The document summarizes a project that installed monitoring wells in three buried bedrock valleys in the Niagara region of Ontario to fill gaps in groundwater data. 18 wells were installed in 2014, screening the most transmissive units identified during drilling. In 2015, the project involved monitoring programs at the wells including water level measurements, pumping tests, and water quality sampling. Additional wells were also installed along the Upper Welland River watershed to further characterize the regional groundwater system.
Modelling of a Coastal Aquifer using FEFLOWC. P. Kumar
This document summarizes a study on modelling coastal aquifer seawater intrusion using FEFLOW software. The study area is along the coast of North Goa, India where increasing groundwater extraction is causing intrusion. The objectives are to simulate intrusion under pumping scenarios, identify sensitive parameters, and suggest remedial measures. Field investigations were conducted to collect data on groundwater levels, quality and resistivity. A 3D finite element model was set up and calibrated. Results show intrusion currently extends 290m inland but could advance farther with lower rainfall or increased pumping. Sensitive parameters include hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and rainfall. Continuous monitoring and groundwater management are recommended.
Examining wetland loss and potential restoration opportunities in the Sandusk...James Ashby
This document outlines a methodology for assessing wetland functions in the Sandusky watershed of Ohio using GIS. It discusses modeling historic wetlands, enhancing the National Wetlands Inventory with hydrogeomorphic descriptors, and assigning wetland functions. Historic wetland mapping found over 78% loss since pre-settlement, with forested wetlands declining 90% and scrub-shrub 85%. Functions like floodwater storage and nutrient transformation were assigned significance levels of high, medium, low based on wetland type, location and other criteria. Comparing current to historic conditions provides targets for wetland management.
This document discusses methods for estimating groundwater potential and balance. It provides an overview of key concepts like the hydrologic cycle, national water policy regarding groundwater, and the groundwater balance equation. The document also outlines data requirements, methodology, and methods for estimating individual components of the groundwater balance like recharge from rainfall, recharge from canals, and evapotranspiration from groundwater. Empirical formulas and norms from expert committees are presented for calculating various recharge coefficients.
The document discusses sea water intrusion issues affecting the Los Osos groundwater basin. It notes that pumping from the lower aquifer currently exceeds sustainable yields, causing sea water to move inland. Actions to address the problem include reducing pumping, shifting wells eastward, and attempting to use the upper aquifer via treatment. Studies are ongoing to better understand the basin and develop a management plan to balance water usage and protect water quality long term. The wastewater project will also need to be coordinated to sustainably return treated water to the basin.
Sources of groundwater pollution
Landfills: filling of the land pits which causes leaching of chemicals.
Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and rivers.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of land use on nitrate movement and storage in the vadose zone of the Hastings WHPA from 2016 to the present. The study revisited 32 locations previously sampled in 2011 to examine changes over 5 years. Results showed that sites converted from gravity to pivot irrigation had reduced stored nitrate by around 170 lbs/acre on average. Gravity irrigated sites generally had the highest total stored nitrate, while pivot irrigated sites had the highest ammonium. Land use categories like urban, pivot irrigation, and gravity irrigation showed different levels of cumulative nitrate and ammonium storage. The study helps determine if changing agricultural practices impact nitrogen loading over time.
Groundwater Data Requirement and AnalysisC. P. Kumar
The document discusses groundwater data requirements, acquisition, processing, and analysis. It outlines the types of physical and hydrological data needed for groundwater studies, including maps, cross-sections, and time-series data on water levels, quality, pumping, and other factors. Key points covered include establishing monitoring networks, validating data, preparing hydrographs, water table maps, and other tools to characterize the groundwater system and identify issues like contamination or over-pumping. Statistical methods for interpolating hydrological variables from point data across regions are also summarized.
Long Branch Tributary at Long Branch Falls Park Public Meeting 8-20-2015Fairfax County
The document discusses plans for a stream restoration project along Long Branch Tributary at Falls Park in Fairfax County, VA. It provides background on regulatory drivers for the project including improving water quality and restoring the Chesapeake Bay. A watershed assessment found the Accotink Creek watershed, where the project is located, to have poor stream conditions. The proposed project would restore approximately 600-900 linear feet of incised stream channel through approaches like regrading and reconnecting the floodplain. A community meeting was held to discuss the design process and gather feedback. The projected timeline has design completion in May 2016 while construction is currently only funded for design.
Modelling of a Coastal Aquifer using FEFLOWC. P. Kumar
This document summarizes a study on modelling coastal aquifer seawater intrusion using FEFLOW software. The study area is along the coast of North Goa, India where increasing groundwater extraction is causing intrusion. The objectives are to simulate intrusion under pumping scenarios, identify sensitive parameters, and suggest remedial measures. Field investigations were conducted to collect data on groundwater levels, quality and resistivity. A 3D finite element model was set up and calibrated. Results show intrusion currently extends 290m inland but could advance farther with lower rainfall or increased pumping. Sensitive parameters include hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and rainfall. Continuous monitoring and groundwater management are recommended.
Examining wetland loss and potential restoration opportunities in the Sandusk...James Ashby
This document outlines a methodology for assessing wetland functions in the Sandusky watershed of Ohio using GIS. It discusses modeling historic wetlands, enhancing the National Wetlands Inventory with hydrogeomorphic descriptors, and assigning wetland functions. Historic wetland mapping found over 78% loss since pre-settlement, with forested wetlands declining 90% and scrub-shrub 85%. Functions like floodwater storage and nutrient transformation were assigned significance levels of high, medium, low based on wetland type, location and other criteria. Comparing current to historic conditions provides targets for wetland management.
This document discusses methods for estimating groundwater potential and balance. It provides an overview of key concepts like the hydrologic cycle, national water policy regarding groundwater, and the groundwater balance equation. The document also outlines data requirements, methodology, and methods for estimating individual components of the groundwater balance like recharge from rainfall, recharge from canals, and evapotranspiration from groundwater. Empirical formulas and norms from expert committees are presented for calculating various recharge coefficients.
The document discusses sea water intrusion issues affecting the Los Osos groundwater basin. It notes that pumping from the lower aquifer currently exceeds sustainable yields, causing sea water to move inland. Actions to address the problem include reducing pumping, shifting wells eastward, and attempting to use the upper aquifer via treatment. Studies are ongoing to better understand the basin and develop a management plan to balance water usage and protect water quality long term. The wastewater project will also need to be coordinated to sustainably return treated water to the basin.
Sources of groundwater pollution
Landfills: filling of the land pits which causes leaching of chemicals.
Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and rivers.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of land use on nitrate movement and storage in the vadose zone of the Hastings WHPA from 2016 to the present. The study revisited 32 locations previously sampled in 2011 to examine changes over 5 years. Results showed that sites converted from gravity to pivot irrigation had reduced stored nitrate by around 170 lbs/acre on average. Gravity irrigated sites generally had the highest total stored nitrate, while pivot irrigated sites had the highest ammonium. Land use categories like urban, pivot irrigation, and gravity irrigation showed different levels of cumulative nitrate and ammonium storage. The study helps determine if changing agricultural practices impact nitrogen loading over time.
Groundwater Data Requirement and AnalysisC. P. Kumar
The document discusses groundwater data requirements, acquisition, processing, and analysis. It outlines the types of physical and hydrological data needed for groundwater studies, including maps, cross-sections, and time-series data on water levels, quality, pumping, and other factors. Key points covered include establishing monitoring networks, validating data, preparing hydrographs, water table maps, and other tools to characterize the groundwater system and identify issues like contamination or over-pumping. Statistical methods for interpolating hydrological variables from point data across regions are also summarized.
Long Branch Tributary at Long Branch Falls Park Public Meeting 8-20-2015Fairfax County
The document discusses plans for a stream restoration project along Long Branch Tributary at Falls Park in Fairfax County, VA. It provides background on regulatory drivers for the project including improving water quality and restoring the Chesapeake Bay. A watershed assessment found the Accotink Creek watershed, where the project is located, to have poor stream conditions. The proposed project would restore approximately 600-900 linear feet of incised stream channel through approaches like regrading and reconnecting the floodplain. A community meeting was held to discuss the design process and gather feedback. The projected timeline has design completion in May 2016 while construction is currently only funded for design.
The document provides an overview of groundwater science concepts including definitions of key terms like the vadose zone, phreatic zone, aquifer, porosity, permeability and Darcy's law. It discusses factors that influence groundwater flow such as head gradients. The document also outlines Edwards and Trinity aquifer groundwater models and an interformational flow study investigating interactions between the two aquifers. It highlights collaborative efforts between agencies to better understand groundwater resources in the region.
This document provides an overview of hydrogeology and groundwater systems in Texas presented by Dr. Joe, a hydrogeologist from Baylor University. It covers the basics of hydrogeology, including definitions of groundwater, aquifers and flow systems. It discusses key hydrogeological concepts such as Darcy's Law, water chemistry, and major Texas aquifers like the Ogallala and Trinity aquifers. It also touches on management challenges like underflow and the inherent uncertainty in groundwater models.
This document provides an overview of groundwater hydrology in Texas. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and major aquifers in Texas, including the Ogallala Aquifer. It covers concepts such as hydraulic conductivity, drawdown, Darcy's Law, and how pumping can lead to long-term depletion if withdrawals exceed recharge. Research at Texas Tech University is also summarized, including regional groundwater modeling, recharge studies, and watershed management projects.
This document provides an overview of topics that will be discussed in a chapter on groundwater hydrology. It includes definitions of key terms like aquifers, water tables, and porosity. It describes how groundwater occurs underground and moves from areas of higher to lower potential. Methods for estimating groundwater recharge and withdrawal are presented. Equations for modeling groundwater flow and well hydraulics under steady and unsteady conditions are shown. The document also discusses groundwater development and issues in Nepal including overextraction, pollution sources, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater.
This document discusses surface runoff and stream gauging. It defines key terms like drainage basin, contour lines, stream ordering, and form factor. It describes how to delineate a basin using a topo map and assign stream orders. Factors that affect runoff include basin characteristics, climate, land use, soil and storage. Stream gauging involves measuring stage using staff gauges or recorders, and discharge using the velocity-area method by dividing the cross-section into vertical subsections.
Ground Water Resources Estimation By GEC 2015 MethodologyAnand A.V.S.S
This is the approved method using which the ground water resources of the country (India) are to be assessed. This is a modified version of GEC 1997 methodology. Presently all states are busy in assessing the Ground Water Resources for the base year 2016 using this methodology.
The document discusses methods for estimating groundwater resources using the GEC-1997 methodology. It describes estimating various components of groundwater inflow and outflow, including precipitation, surface runoff, evapotranspiration, groundwater draft, and recharge from sources like canals, irrigation, and water structures. Key steps involve computing groundwater draft, recharge from other sources, rainfall recharge, and summary details to determine net groundwater availability.
Shows of geothermal and hydrogeological factors in oil and gas depositsDr. Arzu Javadova
I. Regions with thick clay deposits that accumulated organic matter are favorable for oil and gas formation as they provide stable conditions for generation.
II. Between 65-120°C and 100-200 atm, the main phase of oil formation occurs as hydrocarbons are generated.
III. As generation continues, hydrocarbons migrate laterally through porous reservoirs towards areas of accumulation, aided by heated formation waters.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using WetSpass and MODFLOWPutika Ashfar Khoiri
The document discusses methods for estimating groundwater recharge using the WetSpass and MODFLOW models. WetSpass is a physically based model that uses inputs like land use, soil type, and climate data to calculate spatial patterns of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. The recharge output from WetSpass is then used as input for the MODFLOW groundwater flow model. Together, WetSpass and MODFLOW allow for the simulation of spatially variable recharge and groundwater flow.
This document summarizes a study that developed a new karst aquifer vulnerability assessment (KAVA) method and applied it to the Novljanska Žrnovnica spring catchment area in Croatia. The study evaluated several existing vulnerability mapping methods (PI, COP, SINTACS, COST 620) and identified limitations when applying them to Dinaric karst regions. The KAVA method was created using four factors - overlay protection, precipitation influence, infiltration conditions, and aquifer conditions. Maps of source and resource vulnerability were produced for the catchment area using the new KAVA method. The study concluded the KAVA method provides a more realistic assessment of karst aquifer vulnerability compared to other methods and
Remote sensing and GIS in the morphometric analysis of macro-watersheds for h...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to conduct a morphometric analysis of the Pennar river sub-basin in India. Key findings include:
1) The sub-basin has a dendritic drainage pattern and is classified as a 5th order basin based on Strahler stream ordering.
2) Analysis of linear, areal, and relief aspects through parameters like stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, form factor, and relief ratio revealed characteristics about the basin's hydrological behavior and geomorphic setting.
3) The basin was divided into 20 macro-watersheds based on its natural resources, which can be used as base units for assessing resource potential.
hydro chapter_11_hydrology_by louy al hami Louy Alhamy
The document discusses key concepts in hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement methods, watershed characteristics, the watershed response in the form of hydrographs, unit hydrographs, and methods to develop synthetic hydrographs for ungauged watersheds. Specifically, it covers the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement including arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It also discusses watershed characteristics, the watershed response in the form of hydrographs, and the development of unit hydrographs and their use in developing synthetic hydrographs for ungauged watersheds using the principles of superposition and linearity.
The document discusses a course on analyzing pumping tests for groundwater aquifers. The course aims to teach participants how to determine aquifer properties through pumping tests. It covers key concepts like drawdown, specific capacity, and transmissivity. Participants will learn how to plan and optimize pumping tests, apply analytical techniques to interpret test data, and use software to analyze projects. The document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the course sessions, including aquifer conditions, equations for flow to wells, and methods for analyzing pumping test results.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
The document summarizes bathymetric surveys of three reservoirs along the Lower Susquehanna River: Lake Clarke, Lake Aldred, and Conowingo Reservoir. It finds that the reservoirs are filling with sediment and nutrients at rates that will eliminate their storage capacity within 15-20 years. Recent surveys from 1996-2008 found that 14.7 million tons of sediment was deposited, leaving around 30 million tons of remaining storage capacity in Conowingo Reservoir. Under current conditions, total storage capacity will be reached in 15-20 years, but changes like reduced sediment transport could extend that to 25-30 years. The document recommends more frequent bathymetric monitoring and working with partners to consider solutions like sediment removal or reducing transport from source
Navy presentation to the Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board on May 15, ...Steve Williams
Navy presentation to the Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board on May 15, 2008, regarding the groundwater clean-up at the East- and West-Side Acquifer Treatment Systems (EATS and WATS).
Groundwater modeling has several purposes including understanding aquifer properties, characteristics, and response. It requires collecting hydrological, physical, and boundary condition data. Common groundwater modeling software includes MODFLOW and Sutra. The modeling process involves defining the problem, collecting data, choosing a code, running simulations, verifying results match field data through calibration, and using the model to inform management decisions.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
The ICAR Indian Institute of Water Management was established in 1988 and aims to develop improved water management technologies through research. It conducts research through five programs: rainwater management, canal water management, groundwater management, waterlogged area management, and on-farm research and technology transfer.
The document then discusses the design of creek irrigation systems. It defines tidal creeks and explains how salinity varies in creeks over tidal cycles. It also discusses factors that influence salinity changes like urbanization. The document outlines the process for designing creek irrigation systems which includes determining design discharge, selecting a cross-sectional shape based on soil type and erosion control needs, using Manning's formula to calculate dimensions, and adding freeboard
This study measured fluxes of total suspended solids (TSS) and particulate organic matter (POM) in a restored coastal salt marsh near Otway, North Carolina over a three week period. Key findings include:
- The marsh imported TSS and POM from upstream agricultural waters and the estuary, visible at both tidal cycle and longer term scales.
- A mass balance calculation found the marsh imported 302.5 kg of TSS and 64.7 kg of POM over the study period, retaining 38% and 30% respectively.
- TSS and POM concentrations varied dramatically with tidal flows and water levels, increasing during low flow periods. A large spike of TSS entered the marsh from the est
Interactive media refers to digital computer-based systems that respond to user actions by presenting content like text, graphics, animation, video, audio, and games. The interactive media industry is fluid and overlaps with other creative sectors, representing around 22% of the total creative media industries. It employs approximately 43,000 people and is worth several billion pounds annually. Common companies in the interactive media sector include Adap.tv, Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, AT&T Intellectual Property, and Amazon.com. Jeffrey Bezos owns Amazon.com and also purchased The Washington Post newspaper, while Shantanu Narayen owns and is president of the board of Adobe Foundation. AOL owns Adap.tv
The document provides an overview of groundwater science concepts including definitions of key terms like the vadose zone, phreatic zone, aquifer, porosity, permeability and Darcy's law. It discusses factors that influence groundwater flow such as head gradients. The document also outlines Edwards and Trinity aquifer groundwater models and an interformational flow study investigating interactions between the two aquifers. It highlights collaborative efforts between agencies to better understand groundwater resources in the region.
This document provides an overview of hydrogeology and groundwater systems in Texas presented by Dr. Joe, a hydrogeologist from Baylor University. It covers the basics of hydrogeology, including definitions of groundwater, aquifers and flow systems. It discusses key hydrogeological concepts such as Darcy's Law, water chemistry, and major Texas aquifers like the Ogallala and Trinity aquifers. It also touches on management challenges like underflow and the inherent uncertainty in groundwater models.
This document provides an overview of groundwater hydrology in Texas. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and major aquifers in Texas, including the Ogallala Aquifer. It covers concepts such as hydraulic conductivity, drawdown, Darcy's Law, and how pumping can lead to long-term depletion if withdrawals exceed recharge. Research at Texas Tech University is also summarized, including regional groundwater modeling, recharge studies, and watershed management projects.
This document provides an overview of topics that will be discussed in a chapter on groundwater hydrology. It includes definitions of key terms like aquifers, water tables, and porosity. It describes how groundwater occurs underground and moves from areas of higher to lower potential. Methods for estimating groundwater recharge and withdrawal are presented. Equations for modeling groundwater flow and well hydraulics under steady and unsteady conditions are shown. The document also discusses groundwater development and issues in Nepal including overextraction, pollution sources, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater.
This document discusses surface runoff and stream gauging. It defines key terms like drainage basin, contour lines, stream ordering, and form factor. It describes how to delineate a basin using a topo map and assign stream orders. Factors that affect runoff include basin characteristics, climate, land use, soil and storage. Stream gauging involves measuring stage using staff gauges or recorders, and discharge using the velocity-area method by dividing the cross-section into vertical subsections.
Ground Water Resources Estimation By GEC 2015 MethodologyAnand A.V.S.S
This is the approved method using which the ground water resources of the country (India) are to be assessed. This is a modified version of GEC 1997 methodology. Presently all states are busy in assessing the Ground Water Resources for the base year 2016 using this methodology.
The document discusses methods for estimating groundwater resources using the GEC-1997 methodology. It describes estimating various components of groundwater inflow and outflow, including precipitation, surface runoff, evapotranspiration, groundwater draft, and recharge from sources like canals, irrigation, and water structures. Key steps involve computing groundwater draft, recharge from other sources, rainfall recharge, and summary details to determine net groundwater availability.
Shows of geothermal and hydrogeological factors in oil and gas depositsDr. Arzu Javadova
I. Regions with thick clay deposits that accumulated organic matter are favorable for oil and gas formation as they provide stable conditions for generation.
II. Between 65-120°C and 100-200 atm, the main phase of oil formation occurs as hydrocarbons are generated.
III. As generation continues, hydrocarbons migrate laterally through porous reservoirs towards areas of accumulation, aided by heated formation waters.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using WetSpass and MODFLOWPutika Ashfar Khoiri
The document discusses methods for estimating groundwater recharge using the WetSpass and MODFLOW models. WetSpass is a physically based model that uses inputs like land use, soil type, and climate data to calculate spatial patterns of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. The recharge output from WetSpass is then used as input for the MODFLOW groundwater flow model. Together, WetSpass and MODFLOW allow for the simulation of spatially variable recharge and groundwater flow.
This document summarizes a study that developed a new karst aquifer vulnerability assessment (KAVA) method and applied it to the Novljanska Žrnovnica spring catchment area in Croatia. The study evaluated several existing vulnerability mapping methods (PI, COP, SINTACS, COST 620) and identified limitations when applying them to Dinaric karst regions. The KAVA method was created using four factors - overlay protection, precipitation influence, infiltration conditions, and aquifer conditions. Maps of source and resource vulnerability were produced for the catchment area using the new KAVA method. The study concluded the KAVA method provides a more realistic assessment of karst aquifer vulnerability compared to other methods and
Remote sensing and GIS in the morphometric analysis of macro-watersheds for h...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to conduct a morphometric analysis of the Pennar river sub-basin in India. Key findings include:
1) The sub-basin has a dendritic drainage pattern and is classified as a 5th order basin based on Strahler stream ordering.
2) Analysis of linear, areal, and relief aspects through parameters like stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, form factor, and relief ratio revealed characteristics about the basin's hydrological behavior and geomorphic setting.
3) The basin was divided into 20 macro-watersheds based on its natural resources, which can be used as base units for assessing resource potential.
hydro chapter_11_hydrology_by louy al hami Louy Alhamy
The document discusses key concepts in hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement methods, watershed characteristics, the watershed response in the form of hydrographs, unit hydrographs, and methods to develop synthetic hydrographs for ungauged watersheds. Specifically, it covers the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement including arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It also discusses watershed characteristics, the watershed response in the form of hydrographs, and the development of unit hydrographs and their use in developing synthetic hydrographs for ungauged watersheds using the principles of superposition and linearity.
The document discusses a course on analyzing pumping tests for groundwater aquifers. The course aims to teach participants how to determine aquifer properties through pumping tests. It covers key concepts like drawdown, specific capacity, and transmissivity. Participants will learn how to plan and optimize pumping tests, apply analytical techniques to interpret test data, and use software to analyze projects. The document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the course sessions, including aquifer conditions, equations for flow to wells, and methods for analyzing pumping test results.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
The document summarizes bathymetric surveys of three reservoirs along the Lower Susquehanna River: Lake Clarke, Lake Aldred, and Conowingo Reservoir. It finds that the reservoirs are filling with sediment and nutrients at rates that will eliminate their storage capacity within 15-20 years. Recent surveys from 1996-2008 found that 14.7 million tons of sediment was deposited, leaving around 30 million tons of remaining storage capacity in Conowingo Reservoir. Under current conditions, total storage capacity will be reached in 15-20 years, but changes like reduced sediment transport could extend that to 25-30 years. The document recommends more frequent bathymetric monitoring and working with partners to consider solutions like sediment removal or reducing transport from source
Navy presentation to the Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board on May 15, ...Steve Williams
Navy presentation to the Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board on May 15, 2008, regarding the groundwater clean-up at the East- and West-Side Acquifer Treatment Systems (EATS and WATS).
Groundwater modeling has several purposes including understanding aquifer properties, characteristics, and response. It requires collecting hydrological, physical, and boundary condition data. Common groundwater modeling software includes MODFLOW and Sutra. The modeling process involves defining the problem, collecting data, choosing a code, running simulations, verifying results match field data through calibration, and using the model to inform management decisions.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
The ICAR Indian Institute of Water Management was established in 1988 and aims to develop improved water management technologies through research. It conducts research through five programs: rainwater management, canal water management, groundwater management, waterlogged area management, and on-farm research and technology transfer.
The document then discusses the design of creek irrigation systems. It defines tidal creeks and explains how salinity varies in creeks over tidal cycles. It also discusses factors that influence salinity changes like urbanization. The document outlines the process for designing creek irrigation systems which includes determining design discharge, selecting a cross-sectional shape based on soil type and erosion control needs, using Manning's formula to calculate dimensions, and adding freeboard
This study measured fluxes of total suspended solids (TSS) and particulate organic matter (POM) in a restored coastal salt marsh near Otway, North Carolina over a three week period. Key findings include:
- The marsh imported TSS and POM from upstream agricultural waters and the estuary, visible at both tidal cycle and longer term scales.
- A mass balance calculation found the marsh imported 302.5 kg of TSS and 64.7 kg of POM over the study period, retaining 38% and 30% respectively.
- TSS and POM concentrations varied dramatically with tidal flows and water levels, increasing during low flow periods. A large spike of TSS entered the marsh from the est
Interactive media refers to digital computer-based systems that respond to user actions by presenting content like text, graphics, animation, video, audio, and games. The interactive media industry is fluid and overlaps with other creative sectors, representing around 22% of the total creative media industries. It employs approximately 43,000 people and is worth several billion pounds annually. Common companies in the interactive media sector include Adap.tv, Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, AT&T Intellectual Property, and Amazon.com. Jeffrey Bezos owns Amazon.com and also purchased The Washington Post newspaper, while Shantanu Narayen owns and is president of the board of Adobe Foundation. AOL owns Adap.tv
Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade customers to purchase goods and services, and is part of a large industry in the UK economy. AMV BBDO is one of the largest advertising agencies in the UK, working with over 85 brands using various media, while Bartle Bogle Hegarty is a notable British agency with 7 global offices and over 900 employees known for campaigns for Audi, Vodafone, and Levi's. Both agencies have no ownership.
This document discusses the portrayal of different social groups in a narrative, specifically gangsters. It describes how two young black male characters, Curtis Watts and Karl Warner, are presented as gangsters through their clothing, body language, facial expressions, and dialogue. A young female suspect is presented as naive but sly and vulnerable to make the audience feel sympathetic. Curtis's brother Trevor is presented as atypical gangster by being more laid back and playing mind tricks on the police. Both gangster types are constructed using only black and white colors to contrast light and dark.
Este documento describe los buscadores y proporciona consejos para realizar búsquedas efectivas. Explica que un buscador es un sistema que busca archivos almacenados en servidores web utilizando un "spider". Se clasifican los motores de búsqueda según cómo funcionan, e identifica palabras clave y sinónimos como estrategias clave para una búsqueda efectiva.
This document is a resume for Muhammad Saad Sadiq Qazi seeking a new position. It summarizes his career experience including 9 years as an office administrator and graphics designer in Riyadh, KSA. It also lists his educational qualifications including a Bachelors of Computer Science degree from the University of Karachi. Finally, it provides details on his technical skills in areas such as graphic design software, operating systems, hardware, and programming languages.
Physician's assistants were originally created to address a shortage of primary care physicians by utilizing the medical experience of former military corpsmen. The role has since grown and PAs now practice in many specialties, working as part of a healthcare team under physician supervision. PA education typically involves a two-year master's degree program with classroom and clinical training. Key qualities for PAs include strong communication skills, compassion, attention to detail, emotional stability, and problem-solving abilities, as the role requires interacting with patients and making care decisions.
This study compared soil phosphorus concentrations in forest and agricultural lands in the Coeur d'Alene basin to identify drivers of spatial variability. Soil samples were taken from various locations and analyzed for total and extractable phosphorus. Results found higher total phosphorus concentrations in forest soils compared to agriculture, though extractable phosphorus tended to be higher in agricultural settings. Phosphorus levels also varied based on topographic position, with toe slopes in forests having the highest concentrations. The study concluded that phosphorus management is needed in both forest and agricultural lands to reduce loading to Fernan Lake and potential eutrophication issues under a changing climate with increased fire risk.
This document summarizes key technical conventions and design elements of an online fact/advice website. It describes the website as having written articles with paragraphs, subheadings, and bullet points to structure information about various topics. The content includes text, pictures, and videos to inform readers in a formal, objective tone. Navigation features like hyperlinks, tabs, search boxes, and drop-down menus are emphasized to help users easily access and find specific information on the site.
Optimisation d'une stratégie web éditorialeDamien Mady
"Comment les producteurs de contenus peuvent rendre efficace et optimiser une stratégie web éditoriale alors que les contraintes liées à l’indexation, à la visibilité ainsi qu’à l’attente des internautes sont de plus en plus complexes ?"
Mémoire de fin d'études.
This document discusses disaster relief and rescue operations. It defines a disaster as a situation where people are left helpless and in need of basic necessities. Disasters can be natural, caused by events like earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes, or man-made such as wars, accidents, or industrial incidents. Disasters have physical effects like deaths, injuries, and homelessness as well as economic impacts through damage to crops and infrastructure. The document outlines the roles and organization of civil defense at the national, regional, and local levels to prepare for, respond to, and help recovery from disasters.
The document proposes a plan for road construction near Nichol's Lake that would require altering several wetlands. It describes 7 wetlands that would be impacted, classified as swamps or fens. It assesses potential interactions with hydrology, soils, and ecology, such as increased runoff, sedimentation, changes to plant communities, and effects to fish habitat. The document recommends mitigation measures to avoid, minimize and compensate for wetland impacts from the road construction.
2015 CDA-Frederickhouse Erosion Controlshiqiang Ye
This document summarizes the bank erosion control measures implemented at the Frederickhouse Dam in Ontario. Significant erosion was undercutting the 28m high left bank downstream of the dam due to turbulent discharge. Monitoring after a large landslide identified the need to stabilize the slope. Tests were conducted to determine soil properties, and a Flow-3D model was used to simulate flow patterns and evaluate design options. The final design included a stabilizing berm and armourstone riprap to arrest further erosion and meet safety standards, with construction completed in 2014.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. From Well A to Well B
2. 3 m/1000 m = 0.003
3. 0.003 * 10 m/day = 0.03 m/day = 0.03 m3/day
4. 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the pores by capillary forces.
6. Less, since clay has lower porosity than sand
7. Less, since clay has lower specific yield than sand
8. True
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. Stream Depletion Factors are used to assess the effects of well pumping on stream flow. They depend on
This document summarizes a water budget model created for Lake Lowery in Polk County, Florida. The model was created by the Southwest Florida Water Management District to help set minimum water levels for the lake. The water budget model accounts for water inputs like rainfall and outputs like evapotranspiration. It also considers water moving between the surficial and Floridan aquifers. Model results show that when groundwater pumping lowers the Upper Floridan aquifer by 4 feet, the lake level drops by almost 1 foot.
This document summarizes a water budget model created for Lake Lowery in Polk County, Florida. The model was created by the Southwest Florida Water Management District to help set minimum water levels for the lake. The water budget model accounts for water inputs like rainfall and outputs like evapotranspiration to estimate the lake's water levels under different conditions. When the model simulated lowering the nearby Upper Floridan aquifer by 4 feet through pumping, it predicted the lake level would drop by almost 1 foot. The document provides background details on the lake's characteristics, watershed, geology, and structures to support the water budget model.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Groundwater is flowing from Well A to Well B.
2. The hydraulic gradient is (102 m - 105 m) / 1000 m = 0.003
3. The flux is q = K i = 10 m/day * 0.003 = 0.03 m/day
4. The porosity is 250 mL / 1000 mL = 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the material by capillary forces.
6. The porosity would be less for clay than sand.
7. Less water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand.
8. [T/F] An aquiclude is
Delineation of Hydrocarbon Bearing Reservoirs from Surface Seismic and Well L...IOSR Journals
Hydrocarbon reservoir has been delineated and their boundaries mapped using direct indicators from 3-D seismic and well log data from an oil field in Nembe creek, Niger Delta region. Well log signatures were employed to identify hydrocarbon bearing sands. Well to seismic correlation revealed that these reservoirs tied with direct hydrocarbon indicators on the seismic section. The results of the interpreted well logs revealed that the hydrocarbon interval in the area occurs between 6450ft to 6533ft for well A, 6449ft to 6537ft for well B and 6629ft to 6704ft for well C; which were delineated using the resistivity, water saturation and gamma ray logs. Cross plot analysis was carried out to validate the sensitivity of the rock attributes to reservoir saturation condition. Analysis of the extracted seismic attribute slices revealed HD5000 as hydrocarbon bearing reservoir.
The document summarizes research on glacial recession and its impacts on human vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range in Peru. Key findings include:
1) Approximately 25% of glacial area in the Cordillera Blanca has receded since 1970, which will impact sustainable water availability.
2) Glacial melt contributes significantly to dry season water flows, especially in the Rio Santa river which many coastal desert cities rely on.
3) Increased rates of chemical weathering are occurring from glacial melt, elevating metal concentrations in streams and potentially threatening downstream water quality.
Neotectonics concerns the study of horizontal and vertical crustal movements that have occurred in the geologically recent past and which may be ongoing today. Though most crustal movements arise directly or indirectly from global plate motions (i.e., tectonic deformation), neotectonic studies make no presumption about the mechanisms driving deformation. Consequently, ‘movements’ is a vague catch-all term that encompasses a myriad of competing deformation processes, such as the gradual pervasive creep of tectonic plates, discrete (seismic) displacements on individual faults and folds, and distributed tilting and warping through isostatic readjustment or volcanic upheaval. The phrase ‘geologically recent past’ is also appropriately vague. Early attempts to define the discipline by arbitrary time windows (e.g., Late Cenozoic, Neogene, or Quaternary) have given ground to a more flexible notion that envisages neotectonism starting at different times in different regions. The onset of the neotectonic period, or the ‘current tectonic regime’, depends on when the contemporary stress field of a region was first imposed. For instance, the current tectonic regime began in the Middle Quaternary (∼700 000 years ago) in the Apennines of central Italy, and even more recently (<500 000 years ago) in California; in contrast, in eastern North America, the present-day stress regime has been in existence for at least the past 15 million years.
Typically then, neotectonic movements have been in operation in most regions for the past few million years or so. Over such prolonged intervals, neotectonic actions are revealed by the stratigraphic build-up of sediments in inland and marine basins, the burial or exhumation histories of rocks, and the geomorphological development of landscapes. Geological studies of palaeobotany and palaeoclimate, numerical models of landscape evolution, and techniques such as fission-track analysis and cosmogenic dating are among the disparate tools unravelling this long-term tectonic activity. Over periods of many tens of to several hundreds of thousands of years, the actions of individual tectonic structures (faults and folds) can be determined, unmasked by their deformation of geomorphic markers, such as marine and fluvial terraces, and tracked with reference to the Late Pleistocene glacial–eustatic time-frame. The apparently smooth deformation rates discerned over intermediate time-scales are revealed to be episodic and irregular when faults and folds are examined over Holocene (10 000 years) time-scales. Over millennial time-scales, secular variations in the activity of tectonic structures can be gleaned from a diverse set of palaeoseismological approaches, from interpreting the stratigraphy of beds that have been affected by faulting, to detecting disturbances in the growth record of trees or coral atolls.
This summarizes the key findings from direct sampling of Subglacial Lake Whillans (SLW) beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet:
1. SLW supports a diverse and metabolically active microbial ecosystem, as evidenced by heterotrophic and autotrophic production rates and microbial community analysis.
2. The lake water is derived primarily from glacial ice melt with solutes from lithogenic weathering and a minor seawater component. Microbes play a role in biogeochemical transformations.
3. SLW has distinct physical and chemical properties compared to the borehole water used for access, including higher temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon levels. This indicates little mixing between the bore
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in the conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in northwestern Nigeria. Five canals were sampled to analyze sediment texture, suspended sediment concentration, canal discharge rates, and the impact of sediment accumulation. Testing found the sediment deposits mainly consisted of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. Canal discharge rates had reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. Factors like poor farming practices, tractor movement in canals, and lack of maintenance were found to contribute to increased sedimentation, highlighting the need for regular dissilting and cleaning of canals.
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in Nigeria. Five canals were sampled and tested for sediment texture, suspended sediments, and changes in water discharge over time. Testing found that the canal sediments consisted mostly of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. While statistical tests found no significant difference in design discharge versus current discharge, discharge had actually reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. High sedimentation is thought to be due to factors like farm vehicle traffic in canals, poor irrigation practices, and lack of maintenance. Regular dissilting and cleaning of
3D seismic analysis of the Rogaland Group - AbstractRichard Burton
The Rogaland Group in the Norwegian North Sea contains potential hydrocarbon reservoirs but was previously underexplored due to a lack of understanding of its depositional architecture. Advanced analysis of 3D seismic data reveals the complex internal structure of the Rogaland Group on a regional scale. The deposits consist of mass transport complexes, submarine fans, and injectites formed by gravity-driven deposition and overpressure events. Differing depositional processes led to complex stacking patterns. This work provides new insights into the sediment geometries and chronology that improves understanding of reservoir characterization and trapping mechanisms, with major implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity in the region.
CH7.1.pptx: ground water hydrolog of ethiymulugeta48
The annual amount of rain falls runoff is estimated around 122 billion m³ of water.
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In Ethiopia, some 80% to 90% of water resources are found in the basins of large rivers such as the Abay (Blue Nile), the Tekeze, the Baro Akobo and the Omo Gibe.
This document summarizes the presentation "Impact of large landslides, mitigation measures" given by Jean F. Schneider. The presentation covers:
1) Triggers of large landslides including slope geology, morphology, water content, earthquakes, and human impacts.
2) Formation and stability of landslide dams, mechanisms of dam failure, and persistence over time.
3) Mitigation measures including restricting development, engineering works, monitoring systems, and insurance.
4) Examples of large landslides and landslide dams including locations in China, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Ecuador and lessons learned from case studies.
Delta del Po e cambiamento climatico, lo studio della RegioneAlessiaDeMarchi2
Nell'ambito del progetto europeo "Change we care", a cui ha partecipato la Regione Veneto sono stati raccolti documenti e mappe legate all'evoluzione, anche storica, del territorio del Delta del Po. Eccone una sintesi
This document summarizes a USDA-NIFA funded project studying fluvial geomorphology and agricultural resilience in the Deerfield River Watershed in Western Massachusetts. The project goals are to: 1) conduct fluvial geomorphic assessments; 2) implement outreach and education initiatives; 3) hold agrarian resilience roundtables; and 4) support institutional infrastructure for fluvial geomorphology. The project aims to help farms and communities manage rivers and floods following damaging events like Hurricane Irene in 2011 through scientific assessments, education resources, and stakeholder engagement.
IRJET- Space Technology on Erosion Histories of Earth and Mars IRJET Journal
This document discusses using space technology to analyze erosion histories on Earth and Mars by reconstructing ancient river channels. It proposes mapping channels identified in seismic data from the North Atlantic and Mars to model uplift rates over time. This could provide insights into mantle dynamics beneath the North Atlantic and test theories of early plate tectonics and water cycling on Mars. The methodology involves reconstructing drainage networks from terrain data, modeling river profiles, and inverting models to determine uplift histories that fit observed profiles. Analyzing erosion patterns in this way could improve understanding of geological processes on multiple planets.
2. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
36-2
see also Figure 36.4: BH14). The lower drift package is overlain by a lower glaciolacustrine unit of
rhythmically bedded silt and clay deposited in glacial lakes Whittlesey and Warren (e.g., see Figure 36.3:
BH32 and BH09). A final ice advance out of the Lake Ontario basin deposited Halton drift, which is
dominated by stone-poor to somewhat stony clayey diamicton, often with abundant deformed clay and
silty clay laminations, beds and blocks (intraclasts) (e.g., see Figure 36.3: BH32 and BH33; see also
Figure 36.4: BH05, BH15, BH11, BH31 and BH26). The Halton unit also includes glaciolacustrine
sediments with thin diamicton beds and discontinuous stringers and, more rarely, silt to sand is
interbedded with diamicton (e.g., see Figure 36.3: BH08 and BH09). The gravelly sand, sand and silty
sand Fonthill ice contact–delta complex, deposited in a re-entrant along the Halton ice margin in the east-
central part of the study area, forms an important regional groundwater recharge area. Following the
retreat of Halton ice north of the Niagara Escarpment, glaciolacustrine sedimentation once again
dominated the region. Upper glaciolacustrine unit rhythmically bedded clay and silty clay blankets the
underlying Halton unit across most of the region and, collectively, they form an effective confining layer.
Boreholes located close to the Fonthill ice contact–delta complex (e.g., see Figure 36.3: BH10 and BH09)
have more silt-rich upper glaciolacustrine unit sediments than observed in surrounding boreholes. Other
boreholes are capped with thin sandy sediments deposited in a delta that formed at the mouth of an early
Grand River (e.g., see Figure 36.3: BH08; see also Figure 36.4: BH13). Glacial Lake Iroquois formed
below the Niagara Escarpment as the ice continued to retreat northward and eastward. There are extensive
deposits of Lake Iroquois nearshore sands near Lake Ontario, whereas deeper water silts and clays are
found at surface around Niagara-on-the-Lake and north of the main glacial Lake Iroquois shore bluff.
Figure 36.1. Work flow from database to decision making, highlighting the importance of establishing a geological framework
and hydrogeological regime early in the process (from Oak Ridges Moraine Coalition 2011, p.4).
3. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
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Figure36.2.LocationmapshowingNiagaraPeninsulaConservationAuthority(NPCA)monitoringwells,selectedProvincialGroundwaterMonitoringNetwork(PGMN)
Programwellsandtheburied-bedrockvalleyaquifersystemstargetedforstudy.
4. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
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Figure 36.3. Summary of the lithology, screened interval and June 2015 water levels in monitoring wells constructed along the Erigan
channel. Monitoring well locations are shown on the inset map. Numbers on the flow-direction line refer to static water level.
5. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
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Figure 36.4. Summary of the lithology, screened interval and June 2015 water levels in monitoring wells constructed along the
Chippawa–Niagara Falls channel. Monitoring well locations are shown on the inset map. Numbers on the flow-direction line
refer to static water level.
6. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
36-6
CURRENT FIELD ACTIVITIES
In 2015, NPCA activities focussed on implementing a bedrock valley aquifer monitoring program
using the borehole locations constructed in 2014. The NPCA’s program approach (Table 36.1) is based
primarily upon protocols developed by the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change’s Provincial
Groundwater Monitoring Program. Single-well response tests were conducted for a minimum of 1 hour
using a submersible pump with a maximum flow rate of 20 L per minute (note: wells are 63 mm in
diameter, which limits pump options). In 8 of the tests, drawdowns were minimal, ranging from 0.6 to 0.1 m.
To increase the drawdown response, a jet pump was used at these higher producing wells, resulting in flow
rates between 86 and 170 L per minute (Table 36.2). Equipment limitations prevented even higher rates. In
some cases, constant-head injection testing rather than discharge testing was used, as deeper water levels
exceeded the pump’s range.
Table 36.1. List of tasks for the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority groundwater monitoring program.
Groundwater Monitoring Program Tasks
• Landowner access agreements for sites, including annual insurance requirements
• Well development using compressed air to remove drilling mud and estimate a well flow rate
• Rustproof, label with agency contact details, and safety flag wells for education and protection
• Survey well casings for reference elevation
(in metres above sea level (m asl) and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) co-ordinates)
• Collect and store monthly manual water levels
• Install and maintain data-logging pressure transducers for hourly pressure measurements
• Complete single-well tests using submersible or jet pumps, by discharge and/or injection methods
• Water quality sampling (minimum annually) after well purging and field parameter stabilization
Table 36.2. Discharge and injection rates for high-producing wells.
Borehole Well Name (and Location) Test Type Rate
(L per minute)
Water Level Change
(m)
Erigan channel
BH27 Gents Road
(Wainfleet)
Discharge 20 −0.14
114 −2
BH09 Glynn A Green
(Glynn A Green School, Pelham)
Discharge 16 −0.7
Injection 161 4
Chippawa–Niagara Falls channel
BH13 Concession 1
(Wainfleet)
Discharge 20 −0.4
98 −5
BH05 Public Works
(Civic Complex, Wainfleet)
Discharge 20 −0.1
117 −1.2
BH14 Townline
(Townline Road, Wainfleet)
Discharge 20 −0.1
Injection 147 3
BH26 Oak Hall
(Portage Road, Niagara Falls)
Discharge 14 −0.6
Injection 170 1
Crystal Beach channel
BH25 College
(Niagara Parkway, Fort Erie)
Discharge 20 −0.5
86 −4
Other
BH01 Glendale (Niagara College, Niagara-
on-the-Lake)
Discharge 20 −0.2
Injection 208 5
7. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
36-7
In 2015, following a second Niagara WaterSmart grant, 5 monitoring wells were constructed in OGS
boreholes along the groundwater flow profile of the Upper Welland River Watershed, NPCA’s largest
subwatershed (see Figure 36.2). All of these wells were screened in the uppermost bedrock unit. The
purpose of the monitors is to characterize the Upper Welland River Watershed groundwater system and
serve as “golden-spike” locations for a geochemistry study of the western Niagara Peninsula (see
McEwan et al., this volume), complementing existing NPCA wells (Binbrook, W0000287 and W000080)
(see Figure 36.2). As part of this study, all 23 monitoring wells constructed in collaboration with the
OGS, as well as an additional 5 pre-existing locations along the transects, were sampled by McEwan for a
variety of geochemical analyses.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Groundwater elevations in the upper bedrock aquifer show an overall descending trend from Lake
Erie to Lake Ontario along the Erigan channel (see Figure 36.3). Channel groundwater tritium
concentrations (south of the Welland River) were very low (Table 36.3), suggesting minimal recharge
from Lake Erie. The Fonthill ice contact–delta complex forms an important recharge area for the bedrock
aquifer system as clearly shown by a 5 m rise in water level beneath it.
Groundwater elevations along the Chippawa–Niagara Falls channel clearly show the cone of
depression from 40+ years of dewatering the Welland Canal Townline Tunnel (see Figure 36.4).
Groundwater tritium concentrations near Lake Erie (south of the Welland River) in this channel were not
detectable (see Table 36.3), suggesting a lack of recent recharge.
Most waters sampled from the confined bedrock valley aquifers in the fall of 2014 were anoxic,
sulphurous and brackish (1000 to 10 000 ppm total dissolved solids), except at the Fonthill ice contact–
delta complex. Based on available information, the bedrock valley aquifer systems appear to align well
with the Intermediate Regime Sulphur Water System as described by Carter et al. (2014). Initial water
chemistry results compare well with those reported previously by the OGS (Hamilton et al. 2011) and
further identify naturally occurring groundwater concerns for boron, fluoride and sodium, all of which
occur above the Ontario Drinking Water Standards.
Table 36.3. Results of tritium analyses for water sampled from boreholes in the Erigan, Chippawa–Niagara Falls and
Crystal Beach channels.
Borehole Well Name (and Location) Value (tritium units)
Erigan channel
BH32 Monument (North Shore Drive, Haldimand County) 2.7
BH08 Case Bell (Case Road, Wainfleet) 3.7
BH27 Gents Road (Wainfleet) 1.3
Chippawa–Niagara Falls channel
BH13 Concession 1 (Wainfleet) <0.8
BH05 Public Works (Civic Complex, Wainfleet) <0.8
BH14 Townline (Townline Road, Wainfleet) <0.8
Crystal Beach channel
BH24 Stevensville (Stevensville Road, Fort Erie) 1.6–2.3
BH25 College (Niagara Parkway, Fort Erie) 2.7
8. Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section (36) J.D. Campbell and A.K. Burt
36-8
PROJECT PLAN
Additional monitoring wells will be constructed adjacent to BH60 (Smith Road) and BH09 (Glynn
A. Green School) as overburden aquifers appear to be recharging the bedrock system at these locations.
The nested wells will be used to understand the interaction between the 2 aquifer systems. Monitoring
program start-up tasks will continue for wells constructed in 2015.
Two 2014 monitoring wells will be tested by constant-head injection testing using the jet-pump
system in the fall of 2015. Ongoing manual and datalogger water-level monitoring, well maintenance and
sampling will continue into 2016. Results of single well response testing will be analyzed to determine
hydraulic conductivities. Priority locations for 2016 pumping tests will be identified.
A database will be assembled for management of the water level and water chemistry information.
Landowners will be notified if the quality of their water exceeds Ontario Drinking Water Standards.
Results will be analyzed in collaboration with McMaster University and the OGS.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Grateful thanks go out to our agency partners for the Niagara WaterSmart funding, as well as their
agreeing to host monitoring installations. Partners include Niagara Region, City of Hamilton, Haldimand
County, the Township of Wainfleet, Town of Pelham, Town of Fort Erie, City of Welland, City of
Niagara Falls, the Niagara Parks Commission, the District School Board of Niagara and Niagara College.
In addition to our most excellent drilling contractors, Aardvark Drilling Inc., the groundwater field
investigations were a success because of the expertise and dedication of Tom Killingbeck and David Peck
(BluMetric), Caitlin McEwan (School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University) and Lori
LaBelle and Trevor White (University of Waterloo).
REFERENCES
Burt, A.K. 2013. The Niagara Peninsula study: A new three-dimensional Quaternary geology mapping project; in
Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 2013, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6290, p.38-1
to 38-21.
——— 2014. Penetrating Niagara with three-dimensional mapping: in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities
2014, Open File Report 6300, p.32-1 to 32-18.
Carter, T.R., Fortner, L., Skuce, M.E. and Longstaffe, F.J. 2014. Aquifer systems in southern Ontario:
Hydrogeological considerations for well drilling and plugging; abstract, Canadian Society of Petroleum
Geologists, GeoConvention 2014, May 12–16, 2014, Calgary, Alberta, 4p.
Council of Canadian Academies 2009. The sustainable management of groundwater in Canada; Expert Panel on
Groundwater, Council of Canadian Academies, Ottawa, Ontario, 254p.
Flint, J-J. and Lolcama, J. 1986. Buried ancestral drainage between lakes Erie and Ontario; Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v.97, p.75-84.
Hamilton, S.M., Matheson, E.J., Freckelton, C.N. and Burke, H., 2011. Ambient Groundwater Geochemistry
Program: The 2011 Aurora–Orillia study area and selected results for the Bruce and Niagara peninsulas; in
Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 2011, Open File Report 6270, p.32-1 to 32-11.
Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority and AquaResource Inc. 2010. Niagara Peninsula Tier 1 water budget and
water quantity stress assessment, final report; Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area, 402p.
Oak Ridges Moraine Coalition 2011. Celebrating 10 years of the Oak Ridges Moraine Groundwater Program, 12p.,
https://oakridgeswater.ca | About Us (download brochure link) [accessed December 3, 2015].