12/3/2018 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUBUS600.12.2?sections=ch08,sec8.1,sec8.2,sec8.3,sec8.4,sec8.5,sec8.6&content=all&clientToken=ce0c6ae1-8dbf-20b2-12… 1/22
8
Ethical Management Communication
Design Pics/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter and studying the materials, you should be able to:
1. Describe what constitutes ethical management communication.
2. Identify the major ethical dilemmas in management communication.
3. Communicate clear, transparent, accurate messages and respond effectively to unethical tactics.
4. Improve your ethical reasoning processes when communicating.
12/3/2018 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUBUS600.12.2?sections=ch08,sec8.1,sec8.2,sec8.3,sec8.4,sec8.5,sec8.6&content=all&clientToken=ce0c6ae1-8dbf-20b2-12… 2/22
8.1 Understanding Ethics
Learning Objective # 1: What constitutes ethical management communication?
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of thought that addresses questions about morality and deals with concepts such as right and wrong,
virtue and vice, and justice and crime (Rae, 2009, p. 15). Ethical challenges have been part of the world of business for as long as there has been a
business world.
Recent dramatic stories involving Enron, BP, Arthur Andersen, and other corporate giants, as well as several banking chains involved in the 2008
mortgage crisis, have reignited interest in building a more ethical business climate. Enron engaged in manipulation of energy prices and illegal accounting
practices. Arthur Andersen was complicit by failing to identify the illegal accounting practices as part of audits of company books. BP failed to follow
safety protocols and record keeping, which led to the 2010 Gulf oil spill disaster.
Communication systems inevitably play into a fraud or unethical action taken by a corporation, manager, or employee. Ethical decisions are made not only
by corporate leaders, but also by every member of an organization. As recent headlines have been packed with ethical issues, colleges and universities
teaching the business leaders of tomorrow have enhanced training and awareness of ethical decision-making. One perspective, ethical management, favors
training for individuals preparing to enter the world of business (Waite, 2011). We will focus on this approach in this chapter by examining the nature of
ethical and unethical communication and by offering analytical models and reasoning processes associated with moral dilemmas and ethical choices.
Values form the building blocks of an ethical system (Rae, 2009). Individual and collective values vary, of course, because they are in�luenced by
numerous forces, including religion, national origin, upbringing, and social associations. This means that the distinction between right and wrong can be
debatable or controversial. For example, charging interest is considered wrong in some cultures, while most of you reading this have come to expect to
pay interest on certain.
Meaning in the Arts Independent Field Study Assignment For th.docxARIV4
Meaning in the Arts: Independent Field Study Assignment
For this assignment, you will write a two to three page paper on a painting, sculpture, or work of architecture you have selected, using the artwork as a jumping off point to explore one of the theories or topics we have been studying. You will find the goals of the assignment and the directions below. Good luck!
Topics:
Plato, Republic Book X
Selections from Aristotle’s Poetics
Schiller, “Of the Sublime”
Nietzsche, Selections from The Birth of Tragedy
Hume, selections from The Standard of Taste
Arthur Danto, “The Art World”
Lessing, “What is Wrong with a Forgery?”
Dutton, “Artistic Crimes”
Margolis, “The Ontological Peculiarity of Works of Art”
Feagin, “The Pleasures of Tragedy”
Caroll, “Enjoying Horror”
Gant, “The Paradox of Horror”
Beardsley, “The Testability of an Interpretation”
Margolis, “Robust Relativism”
Gadamer, “Hermeneutical Experience”
The goals of this assignment are to:
Explore the artwork of Philadelphia
Develop some basic research skills
Apply a theory or develop a topic we have covered in the course readings and the classroom
Practice citing sources
Step 1: Select a creative work of art in Philadelphia from the following forms: painting, sculpture, or architecture.
Visit a museum – the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The Barnes Foundation, the Rodin Museum, or the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art, for instance – or select an outdoor sculpture or building.
The artwork should relate to the course by acting as an example or counterexample of a theory or topic we have studied, or by raising important questions related to a theory or topic.
If permitted by the museum, be sure to photograph the artwork and the corresponding information tag. If not, make sure you write down the details of the information tag.
Step 2: Write a two to three page essay that explains how the artwork you selected relates to a theory or topic we covered in the course readings.
In your essay, provide an image of the artwork that you selected
Take a photograph of the artwork at the museum, if permitted, or
Find an image of the artwork on the museum’s web site, in one of the library’s image databases, or on the free web
Be sure to properly cite the image
Your essay should include (but is not limited to) the following:
An introductory paragraph in which you briefly introduce the artwork, the theory or topic you selected, and how it applies to your artwork. Be sure to craft a strong thesis statement in this paragraph.
A paragraph of background information on the artist and the artwork.
A detailed, accurate, and thoughtful paragraph on the theory or topic you have selected to use from the class readings.
A paragraph that thoughtfully describes how the artwork relates to the theory you have chosen.
A concluding paragraph restating your thesis, reviewing your evidence and arguments, and offering final thoughts.
Be sure to cite your sources! Cite your sources using Chicago Style ...
peer1 Analyze and explain the ethical considerations associated wi.docxbartholomeocoombs
Managing information in non-profits requires considering ethical issues like privacy, appropriate use, and control of sensitive donor data. Effective donor databases allow organizations to track donor histories, interests, and relationships to tailor engagement. However, care must be taken to avoid annoying donors by removing those who opt-out from contact and ensuring duplicate data is deleted. When developing templates to track major gift prospects, priority information includes names, giving amounts and dates, and notes on cultivation strategies to facilitate ongoing engagement and fundraising goals.
Chapter Introduction
Ditty_about_summer/ Shutterstock.com
Learning Objectives
The five Learning Objectives below are designed to help improve your understanding. After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions:
1. What are two different views of the role of business in society?
2. How do duty-based ethical standards differ from outcome-based ethical standards?
3. What is short-term profit maximization, and why does it lead to ethical problems?
4. What are the four steps in the IDDR approach to ethical decision making?
5. What ethical issues might arise in the context of global business transactions?
“New occasions teach new duties.”
James Russell Lowell 1819–1891 (American editor, poet, and diplomat)
One of the most complex issues that businesspersons and corporations face is ethics. Ethics is not as clearly defined as the law, and yet it can substantially impact a firm’s finances and reputation, especially when the firm is involved in a well-publicized scandal. Some scandals arise from conduct that is legal but ethically questionable. At other times, the conduct is both illegal and unethical. Business law and legal environment students must be able to think critically about both legal and ethical issues. As noted in the chapter-opening quotation, “New occasions teach new duties.”
Suppose that Finn Clayborn dropped out of Harvard University to start a company in Silicon Valley that developed and sold finger-prick blood-test kits. Clayborn raised millions from investors by claiming that his new technology would revolutionize blood testing by providing a full range of laboratory tests from a few drops of blood. The kits were marketed as a better alternative to traditional, more expensive lab tests ordered by physicians. They were sold at drugstores for a few dollars each and touted as a way for consumers to test their blood type and monitor their cholesterol, iron, and many other conditions. Within six years, Clayborn and his company were making millions. But complaints started rolling in that the test kits didn’t work and the results were not accurate (because more blood was needed). Numerous consumers, drugstores, and government agencies sued the company for fraudulent and misleading marketing practices. Clayborn’s profitable start-up now faces an uncertain future.
The goal of business ethics is not to stifle innovation. There is nothing unethical about a company selling an idea or technology that is still being developed. In fact, that’s exactly what many successful start-ups do—take a promising idea and develop it into a reality. But businesspersons also need to consider what will happen if new technologies do not work. Do they go ahead with production and sales? What are the ethical problems with putting a product on the market that does not function as advertised? To be sure, there is not always one clear answer to an ethical question. What is clear is that rushing to production and not thinking through ...
This document provides an instructor's manual for a chapter on ethical, social, and political issues in e-commerce. It outlines key teaching objectives around privacy, intellectual property, governance, and public safety issues. It also defines important terms and concepts, provides an overview of the chapter contents, and offers teaching suggestions for facilitating discussion on these complex topics. The document is intended to help instructors teach students to thoughtfully analyze e-commerce through an ethical lens.
This document provides an instructor's manual for a chapter on ethical, social, and political issues in e-commerce. It outlines key teaching objectives around privacy, intellectual property, governance, and public safety issues. It also defines important terms and concepts, provides an overview of the chapter contents, and offers teaching suggestions for facilitating discussion on these complex topics. The document aims to help students analyze e-commerce dilemmas through various frameworks and consider how businesses can balance ethical practices with legal compliance.
Handwriting Paper Roote. Online assignment writing service.Dawn Jones
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing a full response about this sensitive topic without proper context and sensitivity.
This document provides an instructor's manual for a chapter on ethical, social, and political issues in e-commerce. The chapter objectives are to explain why e-commerce raises such issues and discuss concepts like privacy, intellectual property, internet governance, and public safety. Key terms are defined for topics like privacy, profiling, copyright, patents, trademarks, and governance models. The document outlines the chapter and provides teaching suggestions, emphasizing how to discuss ethical dilemmas and encourage systematic thinking about complex issues with no clear answers. Case studies on issues like privacy, intellectual property disputes, and online pharmacies are presented for class discussion.
This document discusses the ethical dilemma of using data mining to target marketing. It begins with an example of a student noticing targeted ads for boots she had previously browsed online. It then discusses how data mining is commonly associated with government surveillance, but businesses also extensively use data mining for targeted marketing. Some of the main ethical issues discussed are profiling customers, potential discrimination, and violation of privacy. The document proposes to examine these issues through two case studies, one on data sharing between Verizon and the government, and one on Facebook's use of customer data. It concludes by arguing that businesses must be held accountable for ethical use of customer data.
Meaning in the Arts Independent Field Study Assignment For th.docxARIV4
Meaning in the Arts: Independent Field Study Assignment
For this assignment, you will write a two to three page paper on a painting, sculpture, or work of architecture you have selected, using the artwork as a jumping off point to explore one of the theories or topics we have been studying. You will find the goals of the assignment and the directions below. Good luck!
Topics:
Plato, Republic Book X
Selections from Aristotle’s Poetics
Schiller, “Of the Sublime”
Nietzsche, Selections from The Birth of Tragedy
Hume, selections from The Standard of Taste
Arthur Danto, “The Art World”
Lessing, “What is Wrong with a Forgery?”
Dutton, “Artistic Crimes”
Margolis, “The Ontological Peculiarity of Works of Art”
Feagin, “The Pleasures of Tragedy”
Caroll, “Enjoying Horror”
Gant, “The Paradox of Horror”
Beardsley, “The Testability of an Interpretation”
Margolis, “Robust Relativism”
Gadamer, “Hermeneutical Experience”
The goals of this assignment are to:
Explore the artwork of Philadelphia
Develop some basic research skills
Apply a theory or develop a topic we have covered in the course readings and the classroom
Practice citing sources
Step 1: Select a creative work of art in Philadelphia from the following forms: painting, sculpture, or architecture.
Visit a museum – the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The Barnes Foundation, the Rodin Museum, or the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art, for instance – or select an outdoor sculpture or building.
The artwork should relate to the course by acting as an example or counterexample of a theory or topic we have studied, or by raising important questions related to a theory or topic.
If permitted by the museum, be sure to photograph the artwork and the corresponding information tag. If not, make sure you write down the details of the information tag.
Step 2: Write a two to three page essay that explains how the artwork you selected relates to a theory or topic we covered in the course readings.
In your essay, provide an image of the artwork that you selected
Take a photograph of the artwork at the museum, if permitted, or
Find an image of the artwork on the museum’s web site, in one of the library’s image databases, or on the free web
Be sure to properly cite the image
Your essay should include (but is not limited to) the following:
An introductory paragraph in which you briefly introduce the artwork, the theory or topic you selected, and how it applies to your artwork. Be sure to craft a strong thesis statement in this paragraph.
A paragraph of background information on the artist and the artwork.
A detailed, accurate, and thoughtful paragraph on the theory or topic you have selected to use from the class readings.
A paragraph that thoughtfully describes how the artwork relates to the theory you have chosen.
A concluding paragraph restating your thesis, reviewing your evidence and arguments, and offering final thoughts.
Be sure to cite your sources! Cite your sources using Chicago Style ...
peer1 Analyze and explain the ethical considerations associated wi.docxbartholomeocoombs
Managing information in non-profits requires considering ethical issues like privacy, appropriate use, and control of sensitive donor data. Effective donor databases allow organizations to track donor histories, interests, and relationships to tailor engagement. However, care must be taken to avoid annoying donors by removing those who opt-out from contact and ensuring duplicate data is deleted. When developing templates to track major gift prospects, priority information includes names, giving amounts and dates, and notes on cultivation strategies to facilitate ongoing engagement and fundraising goals.
Chapter Introduction
Ditty_about_summer/ Shutterstock.com
Learning Objectives
The five Learning Objectives below are designed to help improve your understanding. After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions:
1. What are two different views of the role of business in society?
2. How do duty-based ethical standards differ from outcome-based ethical standards?
3. What is short-term profit maximization, and why does it lead to ethical problems?
4. What are the four steps in the IDDR approach to ethical decision making?
5. What ethical issues might arise in the context of global business transactions?
“New occasions teach new duties.”
James Russell Lowell 1819–1891 (American editor, poet, and diplomat)
One of the most complex issues that businesspersons and corporations face is ethics. Ethics is not as clearly defined as the law, and yet it can substantially impact a firm’s finances and reputation, especially when the firm is involved in a well-publicized scandal. Some scandals arise from conduct that is legal but ethically questionable. At other times, the conduct is both illegal and unethical. Business law and legal environment students must be able to think critically about both legal and ethical issues. As noted in the chapter-opening quotation, “New occasions teach new duties.”
Suppose that Finn Clayborn dropped out of Harvard University to start a company in Silicon Valley that developed and sold finger-prick blood-test kits. Clayborn raised millions from investors by claiming that his new technology would revolutionize blood testing by providing a full range of laboratory tests from a few drops of blood. The kits were marketed as a better alternative to traditional, more expensive lab tests ordered by physicians. They were sold at drugstores for a few dollars each and touted as a way for consumers to test their blood type and monitor their cholesterol, iron, and many other conditions. Within six years, Clayborn and his company were making millions. But complaints started rolling in that the test kits didn’t work and the results were not accurate (because more blood was needed). Numerous consumers, drugstores, and government agencies sued the company for fraudulent and misleading marketing practices. Clayborn’s profitable start-up now faces an uncertain future.
The goal of business ethics is not to stifle innovation. There is nothing unethical about a company selling an idea or technology that is still being developed. In fact, that’s exactly what many successful start-ups do—take a promising idea and develop it into a reality. But businesspersons also need to consider what will happen if new technologies do not work. Do they go ahead with production and sales? What are the ethical problems with putting a product on the market that does not function as advertised? To be sure, there is not always one clear answer to an ethical question. What is clear is that rushing to production and not thinking through ...
This document provides an instructor's manual for a chapter on ethical, social, and political issues in e-commerce. It outlines key teaching objectives around privacy, intellectual property, governance, and public safety issues. It also defines important terms and concepts, provides an overview of the chapter contents, and offers teaching suggestions for facilitating discussion on these complex topics. The document is intended to help instructors teach students to thoughtfully analyze e-commerce through an ethical lens.
This document provides an instructor's manual for a chapter on ethical, social, and political issues in e-commerce. It outlines key teaching objectives around privacy, intellectual property, governance, and public safety issues. It also defines important terms and concepts, provides an overview of the chapter contents, and offers teaching suggestions for facilitating discussion on these complex topics. The document aims to help students analyze e-commerce dilemmas through various frameworks and consider how businesses can balance ethical practices with legal compliance.
Handwriting Paper Roote. Online assignment writing service.Dawn Jones
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing a full response about this sensitive topic without proper context and sensitivity.
This document provides an instructor's manual for a chapter on ethical, social, and political issues in e-commerce. The chapter objectives are to explain why e-commerce raises such issues and discuss concepts like privacy, intellectual property, internet governance, and public safety. Key terms are defined for topics like privacy, profiling, copyright, patents, trademarks, and governance models. The document outlines the chapter and provides teaching suggestions, emphasizing how to discuss ethical dilemmas and encourage systematic thinking about complex issues with no clear answers. Case studies on issues like privacy, intellectual property disputes, and online pharmacies are presented for class discussion.
This document discusses the ethical dilemma of using data mining to target marketing. It begins with an example of a student noticing targeted ads for boots she had previously browsed online. It then discusses how data mining is commonly associated with government surveillance, but businesses also extensively use data mining for targeted marketing. Some of the main ethical issues discussed are profiling customers, potential discrimination, and violation of privacy. The document proposes to examine these issues through two case studies, one on data sharing between Verizon and the government, and one on Facebook's use of customer data. It concludes by arguing that businesses must be held accountable for ethical use of customer data.
Whitepaper: Misconduct Rarely Happens in Isolation: How You Can Detect Critic...Gradytl
The whitepaper discusses how misconduct often goes undetected at organizations until it is too late. While employees report issues to local managers, the information does not get escalated or documented properly. This allows small isolated incidents to accumulate without the organization's awareness. The whitepaper argues that organizations already have the necessary data in employee reports but lack centralized systems to analyze trends across different locations. An integrated case management system is proposed to document incidents in a consistent way and allow information sharing between departments to detect broader patterns of misconduct before major issues emerge.
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!.docxtodd191
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!
As a reminder, please note we only have a set amount of time for your review before we have to move on to our next appointments. However, during that time, we will be able to cover quite a bit! In addition to this, as a Walden student, you are permitted to have up to two writing appointments per week (and you can send an unlimited about of questions between appointments to our email address I will give you below ????). This means that we can work on this, or other documents, later this week if you would like. You are also able to make appointments ahead of time to guarantee you have a slot booked!
As per your review form, you would like this review to focus on:
• APA 7
• Scholarly Writing
Paragraph Formatting/Overall Structure & Movement
White-collar Crimes
Kimberly Vamper
Walden University
FD002 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research
David Dibari
12-09-2020
White-collar Crimes
In these modern times, various crimes are being committed. You will want a stronger hook here that shows the reader exactly what you will be addressing in your paper. A hook for an introduction, generally, works with the thesis statement. The hook will inform the reader of the general idea of the paragraph and essay, while the thesis statement will give the reader a more focused understanding of this material. A good way to see if these are done successfully is to ready only the hook and the thesis statement of an introduction. If you are able to see the broad idea of the paper through the hook, and the more focused concept through the thesis statement, then you have written a well-crafted hook and a detailed thesis statement.In some of these crimes, there is the use of lethal weapons, while some do not require the use of lethal weapons or force, but they are associated with some form of sophisticated fraud, popularly known as white-collar crimes (More, 2020). You want to avoid using paraphrases or direct quotes in your introduction/conclusion so that you can show the reader your understanding of the materials, and then back your information with citations throughout your body paragraphs to so the reader the research you have done. This expository paper analyzes the topic of white-collar crimes in criminal justice and its causes and effects.
The term white-collar crime was first conceived in 1939 by an American sociologist, Edwin Sutherland, who defined white-collar crime as “a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation.” (More, 2020). In academic writing you do not want to use direct quotes or paraphrases in your first or last sentence of your paragraph or section. In using your own original thoughts and ideas for these instances you are showing the reader that you fully understand the materials, and are using the research of others to supplement the readers understanding, not your own. In using paraphrasing or .
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!A.docxtodd191
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!
As a reminder, please note we only have a set amount of time for your review before we have to move on to our next appointments. However, during that time, we will be able to cover quite a bit! In addition to this, as a Walden student, you are permitted to have up to two writing appointments per week (and you can send an unlimited about of questions between appointments to our email address I will give you below ????). This means that we can work on this, or other documents, later this week if you would like. You are also able to make appointments ahead of time to guarantee you have a slot booked!
As per your review form, you would like this review to focus on:
• APA 7
• Scholarly Writing
Paragraph Formatting/Overall Structure & Movement
White-collar Crimes
Kimberly Vamper
Walden University
FD002 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research
David Dibari
12-09-2020
White-collar Crimes
In these modern times, various crimes are being committed. You will want a stronger hook here that shows the reader exactly what you will be addressing in your paper. A hook for an introduction, generally, works with the thesis statement. The hook will inform the reader of the general idea of the paragraph and essay, while the thesis statement will give the reader a more focused understanding of this material. A good way to see if these are done successfully is to ready only the hook and the thesis statement of an introduction. If you are able to see the broad idea of the paper through the hook, and the more focused concept through the thesis statement, then you have written a well-crafted hook and a detailed thesis statement.In some of these crimes, there is the use of lethal weapons, while some do not require the use of lethal weapons or force, but they are associated with some form of sophisticated fraud, popularly known as white-collar crimes (More, 2020). You want to avoid using paraphrases or direct quotes in your introduction/conclusion so that you can show the reader your understanding of the materials, and then back your information with citations throughout your body paragraphs to so the reader the research you have done. This expository paper analyzes the topic of white-collar crimes in criminal justice and its causes and effects.
The term white-collar crime was first conceived in 1939 by an American sociologist, Edwin Sutherland, who defined white-collar crime as “a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation.” (More, 2020). In academic writing you do not want to use direct quotes or paraphrases in your first or last sentence of your paragraph or section. In using your own original thoughts and ideas for these instances you are showing the reader that you fully understand the materials, and are using the research of others to supplement the readers understanding, not your own. In using pa.
Anthropology 130 Extra Credit - Web Articles on Race 20 poi.docxRAHUL126667
Anthropology 130 Extra Credit - Web Articles on Race
20 points maximum
With the recent news stories showing differences in experience by members of different
races in the United States, new attempts to start the conversation on race and culture
have been published online. This assignment involves carefully exploration of one of the
recent media pieces on the topic and summarizing its main points.
Part One
Choose one of the following links for this assignment.
• Flam, F. (2016, October 3). Concept of race stands as science’s biggest blunder [Web
article]. The Kansas City Star. Retrieved from http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-
columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
• Fuentes, A. (2015, June 22). Ignorance about race is killing us [Web article].
Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-
myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
• Yodel, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R. & Tishkoff, S. (2016, February 5). Taking race out
of human genetics. Science. 351(6273), 564-565. Retrieved from http://
science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full
Part Two
Answer both parts of the prompt:
a. What is the main point that the writer conveyed?
� of �1 2
http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full
b. What are two quotes from the article that especially caught your attention? Why
were these passages effective in making their points?
Your reflection should be at least 300 words, and written as an organized paragraph.
Turn in your completed assignment on Canvas or in class by the due date.
Grading
A full score will be given to a reflection that addresses all of the required points. The
breakdown of the assigned score are:
• Accurately gives main point of the paper (6 points)
• Presents two quotes and explains why each is effective (8 points)
• College level writing: organized and free from spelling and grammatical problems (3
points)
• Low use of direct text from the article (except for the two quotes) (3 points)
� of �2 2
Business Ethics and
Social Responsibility
http://www.wileybusinessupdates.com
Chapter
2
1
Explain the concern for ethical and societal issues.
Describe the contemporary ethical environment.
Discuss how organizations shape ethical condu.
Cesar Chavez Essay. about Report Writing - Library Guides cesar chavez essay ...Wendy Emerson
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Buy Cheap Essay Writing An Essay For College ApplicatioJoe Andelija
The document discusses Aetna, a major health care company in the US. It provides health care, group insurance, and pension plans. Aetna serves over 28 million individuals through health, dental, pharmacy, vision, and other plans. It relies on employer groups, individuals, students, and other workers. Founded in 1982, Aetna is headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut and offers a variety of medical, insurance, and retirement products and services.
This document discusses several ethical issues in the finance sector. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that ethics are often not considered in finance where the goal is seen as making money. It then examines issues like lack of transparency, conflicts of interest, and how financial crises can exacerbate unethical behavior. The roles of economics, society, and regulators in influencing ethics are also evaluated. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for upholding values like honesty, fairness and morality in the financial sector.
Discussion 1Questionplease describe the reasons for having.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion 1:
Question:
please describe the reasons for having a totally anonymous means of accessing the internet. Please also discuss the dangers of that same internet.
The overall population wherein we live can constantly be incredibly moderate, every now and again making it perilous to possess explicit articulations, have certain determinations, or grasp a particular lifestyle. The mystery is noteworthy for online exchanges including sexual abuse, minority issues, incitement, and various things. Additionally, lack of definition is useful for people who need to present particular request that they would incline toward not to surrender they don't have the foggiest thought regarding the reaction to, report unlawful activities without fear of vengeance, and various things. For occurrence, the region of Florida keeps up a baffling hotline for government workers to report wastes and abuse to the representative's office. Without mystery, these exercises can result in open analysis or repel physical harm, loss of business or status, and from time to time, even authentic action. Protection from harm coming about due to this kind of social intolerance is a particular instance of a huge and genuine usage of mystery on the web. Authorities who are people from the on-line arrange routinely ask their patients to interface with others and structures support packs on issues about which they don't feel incredible discussing unreservedly. It is key to have the alternative to express certain ends without revealing your genuine character. One appropriate instance of lack of definition in all actuality is the exchange over Caller ID on phones. Plenty of people were maddening that the person on the not exactly alluring finish of a telephone call would know the character of the visitor. People had thought little of that they could be obscure in the occasion that they required and were annoyed at that anonymity being evacuated. Many net customers feel a comparable course about the on-line mystery.
Discussion 2:
Question:
please describe the reasons for having a totally anonymous means of accessing the internet. Please also discuss the dangers of that same internet.
Recent surveys indicate there are several users of internet present across the world and these users should know about privacy and security policies while using internet so that they can protect themselves against attacks and secure their personal information. This is possible with anonymity of internet where it hides the users address and any other personal information. It is also explained as that identity of users will be hidden and they can freely express their ideas and opinions and need not worry about criticisms and negative comments from other users. This anonymity is mostly preferred by users where they can freely post messages and videos and need not worry about backlash from others. It is also helpful when they are searching some sensitive issues in internet related to health wher ...
!1Critical Thinking Report Buy Your First Franchise SilvaGraf83
!1
Critical Thinking Report
“Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed’
Sandra Hailey
Instructor: Caroline Leffall
November 20, 2020
!2
Summary of Article
The article (Alton, 2017), Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed, is a great
example explaining the main gist of what franchising really is. Since with modern day
technology, there are misinterpretations of reports related to what owning a franchise
really means along with the responsibilities that come along with it.
Alton (2017) begins by providing the definition of a franchise. Alton refers to it as
follows: “Franchising is simply a method for expanding a business and distributing goods and
services through a licensed relationship” (p. 1). He then goes on and tells us that there are two
different main types of franchises which include business format, which is where franchisor
provides the franchisee with everything they need — including the brand name, products and
services, and the entire operating system. The second type of format is traditional franchising
(also known as product distribution franchising). Under this format, the focus is entirely on the
products manufactured or supplied by the franchisor for the franchisee.
Franchising also offers very constant trends for a steady growth, but this is not the only
perk for owning your own business. From statistics shown, ninety percent of franchisers enjoy
running their business and eighty-five percent feel positive of the affiliation to its organization
(Alton, 2017). To show that not only are franchises greatly profitable, but they also leave you
with a sense of pride and satisfaction.
Conclusions
Alton (2017) discusses precise tips on potentially owning your own franchise. A point
included assessing yourself to see if you are in the right position to take on the task including the
technology that is necessary as well as the environment that you live in, which then leads to the
starting cost to see if you have the financials to help get you started and running. Additionally,
!3
Alton advises to be very cautious when you are looking into purchasing a franchise because of
frauds and manipulation in the process, and strongly encourages one to obtain an attorney for
law help as well as assistance in going through Financial Disclosure Document (FDD) to make
sure to expose all hidden costs to illuminate possible surprise fees and accidents. The last main
advice that he gave is to listen to past franchisers and learn from their experiences and take
advice, and from that, apply it to your own works (Alton, 2017).
How the Article Applies to Chapter Concepts
The article (Alton, 2017) strongly relates to chapter 5 of Understanding Business
(Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2019) regarding the formation of a business. Nickels,
McHugh, and McHugh (2019) strongly emphasizes the advantages and disadvanta ...
!1Critical Thinking Report Buy Your First Franchise MoseStaton39
!1
Critical Thinking Report
“Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed’
Sandra Hailey
Instructor: Caroline Leffall
November 20, 2020
!2
Summary of Article
The article (Alton, 2017), Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed, is a great
example explaining the main gist of what franchising really is. Since with modern day
technology, there are misinterpretations of reports related to what owning a franchise
really means along with the responsibilities that come along with it.
Alton (2017) begins by providing the definition of a franchise. Alton refers to it as
follows: “Franchising is simply a method for expanding a business and distributing goods and
services through a licensed relationship” (p. 1). He then goes on and tells us that there are two
different main types of franchises which include business format, which is where franchisor
provides the franchisee with everything they need — including the brand name, products and
services, and the entire operating system. The second type of format is traditional franchising
(also known as product distribution franchising). Under this format, the focus is entirely on the
products manufactured or supplied by the franchisor for the franchisee.
Franchising also offers very constant trends for a steady growth, but this is not the only
perk for owning your own business. From statistics shown, ninety percent of franchisers enjoy
running their business and eighty-five percent feel positive of the affiliation to its organization
(Alton, 2017). To show that not only are franchises greatly profitable, but they also leave you
with a sense of pride and satisfaction.
Conclusions
Alton (2017) discusses precise tips on potentially owning your own franchise. A point
included assessing yourself to see if you are in the right position to take on the task including the
technology that is necessary as well as the environment that you live in, which then leads to the
starting cost to see if you have the financials to help get you started and running. Additionally,
!3
Alton advises to be very cautious when you are looking into purchasing a franchise because of
frauds and manipulation in the process, and strongly encourages one to obtain an attorney for
law help as well as assistance in going through Financial Disclosure Document (FDD) to make
sure to expose all hidden costs to illuminate possible surprise fees and accidents. The last main
advice that he gave is to listen to past franchisers and learn from their experiences and take
advice, and from that, apply it to your own works (Alton, 2017).
How the Article Applies to Chapter Concepts
The article (Alton, 2017) strongly relates to chapter 5 of Understanding Business
(Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2019) regarding the formation of a business. Nickels,
McHugh, and McHugh (2019) strongly emphasizes the advantages and disadvanta ...
The document discusses several emerging ethical issues in business, including recognizing ethical issues, types of misconduct, honesty, fairness, integrity, abusive behavior, lying, conflicts of interest, bribery, corporate intelligence, discrimination, sexual harassment, environmental issues, fraud, marketing fraud, consumer fraud, financial misconduct, intellectual property rights, and privacy. Determining ethical issues is challenging due to changing societal standards and issues becoming visible through stakeholder concerns.
Jenna Fox Essay. Online assignment writing service.Emma Velasquez
The document outlines 5 steps to get writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied.
5. Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides information about the COM 537 Final Exam from the University of Phoenix, including 30 multiple choice questions covering various communication topics. It discusses communication types, social media criticisms, high-context vs low-context cultures, noise types, listening behaviors, proxemics, public relations roles, crisis communication planning steps, cognitive dissonance, semantics, transactional communication model components, leadership styles, stereotypes, and believing verbal vs non-verbal messages. The document is authored by an online education company providing exam preparation materials.
PSY 618 Module Five Short Paper Rubric Prompt How will your .docxpotmanandrea
PSY 618: Module Five Short Paper Rubric
Prompt: How will your proposed changes have a personal impact on the employees within the case study company? Could there be unforeseen ethical implications? How do the changes you propose align with your personal values of how employees should be treated?
Format: The short paper should follow these formatting guidelines: 2–4 pages in length, double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and citations in APA format.
Critical Elements
Exemplary
Proficient
Needs Improvement
Not Evident
Value
Impact
Meets “Proficient” criteria and includes examples from scholarly research
(27-30)
Describes the impact of the changes on employees within the company
(24-26)
Description of the impact of changes on employees within the company is lacking in detail
(21-23)
Does not describe the impact of the changes on employees within the company
(0-20)
30
Ethical Implications
Meets “Proficient” criteria and substantiates evaluation through the use of evidence from scholarly research
(27-30)
Evaluates possible unforeseen ethical implications
(24-26)
Evaluation of unforeseen ethical implications is not substantiated
(21-23)
Does not evaluate possible unforeseen ethical implications
(0-20)
30
Employee Treatment
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and description is supported by specific examples
(27-30)
Describes how the changes align with personal values toward the treatment of employees
(24-26)
How the changes align with personal values toward the treatment of employees is not sufficiently described
(21-23)
Does not describe how the changes align with personal values toward the treatment of employees
(0-20)
30
Articulation of Response
Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy-to-read format
(9-10)
Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization
(8)
Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas
(7)
Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas
(0-6)
10
Earned Total
Comments:
100%
1
Running head: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Consumer Behavior
Name
Institution
Pop culture millionaire
They spend huge amounts of money on expensive and luxurious items. They put on expensive clothes, wear expensive watches and drive recent luxurious car models. This is majorly brought about by the occupation they have that requires an expensive lifestyle. They are popular people known for what they do and because of their high social status. Most of them have proper media coverage. They have very high monthly income from the work they do. They live in upscale neighborhoods and have top positions in top organizations in the country. One reason that makes them different is the ki ...
This document provides information about a course on Professional Practices in IT. It discusses:
- The course code, name, and objective to make students aware of their professional responsibilities in the IT sector.
- The marks distribution including assignments, quizzes, presentations, class participation, midterm and final exams.
- Course learning outcomes such as evaluating ethical decisions, professional codes of ethics, and the impact of technology on privacy and social interaction.
- Recommended resources on ethics in information technology.
- An assignment on plagiarism including defining it, how to avoid it, and penalties.
Case Study RubricCriterionStrongAverageWeakInt.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Criterion
Strong
Average
Weak
Introduction / Primary Problem, Issue or Question Identification
States the case objective and clearly defines the problem, issue or question
Minimally describes the case, includes only the problem, issue or question
Bypasses the introduction and moves directly to commentary on the case
Understanding of Primary Problem, Issue or Question
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the primary issues and or problems in the case study
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified problems, issues or questions; includes all necessary calculations
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the problems, issues or questions identified; missing some necessary calculations
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified problems, issues or questions; omits necessary calculations
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Supports diagnosis and opinions with convincing arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
. Recommendations logically supported
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a one‐sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented. Illogical recommendations
Little or no action suggested, and/or ineffective or disconnected solutions proposed to the issues in the case study. No attempt at logical support for recommendations
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and identifies all sources of information
Makes appropriate but vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited sources
Makes ineffective connections or shows no connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete information and sources
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Demonstrates a clear understanding of the audience for the case. Utilizes formatting, clarity and structure to enable the audience to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing is logical, grammatically correct, spelling is error free
Demonstrates a limited understanding of the audience for the case. Ineffective structuring of response making it difficult to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing shows poor logic, grammatical and spelli.
Case Study Rubric Directly respond to each questi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Directly respond to each question providing background to support your
response. (2 points)
Apply at least 2 concepts from the chapter material in the class text,
“Leadership; theory. Application and Skill Development.” Reference to,
“The Handbook of Leaders,” is a welcome addition. (2 points)
Apply your critical thinking skills. (2 points)
o A well cultivated critical thinker:
Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them
clearly and precisely;
Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract
ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned
conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant
criteria and standards;
Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought,
recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions,
implications, and practical consequences; and
Communicates effectively with others in figuring out
solutions to complex problems.
o Taken from Richard Paul and Linda Elder, The Miniature Guide to
Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical
Thinking Press, 2008
Case Studies must be submitted in the following format:
o Clearly title each in a word document with name, date, week etc.
o Must include clearly written and thoughtful narrative
o Post as a response in Blackboard
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Robert N. Lussier, Ph.D.
Spring field College
Christopher F. Achua, D.B.A.
University of Virginia’s College at Wise
S I X T H E D I T I O N
Leadership
THEORY, APPLICATION,
& SKILL DE VELOPMENT
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 1 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be a.
Case Study Scenario Part 3IntroductionThis media piece exp.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Scenario Part 3
Introduction
This media piece explains four ethical theories in order to prepare you for the Unit 3 assignment,
Case Study Resolution
. This media piece also includes parts 1 and 2 of the case study videos for your review.
Part 3
Deontology
The ethical position to do what is right out of duty or obligation. It is often called rule-based ethics.
Deontology has been described as "absolutist," "universal," and "impersonal" (Kant, 1785/1959). It prioritizes absolute obligations over consequences. In this moral framework, ethical decision making is the rational act of applying universal principles to all situations irrespective of specific relations, contexts, or consequences. This reflects Immanuel Kant's conviction that ethical decisions cannot vary or be influenced by special circumstances or relationships. Rather, a decision is "moral" only if a rational person believes the act resulting from the decision should be universally followed in all situations. For Kant, respect for the worth of all persons was one such universal principle. A course of action that results in a person being used simply as a means for others' gains would ethically unacceptable.
With respect to deception in research, from a deontological perspective, since we would not believe it moral to intentionally deceive individuals in some other context, neither potential benefits to society nor the effectiveness of participant debriefing for a particular deception study can morally justify intentionally deceiving persons about the purpose or nature of a research study. Further, deception in research would not be ethically permissible since intentionally disguising the nature of the study for the goals of research violates the moral obligation to respect each participant's intrinsic worth by undermining individuals' right to make rational and autonomous decisions regarding participation (Fisher & Fyrberg, 1994).
Utilitarianism
The ethical position depends on the consequences of the action with the goal being producing the most good.
Utilitarian theory prioritizes the consequences (or utility) of an act over the application of universal principles (Mill, 1861/1957). From this perspective, an ethical decision is situation specific and must be governed by a risk-benefit calculus that determines which act will produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad consequences. An "act utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating the consequences of an act for a given situation. A "rule utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating whether following a general rule in all similar situation would create the greater good. Like deontology, utilitarianism is impersonal: It does not take into account interpersonal and relational features of ethical responsibility. From this perspective, psychologists' obligations to those with whom they work can be superseded by an action that would produce a greater good for others (Fisher, 1999).
A ps.
Case Study RubricYour case study will be assessed as follows•.docxdrennanmicah
The document discusses Chevron Corporation's evolution of IT infrastructure to better support its global energy operations. It describes how Chevron uses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and sensors to monitor and optimize operations at its refineries. It also discusses Chevron's use of enterprise applications like SAP ERP and its move to cloud computing and business-focused web services. Finally, it outlines Chevron's vision for future infrastructure including increased use of mobility, analytics, and social media.
Case study RubricCriterionOutstanding 3.75Very Good 3 .docxdrennanmicah
Case study Rubric
Criterion
Outstanding 3.75
Very Good 3
Good 2.5
Unacceptable 1
Score
Completeness
Complete in all respects; reflects all requirements
Complete in most respects; reflects most requirements
Incomplete many respects; reflects few requirements
Incomplete in most respects; does not reflect requirements
Understanding
Demonstrates excellent understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an accomplished understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an acceptable understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an inadequate understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Analysis
Presents an insightful and through analysis of the issue (s) identified
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the issue(s) identified
Presents a superficial analysis of some of the issue(s) identified
Presents an incomplete analysis of the issue(s) identified.
Evaluation
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate but somewhat vague connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes little or no connection between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied.
Opinion
Supports opinion with strong arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with reasons and evidence; presents a fairly balanced view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with limited reasons and evidence; presents a somewhat one-sided argument
Supports opinion with few reasons and little evidence; argument is one-sided and not objective.
Recommendations
Presents detailed, realistic, and appropriate recommendations clearly supported by the information presented and concepts studied
Presents specific, realistic and appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation with little, if any, support from the information and the concepts studied.
Grammar and Spelling
Minimal spelling and grammar errors
Some spelling and grammar errors
Noticeable spelling and grammar errors
Unacceptable number of spelling and grammar errors
APA guidelines
Uses APA guidelines accurately and consistently to cite sources
Uses APA guidelines with minor violations to cite sources
Reflects incomplete knowledge of APA guidelines
Does not use APA guidelines
Total
.
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY For the Case Study assig.docxdrennanmicah
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY
For the Case Study assignment the current pathogen selections may be requested by sending
an email to your instructor!
Assigned Case Study Problem:
You will create a case study for a microbial infection selected from the current pathogen list. Your case
study will be assembled using a detailed rubric (see below). Upon completion, you will submit your
case study to the Blackboard gradebook in Unit 5 and to SafeAssign.
How to create a case study
The case studies are meant to be an enjoyable, interesting, and informative assignment. This is your
chance to show that you understand the key teaching points about a microbe and to communicate
these points in a written format.
What information belongs in my case study?
Have at least 3-4 key referenced points in each of the five areas shown in the Case Study Information
Chart (see below). The left-hand heading in the chart suggests the type of information requested for the
pathogen. Outlines can be in whatever form you prefer (bullets/charts/outlines/diagrams or a mix). Be
sure to include two discussion questions (and provide complete answers) that you can incorporate
into your case study (place them at the end of your write-up). These questions should help connect your
case to other material in the course. For example, what other microbes have an A-B toxin? What other
viruses are transmitted by fecal-oral spread?
How much information should I provide for my case study?
For the Case Study, you are asked to provide at least the information requested in the chart below. The
boxed questions are suggestions for the minimum amount of information within each category. The
more detailed the information, the better the study. You may consult your textbook, CDC, WHO, Access
Medicine, Google Scholar, NCBI, WebMD, etc. to find the information. For example, if you perform a
Google search using the name of the pathogen and the word ‘vaccine’, you will find information on
current vaccines (if any), those in clinical trials, vaccines used only in animals, etc.
Case Study Information Chart
Typical Case What does a typical case look like? Use the standard format for a
patient presentation with chief complaint (CC), history of present illness
(HPI), key physical exam details (PE), lab findings, signature signs, and
any other important findings.
Description of the infectious
agent
If it is a bacterium, how is it classified? If it is a virus, what kind of
nucleic acid does it have? Does it target specific cellular types
(tropism)? Does it form a spore? Is it aerobic? Is it intracellular? Can it
only be grown in a specific type of media? How is it distinguished from
other members of the species? Does the pathogen have a significant
history with humans or animals?
Epidemiology What do you feel are the most important points about the
epidemiology of the disease? Incidence? Portal of entry? Source? Is it a
normal microb.
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Whitepaper: Misconduct Rarely Happens in Isolation: How You Can Detect Critic...Gradytl
The whitepaper discusses how misconduct often goes undetected at organizations until it is too late. While employees report issues to local managers, the information does not get escalated or documented properly. This allows small isolated incidents to accumulate without the organization's awareness. The whitepaper argues that organizations already have the necessary data in employee reports but lack centralized systems to analyze trends across different locations. An integrated case management system is proposed to document incidents in a consistent way and allow information sharing between departments to detect broader patterns of misconduct before major issues emerge.
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!.docxtodd191
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!
As a reminder, please note we only have a set amount of time for your review before we have to move on to our next appointments. However, during that time, we will be able to cover quite a bit! In addition to this, as a Walden student, you are permitted to have up to two writing appointments per week (and you can send an unlimited about of questions between appointments to our email address I will give you below ????). This means that we can work on this, or other documents, later this week if you would like. You are also able to make appointments ahead of time to guarantee you have a slot booked!
As per your review form, you would like this review to focus on:
• APA 7
• Scholarly Writing
Paragraph Formatting/Overall Structure & Movement
White-collar Crimes
Kimberly Vamper
Walden University
FD002 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research
David Dibari
12-09-2020
White-collar Crimes
In these modern times, various crimes are being committed. You will want a stronger hook here that shows the reader exactly what you will be addressing in your paper. A hook for an introduction, generally, works with the thesis statement. The hook will inform the reader of the general idea of the paragraph and essay, while the thesis statement will give the reader a more focused understanding of this material. A good way to see if these are done successfully is to ready only the hook and the thesis statement of an introduction. If you are able to see the broad idea of the paper through the hook, and the more focused concept through the thesis statement, then you have written a well-crafted hook and a detailed thesis statement.In some of these crimes, there is the use of lethal weapons, while some do not require the use of lethal weapons or force, but they are associated with some form of sophisticated fraud, popularly known as white-collar crimes (More, 2020). You want to avoid using paraphrases or direct quotes in your introduction/conclusion so that you can show the reader your understanding of the materials, and then back your information with citations throughout your body paragraphs to so the reader the research you have done. This expository paper analyzes the topic of white-collar crimes in criminal justice and its causes and effects.
The term white-collar crime was first conceived in 1939 by an American sociologist, Edwin Sutherland, who defined white-collar crime as “a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation.” (More, 2020). In academic writing you do not want to use direct quotes or paraphrases in your first or last sentence of your paragraph or section. In using your own original thoughts and ideas for these instances you are showing the reader that you fully understand the materials, and are using the research of others to supplement the readers understanding, not your own. In using paraphrasing or .
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!A.docxtodd191
Thanks so much for making your appointment with me, Kimberly!
As a reminder, please note we only have a set amount of time for your review before we have to move on to our next appointments. However, during that time, we will be able to cover quite a bit! In addition to this, as a Walden student, you are permitted to have up to two writing appointments per week (and you can send an unlimited about of questions between appointments to our email address I will give you below ????). This means that we can work on this, or other documents, later this week if you would like. You are also able to make appointments ahead of time to guarantee you have a slot booked!
As per your review form, you would like this review to focus on:
• APA 7
• Scholarly Writing
Paragraph Formatting/Overall Structure & Movement
White-collar Crimes
Kimberly Vamper
Walden University
FD002 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research
David Dibari
12-09-2020
White-collar Crimes
In these modern times, various crimes are being committed. You will want a stronger hook here that shows the reader exactly what you will be addressing in your paper. A hook for an introduction, generally, works with the thesis statement. The hook will inform the reader of the general idea of the paragraph and essay, while the thesis statement will give the reader a more focused understanding of this material. A good way to see if these are done successfully is to ready only the hook and the thesis statement of an introduction. If you are able to see the broad idea of the paper through the hook, and the more focused concept through the thesis statement, then you have written a well-crafted hook and a detailed thesis statement.In some of these crimes, there is the use of lethal weapons, while some do not require the use of lethal weapons or force, but they are associated with some form of sophisticated fraud, popularly known as white-collar crimes (More, 2020). You want to avoid using paraphrases or direct quotes in your introduction/conclusion so that you can show the reader your understanding of the materials, and then back your information with citations throughout your body paragraphs to so the reader the research you have done. This expository paper analyzes the topic of white-collar crimes in criminal justice and its causes and effects.
The term white-collar crime was first conceived in 1939 by an American sociologist, Edwin Sutherland, who defined white-collar crime as “a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation.” (More, 2020). In academic writing you do not want to use direct quotes or paraphrases in your first or last sentence of your paragraph or section. In using your own original thoughts and ideas for these instances you are showing the reader that you fully understand the materials, and are using the research of others to supplement the readers understanding, not your own. In using pa.
Anthropology 130 Extra Credit - Web Articles on Race 20 poi.docxRAHUL126667
Anthropology 130 Extra Credit - Web Articles on Race
20 points maximum
With the recent news stories showing differences in experience by members of different
races in the United States, new attempts to start the conversation on race and culture
have been published online. This assignment involves carefully exploration of one of the
recent media pieces on the topic and summarizing its main points.
Part One
Choose one of the following links for this assignment.
• Flam, F. (2016, October 3). Concept of race stands as science’s biggest blunder [Web
article]. The Kansas City Star. Retrieved from http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-
columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
• Fuentes, A. (2015, June 22). Ignorance about race is killing us [Web article].
Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-
myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
• Yodel, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R. & Tishkoff, S. (2016, February 5). Taking race out
of human genetics. Science. 351(6273), 564-565. Retrieved from http://
science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full
Part Two
Answer both parts of the prompt:
a. What is the main point that the writer conveyed?
� of �1 2
http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/syndicated-columnists/article105647021.html
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/busting-myths-about-human-nature/201506/ignorance-about-race-is-killing-us
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full
b. What are two quotes from the article that especially caught your attention? Why
were these passages effective in making their points?
Your reflection should be at least 300 words, and written as an organized paragraph.
Turn in your completed assignment on Canvas or in class by the due date.
Grading
A full score will be given to a reflection that addresses all of the required points. The
breakdown of the assigned score are:
• Accurately gives main point of the paper (6 points)
• Presents two quotes and explains why each is effective (8 points)
• College level writing: organized and free from spelling and grammatical problems (3
points)
• Low use of direct text from the article (except for the two quotes) (3 points)
� of �2 2
Business Ethics and
Social Responsibility
http://www.wileybusinessupdates.com
Chapter
2
1
Explain the concern for ethical and societal issues.
Describe the contemporary ethical environment.
Discuss how organizations shape ethical condu.
Cesar Chavez Essay. about Report Writing - Library Guides cesar chavez essay ...Wendy Emerson
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Buy Cheap Essay Writing An Essay For College ApplicatioJoe Andelija
The document discusses Aetna, a major health care company in the US. It provides health care, group insurance, and pension plans. Aetna serves over 28 million individuals through health, dental, pharmacy, vision, and other plans. It relies on employer groups, individuals, students, and other workers. Founded in 1982, Aetna is headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut and offers a variety of medical, insurance, and retirement products and services.
This document discusses several ethical issues in the finance sector. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that ethics are often not considered in finance where the goal is seen as making money. It then examines issues like lack of transparency, conflicts of interest, and how financial crises can exacerbate unethical behavior. The roles of economics, society, and regulators in influencing ethics are also evaluated. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for upholding values like honesty, fairness and morality in the financial sector.
Discussion 1Questionplease describe the reasons for having.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion 1:
Question:
please describe the reasons for having a totally anonymous means of accessing the internet. Please also discuss the dangers of that same internet.
The overall population wherein we live can constantly be incredibly moderate, every now and again making it perilous to possess explicit articulations, have certain determinations, or grasp a particular lifestyle. The mystery is noteworthy for online exchanges including sexual abuse, minority issues, incitement, and various things. Additionally, lack of definition is useful for people who need to present particular request that they would incline toward not to surrender they don't have the foggiest thought regarding the reaction to, report unlawful activities without fear of vengeance, and various things. For occurrence, the region of Florida keeps up a baffling hotline for government workers to report wastes and abuse to the representative's office. Without mystery, these exercises can result in open analysis or repel physical harm, loss of business or status, and from time to time, even authentic action. Protection from harm coming about due to this kind of social intolerance is a particular instance of a huge and genuine usage of mystery on the web. Authorities who are people from the on-line arrange routinely ask their patients to interface with others and structures support packs on issues about which they don't feel incredible discussing unreservedly. It is key to have the alternative to express certain ends without revealing your genuine character. One appropriate instance of lack of definition in all actuality is the exchange over Caller ID on phones. Plenty of people were maddening that the person on the not exactly alluring finish of a telephone call would know the character of the visitor. People had thought little of that they could be obscure in the occasion that they required and were annoyed at that anonymity being evacuated. Many net customers feel a comparable course about the on-line mystery.
Discussion 2:
Question:
please describe the reasons for having a totally anonymous means of accessing the internet. Please also discuss the dangers of that same internet.
Recent surveys indicate there are several users of internet present across the world and these users should know about privacy and security policies while using internet so that they can protect themselves against attacks and secure their personal information. This is possible with anonymity of internet where it hides the users address and any other personal information. It is also explained as that identity of users will be hidden and they can freely express their ideas and opinions and need not worry about criticisms and negative comments from other users. This anonymity is mostly preferred by users where they can freely post messages and videos and need not worry about backlash from others. It is also helpful when they are searching some sensitive issues in internet related to health wher ...
!1Critical Thinking Report Buy Your First Franchise SilvaGraf83
!1
Critical Thinking Report
“Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed’
Sandra Hailey
Instructor: Caroline Leffall
November 20, 2020
!2
Summary of Article
The article (Alton, 2017), Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed, is a great
example explaining the main gist of what franchising really is. Since with modern day
technology, there are misinterpretations of reports related to what owning a franchise
really means along with the responsibilities that come along with it.
Alton (2017) begins by providing the definition of a franchise. Alton refers to it as
follows: “Franchising is simply a method for expanding a business and distributing goods and
services through a licensed relationship” (p. 1). He then goes on and tells us that there are two
different main types of franchises which include business format, which is where franchisor
provides the franchisee with everything they need — including the brand name, products and
services, and the entire operating system. The second type of format is traditional franchising
(also known as product distribution franchising). Under this format, the focus is entirely on the
products manufactured or supplied by the franchisor for the franchisee.
Franchising also offers very constant trends for a steady growth, but this is not the only
perk for owning your own business. From statistics shown, ninety percent of franchisers enjoy
running their business and eighty-five percent feel positive of the affiliation to its organization
(Alton, 2017). To show that not only are franchises greatly profitable, but they also leave you
with a sense of pride and satisfaction.
Conclusions
Alton (2017) discusses precise tips on potentially owning your own franchise. A point
included assessing yourself to see if you are in the right position to take on the task including the
technology that is necessary as well as the environment that you live in, which then leads to the
starting cost to see if you have the financials to help get you started and running. Additionally,
!3
Alton advises to be very cautious when you are looking into purchasing a franchise because of
frauds and manipulation in the process, and strongly encourages one to obtain an attorney for
law help as well as assistance in going through Financial Disclosure Document (FDD) to make
sure to expose all hidden costs to illuminate possible surprise fees and accidents. The last main
advice that he gave is to listen to past franchisers and learn from their experiences and take
advice, and from that, apply it to your own works (Alton, 2017).
How the Article Applies to Chapter Concepts
The article (Alton, 2017) strongly relates to chapter 5 of Understanding Business
(Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2019) regarding the formation of a business. Nickels,
McHugh, and McHugh (2019) strongly emphasizes the advantages and disadvanta ...
!1Critical Thinking Report Buy Your First Franchise MoseStaton39
!1
Critical Thinking Report
“Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed’
Sandra Hailey
Instructor: Caroline Leffall
November 20, 2020
!2
Summary of Article
The article (Alton, 2017), Buy Your First Franchise: Secrets Revealed, is a great
example explaining the main gist of what franchising really is. Since with modern day
technology, there are misinterpretations of reports related to what owning a franchise
really means along with the responsibilities that come along with it.
Alton (2017) begins by providing the definition of a franchise. Alton refers to it as
follows: “Franchising is simply a method for expanding a business and distributing goods and
services through a licensed relationship” (p. 1). He then goes on and tells us that there are two
different main types of franchises which include business format, which is where franchisor
provides the franchisee with everything they need — including the brand name, products and
services, and the entire operating system. The second type of format is traditional franchising
(also known as product distribution franchising). Under this format, the focus is entirely on the
products manufactured or supplied by the franchisor for the franchisee.
Franchising also offers very constant trends for a steady growth, but this is not the only
perk for owning your own business. From statistics shown, ninety percent of franchisers enjoy
running their business and eighty-five percent feel positive of the affiliation to its organization
(Alton, 2017). To show that not only are franchises greatly profitable, but they also leave you
with a sense of pride and satisfaction.
Conclusions
Alton (2017) discusses precise tips on potentially owning your own franchise. A point
included assessing yourself to see if you are in the right position to take on the task including the
technology that is necessary as well as the environment that you live in, which then leads to the
starting cost to see if you have the financials to help get you started and running. Additionally,
!3
Alton advises to be very cautious when you are looking into purchasing a franchise because of
frauds and manipulation in the process, and strongly encourages one to obtain an attorney for
law help as well as assistance in going through Financial Disclosure Document (FDD) to make
sure to expose all hidden costs to illuminate possible surprise fees and accidents. The last main
advice that he gave is to listen to past franchisers and learn from their experiences and take
advice, and from that, apply it to your own works (Alton, 2017).
How the Article Applies to Chapter Concepts
The article (Alton, 2017) strongly relates to chapter 5 of Understanding Business
(Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2019) regarding the formation of a business. Nickels,
McHugh, and McHugh (2019) strongly emphasizes the advantages and disadvanta ...
The document discusses several emerging ethical issues in business, including recognizing ethical issues, types of misconduct, honesty, fairness, integrity, abusive behavior, lying, conflicts of interest, bribery, corporate intelligence, discrimination, sexual harassment, environmental issues, fraud, marketing fraud, consumer fraud, financial misconduct, intellectual property rights, and privacy. Determining ethical issues is challenging due to changing societal standards and issues becoming visible through stakeholder concerns.
Jenna Fox Essay. Online assignment writing service.Emma Velasquez
The document outlines 5 steps to get writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied.
5. Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides information about the COM 537 Final Exam from the University of Phoenix, including 30 multiple choice questions covering various communication topics. It discusses communication types, social media criticisms, high-context vs low-context cultures, noise types, listening behaviors, proxemics, public relations roles, crisis communication planning steps, cognitive dissonance, semantics, transactional communication model components, leadership styles, stereotypes, and believing verbal vs non-verbal messages. The document is authored by an online education company providing exam preparation materials.
PSY 618 Module Five Short Paper Rubric Prompt How will your .docxpotmanandrea
PSY 618: Module Five Short Paper Rubric
Prompt: How will your proposed changes have a personal impact on the employees within the case study company? Could there be unforeseen ethical implications? How do the changes you propose align with your personal values of how employees should be treated?
Format: The short paper should follow these formatting guidelines: 2–4 pages in length, double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and citations in APA format.
Critical Elements
Exemplary
Proficient
Needs Improvement
Not Evident
Value
Impact
Meets “Proficient” criteria and includes examples from scholarly research
(27-30)
Describes the impact of the changes on employees within the company
(24-26)
Description of the impact of changes on employees within the company is lacking in detail
(21-23)
Does not describe the impact of the changes on employees within the company
(0-20)
30
Ethical Implications
Meets “Proficient” criteria and substantiates evaluation through the use of evidence from scholarly research
(27-30)
Evaluates possible unforeseen ethical implications
(24-26)
Evaluation of unforeseen ethical implications is not substantiated
(21-23)
Does not evaluate possible unforeseen ethical implications
(0-20)
30
Employee Treatment
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and description is supported by specific examples
(27-30)
Describes how the changes align with personal values toward the treatment of employees
(24-26)
How the changes align with personal values toward the treatment of employees is not sufficiently described
(21-23)
Does not describe how the changes align with personal values toward the treatment of employees
(0-20)
30
Articulation of Response
Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy-to-read format
(9-10)
Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization
(8)
Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas
(7)
Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas
(0-6)
10
Earned Total
Comments:
100%
1
Running head: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Consumer Behavior
Name
Institution
Pop culture millionaire
They spend huge amounts of money on expensive and luxurious items. They put on expensive clothes, wear expensive watches and drive recent luxurious car models. This is majorly brought about by the occupation they have that requires an expensive lifestyle. They are popular people known for what they do and because of their high social status. Most of them have proper media coverage. They have very high monthly income from the work they do. They live in upscale neighborhoods and have top positions in top organizations in the country. One reason that makes them different is the ki ...
This document provides information about a course on Professional Practices in IT. It discusses:
- The course code, name, and objective to make students aware of their professional responsibilities in the IT sector.
- The marks distribution including assignments, quizzes, presentations, class participation, midterm and final exams.
- Course learning outcomes such as evaluating ethical decisions, professional codes of ethics, and the impact of technology on privacy and social interaction.
- Recommended resources on ethics in information technology.
- An assignment on plagiarism including defining it, how to avoid it, and penalties.
Similar to 1232018 Printhttpscontent.ashford.eduprintAUBUS600..docx (16)
Case Study RubricCriterionStrongAverageWeakInt.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Criterion
Strong
Average
Weak
Introduction / Primary Problem, Issue or Question Identification
States the case objective and clearly defines the problem, issue or question
Minimally describes the case, includes only the problem, issue or question
Bypasses the introduction and moves directly to commentary on the case
Understanding of Primary Problem, Issue or Question
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the primary issues and or problems in the case study
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified problems, issues or questions; includes all necessary calculations
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the problems, issues or questions identified; missing some necessary calculations
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified problems, issues or questions; omits necessary calculations
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Supports diagnosis and opinions with convincing arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
. Recommendations logically supported
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a one‐sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented. Illogical recommendations
Little or no action suggested, and/or ineffective or disconnected solutions proposed to the issues in the case study. No attempt at logical support for recommendations
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and identifies all sources of information
Makes appropriate but vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited sources
Makes ineffective connections or shows no connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete information and sources
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Demonstrates a clear understanding of the audience for the case. Utilizes formatting, clarity and structure to enable the audience to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing is logical, grammatically correct, spelling is error free
Demonstrates a limited understanding of the audience for the case. Ineffective structuring of response making it difficult to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing shows poor logic, grammatical and spelli.
Case Study Rubric Directly respond to each questi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Directly respond to each question providing background to support your
response. (2 points)
Apply at least 2 concepts from the chapter material in the class text,
“Leadership; theory. Application and Skill Development.” Reference to,
“The Handbook of Leaders,” is a welcome addition. (2 points)
Apply your critical thinking skills. (2 points)
o A well cultivated critical thinker:
Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them
clearly and precisely;
Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract
ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned
conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant
criteria and standards;
Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought,
recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions,
implications, and practical consequences; and
Communicates effectively with others in figuring out
solutions to complex problems.
o Taken from Richard Paul and Linda Elder, The Miniature Guide to
Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical
Thinking Press, 2008
Case Studies must be submitted in the following format:
o Clearly title each in a word document with name, date, week etc.
o Must include clearly written and thoughtful narrative
o Post as a response in Blackboard
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Robert N. Lussier, Ph.D.
Spring field College
Christopher F. Achua, D.B.A.
University of Virginia’s College at Wise
S I X T H E D I T I O N
Leadership
THEORY, APPLICATION,
& SKILL DE VELOPMENT
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 1 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be a.
Case Study Scenario Part 3IntroductionThis media piece exp.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Scenario Part 3
Introduction
This media piece explains four ethical theories in order to prepare you for the Unit 3 assignment,
Case Study Resolution
. This media piece also includes parts 1 and 2 of the case study videos for your review.
Part 3
Deontology
The ethical position to do what is right out of duty or obligation. It is often called rule-based ethics.
Deontology has been described as "absolutist," "universal," and "impersonal" (Kant, 1785/1959). It prioritizes absolute obligations over consequences. In this moral framework, ethical decision making is the rational act of applying universal principles to all situations irrespective of specific relations, contexts, or consequences. This reflects Immanuel Kant's conviction that ethical decisions cannot vary or be influenced by special circumstances or relationships. Rather, a decision is "moral" only if a rational person believes the act resulting from the decision should be universally followed in all situations. For Kant, respect for the worth of all persons was one such universal principle. A course of action that results in a person being used simply as a means for others' gains would ethically unacceptable.
With respect to deception in research, from a deontological perspective, since we would not believe it moral to intentionally deceive individuals in some other context, neither potential benefits to society nor the effectiveness of participant debriefing for a particular deception study can morally justify intentionally deceiving persons about the purpose or nature of a research study. Further, deception in research would not be ethically permissible since intentionally disguising the nature of the study for the goals of research violates the moral obligation to respect each participant's intrinsic worth by undermining individuals' right to make rational and autonomous decisions regarding participation (Fisher & Fyrberg, 1994).
Utilitarianism
The ethical position depends on the consequences of the action with the goal being producing the most good.
Utilitarian theory prioritizes the consequences (or utility) of an act over the application of universal principles (Mill, 1861/1957). From this perspective, an ethical decision is situation specific and must be governed by a risk-benefit calculus that determines which act will produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad consequences. An "act utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating the consequences of an act for a given situation. A "rule utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating whether following a general rule in all similar situation would create the greater good. Like deontology, utilitarianism is impersonal: It does not take into account interpersonal and relational features of ethical responsibility. From this perspective, psychologists' obligations to those with whom they work can be superseded by an action that would produce a greater good for others (Fisher, 1999).
A ps.
Case Study RubricYour case study will be assessed as follows•.docxdrennanmicah
The document discusses Chevron Corporation's evolution of IT infrastructure to better support its global energy operations. It describes how Chevron uses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and sensors to monitor and optimize operations at its refineries. It also discusses Chevron's use of enterprise applications like SAP ERP and its move to cloud computing and business-focused web services. Finally, it outlines Chevron's vision for future infrastructure including increased use of mobility, analytics, and social media.
Case study RubricCriterionOutstanding 3.75Very Good 3 .docxdrennanmicah
Case study Rubric
Criterion
Outstanding 3.75
Very Good 3
Good 2.5
Unacceptable 1
Score
Completeness
Complete in all respects; reflects all requirements
Complete in most respects; reflects most requirements
Incomplete many respects; reflects few requirements
Incomplete in most respects; does not reflect requirements
Understanding
Demonstrates excellent understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an accomplished understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an acceptable understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an inadequate understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Analysis
Presents an insightful and through analysis of the issue (s) identified
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the issue(s) identified
Presents a superficial analysis of some of the issue(s) identified
Presents an incomplete analysis of the issue(s) identified.
Evaluation
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate but somewhat vague connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes little or no connection between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied.
Opinion
Supports opinion with strong arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with reasons and evidence; presents a fairly balanced view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with limited reasons and evidence; presents a somewhat one-sided argument
Supports opinion with few reasons and little evidence; argument is one-sided and not objective.
Recommendations
Presents detailed, realistic, and appropriate recommendations clearly supported by the information presented and concepts studied
Presents specific, realistic and appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation with little, if any, support from the information and the concepts studied.
Grammar and Spelling
Minimal spelling and grammar errors
Some spelling and grammar errors
Noticeable spelling and grammar errors
Unacceptable number of spelling and grammar errors
APA guidelines
Uses APA guidelines accurately and consistently to cite sources
Uses APA guidelines with minor violations to cite sources
Reflects incomplete knowledge of APA guidelines
Does not use APA guidelines
Total
.
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY For the Case Study assig.docxdrennanmicah
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY
For the Case Study assignment the current pathogen selections may be requested by sending
an email to your instructor!
Assigned Case Study Problem:
You will create a case study for a microbial infection selected from the current pathogen list. Your case
study will be assembled using a detailed rubric (see below). Upon completion, you will submit your
case study to the Blackboard gradebook in Unit 5 and to SafeAssign.
How to create a case study
The case studies are meant to be an enjoyable, interesting, and informative assignment. This is your
chance to show that you understand the key teaching points about a microbe and to communicate
these points in a written format.
What information belongs in my case study?
Have at least 3-4 key referenced points in each of the five areas shown in the Case Study Information
Chart (see below). The left-hand heading in the chart suggests the type of information requested for the
pathogen. Outlines can be in whatever form you prefer (bullets/charts/outlines/diagrams or a mix). Be
sure to include two discussion questions (and provide complete answers) that you can incorporate
into your case study (place them at the end of your write-up). These questions should help connect your
case to other material in the course. For example, what other microbes have an A-B toxin? What other
viruses are transmitted by fecal-oral spread?
How much information should I provide for my case study?
For the Case Study, you are asked to provide at least the information requested in the chart below. The
boxed questions are suggestions for the minimum amount of information within each category. The
more detailed the information, the better the study. You may consult your textbook, CDC, WHO, Access
Medicine, Google Scholar, NCBI, WebMD, etc. to find the information. For example, if you perform a
Google search using the name of the pathogen and the word ‘vaccine’, you will find information on
current vaccines (if any), those in clinical trials, vaccines used only in animals, etc.
Case Study Information Chart
Typical Case What does a typical case look like? Use the standard format for a
patient presentation with chief complaint (CC), history of present illness
(HPI), key physical exam details (PE), lab findings, signature signs, and
any other important findings.
Description of the infectious
agent
If it is a bacterium, how is it classified? If it is a virus, what kind of
nucleic acid does it have? Does it target specific cellular types
(tropism)? Does it form a spore? Is it aerobic? Is it intracellular? Can it
only be grown in a specific type of media? How is it distinguished from
other members of the species? Does the pathogen have a significant
history with humans or animals?
Epidemiology What do you feel are the most important points about the
epidemiology of the disease? Incidence? Portal of entry? Source? Is it a
normal microb.
Case Study Rubric Criteria / Score
Distinguished
Competent
Basic/Pass
Poor
Failing
Content Knowledge
20
18
15
13
0
Case is addressed expansively in reference to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions but does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed but does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is not addressed and/or does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Use of Evidence
10
9
8
6
0
Ideas are supported with evidence and demonstrate a clear understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are somewhat supported with evidence to demonstrate a basic understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and demonstrate some confusion about the research and theory that support the case study topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and lack understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not supported with evidence.
Writing
10
9
8
6
0
Assignment is well written and well organized. Mechanics (spelling and punctuation) and grammar are excellent.
Assignment is well written and well organized and contains few minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is well written and well organized but contains some minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is not clear and/or lacks organization and/or contains several errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment lacks evidence of clear, organized scholarly writing and needs extensive additional work to meet assignment needs.
Standard Writing Style
6
5
4.5
4
0
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style and contains few minor formatting errors.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style but contains some minor formatting errors.
Assignment does not provide either in-text citations (where appropriate) or reference sources and/or contains several formatting errors.
Timeliness
4
3.5
3
2.5
0
*Students who initiate communication regarding individual circumstances for lateness will be graded at instructor’s discretion.
Assignment submitted on time.
Assignment submitted one day late.
Assignment submitted two days late.
Assignment submitted three days late.
Assig.
Case Study ReflectionWrite a 4-5 page paper. Your written assi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Reflection
Write a 4-5 page paper. Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Pocket Guide to APA Style to ensure that in- text citations and reference list are correct. Submit your assignment to the Dropbox by the end of this Unit.
In 2007 San Francisco began its Healthy San Francisco Plan designed to provide health care for all San Francisco citizens. In 2007, it was estimated that San Francisco had 82,000 uninsured citizens. Under the plan, all uninsured citizens residing in San Francisco can seek care at the city's public and private clinics and hospitals. The basic coverage includes lab work, x-rays, surgery, and preventative care. The city plans to pay for this $203 million coverage by rerouting the $104 million the city currently spends treating the uninsured in the emergency rooms, mandating business contributions, and requiring income-adjusted enrollment fees. The plan requires all businesses with more than 20 employees to contribute a percentage toward the plan. Many business owners consider this a burden and warn they will not stay in the city. The Mayor sees universal health access a moral obligation for the city.
Take one of the following positions.
San Francisco has an obligation to provide its citizens with health access.-OR-
San Francisco does not have an obligation to provide its citizens with health access.
Discuss the following in your assignment
:
What is the government's role in regulating healthy and unhealthy behavior?
Has the balance between personal freedom and the government's responsibility to provide health and welfare of its citizens been eroded? Why or why not?
.
Case Study Questions (Each question is worth 6 marks)1. Defi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Questions (Each question is worth 6 marks)
1. Define the term ‘gastronomy’ and provide some examples to demonstrate your understanding.
2. What benefits and opportunities exist for the local indigenous community of the Dja Dja Wurrung Clans with Bendigo newly designated as a creative city of gastronomy?
3. How may the regional city of Bendigo incorporate gastronomy into its destination branding? Provide some examples.
4. Discuss some potential issues and considerations associated with using gastronomy in destination branding activities.
5. Outline some potential creative network collaborations which may result from Bendigo now being admitted to the Creative Cities Network.
.
Case Study Reorganizing Human Resources at ASP SoftwareRead the.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study: Reorganizing Human Resources at ASP Software
Read the ASP Software case (Anderson, 2005a) and consider the following questions:
How does the client feel about how the change has been managed at this point?
How do you think the management team or employees feel?
What has McNulty done well in managing the change to this point?
What could she have done differently?
What intervention strategy and intervention activities would you recommend to McNulty?
How would you structure these activities?
What roles would McNulty, the management team, and the consultant play?
.
Case Study Report Rubric CriterionWeakAverageStrongIdent.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Report Rubric
Criterion
Weak
Average
Strong
Identification of Main Issues/Problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study.
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems.
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the main issues/problems in the case study.
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified issues; omits necessary calculations.
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the issues identified; missing some necessary calculations.
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified issues/problems; includes all necessary calculations.
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Little or no action suggested and/or inappropriate solutions proposed to the issues in the case study.
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a somewhat one-sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented.
Supports diagnosis and opinions with strong arguments and well-documented evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective.
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes inappropriate or little connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete research and documentation.
Makes appropriate but somewhat vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited research.
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/ problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and documents all sources of information.
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Writing is unfocused, rambling, or contains serious errors; poorly organized and does not follow specified guidelines.
Occasional grammar or spelling errors, but still a clear presentation of ideas; lacks organization.
Demonstrates clarity, conciseness and correctness; formatting is appropriate and writing is free of grammar and spelling errors.
Staffing at The King Company
Kevin Tu has managed staffing at King since the early years when the company had less than 100 employees. Tu runs a tight ship and manages the department with only one other recruiter and an administrative assistant, who maintains all job postings, including a telephone employment hotline and the company’s job line web site. Tu is well-respected across the organization for his strict adherence to ensuring equity in hiring and job placement that goes well beyond equal opportunity requirements.
Tu recently completed an aggressive hiring drive at major universities, hiring several new en.
Case Study Project (A) Hefty Hardware - Be sure to address each .docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Project (A) Hefty Hardware - Be sure to address each question in the Case study, and explain your rationale thoroughly. Be sure you saved your file with your full name, and title of this project. Example:
Jason Karp Case Studies A. Details
: You will be given a case study to solve from the textbook. While your responses will vary, properly documenting your response from valid resources is a requirement. This assignment requires you to use proper citations and references from the textbook and alternate sources. Thoughtful opinions/research based on the literature, and from the textbook are necessary, so be sure to review the chapter prior to completing these activities. This task is like a research paper, so please take your time when preparing your responses. Separating each case study with a title and proper formatting is
essential
so that I can read and follow your paper. A one (1) page response is NOT - NOT going to earn you maximum points. The Case Study response will be submitted on the assigned due date from the past weeks (s
ee submission due dates and rubric
)
. The Dropbox will close after the due date and late submission will not be accepted.
Case study projects are NOT posted on the discussion board, they are submitted as an assignment.
Case study text from text book :
MINI CASE
Delivering Business Value with IT at Hefty Hardware2
"IT is a pain in the neck," groused cheryl O'Shea, VP of retail marketing, as she
slipped into a seat at the table in the Hefty Hardware executive dining room, next to her colleagues. “It’s all technical mumbo-jumbo when they talk to you and I still don’t know if they have any idea about what we’re trying to accomplish with our Savvy Store program. I keep explaining that we have to improve the customer experience and that we need IT’s help to do this, but they keep talking about infrastructure and bandwidth and technical architecture, which is all their internal stuff and doesn’t relate to what we’re trying to do at all! They have so many processes and reviews that I’m not sure we’ll ever get this project off the ground unless we go outside the company.”"You have got that right", agreed Glen vogel, the COO. " I really like my IT account manager, Jenny Henderson. She sits in on all our strategy meetings and seems to really understand our business, but that’s about as far as it goes. By the time we get a project going, my staff are all complaining that the IT people don’t even know some of our basic business functions, like how our warehouses operate. It takes so long to deliver any sort of technology to the field, and when it doesn’t work the way we want it to, they just shrug and tell us to add it to the list for the next release! Are we really getting value for all of the millions that we pour into IT?”
“Well, I don’t think it’s as bad as you both seem to believe,” added Michelle Wright, the CFO. “My EA sings the praises of the help desk and the new ERP system we put in last y.
Case Study Proposing a Data Gathering Approach at TLG Solutions (.docxdrennanmicah
TLG is looking to improve their data gathering approach. A proposed solution is to survey customers about their product and service experiences to gather feedback. They could also analyze online customer reviews and implement a customer relationship management system to track interactions over time to better understand customer needs.
Case Study Project Part I Declared JurisdictionTemplate Sta.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Project Part I: Declared Jurisdiction
Template Statement of Action Research Intent
The (Memphis Shelby County, Tennessee United States) will be examined to determine the current status of economic development. The resources for this study initially will come from public administrator generated information. The data will be assessed using S.W.O. T. Analysis. “Smart” Action Research will then be conducted to determine what specific economic development strategies may be employed to address areas of concern required for enhancing economic development prospects in the above jurisdiction. Using published scholarly resources and pertinent analytics, the action research efforts will turn to identifying options available to decision makers. This action research will result in a final report that provides both the criteria by which economic developments strategies may be weighed and a discussion of recommended actions, each uniquely assembled to improve the economic prospects for (Memphis Shelby County, Tennessee United States).
PADM 530
Case Study Project Part 2: Economic Development Analysis and Proposal Instructions
You will submit an Economic Development Analysis and Proposal Plan, consisting of 15-20 pages, not including the title page, abstract, or reference page. In order to complete this assignment, you must choose a specific locale that you want to use for your case study. You may wish to select the community in which you currently live or a hometown as the focus of this report. A case must be a “bounded system” with definable parameters (Stake, 1995). Thus, you must choose a locale that you can define and limit. For example, you should not use New York City. Its size is far beyond what you will be able to accomplish in this course. Likewise, you would not want to choose Huston, Idaho, as it is far too small to have a need for a cohesive economic development plan. In this assignment, you will target the specific situations found in an American city, town, or county. This assignment will require that you address the following six specific areas:
Locale
When choosing your locale, make sure that you will be able to find demographic and economic information. You will want to choose an area with which you are familiar or an area where there is obvious need. Attempt to pick a city or a town that is not extremely large (i.e., New York City, however, Staten Island could be a viable project). Choosing wisely will make your research more focused so that you can complete the research by the time the course has finished.
Economic Situation
You must detail the specific economic situation facing this location. For example, if you were to choose Flint, MI, you would have to discuss the impact of the auto industry moving away from the city and the subsequent economic and social conditions of the city. How has the economic shift impacted the city and how has the city responded in the last 30 years? Additionally, what initiatives.
Case Study Proposing a Data Gathering Approach at TLG Solutions.docxdrennanmicah
TLG is looking to improve their data gathering approach. A proposed solution is to survey customers about their product and service experiences to gather feedback. They could also analyze online customer reviews and implement a customer relationship management system to track interactions over time to better understand customer needs.
Case Study Peer Comments In each case study, you are expected.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Peer Comments:
In each case study, you are expected to respond to at least two peers’ postings in the classroom. Comments should add new information to the discussion or provide an assessment of your peer's posting. Peer comments are due by Sunday midnight
Mary Post:
#2: To obtain the necessary transportation capabilities in a short timeframe, what type of software purchase option should myIoT pursue? Explain.
The software purchase option that myIoT, Inc. should pursue would be a SaaS application. This is an Internet based service where the software is accessed online and there is no need to have it installed on site. This is a less expensive option than purchasing software and licenses, and it allows access to the outside vendors. It is also cheaper than hosted software. Based on the cloud location, the setup time is faster, which is what myIoT needs for a two-month turnaround.
#3: What types of technology implementation challenges might myIoT face? How can these risks be minimized?
Application integration would pose a challenge. Since there is a short time-frame, ensuring all partners are “up and running” could be their biggest issue. There will need to be a training period for all that access the data. Should any of their vendors not have the same capabilities, this could throw off their entire operation. Also, due to the variety of systems organizing and sharing information might be a problem. MyIot would need to work with its supply chain partners and vendors to ensure they are all capable using the chosen TMS and begin to implement it right away. This will allow extra time to make changes and enforce training sessions.
Desmond Post
2. To obtain the necessary transportation capabilities in a short timeframe, what type of software purchase option should myIoT pursue? Explain.
My Iot should pursue a well designed TMS software system. This system specializes in planning the flow of materials across the supply chain. It's the core of routing, rating, and, executing shipments across multiple modes tracking, load tracing, and freight settlement. The capabilities and scope of TMS expands the software to a much more integrative system. It provides support for transportation strategic, tactical, and operational planning, as well as delivery execution, in transit visibility and performance evaluation. TMS also supports appointment scheduling, metrics monitoring, and freight bill auditing.
3. Whats types of technology implemenation challenges might my iot face? How can these risks be minized?
My Iot could potentially loose time in wages, delay of shipment, and possibly loose business with customers, but these risks could be minimized by implementing better planning, develop training within your team, create effective structure and monitor the technology program by following these simple steps below to correct system and human error as they occur:
· Secure the commitment of senior management
· Remember .
Case Study ProblemLeadership appears as a popular agenda it.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Problem:
Leadership appears as a popular agenda item in police executive training. Go to Google and search “police executive training courses.” Other than the Covey program discussed in this chapter, what are the other programs that are offered for police chiefs? What are the topic areas assigned under the heading of “leadership”? Be sure to use the graduate case study format.
attached is graduate study case analysis format
.
Case Study Planning for GrowthKelly’s Sandwich Stop is one of t.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study: Planning for Growth
Kelly’s Sandwich Stop
is one of the best-known and most loved sandwich concessions in town. In business for about five years, she sells sandwiches and other lunch items made from locally produced food from her mobile food trailer. Kelly’s passion and talent for creating reliably fresh, tasty lunch fare popular among a business clientele (largely employees and shoppers) has made her small enterprise a booming success.
In the last year, Kelly added a bicycle-towed concession that travels to different strategic locations in town, selling her popular sandwiches to customers who work beyond walking distance of
Kelly’s Sandwich
Stop
. She now has a total of four employees, all part-time, working both concessions. Because she caters to urban customers, her concessions operate on week days from 10 am to 2 pm. To promote word-of-mouth advertising, Kelly uses Facebook to publish her daily menus and the locations of the bicycle concession.
As a sole proprietor, Kelly has been pleased with her lunch business success. Now it’s time to get serious about the future of her business. In the short and medium term, she wants to see it grow into a potentially more lucrative enterprise, implementing a greater variety of food products and services, and increasing her competitive edge in the region. Ever the ardent entrepreneur, Kelly’s long-term dream is to develop her creative, health-conscious culinary skills and services into a wider clientele outside the region.
An opportunity has arisen to lease restaurant space about 10 miles away from her trailer concession location, close to a mall and the suburbs and nearer to her local food producers. Kelly has jumped at the chance. While she has hired professional business consultants to help her set up the space, design the menu, and implement the opening of the restaurant, she must also consider the short- and long-term financial, HR, and management needs of such an expansion. Kelly is particularly sensitive to her relationship to her customers, employees, and the community.
Directions for paper below:
In this paper, students will analyze and discuss small business growth in terms of growth strategy, business forms, short and medium term goals, financing assistance, organizational structure and staffing needs, customers and promotion, and ethics and social responsibility. Students are expected to apply business and management concepts learned in our course.
By completing this assignment, students will meet the outcome(s):
identify the critical business functions and how they interact in order to position the organization to be effective in the current business environment;
explain the importance of the integration of individuals and systems to organizational effectiveness;
describe the ethical and social responsibilities that confront a business.
Required Elements of the Final Project:
Read critically and analyze the case below,
Planning for Growth
;
Review the project descripti.
Case Study People v. Smith, 470 NW2d 70, Michigan Supreme Court (19.docxdrennanmicah
The document discusses the case of People v. Smith, where the Michigan Supreme Court ruled on whether a juvenile defendant's prior convictions could be used to sentence them as an adult. It asks for a summary of the case facts, issue, and ruling, as well as an overview of the importance of expunging juvenile records. Finally, it inquires about a state's juvenile expungement laws and criteria for transferring juveniles to adult court.
Case Study OneBMGT 464 Portfolio Activity TwoPurposeIn thi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study One:
BMGT 464 Portfolio Activity Two
Purpose:
In this case the committee is looking to see how you can apply communication skills to obtain the maximum job performance of the employee in each of the short scenarios. After reading each short case, prepare answers to the questions for the upcoming search committee interview to review.
Outcomes:
The students will demonstrate understanding of the following outcomes:
· How to manage, organize, and lead employees;
· To identify the organizational theory related to increasing job performance to raise company effectiveness;
· How to communicate effectively to affect change or motivation; and
· Writing for persuasiveness.
Scenarios and Questions:
After reading each short case, prepare answers to the questions for the upcoming search committee interview to review.
1) “RLI Home Builds a Castle on Communication”
Since the outset the owner Ralph Lorean has prided himself on focusing the culture of the company on excellent customer service. Managers know that a culture like this would only work if the company’s employees enjoyed their work and the company. He wanted to build a company where every employee felt they owned the castle. Ralph believed that communication was essential to making an employee feel a part of the group, so he often said that he never wanted employees to “read about their company in the media and learn something new.”
Because RLI is international in scope it is possible that on any given day or time two thirds of its 2,000 employees are outside an office. To conquer the communication this problem imposes Ralph is surveying his managers to see if they think a new, but very expensive, “dashboard” intranet system would be worth the expenditure. The system would ensure optimal communication strategies allowing every employee remote access from wherever they are. Regardless, of location every employee can share information on the dashboard from their cell phone. However, it does not offer a “SKYPE” feature. Management has sent a short questionnaire to you asking the following questions:
A) How would the new tool influence job performance positively in RLI?
B) Could dependence on a program which does not permit access to verbal or face to face communications hinder job performance in a global setting? If so why?
C) If the dashboard was only presented in English would this be a factor in its intracompany success?
D) One of the biggest reasons suggested for purchasing the system is that it allows information to flow both from top down to bottom up. Do you see this as possible if the company is not structured in a similar way? If so why, if not why not?
2) Email Over All! Richard Burton is one of the production supervisors at Lighting R Us a branch of RLI. Richard supervises 25 employees and has been performing well in this same job for 5 years. Burton wants a promotion in the foreseeable future but feels it unlikely. Burton is always “on”. He has 24/7 email access, texts al.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. 12/3/2018 Print
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8
Ethical Management Communication
Design Pics/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter and studying the
materials, you should be able to:
1. Describe what constitutes ethical management
communication.
2. Identify the major ethical dilemmas in
management communication.
3. Communicate clear, transparent, accurate
messages and respond effectively to unethical
tactics.
4. Improve your ethical reasoning processes when
communicating.
12/3/2018 Print
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8.1 Understanding Ethics
Learning Objective # 1: What constitutes ethical
management communication?
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a
branch of thought that addresses questions about
morality and dealswith concepts such as right and
wrong,
virtue and vice, and justice and crime (Rae,
2009, p. 15). Ethical challenges have been
part of the world of business for as long as
therehas been a
business world.
Recent dramatic stories involving Enron, BP, Arthur
Andersen, and othercorporate giants, as well as
several banking chains involved in the 2008
mortgage crisis, have reignited interest in building a
more ethical business climate. Enron engaged in
manipulation of energy prices and illegal
accounting
practices. Arthur Andersen was complicit by failing to
identify the illegal accounting practices as
part of audits of company books. BP failed
to follow
safety protocols and record keeping, which led to
the 2010 Gulf oil spill disaster.
Communication systems inevitably play into a fraud
or unethical action taken by a corporation,
manager, or employee.Ethical decisions are made
not only
by corporate leaders, but also by every member of
an organization. As recent headlines have been
3. packed with ethical issues, colleges and
universities
teaching the business leaders of tomorrow have
enhanced training and awareness of ethical
decision-making. One perspective, ethical
management, favors
training for individuals preparing to enterthe world
of business (Waite, 2011). We will focus on
this approach in this chapter by examining
the nature of
ethical and unethical communication and by offering
analytical models and reasoning processes associated
with moral dilemmas and ethical choices.
Values form the building blocks of an ethical
system (Rae, 2009). Individualand collective
values vary,of course, because they are
in�luenced by
numerous forces, including religion, national origin,
upbringing, and social associations. This means
that the distinction between right and wrong
can be
debatable or controversial. For example, charging interest
is considered wrong in somecultures, while
most of you reading this have come to expect
to
pay interest on certain purchases, such as your
tuition or the purchase of a house.
An ethical system that determines what is good or
bad, right or wrong, and appropriate or
inappropriate leadsto a code of behavior based
on those
principles. The belief that stealing, theft, or
obtaining money through a less-than-transparent
business practice is wrong leadsto a code of
4. behavior in
which it would be objectionable to take money
from innocent people through "legal," if not
ethical, business practices. Such a choice might
cause a person
not to conduct business with a company dealing in
payday or car-title loans, or with similar
lending institutions. Business ethics are
standards and
guidelinesregarding the conduct of commerce and the
development of relationships in business
(Ferrell, Fraedrich,& Ferrell, 2011).
Ethical communication consists of passing information
along in a manner that is truthful, does
not violate the rights of others, and does
not aim to
deceive (Kolin, 2001). This chapter explores the
value of ethical communication in the context
of business management. Unethical communication,
on the
otherhand, violates the principles of truthful
communication and can hurt others. Examples of
unethical communication appear in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1: Selected examples of unethical
communication
Theft of intellectual property, including patents,
copyrights, tradesecrets, Internet domain names
Misleading by omitting essential information
Selective misquotation
Distorting statistics and facts
5. Violating privacy of others
Sources: Cheeseman, H. R. (2003). Contemporary
business and e-commerce (4th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kolin, P.
C. (2001). Successful writing at work (6th
ed.).
Boston, MA: Houghton Mif�lin.
For Review
De�ine ethics, business ethics, and ethical
communication.
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm#)
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a
branch of thought that addresses questions about
morality and dealswith concepts such as right
and wrong, virtue and vice, and justice and crime.
Business ethics are standards and guidelines
regarding the conduct of commerce and the
development of relationships in business. Ethical
communication con sists of passing information
along in a manner that is truthful, does
not
violate the rights of others, and does not aim to
deceive.
The 2008 Mortgage Crisis and the Failure of
Management Communication
https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/
books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sect
6. ions/fm#
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Ingram Publishing/Thinkstock
Many �inancial lending institutions contributed
signi�icantly to the 2008 economic crisis in the
United States.
In early2012, Bankof America, Wells Fargo, JP
Morgan Chase, Citigroup,and Ally Financial paid a
$25 billion settlementfor foreclosure
abuses. The payments were designed to assist those
consumers who had been injured by unethical
practices in the banking and mortgage
industries (Associated Press, 2012).
Three entities contributed to the �inancial disaster
that resulted from the 2008 mortgage
crisis—consumers, �inancial institutions, and
governmental agencies. Many consumers
applied for and received mortgagesthat they simply
could not afford. Enticed by 100
percent �inancing offers and otherhigh-risk
instruments (sub-prime mortgages), many
consumers purchased homes at prices that were
far beyond their means. In addition,
governmental of�icials failed to recognize a trendin
which far too many of thesehigh-risk
mortgageswere being granted (includingthose made
7. by quasi-governmental lenders Fannie
Mae and Freddie Mac)and that those instruments
were being packaged and bundled to sell
in the securities markets, where they eventually
failed. Many �inancial lending institutions
contributed mightily to what took place.
These lenders oftenfailed to adequately explain
the terms of mortgagesto customers,
whether by deliberate deception or mere exuberance. A
greatdeal of paperwork was either
never �illed out, was partially completed, or
was simply ignored, regarding a consumer's
ability to make payments on homes with
potentially arti�icially high prices.
Consequently, a
largenumber of high-risk loans were written
(Wilson, 2010).
Internal management communication failed to notify
those creating mortgagesthat a
problem existed. It may have been top �inancial
of�icers who knew of the problem and
failed to report it internally, or that internal
communications were intentionally deceptive.In
either case, the loans placed many of these
institutions at risk, and eventually government
bailouts of thesebanks became the only remedy
that would forestall a worseningrecession
in the U.S. economy.
When the housing market began to collapse,
many mortgage-holders were "under water,"
meaning that the amount remaining on the mortgage
was higher (in many instances, much higher)
than the value of the house, should it
8. need to be sold. Individuals who lost jobs or faced
other�inancial dif�iculties soon faced foreclosure.
Oftentimes, however, the original loan
had been sold to another institutionand bundled into a
�inancial package, and the actual paperwork
for a foreclosure was either lost or
never created in the �irstplace.
Still, numerous homeowners were told that foreclosure
proceedings had begun, even when legal
paperwork was not available. This form
of deception caused many homeowners to lose
their residences without fair legal representation
(Adelman, 2012).
As a result, the government began investigating
such abuses. The initial $25 billion payment
was made to assist those who were under
water but still in their homes and to help others
who had fallen behind on payments.
Governmental of�icials retained the right to pursue
any further legal action, if actual fraud were to
be identi�ied.
Questions for Students
1. Which group do you thinkholds the greatest
responsibility for the �inancial crisis, consumers,
�inancial institutions, or the government?
2. Was the failure by thesebanks to inform
customers of the potential for default an ethics
violation or an illegal act?
3. How could a management communication system
be improved to make certain such an event
does not occur in the future?
9. Ethical Approaches to Management Communication
Individuals, cities, and countries develop laws and
regulations designed to protect citizens and
businesses. The same holds true for companies
and
collectives of businesses. In each instance, ethical
frameworks, to whatever degree they are present,
are founded on the basicphilosophical principles of
morality. While the study of ethics can be
broad and complex, we will focus on four
approaches that particularly relate to
decision-making in business
and in management communication: utilitarianism,
individualism, the rights approach, and the justice
approach.
Utilitarianism
When decisions are made based on what is
the greatest good for the greatest number of
people, a utilitarian principle may be the guiding
force.
Utilitarianism has been termed the "calculus of pain,"
because it tries to minimize pain and maximize
pleasure for the greatest number of people,
based in
part on the concept of hedonism.Many economic
models that rely on utilitarian principles explain
how consumers and producers seek to maximize
personal utility or organizational pro�its.
The utilitarianism perspective, however, oftenoverlooks
the rights or needs of the minority. As an
example, paying subsistence wages to
workers in
10. unsafe conditions in one country may create
lower-priced goods for the majority of
consumers in othercountries, but the system
creates greatharmto
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Decision-making based on treating all people
fairly
and consistently demonstrates the justice approach to
ethical reasoning.
those in the factory. A company that hides
the fact that it engages in such business
practices may be viewed as unethical in terms
of the practice itself, as
well as in terms of the communication system
that hides the activity.
Ethicists might conclude that utilitarianism involves a
judgment call as to what constitutes "good," as
well as considering that "good" in light of its
effects
on both the majority and the minority. Care should be
given in deciding how much "pain" to
others is acceptable (Velasquez, Andre,
Shanks, & Meyer,
2011).
11. Individualism
The degree to which society values personal
goals, personal autonomy, and privacy over
group loyalty constitutes the level of
individualism present. In
an individualist society, ethical decisions are based
on personal self-interests, as long as one'sactions
do not harmothers (Sexton, 2008).
Use of the individualist approach may cause the
weakest members of society or of a
business to suffer the most. In a
business setting, the individualist
perspective would suggest that an employee should
be able to writepersonal messages using the
company's email system, so long as those
messages do
not harmthe company. In pointof fact, the law dictates
that organizations own all email information
and can inspect it at any time,which violates
the
individualistic pointof view. Managers have to deal
with balancing theseperspectives on a dailybasisin
many organizations.
Rights Approach
A social system that makes decisions based on
the belief that each person has fundamental
rights that should be respected and protected
re�lects the
rights approach. Such rights include freedom of
speech, privacy, and access to due process,
plus the right to a safe and healthy environment
12. at work and
at home (Ferrell & Gresham, 1985).
The dif�iculty with the rights approach is that, in
many instances, the rights of one group, or
a certain type of right, may infringe on
others. For example,
an ongoing con�lict exists between a client's
right to privacy or con�identiality and the
obligation of a corporate of�icer to protect
the public's interests
when a questionable or unethical business
practice exists. Instances of insider trading of
common stock serve as an example; Martha
Stewart faced such a
charge in 2002–2004. When an investor takes
advantage of privileged information that is being
kept from the public, in deciding to buy or
sell stock, and
that investor makes a pro�it, a corporate of�icer
facesthe dilemma of exposing the inside trader
but also divulging potentially damaging corporate
secrets.
Trying to ascertain whose rights supersede the
others (the public's interest versus a
company's interest) can create an ethical
dilemma that is dif�icult to
resolve.
Justice Approach
Decision-making based on treating all people
fairly and consistently demonstrates the justice
approach. Distributive justice concentrates on the
fairness of rewards, punishments, and outcomes,
such as promotiondecisions, equitable pay in the
13. workplace, termination decisions, and decisions
regarding who will be laid off during downsizing.
Procedural justice focuses on fair, consistent
application of rules and protocols, including grievance
procedures when unions represent employees,
as well as the use of the discipline system in a
manner that does not discriminate against
individual
employees for any reason.
The justice approach suggests that when someone is
hurt by your actions, as an individual or in a
collective, consequences should result. These
consequences are supposed to punish you for
the
misdeeds and serve as a deterrent to others.
Also, when your actions help others or
lead to a greater
good, the consequences should return in the
form of a reward. In both circumstances (harm
or good),
the methods by which rewards are granted or
negative sanctions are imposed should be based
on an
impartial, reasonable, and constant program of justice.
One problem with the justice approach is that what
one person considers a proper reward or
punishment may not seemfair to another. Many
people believe capital punishment represents a
just
outcome. Others believe it is never justi�ied.
The same holds true regarding those who make
the
judgments. What may seemlike a fair procedure to
one person or group when making a
14. termination,
promotion, or hiring decision, including
communicating how the process will take place to
individual
employees and employee groups, could appear to
be completely biased to another.
For Review
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Shareholder activism involves largeinvestors, particularly
institutional
investors, becoming more directly involved in decisions
made by
corporate executives.
Figure 8.1: Decision-making frameworks
What are the four primary approaches to ethical
thought described in this chapter?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm#)
Four approaches that particularly relate to
decision-making in business and in manage
ment communication are utilitarianism, individualism,
15. the rights approach, and the justice approach.
In�luences on Business Ethics
A complex interaction of components in�luences
the study of business ethics. Different levels
of ethics combine to create an entire
ethical climate in
businesses. Moral responsibilities and ethical
decisions are in�luenced by and re�lect the
activities of individuals, organizations, and entire
governmental
systems.
Individuals
Every day employees routinely make ethical
choices. Many of the issues raised in
this chapter involve the decision by a
speci�ic person to engage in
communications that deceive or injure others.
Further, ethical dilemmas exist in a variety of
actions beyond communication. As part of
your career, from
entrylevel to top management, moral complications
will emerge as part of workplacelife.
Organizations
Business ethics concern the conscience that every
company possesses,even when moral codes
are not spelled out in management
communications.
Groups of leaders in organizations make moral
and ethical choices. For example, "greenwashing"
is the practice of making an organization
16. appear to be
concerned with the environment and the preservation of
natural resources when, in fact, the company
pollutes or conducts otherenvironmentally
damaging activities. Greenwashing cannot be
accomplished by a single individual, but
rather by groups of leaders in the
company. Decisions and actions
can be shaped by the ethical climate present in
an organization, even when an individual carries
out the speci�ic act.
Governmental Systems
National governments engage in moral choices. A
country that fails to enact or enforce
intellectual property or patent protections
has made a moral
decision. Any government that allows imports from
nations where forced laboris used to
produce goods has made a moral choice.
Any government that
censors all messages except those approved by
of�icials has made a moral choice.
Interaction Among Levels
Individuals, organizations, and governmental systems all
interact to create a business
climate in which companies and their employees
operate. At the system level, some
stockholders have become involved in what has been
termed shareholder activism.
Large investors, particularly institutional investors,
are becoming more directly
involved in decisions made by corporate executives.
17. Such activism may add one more
layerof protection to the general public's interests, as
well as to the well-being of
shareholders (Schulte, Roth, & Zabel, 2011).
At the same time,a case can be made that
managers make as many ethical mistakes
or misjudgments as governments or the marketplace.
The sources of theseactions
can be lack of information (not knowing an activity
will have a negative effect on
society) or a deliberate violation of ethical and
moral principles by a manager. Thus,
although somemanagers may not have been aware of
the effects that certain
materials (such as asbestos) would have on
workers, the net result was the same.
Conversely, when the top management team at
Peanut Corporation of America chose
to sell salmonella-contaminated products to the public
in 2009, the managers
apparently placed pro�its ahead of public
safety (Hartman, 2009).
Frameworks for Decision-Making
Management communication oftenserves as an
instrument when ethical and unethical
activities transpire. Managers seeking to act in
the most ethically
sensible manner should examine the moral,
economic,and legal implications of the choices
they make. These can then be communicated to
others in the
organization and in larger society, through public
statements, memos, letters, comments in
18. corporate documents such as shareholder
statements, and
company policy decisions, and by the examples set by
leaders, even in one-on-one conversations.
Three frameworks form the basisof an ethical
decision-making approach. The threepoints of
view, when combined and balanced, can help to
guide
decision-making processes as various ethical
dilemmas arise. The perspectives or elements
consist of the ethical, economic,and legal
components of the
matter at hand (see Figure 8.1).
Ethical Components
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Ethical, economic,and legal components are all part of
a person's
decision-making framework when moral
dilemmas arise.
The �irstkey element present in a decision is
19. the individual's or group's desire to act
in an ethical fashion. This ethical component
re�lects the extent to which the
individual or group is willing to seek out and
act on justi�iable reasons, and to
remain impartial when making ethical choices.
The decision-maker would compare
personal gain or loss resulting from an action or
activity with the needs and interests
of the larger organization (Boatright, 2006,
pp. 7–9).
Whistle-blowing provides an example of a choice
with an ethical component. An
employee who exposes improper company activities often
risks retribution from
others in the organization, and the disclosure may
damage the economic well-being
of the company. In the United States, the
employee might rely on the legal component
of the decision-making process discussed later—
protection for whistle-blowers, to
care for his or her own interests.
Economic Components
Economic theories vary in terms of how business
systems should operate. Adam Smith and
Milton Friedman (1962) argued that the
invisible hand of the
marketplace guides the conduct of business.
According to proponents of the "invisible
hand" perspective, companies that ignore
the rights and well-being
of the largepublic will eventually fail. This means
governmental intervention should be limited—
20. companies should not be encumbered by too
many laws
and regulations. In such a system, companies
should be left free to maximize pro�its for
shareholders.
In contrast, the governmental duty perspective
suggests companies that only pursue pro�its
may not hold the larger interests of society as
important.
Therefore, government plays the role of
protecting citizens from business practices in the
economy that create harm, such as polluting
the environment
or exploiting workers. More recently, the
governmental duty perspective has expanded to
include protecting employees from losing jobs
that are being
outsourced to countries in which pay is
insuf�icient and deplorable working conditions
prevail (Watson, 1991).
Legal Components
The third element, legal issues, cannot and should
not be confused with ethical arguments. Many
times, a practice in business has been
considered legal,
but could be considered unethical. The 2008
�inancial crisis in the United States
resulted from legal �inancial maneuvers that placed
individuals and the
entire economy at risk. If more �inancial managers
had examined legal loans to individuals at
high risk of default, and more�inancial of�icers
had not
21. bundled the same loans into legal, high-risk
instruments that eventually failed, the nation
would have avoided unnecessary risk, debt, and
economic
instability(C-Span.org, 2011).
In summary, ethics apply at many levels,
from what individuals do, to what groups do, to
what companies do, to the actions of entire
nations. The ethical
frameworks described in the last section can be
applied to each level. Utilitarianism and
individualism pointout the con�lict of personal
interest and well-
being with the consideration of the good of the
larger group. The utilitarian position favors
the group; individualism favors the individual.
For Review
What threeelements are present in an ethical
decision-making framework?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm#)
Three perspectives or elements include the ethical,
economic,and legal components of the matter at
hand.
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The tobacco industry has been accused of suppressing
information about
the health hazards associatedwith smoking and using
tobacco in other
forms.
8.2 Ethical Dilemmas in Management Communication
Learning Objective # 2: What are the major
ethical dilemmas in management communication?
Management communication may be viewed as
essentially a "blank slate." It is neither
ethical nor unethical in its inherent state.
Managers can use the
system to inform, persuade, and call to action in
a highly transparent and ethical manner.
Others can use the very same system to hide
the truth and to
cover the presence of unethical activities. Others
still may pervert the actual communication system.
This section examines communication as a medium
for unethical and ethical actions.
Communication As a Medium for Unethical Actions
23. Over the years, organizations have engaged in the
socially irresponsible behaviors listed next. In
those instances, communications serve the
purposes of
covering up the act or distracting others from
noticing what has transpired. Unethical
communications in thesecircumstances are:
deliberate mistruths
half-truths
withholding information
silence/stonewalling
misdirection
obfuscation
Deliberate mistruths occur when an individual or
corporation seeks to deceive the
public or another person through the use of
false information. When a company
assures consumers that a product is completely
safe, knowing otherwise, a mistruth
has been communicated. Half-truths involve offering
only elements that can be
veri�ied, while attempting to hide more damaging or
con�idential information. As
noted, many instances of greenwashing result
from a company claiming that its
actions are environmentally friendly, when, in
fact, the company's actions have no
impact, or a negative impact, on the ecosystem
(Spaulding, 2009).
Withholding information includes concealing what
could be damaging facts about a
company's misdeeds. The tobacco industry has been
24. accused of suppressing
information about the health hazards associated
with smoking and using tobacco in
otherforms. Silence and stonewalling go beyond
withholding information,
constituting a complete refusal to comment on or
discuss an action. In more than one
instance, owners of coal mines have been accused of
withholding, from both
employees and the public, safety and inspection
information that may have been
connected to mining accidents (United States Mine
Rescue Association, 2012; Rostum,
2002).
Misdirection occurs when company spokespeople
seek to distract the audience by
pointing attention to someotherevent or cause,
rather than its own misdeeds. In the
case of the Ford Explorer vehicles that experienced
blowouts and rollovers, Ford
implied that Firestone tires were the cause of the
problem; Firestone suggested that
people were overin�lating the tires and even provided
pressure gauges to dissuade
the public from thinking the company's products
were at fault (Reaves & Greenwald,
2001).
Obfuscation means deliberately making something
more dif�icult to understand in order to
confuse the audience. The �inancial crisis of
2008 also included
elements of obfuscation by spokespersons defending
various companies that took unnecessary risks
and that even counted on instruments failing in
25. order to make pro�its, through processes such as
shortselling (Bajaj & Bowley, 2008).
For Review
What are the methods used to make
communication a medium for unethical actions?
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Unethical communications include deliberate mistruths,
half-truths, withholding infor mation, silence
and stonewalling, misdirection, and
obfuscation.
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Exclusive language uses terminology or a frame of
reference to include
people in or exclude them from social interaction.
Unethical Communication
Words matter. In fact, many times words
hurt. Unethical messages seeking to injure or
damage another in someway are common. Some
26. of the more
notable forms of unethical messages include
(Redding, 2011):
coercive
intimidating
destructive
intrusive
secretive
exclusive language
hegemonic language
manipulative
exploitative
Coercive messages seek to forceanother to do
somethingagainst his or her will. Coercive
messages can be constructed to cause
someone to perform an
unethical act because the individual believes the
consequences of not following an order or
directive will be dire. For example, when a
clerical employee
worries that she will be �ired if she does not
falsify a record, a coercive message has
been used.
Intimidation creates power for the sender.
Someone who fears a supervisor may not point
out mistakes or problems, or stand up for
personal rights.
Intimidation can be used to create silence in
others as a form of workplacebullying (Long,
2011).
Destructive messages take many forms, including
those used to harass others. Sexual-
27. harassment comments, racial remarks, and
statements about another person's
intellectual level or body type hurt co-workers.
Destructive messages belittle the
otherperson.
Intrusive messages pry into another person's affairs.
Asking about family matters,
�inancial dealings, and otherrelationships can be
designed to discover private
information to be used later or to make the
person feel uncomfortable. Implying that
you know somethingabout a person that could
harmhim or her, such as that the
person has previously been in prison, suggests
the use of intrusive information and
is a form of blackmail.
Secretive statements intentionally withhold information
from co-workers. In a manner
similar to withholding information, only a select
few have access to a message.
Exclusive language uses terminology or a frame of
reference to include people in or
exclude them from a social interaction. As Chapter
2 notes, exclusive language
accentuates the differences between employees
and creates an eventual barrier,
based largely on excluded employees feeling as
if they are not part of the "in-crowd" on
the job.
Hegemonic processes limit the choices of others by
perpetuating the in�luenceof a dominant culture
28. and are closely related to exclusive language. In
certain male-dominated industries such as engineering,
for example, the speci�ic use of exclusive
language can be used to deterwomen from even
considering applying for certain positions (Connell,
2005).
Manipulative messages seek to in�luencebehavior through
the use of emotion, context, or someotherclosely
related method of interpersonal in�luence. If
you can make someone afraid of an imagined
threat, fear serves to manipulate that person.
The same holds true for causing someone to
believe that
actions are "patriotic" or to follow religious
dictates (Papa, 2011).
Exploitative messages take advantage of another
person's weaknesses. A typical form of
exploitation involves one person exaggerating
his or her own
needs and preferences, while minimizing the
needs and preferences of the message target
(Mills & Clark, 1986). When one
employee says, "I need this
client more than she does; I have to feed my
family," to a supervisor, in order to
take the client awayfrom another employee,the
�irstemployee has
engaged in the use of an exploitative message.
For Review
What are the forms of unethical messages used to
hurt otherpeople?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
29. ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm#)
Some of the more notable forms of unethical
messages include those that are coercive,
intimidating, destructive, intrusive or secretive,
that use
exclusive or hegemonic lan guage, and those
that are manipulative or exploitative.
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Social media make it possible to send
unethical messages with nearly
complete anonymity.
Informal Communication and Social Media
Many times, informal communication channels are
used as part of the process of
supporting unethical actions, as well as to create
unethical communication. At the
most extreme, the �inancial activity of short-selling
involves essentially betting (by
purchasing stock futures) that a stock price
30. will go down, in order to make a
pro�it.
Informal communication has been used to transmit
messages that a certain company
was experiencing trouble, such as an expected decline
in sales or a shortage of
investment capital, in order to suppress stock
prices. This,along with otherunethical
actions, led to a suspension of shortselling
practices in 2009.
Social media make it possible to send
unethical messages with nearly complete
anonymity. Use of social media pages to
coerce, intimidate, send destructive
messages, reveal secrets, create exclusive language,
and manipulate and exploit
others has become part of the business landscape.
In essence, thesemedia do not
create new forms of unethical communication;
rather they provide a new and
explosive channel through which such messages may be
sent.
In summary, management communication systems and
actual messages both can
carryunethical components and serve unethical intents.
The use of language to
achieve theseends oftenestablishes a climate that
encourages future violations. A cycle of
dishonesty can emerge from the continued use of
media to
obfuscate,confuse, distract, or fool others. A pattern
of unacceptable interpersonal relations results
from using unfair or inaccuratemessages to
gain an
31. advantage over others inside and outside the
workplace.
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Objectivity requires setting asidepersonal biases
and preferences when
engaged in communication.
8.3 Ethical Responses
Learning Objective # 3: How can individuals and
managers communicate clear, transparent, and
accurate messages and
effectively respond to unethical tactics?
Individuals, groups, organizations, and governments
can make ethical responses to communication
issues. Individuals can aspire to act and
communicate
in a morally responsible fashion. Groups can
work to avoid groupthink or any otherpattern
of behavior that would lead to the development
and delivery
32. of unethical messages or use of communication to
assist in unethical actions. Organizations can
utilize various mechanisms to foster an
ethical
environment through both rewards and punishments.
Governments have responded to unethical actions
with improved laws and enforcement of existing
laws. This section examines the nature of ethical
communication at theselevels.
Promoting Ethical Values
Two activities assist in becoming ethical members of
a company and the larger society. The �irstis
avoiding the unethical use of communication that
was
described in the previous sections, with regard to
both communication messages and the use of
communication to cover unethical acts. Second, an
individual, group, or organization can seek to be
positive and proactive, when creating management
communication, by utilizing the following
principles:
clarity
transparency
honesty
objectivity
credibility
coherence
loyalty
respect for human beings
No matter the format—whether written or verbal,
a shortmessage or a lengthy report—the
33. principle of clarity offers several bene�its.
First, the reader or
listener will be better able to comprehend the
intent and content of the message. Second,
clarity lessens the possibility of unnecessary
con�lict. And third,
with regard to ethical management communication,
clear messages do not allow for the tactics
noted above, such as half-truths and
obfuscation. In
essence, clarity represents the opposite of ambiguity
and intentional deception.
Transparency refers to an environment of
openness in which all participants in a
conversation or organization activity, such as a
team or group meeting, receive access
to the information needed to process messages,
noting that it is equally important to
treat someinformation delicately and privately in order
to protect individuals and
certain organizational secrets. Individuals' medical
histories and otherpersonal
information should be protected. Organizational secrets
include patents and
managerial plans, such as when a major
product launch will take place, expansion
plans, and otheractions that would give a
company a �irst-mover advantage that in
no way unethically or illegally harms others.
Transparency on a larger scalemeans
that outside observers have suf�icient access to
corporate documents and transcripts
of meetings to know that deceptive practices and
otherunethical actions do not take
place "behind closed doors" (MoreBusiness.com,
34. 2007).
Honesty accentuates the direct intent to provide
information in the most forthright
manner possible. Beaulieu (2009) presents several
ideasrelated to honest business
communication. They include insisting on candor in
others by including an analysis of
it in employee performance appraisals and pay raise
decisions. Honesty can be
emphasized through role reversal games that
encourage employees to see the other
side of a debate. Involving all levels of the
organization in ethics inspections and
leading by example also foster an environment
less tainted by half-truths and
mistruths.
Objectivity requires setting asidepersonal biases
and preferences when engaged in
communication. Thompson (2005) provides
guidelinesto help maintain objectivity in
business communication. First, carefully distinguish
between facts and opinions in any
message. Also, report all pertinent information,
even the data that do not favor your side or
preference. Use bias-free language in terms of
gender, age,
race, and otherdiversity and organizational differences.
Finally, remain impersonal in your
communication style, rather than relying on
emotional or
argumentative approaches.
Credibility must be earned. Accuracy in a report
represents one key aspect. When communication is
35. not accurate, the sender losescredibility. Trust
in a
person's integrity and credibility can easily be
damaged with inaccurateor misleading messages;
this trust can be very hard to restore. As a
result,
vigilance and attention to detail help buildcredibility
over time (Richards, 2011).
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Mentoring processes,whereby senior members of an
organization tutor and assist newer employees,
provide an additional venue for teaching ethical
behaviors and the use of ethical management
communication messages.
Coherence re�lects the use of logicin business
communications. Well-written, understandable
messages, including those designed to persuade, result
not only from writing, but from rewriting. A
coherent letter, memo, or report removes the
potential for obfuscation, misdirection, and half-
truths,
because an outside reader is able to verify
information contained in the document and study
the
reasoning used to create any argument or message.
36. Loyalty means treating employees and othergroups
with fairness, objectivity, and a sense of
respect
that grows from sharing a common bond (Guffey &
Loewy, 2011). Loyalty in communication results
in
careful consideration of the message, medium, and
audience. Sensitive messages travel through
organizations daily. Notices of layoffs,
terminations, and transfers are unsettling messages.
Others are
performance appraisals with negative information,
announcements of promotions that involved
consideration of internal candidates, and plans
for disciplinary actions. The manner in which
an
employee receives this information re�lects the
presence or absence of loyalty.
Respect for human beings extends far beyond
the world of business. Treating people with
deference
in communications includes the choice of words
and tone. Sarcasm and derision communicate a
lack
of respect. Management experts note that respect
must be earned—you receive respect only by
granting it �irst.
To help achieve theseobjectives, individuals can
seek ethical training through conferences,
seminars
and college courses, and ethics counselors and
hot lines, which are made available to
individuals and
37. industries. The elements described in this section
can be used to help combat the tendency to
create
unethical messages or to hide the unethical activities of
an individual, group, or organization.
Mentoring processes,whereby senior members of an
organization tutor and assist newer employees,
provide an additional venue for teaching ethical
behaviors and the use of ethical management
communication messages.
For Review
What concepts can be used to promote ethical
values in organizational communications?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm#)
An individual, group, or organization can seek to
be positive and proactive when creating
management communication by utilizing the
following principles: clarity, transparency, honesty,
objectivity, credibility, coherence, loyalty,
and respect for human beings.
Codes of Ethics
Many organizations and someprofessions engage in
ethical self-regulation.Organizations such as the
Better Business Bureau help businesspeople and
overall organizations regulate themselves. Ethical
codes, such as those followed by members of
the American Medical Association, the Academy of
Management, and the National Communication
Association, help direct the activities of those
engaged in commerce and in educational systems
38. that
provide education for those entering the business
world.
Codes of ethics can be applied to all
members of an organization, whether it is a
nonpro�itor for-pro�it, in any given
profession. Table 8.2 presents the
credo and guiding perspectives of the National
Communication Association.
Table 8.2: Credo and guiding principles: The
National Communication Association
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Questions of right and wrong arise whenever people
communicate. Ethical communication is fundamental
to responsible thinking,
decision-making and the development of relationships
and communities within and across contexts,
cultures, channels, and media.
Moreover,ethical communication enhances human worth
and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness,
responsibility, personal
integrity, and respect for self and others. We believe
that unethical communication threatens the quality of
39. all communication and
consequently the well-being of the society in
which we live. Therefore, we the members of
the National Communication Association,
endorse and are committed to practicing the
following principles of ethical communication.
We advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason
as essential to the integrity of communication.
We endorse freedom of expression, diversity of
perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve
the informed and responsible decision-
making fundamental to a civil society.
We strive to understand and respect other
communicators before evaluating and responding
to their messages.
We promote access to communication resources and
opportunities as necessary to ful�ill human
potential and contribute to the well-
being of families, communities, and society.
We promote communication climates of caring and
mutual understanding that respect the unique
needs and characteristics of individual
communicators.
We condemn communication that degrades individuals
and humanity through distortion, intimidation,
coercion, and violence, and
through the expression of intolerance and hatred.
We are committed to the courageous expression
of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness
40. and justice.
We advocate sharing information, opinions, and
feelings when facing signi�icant choices
while also respectingprivacy and con�identiality.
We accept responsibility for the short- and long-
term consequences of our own communication and expect
the same of others.
Source: National Communication Association,
Retrieved from:
http://www.natcom.org/uploadedFiles/About_NCA/Leadership_
and_Governance/Public_Policy_Platform/PDF-PolicyPlatform-
NCA_Credo_for_Ethical_Communication.pdf
(http://www.natcom.org/uploadedFiles/About_NCA/Leader
ship_and_Governance/Public_Policy_Platform/PDF-
PolicyPlatform-
NCA_Credo_for_Ethical_Communication.pdf). Used with
Permission.
In addition to codes of ethics, individual
companies create messages signaling the intent
to conduct business ethically and in a socially
responsible fashion.
Corporate ethics statements posit the company's
values and intentions with regard to its
citizenship in the larger society. Many
company websites
include pages that speci�ically address theseissues.
In summary, responding to ethical dilemmas
involves �irstawareness of and rejection of
unethical activities, and avoiding the use of
management
communication to conduct unethical activities. It also
41. involves seeking to communicate in positive
ways that re�lect the goals of creating a
higher personal
moral standard and improvingorganizational
communications. Codes of conduct, while
not complete answers to moral questions, can
provide guidance,
especially when accompanied by ethics training,
careful attention to past experiences, and the
willingness to consult with others as issues
arise.
Educational programs, ethics counselors, and
mentors can help individuals deal with moral
and ethical dilemmas.In those settings,
employees are able to
ask questions, discuss both real and hypothetical ethical
challenges, and ask for advice when they
encounter a moral dilemma, through contacts
with
those who are specially trained or have greater
experience to help with such issues.
Concept Check
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Employees can to seek to communicate in
positive ways that re�lect the
goals of creating a higher personal moral
standard and improving
organizational communications.
8.4 Ethical Reasoning and Ethical Competence
Learning Objective # 4: What types of ethical
reasoning processes can improve communication skills?
Personal ethical reasoning processes evolve over a
lifetime. As you entera career,
beliefs about what is right or wrong, appropriate
or inappropriate, and moral or
immoral may be based on one set of premises. As
time passes, experiences, teaching,
and role modeling by others in�luences those
assumptions. Ethical values become the
result. Ethical sensibility, ethical reasoning,
ethical conduct, and ethical leadership
comprise key elements that assist in making ethical
or moral judgmentsin
communications and othersettings (Paine, 1991).
Ethical sensibility re�lects a person's capacity to
impose ethical order on an
encounter by identifying the aspects of the
situation that contain ethical elements.
Ethical reasoning consists of the ability to reach
a solution, when an ethical dilemma
arises, by using logic, objectivity, and the
goal of moral correctness. Ethical conduct
43. results in clearly observable words and deeds
designed to seek the goal of integrity
in everyday business. Ethical leadership provides
examples to those of all ranks
about how to seek the greater good and �ind moral
responses to ethical dilemmas.
These four ingredients lead to increased levels of
ethical competence. Table 8.3 lists
signsthat an employee has achieved a stronger level of
ethical competence.
Table 8.3: Signs of ethical competence
Self-awareness
The individual understands his or her own values
and morals, and knows how to apply them to
ethical
dilemmas
Self-con�idence The person acts with less hesitation
when dealing with ethical situations
Character Others notice and comment on the
person's moral �iber
Moral imagination The ability to consider unusual
or unique ethical challenges
Resistance to outside
pressures
Withstands demands by others to engage in
unethical acts
Follow-through Turns ethical decisions into actions,
44. behaviors, and communications
Source: Adapted from Johnson, C., & Hackman, M. Z.
(2002, November). Assessing ethical competence,
paper presented to National Communication
Association, and Walker, R. (2011).
Strategic management communication for leaders (2nd
ed.). Mason, OH: South- Western Cengage
Learning, p. 52.
In achieving ethical competence, threeframeworks
that assist when examining personal moral
growth and the development of ethical
reasoning are the
works of Lawrence Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan, and
William Perry. You can use theseframeworks to
re�lect on how you view and respond to ethical
issues.
For Review
What four ethical elements are associatedwith ethical
values and ethical competence?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
Ethical sensibility re�lects a person's capacity to
impose ethical order on an encounter by
identifying the aspects of the situation that
contain
ethical elements. Ethical reasoning consists of the
ability to reach a solution to an ethical
dilemma by using logic, objectiv ity, and
the goal of
moral correctness. Ethical conduct results in
45. clearly observable words and deeds,
designed to seek the goal of integrity in
everyday business.
Ethical leadershipprovides examples to those of all
ranks about how to seek the greater good
and �ind moral responses to ethical dilemmas.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg (1966) believed that moral
reasoning results from a process called
internalization. Over time,a person's moral
framework moves
from externally driven behaviors (fear of being scolded
by parents and teachers) to internal control ("I
thinkthis is wrong, so I'm not going to do
it"). As
the shift takesplace, ethical reasoning evolves (see
Table 8.4).
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Table 8.4: Kohlberg's theory of moral
development
Preconventional Reasoning Behavior is controlled by
external rewards and punishments
46. Stage One: Punishment and
Obedience
Driven by authority �igures
Motivated by fear of punishment
Stage Two:Purposeful
Individualism
Individualfurthers self interests
Reciprocal arrangements ("I'll scratch your back if
you scratch mine")
Insistence on justice and fairness
Conventional Reasoning
Behavioral standards moderately internalized
although the standards are still imposed by others
such as
parents, authority �igures, and laws
Stage Three: Interpersonal
Norms
Desire to be socially accepted drives behaviors
(being a "good boy" or "good girl")
Behaviors judged as much for intentions as for
consequences
Stage Four: Law and Order Behaviordriven by
desire to maintain social order, insure
justice, perform duty
Postconventional Reasoning Totally internalized
reasoning, personal moral code
47. Stage Five:Contractual–
Legal
Rights and standards of society govern behaviors
Unfair limits to personal freedom challenged
and changed
Stage Six: Enlightened
Conscience
Universal human rights are the most profound guides
to behavior and actions
The highest level of moral reasoning
Kohlberg's view is that over time,a person will
move toward the highest stage, an
enlightened conscience. Four qualities of stage
development complete
his theory:
1. Stage development is �ixed. One cannot
get to a higher stagewithout going through
the preceding stage.
2. Individuals may have dif�iculty seeing the
logicof moral reasoning more than two stages
above their own.
3. People tend to be attracted to the reasoning of
the next highest level.
4. Movement through the stages is affected
when a person's current level of reasoning
proves inadequate to a given moral
dilemma.
Kohlberg's theory may shed somelight on how people
48. react to the communication issues suggested in
this chapter. Positive and ethical management
communications that result from reasoning processes
move beyond strictly legal responses to
messages designed from an enlightened conscience.
As you
navigate through a career, it will be possible to
consider whether your view of what is right and
wrong is "legalistic" or is technically
unethical to the
higher state Kohlberg suggests. Doing so would
help you avoid using tactics such as
obfuscation or mistruths when designing
management communication
messages. At the least, use of the framework
might assist in helping you understand
how you view ethical issues.
For Review
What levels of ethical reasoning are part of
Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
The threelevels are preconventional, conventional,
and postconventional.
Gilligan's Response
Carol Gilligan (1982) took issuewith someof the
conclusions regarding ethical reasoning that were
reached by Kohlberg. Her primary criticism was
that
Kohlberg based his theory on studies using
49. only male subjects, and that theremay be differences
in the ways female subjects look at ethical
reasoning.
For example, women may be more likely to view
moral development in terms of connections
with others. In circumstances in which men
may be more
likely to value justice and individual freedom,
women are more likely to believe caring,
interpersonal communication, and developing
and maintaining
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interpersonal relationships are more important ethical
outcomes. A review of Kohlberg's model, as
shown in Table 8.4, con�irms that concepts
about
ethical and social justice appear to be fairly
"legalistic" rather than relationship-based.
As an individual, consider the role that your gender
and that of others plays in how you view
ethical dilemmas.This could lead you to include
such
concepts as treating others fairly and well, when
50. considering the ethical consequences of actions,
including the use of communications. Such an
approach
applies more than just laws and principles; it moves
into the realm of positive human
relationships, which are a major part of
business activities and
management communications.
For Review
What criticism does Carol Gilligan raise about
Kohlberg's theory?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
Her primary criticism was that Kohlberg based his
theory on studies using only male subjects,
and that theremay be differences in the ways
women look at ethical reasoning.
Perry's Theory of Moral Development
William Perry (1968) wrote that moral
development takesplace in nine, rather than
six, stages. The stages can be grouped into
categories called dualism,
relativism, and commitment.
Dualism re�lects the belief that things are
absolutelyright or wrong, good or bad. Such beliefs
oftenrely greatly on guidelinesprovided by experts
or
authorities, and to someseemfairly simplistic.
51. Relativism expresses the view that many points of
view about right and wrong are potentially
valid. A particular situation oftendetermines
what is
morally acceptable. For instance, in dire
circumstances one may take actions that help others
survive, although those actions would be
unacceptable in
othersituations.
According to Perry, commitment is the search
for evidence to support actions and explore
the consequences of various acts. One's own
set of personal
values is integrated with those actions. A person
will utilize his or her own set of beliefs to
make moral judgments, in a manner
similar to Kohlberg's
postconventional stage.
As part of your own ethical reasoning, the concept
of relativism may be particularly germane when
interacting with those from othercultures. What
is
ethical and/or legal varies, dependingon the nation
involved. As an example, nations guided by
Islamic law tend to outlaw or frown upon
charging
interest on loans. Therefore, communication
documents regarding sales offers, prices, and
terms of repayment should be carefully
worded to re�lect this
ethical value.
In othernations, women may be expected to refrain
from speaking or to act in a highly
52. deferent manner in social settings, which
may offend the ethical
reasoning of a woman from the United States or
otherWestern culture. The concept of relativism
may help such a person analyze and respond to
such
circumstances.
Commitment involves adding your own personal values
to the manner in which you view ethical
challenges. Doing so might add elements of
your
religious training, as well as personal experiences,
into your views of the world and how to
respond in an ethical manner.
Each of thesethreeframeworks (Kohlberg, Gilligan,
and Perry) suggests at least two sets of
guidelineswhen making personal ethical and
moral decisions.
The �irstinvolves the views and guidance of others;
the second concerns one'sown personal instincts,
values, and reasoning processes.As you consider
the ethical communications issues described in
this chapter, theseframeworks can serve as a
guide regarding beliefs about what is ethical
and what is
not, as well as how you will respond.
For Review
What are the stages of ethical development in
William Perry's theory?
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
53. The stages can be grouped into categories called
dualism, relativism, and commitment.
Concept Check
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8.5 Chapter Review
Ethics are principles about what is good or bad,
right or wrong, and appropriate or
inappropriate that oftenlead to a code of
54. behavior based on those
principles. Business ethics are standards and
guidelinesregarding the conduct of commerce.
Ethical communication consists of all messages
and relevant
items of information that are passed along in
a manner that is truthful, does not violate
the rights of others, and does not aim to
deceive.
Ethical issues arise for individuals, groups and
organizations, and in governmental systems. Ethical
management communication challenges among
these
are simply part of operating in an active
business world. Shareholder activism involves
shareholders taking a more active role in
in�luencing decisions,
including ethical components, made by corporate
executives.
Four common foundations of ethical thought guide
business and communication decision-making:
utilitarianism, individualism, the rights approach,
and the
justice approach. Also, threeethical components in
any system are the ethical, economic,and legal
elements.
Communication can serve as a medium for
unethical actions through deliberate mistruths, half-
truths, withholding information, silence and
stonewalling,
misdirection, and obfuscation. The goal of each of
theseunethical actions is to deceive or to
communicate information that violates ethical
55. standards.
Unethical messages designed to harmothers include
coercive, intimidating, destructive, intrusive,
secretive, exclusive, hegemonic, manipulative, and
exploitative messages.
Ethical responses include promotingethical
communication through clarity, transparency,
honesty, objectivity, credibility, coherence,
loyalty, and respect for
human beings. Four elements in ethical activities
are ethical sensibility, ethical reasoning,
ethical conduct, and ethical leadership. Codes
of ethics also assist
in building ethical business environments.
Three frameworks aid in understanding personal
moral development. Kohlberg's theory,
Gilligan's response, and Perry's framework all
portray ethical
reasoning as somethingthat develops and evolves over
time.
Key Terms
business ethics
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ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
Standards and guidelinesregarding the conduct of
commerce and the development of relationships in
business.
corporate ethics statements
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56. ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
Statements that posit the company's values and
intentions with regard to its citizenship in
the larger society.
ethical communication
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
All messages and rele vant information that are passed
along in a man ner that is truthful, does
not violate the rights of others, and does
not deceive in
any way.
ethical competence
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
The combination of ethical sensibility, reasoning,
conduct, and leadership.
ethical conduct
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ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
Clearly observable words and deeds designed to
seek the goal of integrity in everyday business.
ethical leadership
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
57. ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
Providing examples to those of all ranks about
how to seek the greater good and �indmoral
responses to ethi cal dilemmas.
ethical reasoning
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
The ability to reach a solution when an
ethical dilemma arises by using logic,
objectivity, and the goal of moral correctness.
ethical sensibility
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sectio
ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
A person's capacity to impose ethical order on
an encounter by iden tifying the aspects of
the situation that contain ethical elements.
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A branch of thought that addresses questions about
morality and dealswith con ceptssuch as right and
wrong, virtue and vice, and justice and crime.
individualism
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ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
The degree to which society val ues personal
goals, personal autonomy, and pri vacy over
group loyalty, commitments to group norms,
involvements in
collective activities, social cohesiveness, and intense
socialization.
mentoring processes
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ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
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Systems in which senior members of an
organization tutor and assist newer employees.
the justice approach
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ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
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Ethical decision-making based on treating all
people fairly and consistently.
the rights approach
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61. ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
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A social system that makes decisions based on
the belief that each person has fundamental
rights that should be respected and protected.
utilitarianism
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ns/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.
2/sections/fm/books/AUBUS600.12.2/section
Making ethical decisions based on the greatest
good for the greatest number of people.
Analytical Exercises
1. Compare the four foundations of ethical
thought, utilitarianism, individualism, the rights
approach, and the justice approach, to thesethree
perspectives:
a. The "invisible hand of the marketplace" approach, in
which the market pun ishesirresponsible �irms
and rewards those that earn pro�its and
maximize shareholder value without violating laws
b. The governmental duty perspective, which
emphasizes the importance of regulation and
intervention when companies violate
citizens' rights and
engage in unfair competition
c. The enlightened management approach, which
suggests ethical managers promote values that
include defending the well-being of others
62. 2. Explain the ethical, economic,and legal components
in the following instances:
a. Ford and Firestone of�icials' explanations of tire
blowouts and rollovers
b. Financial of�icers creating false rumors about
companies, resulting in lower stock values
but leading to pro�its for investors through
short-selling
tactics
c. Companies using the label "lite" on
products that contain carbohydrates and othercalorie-
laden ingredients
3. The driving forcebehind socially responsible
actions, according to Adam Smith, is
enlightened self-interest. He further argued
that sel�ishness and greed
are not virtues. Acting in a sel�ish or greedy
manner leadsto deceptive advertising, fraud,
theft, and taking advantage of others. How
would enlightened
self-interest become apparent in the �ield of
business and management communications? How
would sel�ish actions and greed be
discovered?
4. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an
example of a governmental response to
unethical activities in the accounting profession
and in the larger business
com munity. More recently, Congress has been pressed
into action due to the mort gage and foreclosure
crisis. Lenders that used deceptive tactics when
granting loans to individuals who could not
afford to make the payments led to many
63. of the foreclosures. Should similar legislation
be created for
management communi cations? If so, what kinds of
laws should be enacted?
5. Explain the forms of unethical messages related
to the following activities:
a. seeking to garner an undeserved promotion
over more-quali�ied candidates
b. maintaining the glassceiling in a company
c. trying to justify a pay raise after a poor
year of performance
6. Apply the principles of proactive, positive ethical
communication to the follow ing circumstances:
a. Facebook posts
b. emails and written memos
c. proposals
d. presentations
e. interactions during meetings with co-workers
f. messages to the public
7. You have a co-worker who consistently complains
that a supervisor does not "follow the rules."
The supervisor is a woman; the co-worker is
a man.
Explain the moral reasoning your co-worker may be
using from the following perspectives:
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66. President Clinton's public denial of his personal
relationship with
Monica Lewinsky is analyzed by body body language
experts to
reveal his dishonesty.
1. What non-verbal communication indicated
deception
from President Clinton?
Video Case Study: CozyKiller: The History
of Cigarettes
In 1994, tobacco company executives testi�ied
under oath that they
did not believe nicotine to be addictive. Following
the hearings,
con�idential documents were made public and
exposed the tobacco
industry's knew more than they admitted publicly.
1. What types of unethical communication did
tobacco
executives engage in?
2. How could tobacco executives have acted
ethically when
communicating about the addictive nature of
nicotine?
Nonverbal Com m unication Under Pressure
From Title: Secrets of Body Language
(https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=100753&xti
d=43109)
68. authorizing payment.
One of the key raw materials purchased by Finley
Manufacturing was industrial resin. The company
had developed a longstanding
relationship with Murphy Resins to the pointat
which re-orders were routine. Sherman's immediate
supervisor, Taylor, was a good friend
of Martin Murphy, son of the owner of Murphy
Resins.
On a day in which Taylor was awayfrom the
plant, Sherman received a visit from a
competitor to Murphy Resins. The salesperson
made a
strong presentation in which she provided
information that her company's materials were
superior for the type of products made by
Finley Manufacturing. Then she offered a pricethat
was lower than what had been charged by Murphy
Resins for the past two years.
Sherman carefully asked if this was a one-time
enticement or a more-permanent price.
The salesperson assured him that the pricewould
remain the same for at least one year, and as long as
her company's costsdid not increase. Sherman
carefully documented all of the
information.
When Taylor returned the next day, Sherman showed
him the offer. Taylor's response was, "Yeah,
we get stuff like this all the time.Let's
just stay with what we know."
Sherman decided to follow up with someresearch of
his own. He contacted otherregional manufacturers
69. and discovered that several had
changed to the competitor company for the two
reasons the salesperson noted: priceand quality.
Further, the companies he spoke with
indicated a high degree of satisfaction with both
the product and the company's method of
conducting business.
Sherman once again approached Taylor with the
additional information. This time Taylor appeared
genuinely annoyed and said, "Look, no
one asked you to investigate this. You'd better
stick with doing your job, or you may have a
big problem." Taylor added, "Besides, I just
put in a big order that will carryus for at
least six months."
In essence, Taylor had taken over Sherman's job
for that one purchase. Sherman carefully documented
the pricebeing paid to Murphy
Resins in comparison with the pricethe other
company would have charged. A purchase from
the new company would have saved his
company over $100,000. He placed a copy of the
comparison in Taylor's of�ice mailbox, but
kept a copy for himself. Now it was time to
decide what to do next.
Review Questions
1. What unethical management communication
practices had Taylor used?
2. How would ethical communication practices have
kept this situation from occurring?
3. What should Sherman do?
4. If you were a senior manager and Sherman
70. approached you with this information, how would
you react?
Case Study 2: Smart, but Healthy?
Dr. Eileen Kennedy faced a dif�icult moment in
her career. As the Deanof the Friedman School
of Nutrition, she had made a controversial
statement and a questionable endorsement of the
American Society of Nutrition, which had been
established to evaluate the nutritional
merits of various products. Kennedy supported the
society's Smart Choice program, which
extended across several companies.
Several food industry leaders had created the
American Society of Nutrition conglomerate that
would approve various products to carry
the Smart Choice label, a bright-green check
mark inside a red box that could be
prominently placed on a product's package,
with the
words "Guiding FoodChoices" included. To outside
observers,it was a clear attempt to imply a
governmental or health of�icial's
recognition of the product's healthy characteristics
(Ruiz, 2009).
Ten largefood manufacturers enrolled in the program,
including Kellogg's and Kraft. Any company seeking
to obtain the program's
approval would pay up to $100,000 per year to
the American Society of Nutrition. Quickly,
numerous food producers enrolled in the
program, and the endorsement appeared on sugary
cereals, snacks, and sandwich spreads. Among
71. the products carrying the Smart Choice
endorsement were Kid Cuisine Cheeseburgers, Teddy
Grahams, Froot Loops, and Cocoa Krispies
(Neuman, 2009).
Dr. Kennedy had been quoted in the New YorkTimes.
Evoking a hypothetical parent in the
supermarket, she said, "You're rushing around,
you're trying to thinkabout healthy eating
for your kids, and you have a choice between a
doughnut and a cereal. So Froot Loops is
a
better choice." She displayed a small, 100-calorie
package of the cereal as her evidence (Dumke
& Zavala, 2009).
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The Smart Choice program quickly drew scrutiny.
Following reports on the CBS Evening News
(Pinkston,2009) and in otheroutlets,
companies began to withdraw support for the
program and the logo.The Foodand Drug
Administration (FDA) issued a "Guidance
for
Industry" letter, stating that the organization would
analyze food labels with the intent of
identifying any that were misleading. Quickly,
the
Smart Choice label disappeared.
72. Dr. Kennedy'swords and endorsement, however, did
not. The Friedman Sprout, the school newspaper
for the Friedman School Nutrition
Science and Policy, published an article suggesting
that the school's image had been severely
damaged (Dumke & Zavala, 2009). Dr.
Kennedy received a greatdeal of criticism, but did
not step down.
Review Questions
1. What ethical issues are involved in the
Smart Choices program?
2. If the American Society of Nutrition did not
pay Dr. Kennedy, had she violated any ethical
codes? If she had been compensated, how would
your answer change?
3. Explain how the Smart Choices program might
be viewed in terms of its moral, legal,
and economic components.
4. What type of formal communication channel
should Dr. Kennedy use to justify her stance?
What should be her message?
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7
73. Negotiation and Con�lict
Stockbyte
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter and studying the
materials, you should be able to:
1. Relate communication processes to negotiation
situations.
2. Apply bargaining principles that lead to
successfulnegotiation outcomes.
3. Utilize management communication techniques to
facilitate the stages of negotiation.
4. Identify forms of con�lict in organizations
and the roles played by communications
channels.
5. Employ effective methods of con�lict resolution.
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7.1 Negotiations and Communication
Learning Objective # 1: How is communication
intertwined with negotiation and bargaining?
Many aspects of organizational life, beginning with
applying for and accepting a job, involve
bargaining and negotiation. Many company
activities also
74. involve negotiations, both within the �irm and
with otherorganizations. Communication processes
play major roles in the successes and failures
that
individuals and groups experience in negotiations
and bargaining processes.
The terms bargaining and negotiation have been
viewed from two perspectives. One sees them as
being the same (Wall, 1985; Robbins, 2005,
p. 434). The
othersuggests that negotiation refers to "win-win"
situations in which the ultimate objective will be
�inding mutually acceptable solutions to
complex
con�licts. Bargaining, in that context, represents a
competitive "win-lose" circumstance in which
both parties seek to obtain the best possible
outcome for
their side (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010, p. 3).
This chapter uses the �irstapproach, treating the
terms interchangeably. In that context,
negotiation is
a give-and-take decision-making process involving
interdependent parties with differing objectives or
outcome preferences (Bazerman & Neale,
1992).
Two types of negotiations take place in
employment settings (Walton & McKersie,1965).
When a single issueis involved, and a
zero-sum game exists in
which one'sside gain or advantage becomes the other
side's loss or disadvantage, it is a
distributive negotiation. An automobile
manufacturer
75. negotiating the pricefor batteries to be placed in
its cars provides an example of a distributive
negotiation. Every dollar that the car
manufacturer has to
pay for batteries becomes a dollar of revenue to
the battery supplier.
The second circumstance, in which a win-win
solution can be found, is an integrative
negotiation. This involves a problem-solving
agenda in which two
or more sidestry to obtain a settlementthat
bene�its both.Integrative negotiations occur
when a company forms a partnership
with a charity to stagea
fund-raising event. They also take place when
two �irms form a joint venture to create a
product. Integrative solutions succeed when
the two sidescan
establish a mutual goal.
Table 7.1 shows forms of negotiations present
in the business community. Individualnegotiations,
company-to-company negotiations, and company
negotiations with outside agencies or organizations
constitute the primary categories. Both distributive
and integrative negotiations take place in
those
areas.
Table 7.1: Types of negotiations
IndividualWith Company Company to Company Company
With Outside Group
Employment Contract Sales Unions
76. Wages Collaborations Special Interests
Bene�its Government
Job Status
These negotiation situations require various forms
of business and managerial communications.
For Review
De�ine negotiation, distributive negotiation, and
integrative negotiation.
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Negotiation is a give-and-take decision-making
process involving interdependent parties with
differing objectives or outcome preferences. When
a single issueis involved, and a zero-sum game
exists in which one'sside gain or advantage
becomes the otherside's loss or disadvantage, it
is a
distributive negotiation. An integrative negotiation
is a problem-solving agenda in which
two or more sidestry to obtain a settlement
that
bene�its both.
The Writers Guild: Negotiation and Con�lict
Every threeyears, the Writers Guild of
America, East and the Writers Guild of
America, West meet to confer with the Alliance of
Motion
78. As contract talks continued and the deadline for
expiration of the contract
between the AMPTP and the guilds approached,
the producers took a hard
stance and removed residual payments for DVDsales
from their offer. On
October 20, 2007, the guilds voted to strike
if an acceptable arrangement
could not be reached (Finke, 2007).
After engaging in theselengthy negotiations, the
guilds went on strike over
compensation during the 2007–2008 television season.
Estimates of revenue
loss from the strike range from $300 million at
the low end to $2.1 billion at
the top (New York Times, 2008).
Numerous stakeholders beyond the producers and writers
were involved.
Late-night television programming, such as The Tonight
Show with Jay Leno,
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, and the Late
Show with David Letterman
�irstbroadcast re-runs of programs, hoping for a
quick end to the strike.
The Late Show, owned by a separate production
company, was able to
negotiate an "interim" contract returning its writers to
work after two
months. Soonafter, Leno and Stewart received
criticism for crossing picket
lines and continuing their programs without the use of
writers. Both argued
that doing so helped keep otherprogram employees
from enduring greater
79. �inancial hardships.Meanwhile, television production of
various series on all major networks (NBC,
ABC, CBS, and FOX) also cameto a
halt
as new scripts ran out. Daytime drama programs
also were affected.
In addition, the groups affected included information,
leisure, and hospitality; professional and
business services; trade, transportation, and
utilities; �inancial activities; and education and health
services (Milken Institute, 2008). Also, other
unions, such as the Screen Actor's Guild
and Teamsters had vested interests in the negotiations.
In February 2008, the two sidesreached an
agreement. The writers quickly rati�ied the
contract, and soon all were back to work. The
economic impact continued for the remainder of the
year, in the entertainment industry and also in
Southern California and New York City.
Questions for Students
1. How was the writers' strike both a negotiation
and a con�lict?
2. What role would public relations play in
thesenegotiations?
3. What ethical issues did Jay Leno and Jon
Stewart encounter as part of the strike?
IndividualNegotiations
As Table 7.1 notes, individual employees
negotiate with companies for a variety of
80. outcomes. Often individual negotiations begin
with how much a person
is to be paid, including a signing bonus in
somecircumstances. Other issues are bene�it
packages that contain pro�it-sharing plans,
retirementplans, health
insurance,vacation time,sick leave, and otherelements.
Job status is another potentially negotiable
issueand de�ines where the person will be
placed in
an organizational hierarchy, including responsibilities and
levels of authority. These discussions
continue throughout a person's career.
Initially, factors
that in�luencenegotiations for pay and bene�its are
(Brophy, 2004):
the strength of the job market
the company's compensation policies
the company's �inancial health
the applicant's bargaining position, including offers
from othercompanies; personal accomplishments,
including degrees and awards; and success in
previous jobs
Individualnegotiations consist of face-to-face
interactions, exchangesof letters and emails,
telephone conversations, and, in someinstances, a
formal
written contract specifying all the elements of an
agreement. The two parties involved are the
employee and one or more management
representatives.
The majority of individual negotiations for pay and
bene�its take place during the �inal stages
81. of the hiring process. Normally, the management
representative will be the �irstto ask about
expected salary and otherconditions of
employment. When the question is posed
during the employment
interview, before the person has been selected for
the position, the candidate should answer in a
way that will not hurt his or her chances of
obtaining
the position. Advisable responses are that you are "open"
or looking for a "competitive offer." Once
the position has been offered, then more-concrete
negotiations begin (Bovee & Thill, 2012).
During the course of a career, additional
negotiations takesplace regarding pay raises,
job assignments, and
even when and how a person will retire (phased
versus full).
Company to Company
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Environmental groups, as well as government
agencies, engage in
negotiations over the ways in which companies
82. dispose of waste and use
energy.
Two of the more common company-to-company
negotiation issues concern a sale or a
partnership. A sales transaction speci�ies the
price, terms of
delivery, procedures for handling defects and returns,
and the manner in which any disputes will be
resolved, including the state in which all legal
matters, such as contract interpretation, would be
resolved.
Sales negotiations occur in a variety of
ways, including through conversations at trade
shows, visits to a company by a sales
representative, social
encounters such as lunches and gol�ing events,
and telephone conversations. Others transpire via
mail,email, and through formal offers and
contracts.
The level of trust between the companies oftendictates
the manner in which bargaining will take
place, including the communication venues to be
used.
Companies form many types of partnerships.
Examples are corporate sponsorships of various
events and charities, cooperative advertising
programs, and
agreements to co-produce goods and services.
Each involves a series of negotiation
sessions to �inalize all arrangements. Often
more than two parties are
included. For example, Interstate Batteries maintains a
relationship with NASCAR that features cooperative
83. advertising and expense sharing with M&M's.
Community events, such as a Fourth of July
�ireworks display, may involve numerous
partners.
Negotiations to develop partnerships use the same
communication venues as those available for
making sales. Informal talks can oftenlead to
formal
negotiations to establish a relationship. Effective
bargaining during thesesessions can create
bene�its for both parties without any need for
adversarial
tactics. Negotiations can occur at any time during
theserelationships.
Company With Outside Groups
Managers oftennegotiate with outside groups that have
interests in a �irm's
operations. A union is an example of an
outside group. Every company that has
employees represented by a union will engage
in negotiations. Contract bargaining
can occur annually, or �irms can reach
multiyear agreements with unions regarding
wages, hours, and conditions of employment.
Strict governmental regulations are in
place to ensure that such negotiations proceed in
as orderly a manner as possible.
Company representatives also may negotiate with
governmental of�icials to obtain
various contracts. These sales agreements, while
highly regulated, can include
bargaining sessions. Other negotiations with