This document summarizes a study on the changing of accounting policies in Jordanian tourism companies. It finds that rules and regulations do not hinder changes to accounting policies. Administrative departments do not participate in decisions to change policies, and new administrations often make changes simply because they want to. Companies make changes to attract lenders, and there is a lack of understanding of qualitative characteristics of information leading to policy changes. The study recommends organizing the policy change process and involving departments in decision making. Companies should also consider experience from consulting offices when changing policies.
The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Idiosyncratic Effect of Corporate Solvency Management Strategies on Corporate...IOSR Journals
The study identifies and evaluates the association among corporate solvency management strategies and the corporate performance valuation in Chemical industry of Pakistan. The study uses purposive sampling or judgmental sampling for selecting 30 sample companies from the sector; covering 10 years financial statements data ranging from year 2002 to 2011. Balanced panel data is taken for the purpose of study. Levin, Lin & Chu test is used to check the stationarity of data whereas White Test is used to check the heteroskedasticity of data. Panel Least square technique with fixed effects is used to generalize the relationship between studied variables. The study observed that the performance of the chemical sector in terms of market to book value is affected by internal firm and industry specific factors related to solvency management strategic decisions. Findings of the study provide with the overview of historic performance and the potential performance of the selected sector to help policy makers including finance, economics and industry experts for creating value through the idiosyncratic resources.
The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Idiosyncratic Effect of Corporate Solvency Management Strategies on Corporate...IOSR Journals
The study identifies and evaluates the association among corporate solvency management strategies and the corporate performance valuation in Chemical industry of Pakistan. The study uses purposive sampling or judgmental sampling for selecting 30 sample companies from the sector; covering 10 years financial statements data ranging from year 2002 to 2011. Balanced panel data is taken for the purpose of study. Levin, Lin & Chu test is used to check the stationarity of data whereas White Test is used to check the heteroskedasticity of data. Panel Least square technique with fixed effects is used to generalize the relationship between studied variables. The study observed that the performance of the chemical sector in terms of market to book value is affected by internal firm and industry specific factors related to solvency management strategic decisions. Findings of the study provide with the overview of historic performance and the potential performance of the selected sector to help policy makers including finance, economics and industry experts for creating value through the idiosyncratic resources.
Internal Audit Independence and Share Performance of Firms Listed In the Nair...paperpublications3
Abstract: Internal audit is considered as the backbone of the business accounting as it is the section that scrutinizes all businesses transactions of a company. The main objective of the study is to establish the relationship between Internal Audit Independence and Share performance of firms listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 60 companies quoted in the Nairobi Stock Exchange as of December 2013. The study found existence of significantly positive correlation between internal audit independence and share performance (Pearson correlation coefficient r = .456 Sig. = .011). It is recommended that listed companies should adopt effective corporate governance practices that address key auditing independence for effectiveness of audit department. This will go a long way to cut or eliminate wastage and thus improve company returns to attract investors in the stock exchange market.
An Empirical Analysis on the Nature of Relationship between Capital Structure...iosrjce
The financing decision with regard to capital structure theory of finance has been a topic of many
theories and their conflicting output for past many years. This paper aims to analyse the nature of relationship
between the capital structure of a firm and its performance. The data of 40 firms excluding financial services
firms listed on Nifty indices on National Stock Exchange is studied (The composition of 50 firms on Nifty
represents a well branch out index reflecting precisely the overall market conditions). Financial services firms
have been excluded from purview of this paper, as they are in the business of collecting money and investing in
financial assets rather than producing goods, hence follow a unique business valuation model. Further financial
services sector being one of the most sensitive sectors. This paper analyzes a period of 13 years (2001-2014)
covering the phases of a business cycle starting from boom (2001/02-2006/07), recession (2007/08-2008/09)
and then recovery (2009/10-2013/14). The complete business cycle will aid to demonstrate the results more
accurately. This paper also surveys the topical developments in the empirical capital structure research. The
data for a period of 13 years is analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression
techniques. For research purpose, the ratios such as debt-equity ratio, debt-asset ratio and long term debt are
taken as independent variables whereas Net Profit, Net Profit Margin, ROCE, ROE and ROA are the ratios
taken as dependent variables.
Determinants of Audit Fees: Evidence from Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industr...ijtsrd
The main objective of this study is to find out the factors that determine the audit fees in the listed pharmaceuticals and chemicals companies of Bangladesh. The study is conducted on 21 listed companies in the pharmaceuticals and chemicals industry during the period of 2015 to 2018. Client characteristics client size, leverage and return on assets , client's governance structure independent directors and audit committee and firm ranking are taken as the proxy variables of the determinants of audit fees. The study has found that client size, leverage and firm ranking have positive and significant impact on audit fees of the sample firm. On the other hand the proportion of independent directors in the board has a negative and significant impact on audit fees. However, the study did not find any significant association between audit fees and return on assets. It is suggested that policymakers should include more independent directors in the board for ensuring better governance to reduce the external audit fees. Besides, in case of maintaining obligatory audit committee, companies should consider the efficiency and effectiveness of the committee. Md. Noor Hossain | Raihan Sobhan "Determinants of Audit Fees: Evidence from Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry of Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29656.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29656/determinants-of-audit-fees-evidence-from-pharmaceutical-and-chemical-industry-of-bangladesh/md-noor-hossain
Analysis Market Reaction on Timeliness Reporting: Study on Indonesia Stock Ex...inventionjournals
Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2012 recorded that there were 36.6% of companies that did not meet the timeliness reporting in preparing the financial statements, whereas companies that implement Good Corporate Governance (GCG) should be timely in preparing the financial statements as the implementation of the principle of transparency which is one of the principles of GCG. This study aims to examine how the role of GCG in monitoring and suppressing the timeliness reporting in preparing the financial statements and whether there are differences in market reaction between the companies that meet the timeliness reporting and which do not. The research samples taken from population members were 96 companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013. The data processed by using logistic regression and independent t test. The results show that the institutional ownership, independent board and audit committee play a role in the fulfillment of timeliness reporting while the management ownership and board size have insignificant. Further results of the study showed no difference in reaction to the market on the company meet and do not meet the timeliness reporting.
Study of the Static Trade-Off Theory determinants vis-à-vis Capital Structure...inventionjournals
This paper investigates the application of the Static Trade-Off theory regarding the capital structure of the Pakistani Chemical Industry. We have used panel data analysis for the sample of 31 listed chemical firms from the period 2005 to 2013. The study is unique in its type as unlike to Shah & Hijazi (2005) who studied many industrial sections, this study only focuses on the listed Chemical Firms. We used five independent variables such as Profitability (P), Tangibility (T), Liquidity (L), Firm Size (FS) and Total Assets Growth (TAG) to study the effect on independent variable Financial Leverage (FG). The results confirmed the relationship of Profitability, Liquidity and Firm Size. However the results were not confirmed for Tangibility and Firm Assets Growth. Even though the results for Tangibility were positive, however the significance of the coefficients failed to support the hypothesis. This study hold a unique position for researchers for future research and also has significance for the investors helping them to make wise investment decisions when investing in Pakistani Chemical Industry since this industry holds a major portion of industrial GDP of the country
The Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in S...AkashSharma618775
This study will investigate the Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in
Saudi Arabia. The current research focuses on Saudi Arabia. This relatively large country in the Middle East is
known for two main things, its oil and Islam. The research objectives can be identified as: To evaluate the current
state of auditing practise in Saudi Arabia, to identify the need for the adoption of international auditing standards
in Saudi Arabia, to identify the challenges in the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia, and
to evaluate the impact of the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia. The research is
adopting a mixed methods strategy that will combine both qualitative and quantitative research. This research is
making several contributions to the academic literature in adoption International Auditing Standards in devolving
countries in in general, and more specific in Saudi Arabia.
Internal Audit Independence and Share Performance of Firms Listed In the Nair...paperpublications3
Abstract: Internal audit is considered as the backbone of the business accounting as it is the section that scrutinizes all businesses transactions of a company. The main objective of the study is to establish the relationship between Internal Audit Independence and Share performance of firms listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 60 companies quoted in the Nairobi Stock Exchange as of December 2013. The study found existence of significantly positive correlation between internal audit independence and share performance (Pearson correlation coefficient r = .456 Sig. = .011). It is recommended that listed companies should adopt effective corporate governance practices that address key auditing independence for effectiveness of audit department. This will go a long way to cut or eliminate wastage and thus improve company returns to attract investors in the stock exchange market.
An Empirical Analysis on the Nature of Relationship between Capital Structure...iosrjce
The financing decision with regard to capital structure theory of finance has been a topic of many
theories and their conflicting output for past many years. This paper aims to analyse the nature of relationship
between the capital structure of a firm and its performance. The data of 40 firms excluding financial services
firms listed on Nifty indices on National Stock Exchange is studied (The composition of 50 firms on Nifty
represents a well branch out index reflecting precisely the overall market conditions). Financial services firms
have been excluded from purview of this paper, as they are in the business of collecting money and investing in
financial assets rather than producing goods, hence follow a unique business valuation model. Further financial
services sector being one of the most sensitive sectors. This paper analyzes a period of 13 years (2001-2014)
covering the phases of a business cycle starting from boom (2001/02-2006/07), recession (2007/08-2008/09)
and then recovery (2009/10-2013/14). The complete business cycle will aid to demonstrate the results more
accurately. This paper also surveys the topical developments in the empirical capital structure research. The
data for a period of 13 years is analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression
techniques. For research purpose, the ratios such as debt-equity ratio, debt-asset ratio and long term debt are
taken as independent variables whereas Net Profit, Net Profit Margin, ROCE, ROE and ROA are the ratios
taken as dependent variables.
Determinants of Audit Fees: Evidence from Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industr...ijtsrd
The main objective of this study is to find out the factors that determine the audit fees in the listed pharmaceuticals and chemicals companies of Bangladesh. The study is conducted on 21 listed companies in the pharmaceuticals and chemicals industry during the period of 2015 to 2018. Client characteristics client size, leverage and return on assets , client's governance structure independent directors and audit committee and firm ranking are taken as the proxy variables of the determinants of audit fees. The study has found that client size, leverage and firm ranking have positive and significant impact on audit fees of the sample firm. On the other hand the proportion of independent directors in the board has a negative and significant impact on audit fees. However, the study did not find any significant association between audit fees and return on assets. It is suggested that policymakers should include more independent directors in the board for ensuring better governance to reduce the external audit fees. Besides, in case of maintaining obligatory audit committee, companies should consider the efficiency and effectiveness of the committee. Md. Noor Hossain | Raihan Sobhan "Determinants of Audit Fees: Evidence from Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry of Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29656.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29656/determinants-of-audit-fees-evidence-from-pharmaceutical-and-chemical-industry-of-bangladesh/md-noor-hossain
Analysis Market Reaction on Timeliness Reporting: Study on Indonesia Stock Ex...inventionjournals
Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2012 recorded that there were 36.6% of companies that did not meet the timeliness reporting in preparing the financial statements, whereas companies that implement Good Corporate Governance (GCG) should be timely in preparing the financial statements as the implementation of the principle of transparency which is one of the principles of GCG. This study aims to examine how the role of GCG in monitoring and suppressing the timeliness reporting in preparing the financial statements and whether there are differences in market reaction between the companies that meet the timeliness reporting and which do not. The research samples taken from population members were 96 companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013. The data processed by using logistic regression and independent t test. The results show that the institutional ownership, independent board and audit committee play a role in the fulfillment of timeliness reporting while the management ownership and board size have insignificant. Further results of the study showed no difference in reaction to the market on the company meet and do not meet the timeliness reporting.
Study of the Static Trade-Off Theory determinants vis-à-vis Capital Structure...inventionjournals
This paper investigates the application of the Static Trade-Off theory regarding the capital structure of the Pakistani Chemical Industry. We have used panel data analysis for the sample of 31 listed chemical firms from the period 2005 to 2013. The study is unique in its type as unlike to Shah & Hijazi (2005) who studied many industrial sections, this study only focuses on the listed Chemical Firms. We used five independent variables such as Profitability (P), Tangibility (T), Liquidity (L), Firm Size (FS) and Total Assets Growth (TAG) to study the effect on independent variable Financial Leverage (FG). The results confirmed the relationship of Profitability, Liquidity and Firm Size. However the results were not confirmed for Tangibility and Firm Assets Growth. Even though the results for Tangibility were positive, however the significance of the coefficients failed to support the hypothesis. This study hold a unique position for researchers for future research and also has significance for the investors helping them to make wise investment decisions when investing in Pakistani Chemical Industry since this industry holds a major portion of industrial GDP of the country
The Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in S...AkashSharma618775
This study will investigate the Impact of Adopting International Auditing Standards on audit quality in
Saudi Arabia. The current research focuses on Saudi Arabia. This relatively large country in the Middle East is
known for two main things, its oil and Islam. The research objectives can be identified as: To evaluate the current
state of auditing practise in Saudi Arabia, to identify the need for the adoption of international auditing standards
in Saudi Arabia, to identify the challenges in the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia, and
to evaluate the impact of the adoption of international auditing standards in Saudi Arabia. The research is
adopting a mixed methods strategy that will combine both qualitative and quantitative research. This research is
making several contributions to the academic literature in adoption International Auditing Standards in devolving
countries in in general, and more specific in Saudi Arabia.
Creative Accounting and Impact on Management Decision MakingWaqas Tariq
The study was conducted to appraise the impact of creative accounting on management decisions of selected companies listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange. With the background, the main objective of the study includes the examination of the extent to which macro-manipulation of financial statement affects management decisions; to examine the extent to which macro-manipulation of financial statement affects share price performance; and to determine the impact of misreported assets and liabilities as well as making recommendations to help remedy some of the problems. The research method used was descriptive and the primary data collected were summarized and tabulated. These were picked in line with the hypothesis variables of the study so as to determine their validity. It was observed that the application of creativity in financial statement reporting significantly affects the decision of management to recapitalize the firm upward or dispose of it reserves. The study concluded that creative accounting through macro-manipulation of financial statements affects a firm’s price and capital market performance. In view of the study, the researcher recommended that the application of creative accounting on management decision should be to avoid misreporting of assets and liabilities in their financial report, and that management decision towards creative accounting should be geared towards the relative advantage principle and good corporate governance which encourage challenges to current ways of thinking and not manipulating for self interest.
The delivery process consisted in the deregulation of local markets and international trends, which allowed the emergence of the phenomenon "globalization". This process has resulted in the restructuring of companies that are considered in the expansion of business, the level of competitiveness, expansion in the market of operations, technological adaptations and strategies; Mergers and Acquisition (M& A) characteristics operations. However, the main objective is to have priority in information promotion policies and initiatives to improve business conditions.
The objective of this article is to address the M& A theme in the context of globalization, seeking to answer the following question: what are the results obtained in the process of restructuring and operating M& A in the telecommunications company Oi S / A between the year of its creation and by the year 2016? To all that the literature review, literature studies, literature, literature studies, non-literature literature, pages, semantic studies, about the theme, being a bibliographic and descriptive research.
The study demonstrates that not always the processes of the frequency and license are advantageous to the parties related, due to character complexes that involve such operations. These groups can be supported in their search, mainly in studies on the market of action, differences in quotations and payments, employment opportunities in the societies involved.
Corporate debt policy remained a significant, but a challenging decision for managers entrusted with the responsibility to improve the value of the firm. Thus, this study examines the factors influencing the capital structure decisions of firms in Nigeria. The study employs a panel data regression model to analyze data from firms in Nigeria for the period 2011 to 2015. The result of the empirical analysis reveals that firms in Nigeria have a preference to finance economic operations from retained earnings and the use of short-term debt on rollover basis. The finding of this study confirms that debt decreases with profitability and growth opportunities. The findings show that asset tangibility and firm size have a positive and significant relationship with debt policy of firms in Nigeria. The analysis also reveals that managerial ownership has a negative and significant relationship with debt ratio of firms in Nigeria. The study shows a non-significant positive relationship between non-debt tax shields and debt. The study demonstrates that the trade-off and pecking order theories both explains the factors influencing capital structure decisions of firms in Nigeria. Therefore, this study suggests the need for stakeholders to develop the financial markets and make it accessible for firms to obtain long-term financing for economic growth and development.
Corporate governance is of great importance for financial performance. Corporate governance issues have attracted public interest in the financial sector both locally and internationally after waves of corporate rip-offs and failures that almost led to loss of confidence in the finance sector. The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of corporate governance on financial performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study targeted a population of 65 active Savings and credit Co-operatives operating in Embu County. A sample size of 57 Savings and Credit Co-operatives was used in this study. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample. Primary data was collected using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data was obtained from financial statements and periodicals using a record survey sheet. Pre-testing of research tool was conducted before the actual data collection was carried, to determine the reliability of the questionnaire by use of a Cronbach‘s alpha, statistical coefficient, while the validity was tested to ensure that the questions in the questionnaire provides adequate coverage to the investigative questions. Correlation and multiple regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The study findings indicated that corporate governance positively affected the financial performance. In specific the board composition and corporate risk management for SACCOs had a positive effect on the financial performances of the SACCOs. The study is beneficial to SACCOs management in improving the performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives and enabling them to compete globally. The study recommends gender parity consideration and balanced mix of skilled board members during appointments of the board members. The recommendations are important to the government, especially the department of cooperatives in strengthening policies regarding cooperative societies.
Impact of Corporate Governance on Firms’ Financial Performance: Textile Secto...inventionjournals
Purpose: The basic standard of this article is to find out the outcome of corporate governance on firm’s profitability in textile sector of listed companies in Pakistan. Methodology: The data are collected from respective textile sector annual reports from 2005 to 2014.The results of different variables arise by using different techniques like descriptive, correlation and regression in using software of E-views in this study. Findings: These results of study explain that corporate governance and firm’s financial performance shows positive relationship between each other. This indicates that in textile sectors adopting corporate governance and plays a significant role in textile sectors. Research limitations: This study restricts by fewer digit of determinantslinked corporategovernance and data gathered from 2005 to 2014 were addressed, which restrictions the overview of the result. Further research can be conduct by using more variables and more years for finding more in future. Originality: This study shows that the firm’s performance has increased by using corporate governance in textile sector firms.
Impact of Corporate Governance on Firms’ Financial Performance: Textile Secto...inventionjournals
Purpose: The basic standard of this article is to find out the outcome of corporate governance on firm’s profitability in textile sector of listed companies in Pakistan. Methodology: The data are collected from respective textile sector annual reports from 2005 to 2014.The results of different variables arise by using different techniques like descriptive, correlation and regression in using software of E-views in this study. Findings: These results of study explain that corporate governance and firm’s financial performance shows positive relationship between each other. This indicates that in textile sectors adopting corporate governance and plays a significant role in textile sectors. Research limitations: This study restricts by fewer digit of determinantslinked corporategovernance and data gathered from 2005 to 2014 were addressed, which restrictions the overview of the result. Further research can be conduct by using more variables and more years for finding more in future. Originality: This study shows that the firm’s performance has increased by using corporate governance in textile sector firms.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Running Head ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION1ECONOMICS AND ADMI.docxtodd271
Running Head: ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION 1
ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION 5
ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION
Khalia Hart
Dr. Touhey
MGMT 640 – Financial Decision Making for Managers
March 31, 2019
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
For the success of every business, there needs to be a strong supporting factor that enforces success. The success of a business indicates that the structure of decision making is tough, strict but at the same time lenient to staff and more importantly customers. Financial management is a very vital factor to consider while engaging in any business activity. Not only is it concerned about customers and staff, but also affects every aspect of the business from managing cash flow and maintaining performance index to developing plans to ensure maximum use of opportunities by business owners. Stakeholders and business owners need to realize the importance of financial management as a tool in business administration since it is the force that ensures continuous development of financial capabilities needed for a business to achieve its full potential.
The macro-economic environment addresses issues concerning behavior. Here are where aAdministrative issues lie. Administration can be categorized into two main categories, administration as a practice and as a science. Administration as a practice mainly addresses the normal routine of business owners and managers and their normal administrative roles in any business entity. Administration as a scientific field is bound to face challenges which are broken down into four main classes. They are discussed fully in this document.
Factors that affect administrative decisions include globalization, cost of control, the relationship between stakeholders and demand on ethical behavior and corporate responsibility. Administrations in different organizations should always be keen to ensure that the named issues are always put under the eye . These factors can greatly affect the performance of a business entity as shall be discussed in this document. Comment by debra touhey: Good start, Khalia. The Executive Summary should explain the problems at hand with potential solutions to those problems. Here is a good reference on writing Executive Summaries:
https://www.inc.com/guides/2010/09/how-to-write-an-executive-summary.html
INTRODUCTION
Since time immemorial, business has always been a very important factor in society. To date, business transactions take place daily through the various business entities that have been established. In the modern world, however, various guidelines, strategies, and tools have been established to ensure that business practices go on smoothly (Robert et al., 2004). Comment by debra touhey: A little too informal for graduate writing
One of the practices that have been developed to ensure maximum productivity in the various entities that have been established, is financial management. The financial management function allows for the planning, organizing, monitori.
Intellectual capital: A modern model to measure the value creation in a businessAI Publications
Using a sample of 92 patients, this study looked into the impact of intellectual capital on the efficiency of private hospitals. The researchers used a quantitative approach to assess the effect of Intellectual capital (Human capital, Structural capital, and Relational capital) on long-term competitive advantage in private hospitals in Iraq's Kurdistan region. The research sample was selected using a random sampling method and conducted in various locations across Iraq's Kurdistan province. A total of 110 questionnaires were distributed, but only 92 people correctly completed them. The findings revealed that the most effective relationship with firm success was between human capital as an element of Intellectual capital, while the least effective relationship was between ownership as an element of Intellectual capital. Furthermore, our findings indicate that finance managers should use debts as a last resort in terms of intellectual capital. Finally, our research can be improved by using more controlled variables, a greater sample size, and data from a longer time span in the regression models. Other methods and steps can be used as well.
Earnings Management, the Influence of Size, Indebtedness and Performance The ...ijtsrd
This study attempts to contribute to the research literature in the field of management of earnings results and how it is put into practice by Moroccan listed companies. The main question that the paper attempted to investigate is whether these companies managers use accounting results management in an opportunistic way. The study was conducted on a sample of 54 companies on the Casablanca Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2016.The findings indicate that the guarantee of a stock market valuation to influence investors decisions is not at the heart of results management in Moroccan listed companies. Nevertheless, the importance of the size factor and the satisfaction of the conditions imposed by the creditors to justify the level of the discretionary behavior of the managers in terms of accounting and financial information are noteworthy. Baghar Nezha "Earnings Management, the Influence of Size, Indebtedness and Performance: The Case of Moroccan Listed Companies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21387.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/21387/earnings-management-the-influence-of-size-indebtedness-and-performance-the-case-of-moroccan-listed-companies/baghar-nezha
Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Earnings Management ...ijtsrd
The relationship between corporate social responsibility CSR and earnings management EM is an extensive empirical study. However, the evidence on the nature of the relationship is unclear. A commonly defined reason for divergent and contradictory results is measurement issues. The purpose of this article is to evaluate alternative operation and measurement methods applied to the CSR and EM concepts in the empirical literature on CSR EM relationships. Our systematized appraisal was conducted over the last nine years from 2008 to 2016. This study has come to different observations. First, CSR measurement methods include sustainability indexes, content analyzes and single dimensional measurements, while EM measurement methods include discretionary accruals, discretionary loan loss provisions, real earnings management, abnormal earnings management, earnings persistence and earnings smoothing. In addition to the unique drawbacks of the approach, the subjectivity of the researcher and the selection anomalies that may influence the nature of the CSR EM relationships identified in the empirical literature. Finally, possible ways of overcoming these disadvantages are recommended. Mashiur Rahman | Sarah Chowdhury ""Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Earnings Management: A Systematic Review of Measurement Methods"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29987.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-ethics-and-legal-issues/29987/relationship-between-corporate-social-responsibility-and-earnings-management-a-systematic-review-of-measurement-methods/mashiur-rahman
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11.the reality of the changing process of accounting policies in jordanian touristic companies
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.3, 2012
The reality of the changing process of accounting policies in
Jordanian touristic companies
Dr. Mohammad Nayef Alsarayreh1* Dr. Farouq Ahmad ALazzam2 Muneer Mohamad Falah Jaradat3
Ziad Odeh Ebniah Al amaideh4
1. Educational Science and Social Department, AlBalqa Applied University, Jordan
2. Dean of Aqaba College University, AlBalqa Applied University, Jordan
3. Department of administration and financial sciences, AlBalqa Applied University, Jordan
4. Management and financial science branch, AlBalqa Applied University, Jordan
* E-mail of the corresponding author: mohammad_n_k_s@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study aimed at recognizing the reality of the changing process of accounting polices in Jordanian
touristic companies, the factories affecting it, the parties who takes part in taking the decision of changing,
and if the decision is realistic and objective. This study is an explorative-analytical one, the researcher
analysis 83 forms of the study sample. The main result was that the rules and regulations has no role in
stopping changing the accounting policies. Administrations and different departments don’t participate in
changing the accounting policies, and the new administration makes the change only because it wants to.
These companies make these changing to win borrowers, and there is a clear shortage in the foundation of
the relative importance and lack of understanding qualitative characteristic for the information which leads
to the changing of the accounting policies.
The study strongly recommended organizing the process of the changing accounting polices in Jordanian
touristic companies. Make the administrations and different departments in the foundation participate in the
process of the changing accounting polices. And make use of the experience and capabilities of the outer
parts specially offices of consultancy and auditing. And Jordanian touristic companies should equip it self
with the clear foundation about the relative importance and try to understand the qualitative characteristic
of information. All this with enough coordination with different administration in other Jordanian touristic
companies when there is a change in the accounting polices.
Key Words: tourism sector, accounting polices, touristic companies.
1. Introduction:
Several parts participate in organizing the work foundation and principles that accounting depends on.
There are specialized organization that issues principles foundation and ways to guide or bide with by the
economical project or to choose between the two if there are other choices.
The choice it self depends on the economical polices that the institutions use or follow.
The reason of this study is that there are different replacement for measuring and assessment accounting,
the freedom of management to choose between different policies and ways, the possibilities of changing in
the future to achieve its goals.
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Changing the accounting polices is optional depending on the institution desire, or obligatory when the
authoritative quarter delete a certain replacement or change it.
What matter for this study is the obligatory change, because following a certain accounting polices doesn't
mean to abide by it for ever without changing but it could be changed by the institution when ever it choose
to do that- if the change was not obligatory. There are different motivation for the institution to change, it
could be related to investment, financing or to improve the image of the management or other motives.
The touristic sector which provide different services needs accounting polices that helps it to fill full its
financial and accounting obligations to improve its performance during the successive periods, so the
administration chooses between the available replacements keeping in mind that it is suitable to this sector,
the competition it encounter and the difference in the nature of the product form other sectors which
achieve the goals of the administration form these replacements.
2. The previous studies
2.1 Smith and Malkon study (2001)The aimed to test the use of the income increasing form the industrial
companies, the study concluded that the companies which faces a financial crises without any possibility
of collapsing soon, tends to increase the declared income by changing its accounting policies.
And the companies which faces a financial crises with a possibility of collapsing soon, tends not to
increase the income.
2.2 Al Moumany and Al Hummood study (2000)The study aimed to determine the percentage of the
actual declared indicator for the Jordanian industrial joint stock companies, the study concluded that the
total declared percentage for the companies is between 53.5%-78.7%. and the average declared
percentage reached 63.0% .
2.3 Al Da'woor and Al 'Abed study (2009):The study aimed to measure the effect of adopting gain
management by the strategic management on issuing stocks in traded shares in Palestinian market for
securities. The study concluded that the adoption of the unit economical management to the gain
administration has an effect on the prices of shares traded in the Palestinian market for securities.
Because there is a relation between the net profit of the economical unit which refers to the right of
ownership and issuing the traded shares in the traded shares market in this market. And it also concluded
that the economical unites may turn to profit administration strategy by following polices that have an
effect on the stability of income for the sake of the administration, for taxation profits impulses and for
avoiding the political costs and the costs of debt contracts . The study recommended issuing new rules to
allow entering new financial tools to the market which was not there before.
2.4 Alfadel study (2006) The study aimed to recognize the effect of the environment factors that
distinguish the thoughts, behavior, trends and culture of a certain community form other community with
the differences of the management impulses in choosing accounting polices. The study concluded that it’s
not necessary that an explanation and illustration of phenomena in a certain community apply to other
communities. The economical hidden motives after choosing the accounting polices in all the
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administrations of the public joint stock companies in Jordan is not the same in the developed or
developing countries.
The study recommended to follow the phenomena of profit management and observe it then mange it
again in a consultation way not in using economical information way. It also recommended to choose the
effect of the other changes in choosing the accounting polices like the effect of density of capitalism and
the sort of the sector.
2.5 Al-Abdallat study ( 2002) The study aimed to show the relationship between the accounting polices
and its effect on the accounting standards, especially in Iraq. The study concluded that accounting study
is not abstract and there is a strong relationship between economy and politics in on side and economy
and accounting on the other side, and between accounting an politics in the third side. And these
overlapping relations have an effect and mutual reflections, and have an effect on the formation of
accounting and its application and practice of standards and accounting polices.
The study recommended that the politicians and responsible people in the country should make a
harmony between economical social and cultural needs to make it possible to subdual the international
environment and its positives.
2.6 Seeam (2005)The study aimed to deal with the idea of making the accounting standard international
and the reasons that leads to the existence of an international accounting standard, have a look to the
institution which work in making accounting standard whether on a regional or international level,
recognize the degree of the support form the people in charge of accounting profession and the positives
that could be achieved from abiding to the international accounting standard in Jordan because this have
a lot of positives. And it also concluded that there are hindered that limits abiding by it like differences in
economical, social, cultural and civilized circumstance and the variation in the concepts , behaviors and
the governing values. The study recommended the enhancement of the abilities, skills and qualification
of the workers in the accounting divisions and the financial department in the companies in order to
compete internationally.
3. Problem of the Study
Accounting polices are subjected to change in the institution all the time or rarely, and the degree of
change differs according to some specifications like the nature of the sector, economical factors, human
cadres, administration, rules and regulation in the country of origin which may tends to keep a certain
relative level of stability in the polices. The Jordanian touristic companies like other institutions which
seek to change its accounting polices for specific reasons and in away to serve its trends, so does this
change come in a studies or random way. And what is the role of the rules and regulation in stopping this
process. And what is the role of economical factors, human cadres, and the intellectual frame work in this.
4. Objectives of the Study
This study aims to demonstrate the reality of changing the accounting polices in the Jordanian touristic
companies in Amman wherefrom the role of the rules and regulation in it, how much does the different
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parts participate in the changing decision, if this decision have a realistic and objective reasons, if there is
an economical and human forces for the change and the effect of the intellectual framework in this
decision.
5. The importance of the study
The touristic companies are considered to be an important element in the component of the Jordanian
economic it is a supporter to the treasury, contributor in securing work opportunities, and attract tourism
and inventors. So it is important to maintain the safety of this sector in all areas including the accounting
trend. And one of the most important things which needs to be studied in this framework is the changing of
the accounting polices, which may affect
6. The question of the study:
6.1 The first question:
Does the rules and regulations hinders the process of changing the accounting polices in the touristic
companies in Jordan?
6.2 The second question:
What are the parts in the changing the accounting polices in the touristic companies in Jordan?
6.3 The third question:
Does the decision of changing the accounting polices in the touristic companies in Jordan taken randomly?
6.4 The fourth question:
Is there an economical force for the changing in of accounting polices in the touristic companies in Jordan?
6.5 The fifth question
Does the intellectual framework have any effect on changing the accounting polices in the touristic
companies in Jordan?
6.6 The sixth question:
Does the human cadre have any role in changing the accounting polices in the touristic companies in
Jordan?
7. Methodology of the study
The study is an explanatory analytic one where it collects and analyzes data to achieve the results related to
the study dimension.
8. Population and Sample of the Study:
The population is composed of the touristic companies in Jordan; the sample of the study was optimized to
include only 25% of these companies
9. Tools of the study:
The primary tool of the study was the questionnaire which was designed to measure the reality of the
touristic companies in the population of the study. 108 questionnaire were distributed to the specialists and
the people acquainted with political accounting,
83 acceptable samples have been returned. The method of the questionnaire was based on closed
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Vol 4, No.3, 2012
questions, were the available answers are (agree strongly, agree, unbiased, disagree, disagree strongly) in
order. And the answers were considered (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) in degrees in order.
10. The statistical methods used:
The statistical measures have been calculated are: arithmetic mean, t-test, Cronbach's alpha, standard
deviation, According to the hypotheses or items, the standard to accept the question or the paragraph was
the arithmetic mean should be greater than 3, 00, and to be significant, the t value should be greater than the
tabulated value and the observed significance level should be less than 0.05.
11. Stability of Instrument
To test the stability of instrument the researcher applied Cronbach's Alpha coefficient Tests. Table 1
shows the results of this test as follows:
1. Alpha value for legislative dimension items was 0.73
2. Alpha value for people participation dimension items was 0.67
3. Alpha value for objectives and real excuse dimension items was 0.82
4. Alpha value for economical dimension items was 0.78
5. Alpha value for intellectual framework dimension items was 0.71
6. Alpha value for human cadre dimension items was 0.77
7. Alpha value for all combined items was 0.80
Therefore the instrument was stable since all values were >0.60
12. Validity of Instrument
The validity of instrument was verified through 2 ways
1. It was presented to different arbitrators to make sure that the entire item included in the
instrument serve each dimension of the instrument. In the light of the arbitrators
comments some sentences were alternated to make its composing and relation to the
dimension it follows more clearly.
2. The validity of the instrument was also verified by using the Factorial Analysis to check the
connection between the sentences and the dimension it’s related to.
Table 1 shows the results of this analysis, where the saturation of all the items for each dimension
were high, and >0.30 which is acceptable, this means that each item is related to the dimension it
belongs to.
13. Description of Personal and Job Characteristics of Respondents
Table 2 shows a description of the personal and job factors of sample respondents as follows:
• Major: 38.55% of the sample were accounting major, 18.08 were Administration major,
10.84% were Economic major, 8.43% were Touristic Administration major, 7.23% were
Financial major, 6.02% were Touristic major, 4.83% were Touristic Marketing major,
2.41% were English major, 3.61% were other majors.
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• Educational level: 80.72% are Bachelor, 9.65% master, 6.02% Diploma, 3.61% high
school.
• Years of experience: 40.96% between 10-6 years, 27.71% between 11-15 years, 21.69%
are 15+, 9.64% between 1-5 years.
• Job level: the table shows that 37.35% are employees, 27.71% are head of a division
20.48% vice manager, 14.46% managers.
14. Answering the question of the study:
14.1 The first question:
Does the rules and regulations hinder the process of changing the accounting polices in the touristic
companies in Jordan?
Table 3 shows that item 1 and 2 have a arithmetic means less than 3.00 which means that the rules and
regulations have no role in hindering the process of changing the accounting polices are not statistically
significant, so Whereas item 3 has an arithmetic means greater than 3.00 and observed significance levels
less than 0.05, which means that they are statistically significant, so the economical standards applied in
Jordan doesn't need a constant change in the accounting polices.
14.2 The second question:
What are the parts in the changing the accounting polices in the touristic companies in Jordan?
Table 4 shows that item 4 and 5 have a arithmetic means greater than 3.00 and observed significance levels
less than 0.05 which means that the higher administration and accountants have a role in the decision of
changing the accounting polices are statistically significant.
item 6 and 7 have a arithmetic means less than 3.00 which means that the administration and other
division in the institution doesn't participate in the process of taking a decision for changing the accounting
policies, or even benefit form the experience, and the qualification of any other outside parts are not
statistically significant
14.3 The third question:
Does the decision of changing the accounting polices in the touristic companies in Jordan taken based on
objective and realistic justifications.
Table 5 shows that item 9 and 10 have a arithmetic means greater than 3.00 and observed significance
levels less than 0.05 which means that we understand that the changing the accounting polices doesn't
happen randomly according to time and the articles of financial lists are statistically significant
Item 8 have a arithmetic means greater than 3.00 but the observed significance levels was less than 0.05
which means that the changing of the accounting polices isn't based on a well studied bases.
Item 11 have a arithmetic means less than 3.00, which means that the new administration change the
accounting polices for the sake of change only are not statistically significant,
14.4 The fourth question:
Is there an economical forces for the changing of the accounting polices in the touristic companies in
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Vol 4, No.3, 2012
Jordan.
Table 6 shows that expect item 14 all the other items have a arithmetic means less than 3.00 which means
that they are not statistically significant.
Item 14 have arithmetic means greater 3.00 and observed significance level less than 0.05 which means that
touristic companies do change their accounting polices in order to attract borrowers.
14.5 The fifth question
Does the intellectual framework have any effect on changing the accounting polices in the touristic
companies in Jordan?
Table 7 shows that item 19 and 20 have a arithmetic means greater than 3.00 and observed significance
levels less than 0.05 which means that lack of a clear foundation for the relative importance leads to the
changing the accounting polices, and the misunderstanding of the quality characteristics of the information
leads to the changing of the accounting polices are statistically significant.
Item 18 have a arithmetic means less than 3.00 which means that the rule of being cautious and careful
doesn't lead to changing the accounting policies so it’s not statistically significant.
14.6 The sixth question:
Does the human cadres make the change in the accounting polices in the touristic companies in Jordan
efficiently.
Table 8 shows that expect item 24 all the other items have a arithmetic means greater than 3.00 and
observed significance level less than 0.05 which means that they are statistically significant.
Item 24 have arithmetic means less than 3.00 which means that they are statistically significant and this
shows that touristic companies do change their accounting polices in order to attract borrowers.
15. Results and Recommendations
15.1 Results
The study concluded that:
1. The rules and regulation has no role in changing the accounting polices
2. The accounting standard in applied in Jordan doesn't need a constant change in the accounting
polices
3. The higher administration and the accountant participate in the decision of changing the
accounting polices. Where as the other administrations and divisions in the institution
doesn't participate in the decision of changing the accounting polices, and there is no use of
the qualifications and experience of outsider parts
4. The accounting polices doesn't change randomly nor for the time neither for the items of the
financial lists
5. The changing of the accounting polices is not based on a studied bases
6. New administration make a change in the accounting polices for the sake of change only
7. The nature of the touristic sector and the fierceness of competition it faces doesn't encourage
the changing of the accounting polices, and Jordanian touristic companies doesn't change for
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Vol 4, No.3, 2012
the sake of bringing investment or trying to reduce taxes, nor getting an outsider help. But it
turns to changing to allure borrowers
8. The lack of a clear foundation for the relative importance and misunderstanding of the quality
characteristics of the information leads to the changing of the accounting polices. whereas rule
of being cautious and careful doesn't lead to that
15.2 Recommendations
The study recommends the followings:
1. The specialized authorities should organize the process of changing the accounting
polices in the touristic companies in Jordan
2. The touristic companies in Jordan should try to make the administrations and divisions in
the institution participate in the decision of changing the accounting polices. And make
use of the qualifications and experience of outsider parts
3. The touristic companies should try to build the samples of the decision of changing the
accounting polices on a studied and objective bases
4. The touristic companies should try to have a clear basics related to the relative
importance, and try to understand the quality qualifications of the information.
5. Administrations in the Jordanian touristic companies should have enough coordination
between them when changing the accounting polices
6. Make studies to build decision samples for the touristic companies, its goal is to
overcome the point of weakness which this study has concluded.
References:
Abu-Hassan, A. (1979), “Studies in the theory of systems and accounting”, University House
Publications, Alexandria
Abdullah, R., Aljajawi, T. (2002),” Philosophical perspective of the relationship between the
accounting policies and their impact on accounting standards: the case of Iraq”, Arab Journal of
Accounting, 1(1), 79-118
Alakeca, T. (2009), ” After the application of accounting standards medicines in Jordanian companies
to attract foreign direct investment “, Arab Journal of Management, 29(2), 165-191
Abu Talib, Y. (2006), “International Financial Reporting Standards and the theory of accounting and
according to the latest amendments in the international accounting standards”, Arab Republic of Egypt,
NASA Printing Company, Egypt
Adhikari, A., Derashid, C., Zhang, H. (2005), “Earnings Management to Influence Tax Policy:
Evidence from Large Malaysian Firms”, Journal of International Financial Management &
Accounting 16 (2), 142–163
Atkinson, A. (2001), “Management accounting”, 3ed Edition, prentice – hall, international Inc
AL Fadl, M. (2006),” The determinants of administrative behavior in a test of accounting policies in
the light of the theory of positive "test study in public shareholding companies in Jordan" “, the journal
of public administration, 46(1),51-100
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Daour, J., Abed, M. (2009),” Following the accounting policies for the management of the gains on the
prices of economic units traded on the Palestine Securities Exchange”. Journal of the Islamic
University in Gaza: a series of Human Studies, 17(1), 809-845
Dahmash, N. (1995),”As a system of accounting information for decision makers”, Journal of the
auditor, (27), Jordan, Association of Certified Public Accountants Jordanians
Dish, F. “The accounting principles and auditing theory”, founder of Youth League, Alexandria
Fitzsimons, H., Andrian, T. (2002), “SEC Addresses Pro From Financial Accounting Policy and
Disclosures”, Bank Accounting & Financial 15 (3), 42 – 50
Mohammed, M. (2000), “Studies in the theory of accounting: accounting standards and the problems
of the Egyptian auditing”, University House, Alexandria
Smith, H., Malkom, R, D. (2001),” Economic Recession Corporate Distress and Income Increasing
Accounting policy Choice”, Accounting Forum, l5(4),55- 62
Table 1. The saturation of the paragraphs and results of Cronbach's alpha Test
Item/ dimension saturation Cronbach's Item/ saturation Cronbach's alpha
alpha dimension
legislative 0.73 12 0.38
1 0.37 13 0.85
2 0.61 14 0.80
3 0.45 15 0.73
for people 0.67 16 0.32
participation
4 0.49 17 0.47
5 0.52 intellectual 0.71
framework
6 0.78 18 0.67
7 0.73 19 0.72
objectives and 0.82 20 0.39
real excuse
8 0.57 Human cadre 0.77
9 0.84 21 0.59
10 0.43 22 0.65
11 0.36 23 0.74
24 0.77
Total 0.80
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Table 2. Frequencies and percentages for the personal variables of the respondents
Factor Repetition Percentage
Major Administration 15 18.08
Financing 6 7.23
Accounting 32 38.55
Economic 9 10.84
Touristic management 7 8.43
Tourism 5 6.02
Touristic marketing 4 4.83
English 2 2.41
others 3 3.61
Educational level Secondary 3 3.61
Diploma 5 6.02
Bachelor 67 80.72
Masters 8 9.65
Years of experience 1-5 8 9.64
10-6 34 40.96
15-11 23 27.71
15+ 18 21.69
Job level Manager 12 14.46
Vice manager 17 20.48
Head of a division 23 27.71
employee 31 37.35
Table 3. Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, t value, and observed significance level of legislation
Item Item Arithmetic standard t value observed
No. mean deviations significance level
1 Jordanian rules limits 2.73 1.34 -1.18 0.07
accounting polices
2 The applied regulations 2.96 1.76 -0.19 0.85
limits the freedom of
changing accounting
polices
3 Accounting standards 3.05 1.75 0.25 0.80
enforced in Jordan doesn't
need a constant change in
the accounting polices
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Table 4, Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, t value, and observed significance level of related to the
participation of different parts
Item Item Arithmetic standard t value observed
No. mean deviations significance level
4 The higher administration 4.34 0.98 12.5 0.00
participate in the decision
of changing accounting
policies
5 Accountant participate in 3.70 1.21 5.27 0.00
the decision of changing
accounting policies
6 the administration and 2.29 1.44 -4.48 0.00
other division in the
institution participate in
the decision of changing
accounting policies
7 A counseling to other 2.78 1.66 -1.19 0.24
outside parties is taken
about the decision of
changing accounting
policies
Table 5. Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, t value, and observed significance level of related to
objective and realistic justifications
Item Item Arithmetic standard t value observed
No. mean deviations significance level
8 Changing the accounting 3.27 1.62 1.49 0.14
polices based on studied
bases
9 the changing of accounting 4.58 0.52 27.61 0.00
polices doesn't happen
randomly according to
time
10 the changing of accounting 4.43 0.65 20.71 0.00
polices doesn't happen
randomly according to
articles of financial lists.
11 the new administration 2.52 1.16 -3.78 0.00
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doesn't change the
accounting polices for the
sake of change only.
Table 6. Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, t value, and observed significance level of related to
economical motive
Item Item Arithmetic standard t value observed
No. mean deviations significance level
12 The nature of the touristic 2.96 1.72 -0.19 0.85
sector encourage the
changing of accounting
polices
13 The intense of competition 2.46 1.95 -2.53 0.01
in the touristic sector urge
the administration to make
changes in accounting
polices
14 touristic companies do 3.73 1.27 5.27 0.00
change their accounting
polices in order to attract
borrowers.
15 Touristic companies 2.71 1.55 -1.70 0.09
change their accounting
polices in order to attract
investment
16 Touristic companies 2.51 1.76 -2.55 0.01
change their accounting
polices in order to reduce
taxes
17 Touristic companies 2.20 1.63 -4.45 0.00
change their accounting
polices in order to gain
outside contributions
102
13. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.3, 2012
Table 7. Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, t value, and observed significance level of related to
intellectual framework
Item Item Arithmetic standard t value observed
No. mean deviations significance level
18 being cautious and careful 2.25 1.85 -3.69 0.00
lead to changing the
accounting policies
19 lack of a clear foundation 3.83 1.23 6.17 0.00
for the relative importance
leads to the changing the
accounting polices
20 misunderstanding of the 3.90 1.20 6.89 0.00
quality characteristics of
the information leads to the
changing of the accounting
polices
103
14. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.3, 2012
Table 8. Arithmetic mean, standard deviations, t value, and observed significance level of related human
cadres
Item Item Arithmetic standard t value observed
No. mean deviations significance level
21 There are highly qualified 4.17 1.14 9.38 0.00
professional people who
are able to prepare the
financial lists in the
touristic companies and
make changes in the
accounting polices
22 There are highly qualified 4.23 1.03 10.89 0.00
academic people who are
able to prepare the
financial lists in the
touristic companies and
make changes in the
accounting polices
23 In the touristic companies 4.11 0.88 11.43 0.00
there financial employees
with a sprit of a collective
participation which
contribute in the changing
of the accounting polices
24 There are a coordination 2.18 1.37 -5.44 0.00
between the different
administrations when
changing the accounting
polices
104
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