explaining DNA's role in inheritance and allowing organisms to pass genetic information between generations.
The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase showing that DNA transforms bacteria and is the genetic material of viruses. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images of DNA helped Watson and Crick deduce the double helix structure of DNA, with bases pairing specifically according to their rules. The semiconservative model of DNA replication was supported by Meselson and Stahl's experiments tracking isotopic labels.
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in
DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
1. Watson and Crick introduced the elegant double-helical model for the structure of DNA in 1953. Their model proposed that DNA consists of two antiparallel strands coiled around each other, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to those on the other strand.
2. Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that heat-killed pathogenic bacteria could transform harmless bacteria into pathogenic ones, demonstrating the phenomenon of transformation. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod later showed that the transforming substance was DNA.
3. Hershey and Chase's experiment in 1952 provided evidence that the genetic material of viruses is DNA rather than protein, by showing that only radioactive DNA from viruses entered host bacteria cells during infection.
1. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material, carrying hereditary information from parents to offspring.
2. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with nucleotides containing complementary bases (A-T and G-C) that bond the two strands together.
3. The double helix structure explained how DNA can replicate precisely by unwinding and each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand.
1. During DNA replication, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate and each strand serves as a template for assembling a new complementary strand. This process is semi-conservative, resulting in two double helices each with one original strand and one new strand.
2. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with bases pairing across the strands. This explained Chargaff's rules and allowed DNA to replicate semiconservatively using each strand as a template.
3. DNA replication involves many enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair any errors to maintain high-fidelity copying of the genetic material from one cell to the next.
1) The document discusses evidence from experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material and that DNA replication is semiconservative.
2) Griffith's experiments showed living bacteria could be transformed into a different form by DNA from dead bacteria of that form.
3) Hershey and Chase found that only DNA, not protein, from viruses entered host cells during viral infection.
4) Meselson and Stahl's experiments supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication through density gradient centrifugation of bacterial DNA.
1) The document discusses evidence from experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material and that DNA replication is semiconservative.
2) Griffith's experiments showed living bacteria could be transformed into a different form by DNA from dead bacteria of that form.
3) Hershey and Chase found that only DNA, not protein, from viruses entered host cells during viral infection.
4) Meselson and Stahl's experiments supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication through density gradient centrifugation of bacterial DNA.
DNA replication is a highly regulated process that occurs semiconservatively to produce two identical copies of DNA during cell division. It begins at origins of replication where the double helix unwinds into single strands. One strand serves as the template for continuous synthesis of the leading strand while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined. DNA polymerases add nucleotides to growing strands based on base pairing rules, while other proteins such as helicases and ligases facilitate the process to maintain fidelity of the genetic code.
The document describes DNA structure and replication. It begins by discussing early evidence that DNA is the genetic material, including Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation and Hershey and Chase's experiments tracing phage DNA and proteins during infection. Watson and Crick then developed the first accurate double-helix model of DNA structure in 1953 based on Franklin's X-ray crystallography images, with base-pairing of A-T and C-G. The document concludes by explaining that DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix and using each strand as a template to build new complementary strands based on base-pairing rules, with many proteins involved.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 10 of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses several important scientific discoveries: Griffith's experiment showing transformation of bacteria, Hershey and Chase's experiment demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material of viruses, and Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. It also describes DNA and RNA as polymers of nucleotides, DNA replication through semiconservative replication and specific base pairing, transcription producing mRNA from DNA templates, translation of mRNA into proteins according to codons, and processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA through splicing of introns.
This document provides an overview of the key discoveries and evidence establishing DNA as the genetic material. It summarizes Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation by DNA and Hershey and Chase's experiments using bacteriophages to demonstrate that viral DNA enters host cells to direct new phage production. It also reviews Watson and Crick's proposal of the double helix structure of DNA based on Franklin's X-ray crystallography images, including their explanation of how specific base-pairing of A-T and C-G allows DNA to replicate semi-conservatively as shown by Meselson and Stahl's experiments.
This document provides an overview of the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It discusses early evidence from experiments transforming bacteria and showing that viral DNA enters bacterial cells. It also describes Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography work that provided insights into DNA's structure and allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix model with paired nitrogenous bases. Their model resolved the structure and showed how DNA could store and replicate the genetic information required for inheritance.
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic information of living organisms. DNA specifically stores and carries genetic information in the form of genes. It has a double helix structure with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). The bases on each strand bond with each other through hydrogen bonds - A pairs with T and C pairs with G. This discovery of DNA's double helix structure was made in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick based on experimental evidence from scientists like Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Erwin Charg
Principles of DNA Structure, Replication and how it affects Plant breeding.pdfGedifewGebrie
A narrative review assignment on Principle of DNA structure, replication
and how it affects plant breeding
Submitted to: Assoc. Professor Tigist Abebe (PhD)
Bahir dar university
College of agriculture and environmental sciences
Department: Plant Sciences
Program: Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahir Dar Ethiopia
- Bacterial transformation occurs when DNA from heat-killed bacteria alters the inherited traits of living bacteria. Griffith and Avery discovered that DNA is the transforming factor that carries genetic information.
- Hershey and Chase used radioactive tracers to show that when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, only the phage's DNA enters the cell, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material of phages.
- DNA is made of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The double helix structure of DNA contains two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Watson and Crick developed the first model of DNA's double helix structure based on Franklin's X-ray crystal
The document summarizes early discoveries about DNA and its structure. Frederick Griffith discovered transformation could occur between bacterial strains. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that DNA was the transforming molecule. Hershey and Chase provided evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of viruses. Chargaff discovered base pairing rules for DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. Watson and Crick then proposed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Chargaff's rules and Franklin and Wilkins' research.
Similar to 13lecturepresentation 151216140648 (20)
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.