10 Things I Wish I Dad Known Before Scaling Deep Learning Solutions
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This document provides an overview of practical lessons learned on the implementation of large scale deep learning solutions.
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10 Things I Wish I Dad Known Before Scaling Deep Learning Solutions
- 1. 10 Things I Wish I Had Known Before Scaling Deep Learning Solutions Invector Labs
- 2. About Invector Labs • Platform for top-class computer science talent • Uses artificial intelligence to connect enterprises with top freelance talent around the world • Focused on deep tech • Artificial intelligence • Blockchain technologies • Internet of things • Cybersecurity • Advanced cloud computing • …. • http://invectorlabs.com
- 3. Agenda • Realities of scaling deep learning solutions • 10 Lessons • Challenge • What we learned? • Solution
- 4. Lessons from the Real World •Using deep learning to analyze reviews form over 40 travel websites •12 different deep learning models •Scenarios: topic extraction, sentiment analysis, price predictions, hotel scoring…. •Techniques: Natural language processing, NLP micro understanding, clustering, time series analysis Large Hospitality Group •Using deep learning to extract intelligence from trial discovery documents and legal research •8 different deep learning models •Scenarios: Natural language search, knowledge extraction, document relationships, research recommendations, strategy simulation •Techniques: Convolutional neural networks, generative models, recurrent neural networks, natural language processing…. Legal Software Platform Vendor •Using deep learning to analyze cargo information and sensor data •18 different deep learning models •Scenarios: Car load predictions, part maintenance prediction, track video analysis •Techniques: Convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, transfer learning, predictive modeling, linear regressions…. International Railway Company •Using deep learning to simulate trading strategies •11 different deep learning models •Scenarios: Portfolio rebalancing, option pricing, daily stock selection, strategy selection •Techniques: Reinforcement learning, transfer learning, predictive modeling Quant Hedge Fund
- 5. Key Takeaways • Implementing deep solutions at scale imposes new infrastructure challenges • Deep learning requires a new type of architecture
- 7. Deep Learning • Deep learning is a subset of machine learning. • Uses a hierarchy of multiple layers of nonlinear processing units for feature extraction and transformation. Each successive layer uses the output from the previous layer as input. • Learns in supervised (e.g., classification) and/or unsupervised (e.g., pattern analysis) manners. • Learns multiple levels of representations that correspond to different levels of abstraction; the levels form a hierarchy of concepts.
- 9. What Makes Deep Learning so Challenging? Curse of Dimensionality • Models with millions of nodes Over/Under Fitting • Models too tailored to the datasets Interpretability • Understanding complex network structures Bias/Variance • Preconceptions included in the datasets
- 10. Implementing Deep Learning in the Enterprise is Brutally Hard
- 11. But not just because of the obvious reasons…
- 12. 10 painful, non-trivial lessons we learned while building deep learning solutions at scale…
- 13. Lesson #1: Data Scientists Make Horrible Engineers…
- 14. Challenge • Data scientists are great at experimentation • Not so much at writing high quality code • Experimentation deep learning frameworks don’t necessarily make great production frameworks, ex: PyTorch vs. TensorFlow
- 15. A Possible Solution: Divide Data Science and Engineering Teams • Write notebooks and experimentation models Data Science Team • Refactor or rewrite models for production environments • Automate training and optimization jobs Engineering Team • Deploy models • Monitor, retrain, and optimize models DevOps Teams
- 16. Lesson #2: Notebooks Don’t Scale … Wait, Notebooks Do Scale Stupid
- 17. Challenge • Notebooks are ideal for model experimentation and testing • Notebooks typically have performance challenges when executed at scale • Scaling Notebook environments can be challenging • Parametrizing Notebook executions is far from trivial
- 18. A Possible Solution: Use Containers for Running Production Deep Learning Workloads Model Experimentation Jupyter, Zeppelin Scheduling Notebooks Papermill Netflix’s Meson Running Complex Workflows Docker Containers Kubernetes
- 19. Lesson #3: The Single Deep Learning Framework Fallacy…
- 20. Challenge • Enterprises like to standardize on a single deep learning framework • Different teams have different technology preferences • Providing a consistent deep learning platform across different deep learning frameworks is no easy task
- 21. A Possible Solution: Provide a Consistent Infrastructure Across Different Deep Learning Runtimes Infrastructure Data Cleansing Feature Extraction Model Training …. Runtime Hyperparameter Optimization Retraining Model Monitoring … Model Development TensorFlow PyTorch Caffee2 …
- 22. Lesson #4: Training is a Continuous Task…
- 23. Challenge • The No Free Lunch Theorem • Trained models can perform poorly against new datasets • New engineers and DevOps need to understand how to re-train existing models
- 24. A Possible Solution: Automate Training Jobs DataLake Data Outcomes/Feature Store Training Job1 Training Job2 Training JobN
- 25. Lesson #5: Centralized Training Doesn’t Scale…
- 26. Challenge • Model training can be really resource intensive • Training jobs take a long time to execute • Data scientists love to embed the training logic as part of the model Notebook
- 27. A Possible Solution: Follow a Distributed Training Architecture and Automate Training Jobs Trained Models Training Jobs Training Server Training Job Task1 Model1 Task2 Model2 TaskN ModelN
- 28. Lesson #6: Feature Extraction Can Become a Reusability Nightmare…
- 29. Challenge • Different models require the same features from a dataset • Feature extraction jobs are computationally expensive • Different teams create proprietary ways to capture and store feature information
- 30. A Potential Solution: Build a Centralized Feature Store Dataset Preparation Job1 Dataset Preparation Job2 Dataset Preparation JobN Representation Learning Task1 Representation Learning Task1 Representation Learning Task1 Feature Store Model 1 Model N
- 31. Lesson #7: Everyone Wants a Different Version of the Same Model…
- 32. Challenge • Different teams might want variations of an existing model • The same model might be trained on different sections of the original training set • You might end up with thousands of versions of the original model • Even the simplest models take a long time to implement
- 33. A Possible Solution: Using AutoML and Hierarchical Partitions on the Training Dataset Training Dataset Dataset Section 1 AutoML Model Version 3 Dataset Section 2 AutoML Model Version 3 Dataset Section 3 AutoML Model Version 3 Model
- 34. Lesson #8: Cloud Heavens, On-Premise Hell…
- 35. Challenge • Cloud deep learning platforms are far more sophisticated that their on- premise equivalent • Running deep learning workloads on-premise requires a complex infrastructure
- 36. A Possible Solution: Consider Spark or Flink as the On-Premise Runtime Production Experimentation/Development Deploy
- 37. Lesson #9: Regularization, Optimizations are a Must…
- 38. Challenge • Deep learning models tend to vary their performance when using different datasets • The cost functions of different deep learning models changes when using different datasets
- 39. A Possible Solution: Make Regularization and Optimization Key Elements of the Lifecycle of a Model Model Development RegularizationOptimization
- 40. Lesson #10: Different Models Require Different Execution Patterns…
- 41. Challenge • Not all models can be executed via APIs • Some models take a long time to run • In some scenarios, different models need to be executed at the same time based on a specific condition
- 42. Possible Solution: Enable On-Demand, Scheduled and Pub-Sub Execution of Deep Learning Models Scheduled Activation Model Model Model Pub-Sub Activation Model Model Model On-Demand Activation Model Model Model Model API Gateway Event Gateway
- 43. Summary • Deep learning theory doesn't quite work in real world scenarios • Deep learning requires a new type of architecture • Consider combining some of the patterns described in this presentation into a single cohesive architecture for the implementation of deep learning solutions