This document summarizes key aspects of copyright protection under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). It discusses how TRIPS established international minimum standards for copyright protection and enforcement. It notes that TRIPS incorporated substantive provisions of the Berne Convention and requires national treatment and most favored nation status for copyrighted works. However, it also identifies some issues not addressed by TRIPS, such as the exclusion of moral rights and lack of definition for what constitutes copyright infringement.
Convention On International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), 1944.
The Convention on Offences and Certain Other AcCommitted On Board Aircraft (commonly called the Tokyo Convention), 1963.
Safeguarding International civil aviation against acts of unlawful interferenceMomina Riaz
A concise presentation on ICAO Annex 17, which focuses on the safety and security of civil aviation authority. Detail about the safety and recommended practices of the regulatory bodies of the aviation sector. The civil aviation conventions that make certain rules and guidelines to implement aviation security
Conference "The Citizen in European Private Law: Norm-Setting, Enforcement and Choice", Maastricht University, Faculty of Law, 18 October 2013.
Presentation Veerle Van Den Eeckhout "Choice and regulatory competition - Rules on choice of law and forum"
2. Theories As To Air Space Air Space Is Entirely Free And Open To All
Lower Zone Of Territorial Space Belongs To The Subjacent State While Higher Zone Of Air Space Is Fre
Air Space- An Unlimited Height Lies Within The Domain Of The Subjacent State
Air Space Within Sovereignty Of The Subjacent State Subject To Servitude Of Innocent Passage For Foreign Civil Aircraft But Not Military Aircraft
3. AIR LAW- AERIAL NAVIGATION-AIRCRAFT HIJACKING distinction
4.the right to fly over a foreign country without landing
the right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign country without embarking or disembarking passengers or cargo
5. the the right to fly from one's own country to another and from another country to own country
the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country
the right to fly inside a foreign country, with and without continuing to one's own country
right to fly from one's own country to another and from another country to own country
the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country
the right to fly inside a foreign country, with and without continuing to one's own country
6. The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel
The Convention also exempts commercial air fuels from tax.
on April 4, 1947 ICAO came into being. In October of the same year, ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
7. As of 2013, the Chicago Convention has 191 state parties, which includes all member states of the United Nations—except Dominica, Liechtenstein, and Tuvalu—plus the Cook Islands
The Instrumentalisation of Private International Law. A Regulatory Role for P...Veerle Van Den Eeckhout
Presentation "The Instrumentalisation of Private International Law. A Regulatory Role for Private International Law!? Private International Law and 'Social Justice'"
(Presentation Max Planck Institute Hamburg September 2019; presented previously - February 2019 - at Max Planck Institute Luxembourg)
Convention On International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), 1944.
The Convention on Offences and Certain Other AcCommitted On Board Aircraft (commonly called the Tokyo Convention), 1963.
Safeguarding International civil aviation against acts of unlawful interferenceMomina Riaz
A concise presentation on ICAO Annex 17, which focuses on the safety and security of civil aviation authority. Detail about the safety and recommended practices of the regulatory bodies of the aviation sector. The civil aviation conventions that make certain rules and guidelines to implement aviation security
Conference "The Citizen in European Private Law: Norm-Setting, Enforcement and Choice", Maastricht University, Faculty of Law, 18 October 2013.
Presentation Veerle Van Den Eeckhout "Choice and regulatory competition - Rules on choice of law and forum"
2. Theories As To Air Space Air Space Is Entirely Free And Open To All
Lower Zone Of Territorial Space Belongs To The Subjacent State While Higher Zone Of Air Space Is Fre
Air Space- An Unlimited Height Lies Within The Domain Of The Subjacent State
Air Space Within Sovereignty Of The Subjacent State Subject To Servitude Of Innocent Passage For Foreign Civil Aircraft But Not Military Aircraft
3. AIR LAW- AERIAL NAVIGATION-AIRCRAFT HIJACKING distinction
4.the right to fly over a foreign country without landing
the right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign country without embarking or disembarking passengers or cargo
5. the the right to fly from one's own country to another and from another country to own country
the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country
the right to fly inside a foreign country, with and without continuing to one's own country
right to fly from one's own country to another and from another country to own country
the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country
the right to fly inside a foreign country, with and without continuing to one's own country
6. The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel
The Convention also exempts commercial air fuels from tax.
on April 4, 1947 ICAO came into being. In October of the same year, ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
7. As of 2013, the Chicago Convention has 191 state parties, which includes all member states of the United Nations—except Dominica, Liechtenstein, and Tuvalu—plus the Cook Islands
The Instrumentalisation of Private International Law. A Regulatory Role for P...Veerle Van Den Eeckhout
Presentation "The Instrumentalisation of Private International Law. A Regulatory Role for Private International Law!? Private International Law and 'Social Justice'"
(Presentation Max Planck Institute Hamburg September 2019; presented previously - February 2019 - at Max Planck Institute Luxembourg)
Des achats beauté ratés, cela vous est déjà arrivé...
Le truc, c'est que chacune a bien quelques pépites planquées dans sa trousse de makeup ou dans son vanity de voyage.
1er site de recommandation beauté, Mon Vanity Idéal vous permet de trouver le produit qui vous correspond recommandé par la communauté des Vanities !
Intellectual Property Rights Notes for B.Sc. & M.Sc. StudentsPradipta Banerjee
GATT, WTO, WIPO, TRIPS, BERNE convention, Madrid Protocol, Budapest Treaty, Copyright, Trademark and its types, Service mark, GI, Industrial design, Integrated circuits
TREATIES ON IPR PROTECTION
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (1891).
The paris Convention
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (2012)
Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (1974)
Marrakesh Treaty (2013)
Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol (1981)
Patent Law Treaty (PLT) (2000)
Phonogram convention (1971)
Strong Copyright vs Open Source, Open Access, Open Data: the role of Free Tra...Roberto Caso
Strong Copyright vs Open Source, Open Access, Open Data: the role of Free Trade Agreements
Roberto Caso and Paolo Guarda
University of Trento – Faculty of Law – LawTech Group - Italy
This presentation aims to map the impact of copyrigt law on the circulation of information and technological development within some selected examples of free trade agreements in force or under negotiation.
Excessively restrictive rules – the Western “high livel of protection” approach”- in this context may threaten policies to foster innovation and technological development.
Open models (as Open Source software, Open Access to scientific publications, Open Research Data etc.), indeed, foster trade in high tech products and services, by stimualting free flow of ideas and knowledge across borders, progress of knowledge, innovation and business development around the several countries involved. The open logic promote virtuous circles of production of new knowledge and business models more profiled on new technological scenarios.
Assuming that intellectual property policy should play a pivotal role in trade agreements, then the open logic rules should be a natural fit for inclusion amongst this kind of international regulation.
So we argue in favour of a more balanced approach to copyright law in FTAs context.
IPR: Definition, Importance, and Origin
Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): objective, features, and agreement.
Common types of IPR: patent, trademark, tradesecret,copyright, design registration, a geographical indication.
Copyright is a form of IPR which is Intellectual Property Rights, applicable to certain forms of creative work. A copyright gives the creator of original works exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or works
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. International Journal Of Intellectual Property Rights (IJIPR), ISSN 0976-6529 (Print),
ISSN 0976-6537 (Online), Volume 4, Issue 1, January – December (2013)
During the Uruguay round negotiations, it was recognized that the existing
international conventions (Berne, UCC, Rome, Phonograms) required their member states to
provide certain rights, but these conventions did not contain any provisions obliging members
to introduce specific enforcement measures, or to assist in resolution of disputes which arose
as to the application of the convention’s. Further, these conventions did not specifically deal
with the new technical developments in relations to the making and use of computer program,
databases and satellite transmission.
Countries which were the major suppliers of material covered by copyright and
related rights saw the effects of these new developments as detrimental to their interests,
particularly in the context of trading relations, since in many countries these rights represent
an important part of the gross domestic product, and are important in relation to exports. To
overcome these hurdles an important initiative was taken at international level in the form of
an agreement on Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS). The TRIPS
establishes international minimum standards for intellectual property protection both in its
substantive and enforcement measures. The TRIPS provides extremely important linkage
between intellectual property rights protection and the trade portions of the Uruguay round
agreements (establishing the world trade organization) in the copyright area. The TRIPS sets
forth the so called “Berne- Plus” minima for substantive protection. A key feature of TRIPS
is the obligation it places on WTO members to adequately and effectively enforce intellectual
property rights, including copyright ( Section III of TRIPS , Articles 41-61). While previous
international agreement on harmonizing standards for Copyright protection contained
provisions on enforcement, it is the strength of the dispute settlement mechanism under the
WTO that sets TRIPS apart.
2.
AGREEMENT ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS ON INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS, 1995
The Berne convention for the protection of the Literary and Artistic works, as revised
upto 1971, provided the highest level of international legal protection for copyright, prior to
TRIPS. However, there was a feeling that the Berne convention and subsequent treaties
lacked sufficient enforcement mechanisms or teeth and it was this need which was addressed
by WTO by finalizing the TRIPS agreement in 1995, which had binding standards and
dispute resolution procedures. As a consequence of TRIPS, the WTO members had to update
municipal laws to give effect to its international commitments under TRIPS.
The agreement on TRIPS took birth when WTO came alive after a decade of conferences
and meetings that took place between 1986-1994. It was as a result of the failure of the states
to establish new intellectual property standards in the GATT (General Agreement in Tariffs
and Trade), that a regime with enforcement mechanism and dispute settlement body was
required. An Agreement between WIPO and WTO, concluded in December 1995, and
entered into force on Jan 1st, 1996, which provided for the co-operation in the implementation
of the TRIPS agreement including technical assistance.
The TRIPS agreement is by far, the most comprehensive treaty of the protection of
intellectual property rights and covers copyright and neighboring rights. Copyright related
provisions are contained in section I of Part II of the TRIPS. The agreement is a minimum
rights agreement that leaves a fair amount of leeway to member countries to implement its
provisions with their own legal system and practice and fine tune the balance in the light of
domestic public policy considerations. It Incorporates the substantive provisions of the Berne
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3. International Journal Of Intellectual Property Rights (IJIPR), ISSN 0976-6529 (Print),
ISSN 0976-6537 (Online), Volume 4, Issue 1, January – December (2013)
Convention (Except Article 6 bis on moral rights). Further, unlike Berne under TRIPS author
includes both natural and legal persons.
The TRIPS agreement bears great significance protection of copyright and related
rights and incorporates all the provisions of the Berne convention with the exception of moral
rights clause by reference and makes all the provision of the Berne Convention binding upon
its members. The agreement is also set to promote “Berne- Plus” standards as it goes beyond
the protection afforded by the Berne convention.
3. NATIONAL TREATMENT
The agreement envisages the principle of National Treatment which means that
foreign states shall provide the same protections as they accord to their own national.
However, if the term of copyright protection in two countries varies in duration ( seventy v.
fifty years the latter being a minimum standard under Article 12, TRIPS agreement), the
principle of national treatment generally would not allow the country with the longer term to
accord only the shorter term to the other nationals.
The position was different under the Berne convention. The Berne convention,
accords the national treatment to foreign works to be governed by the legislation of the
country where protection is claimed, however, unless the legislation of that country otherwise
provides, the term shall not exceed the term of the country of the origin of the work. Under
this rule of national treatment a Berne member faced with an author of work protected by
another member that has a shorter term of protection in its copyright law (but the minimum
required under Berne), would have to apply the shorter of the two terms to such works,
however, it cannot be shortest than the global minimum 50 years of copyright protection
P.m.a (after the death of the author). This is known as the rule of shorter term, however, the
application of this rule is not mandatory and any country may “provide otherwise” in its
legislation by way of introducing an explicit exception in the domestic copyright law.
However, the TRIPS Agreement accords the same treatment to foreign works falling
under the same class of works as provided by the national laws. The common denominator of
fifty years p.m.a is their indeed, however if the copyright protection in the country Z in
conferred for fifty years and copyright protection in country Y is accorded for seventy years,
country Z shall provide protection to works of country Y for a term of fifty years only,
whereas the same work of country Z shall be protected for Seventy years in country Y.
4. MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT
TRIPS Agreement also accords the principle of the most favoured national (MFN)
treatment, by virtue of which all foreign right holders shall be treated at par and there would
not be any discrimination between any foreign national copyright holders, all being entitled to
equal treatment. It is a rule to prevent discrimination between foreigners so as to prohibit a
favorable treatment to IP owners of one country as against exceptions the rest of the world.
This provision has been rightly incorporated in Article 4 of TRIPS because it would help to
harmonize the copyright law at international level. There are, however, four exceptions to the
principle. These exceptions are set out in Article 4 (a)-(d).
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4. International Journal Of Intellectual Property Rights (IJIPR), ISSN 0976-6529 (Print),
ISSN 0976-6537 (Online), Volume 4, Issue 1, January – December (2013)
5. COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS UNDER TRIPS
The provisions regarding Copyright and related rights are contained in section I of
part II of TRIPS ( Article 9-14) as far as Copyright and related rights are concerned, there are
four categories of beneficiaries of protection. These are
a) Authors of literary and artistic works ( within the meaning of the Berne convention)
b) Performers
c) Producers of Phonograms and
d) Broadcasting organizations
None of these categories of beneficiaries are defined in the agreement, but it thought that,
on the one hand, “authors” is to be understood by reference to the terminology of the Berne
convention, and “performers”, “producers of the phonogram” and “broadcasting
organization” by reference to the terminology of the Rome Convention.
5.1 Exclusive right- The control mechanism of copyright
Article 13 of the TRIPS agreement provides that members shall confine limitations or
exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict within normal
exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the
right holder. On perusal of the said provision, it becomes evident that TRIPS Agreement
permits unauthorized reproduction of copyright works in certain special cases and goes on
to incorporate in a boarder sense, what is referred as the” three step test” which finds its
genesis in the very first multilateral treaty on the subject of the copyright that is the Berne
Convention. However, Article 13 of the TRIPS agreement is boarder in its scope and
application vis-à-vis Article 9.2 of the Berne convention which only deals with the right of
reproduction. The former addresses limitations or exception to any of the exclusive rights
subject to the meeting conditions prescribed there in as differentiated from the lateral which
concerns a limit itself to just one of the exclusive rights that a holder of a copyright enjoys
that is the right of reproduction.
Secondly, where as the Berne convention only referred to the “Author” the TRIPS
agreement uses the word “the right holder” which includes not only the author but other as
well whose labour though not necessarily in the intellectual sense to bring out the work for
instance, the publishers or authorized licensees.
6. SUBJECT MATTER OF PROTECTION
As regards Copyright and related rights under the agreement, the subject matters of
protection are:
a) Literacy and artistic works (in the sense of this term as used in the Berne convention,
including reference to computer programs and compilations of data or other
materials).
b) Performances
c) Phonograms and
d) Broadcasts
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5. International Journal Of Intellectual Property Rights (IJIPR), ISSN 0976-6529 (Print),
ISSN 0976-6537 (Online), Volume 4, Issue 1, January – December (2013)
7. THE ENFORCEMNT PROVISION OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
The distinguishing feature of the TRIPS agreement which have not been present in
previous IP treaties is that it has an enforcement mechanism to make sure that member state
are honoring their treaty obligations and contains an inbuilt dispute settlement mechanism.
Part III of the TRIPS Agreement (Article 41-61 of TRIPS) provides the basis under the WTO
regime for determining whether individual countries are adequately able to fight Copyright
piracy within and at their borders. These provisions obliges the WTO member countries to
provide enforcement procedure, including civil or administrative remedies as well as criminal
penalties that permit effective action against any act of Copyright infringement (including
acts of Copyright infringement that occur in the online environment) and that constitutes a
deterrent to further infringements. In addition, enforcement provisions on Copyright, crime,
custom, tax and communications must effectively reduce high levels of commercial
Copyright piracy both domestically and at the borders of the all WTO member countries.
8. PROBLEMS AND CONCERS OF COPYRIGHT UNDER TRIPS
The coming into being of TRIPS agreement at international level ushered a new era in
the world intellectual property rights. This agreement was formulated after decades of
deliberation. But this agreement did not fulfill the demands of the developing and least
developed countries. It is one of the most controversial international intellectual property
agreements that have entered into force. Its negotiations were highly contentious, and the
perspectives of developed and less developed countries on the role of intellectual property
protection and enforcement remains far apart.
Further, exclusion of the Moral rights from this agreement came as a rude shock to the
creative community all over the world. This exclusion created uproar in the world and it gave
rise to vital concerns and debates as to the assertion of such rights of the creator which are so
intrinsically associated with the work. Moreover the Moral right in a Copyright is the only
“exclusive right” which is exclusive to the creator of the work in the sense that it cannot be
transferred or conferred upon another as distinguished from other rights in the bundle of
rights which copyright confers which though or of “exclusive nature” yet can be assigned or
licensed. That Moral right has been excluded at the insistence of US shows the hegemony of
the most powerful states of the world. By excluding these rights from the agreement we can
say that TRIPS has committed “Moral Rites of Moral Rights.”
Further TRIPS does not contains specific provisions regarding assignment or
licensing of Copyright or related rights, the argument advanced is that such provisions will
adversely affect the trade and may impede the transfer and dissemination of technology. The
agreement contains extensive provisions regarding procedure and remedies in the case of
infringement but the agreement is silent about what constitutes infringement. Further, the
TRIPS agreement has not made any fundamental change in the already existent conventions
in the field while dealing with the properly related rights that is the rights of performers,
producers of the phonograms and broadcasting organizations. This agreement has extending
the scope of the rights already available and covers the areas which were not covered under
the Rome convention.
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6. International Journal Of Intellectual Property Rights (IJIPR), ISSN 0976-6529 (Print),
ISSN 0976-6537 (Online), Volume 4, Issue 1, January – December (2013)
9. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
The Previous Convention’s before TRIPS does not contain any enforcement measures
or assistance in settlement of disputes which arose as to the application of these conventions
related to Copyright. Moreover these conventions did not deal with newer technologies.
Therefore, an important initiative at International level was taken in the form of TRIPS
agreement, which established minimum standards for intellectual property protection both in
its substantive and enforcement mechanism.
TRIPS now sets Forth the so called “Berne –Plus” minima for substantive protection.
But the TRIPS agreement related to Copyright does not cover certain areas which are
necessary in the context of fulfilling the demands of developing and least developed
countries. According following recommendations are suggested:1) Like Economic rights, Moral right should also be incorporated into the TRIPS, which
will grant an exclusive right to the creator of the work in the sense that it can be
transferred or conferred upon another.
2) Provisions relating to assignment or licensing of Copyright or related right shall also
be incorporated into TRIPS. Otherwise trade may be affected and their may be
impediment in the transfer and dissemination of technology.
3) The meaning of the term Infringement shall also be defined under TRIPS, because
the agreement contains an extensive provision regarding procedures and remedies in
case of infringement, but it is silent about as to what constitutes an Infringement.
REFERENCES
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Dr. V.K. Ahuja (2007), “Law of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights”, pp. 95.
Trips Agreement on Copyright, Part II, Article 9-14.
Guy Tritto (2002), “Intellectual Property in Europe”, pp.46.
Shahid Alikhan and Raghunath Mashelkar (2004), “Intellectual Property and
Competitive Strategies in the 21st Century”, Kluwer Law International, pp.53.
C F. Jayashree (2004), “Intellectual Property Rights in the WTO and developing
Countries”, Kluwer Law International, pp.207.
Fredrick Abbot, Thomas Cottier and Francis Gurry, (2009), “The International
Intellectual Property System – A Commentary material” Part I, pp. 590.
L.ChandraSekaran and Dr.S.Balasubramanian, “Initiative for Strengthening
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Issue 2, 2012, pp. 158 - 167, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510.
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