1 The election tansport chain uses hilhtomgy eloctrans fro.pdf
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1. The election tansport chain uses hilh-tomgy eloctrans from the Syese to cosivert isto ATP. 2. In Eukaryotes, the electroa tansport chain is composed of a series of c. taembrane of the 1. In prosaryotes, the same chan is in die cell 4. Hichenery are pasied from one cumiter protelia to i. Werons with hydrosea ions and axy gea to form 6. gerves as the fian electrod asceptor of the elhecesed respiration 7. ives build up in the internesmbeane space makiag it poitively charged 5. The other side of the membnac is now charged How dees the cell ase the charse differeces that balld ap at a result of electree trasypert? The inner of the mitochobdria ceatsin peotein spberes called As H' ions excape through chansels into these proteins, they spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyune gats a low enerig abid attaches a pborplate forming a Hgh-enerig The beauty of this system is the way in which it ceaples the movemeat of Elgh-energ electroes with the prodiction of ATP. Every time a pair of Migh-eneriy electrons moves down the . the caersy is used to move H+ ians across the Theic loes then rush bock acress the mematrase predacing enough force to spin the ATF synthase and generate enormoses ansounts of ATP..
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Anatomy And Physiology Essay
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Anatomy and Physiology Essay
Anatomy and Physiology
The term homeostasis is used to mean maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment in the organism. Essentially all of the organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help to maintain these constant conditions. For instance, the lungs provide oxygen to the extra cellular fluid to replenish oxygen that is being used by the cells; the kidneys maintain constant ion concentrations and the gastrointestinal system provides nutrients.
Not all substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract can be used in their absorbed form by the cells. The liver changes the chemical compositions of many of these substances to more useable forms and...show more content...A large segment of the nervous system is called the autonomic system. It operates at a subconscious level and controls many functions of the internal organs, including level of pumping activity by the heart, movements of the gastrointestinal tract, and glandular secretion. Neurons are cells that act like tiny batteries which power electrical circuits within the body. They can transmit impulses from cell to cell for communication, control, and interpretation of sensory input.
In a typical neuron dendrites respond to stimuli through input to the neuron cell body. When the stimulus is large enough the cell body sends a one way electrochemical impulse through the axon to the next neuron or to some effector such as a muscle. The most important part of a neuron is its cell membrane. Using active transport and special Na+/K+ ion pumps in the membrane of the axon a neuron creates a resting potential of 70 millivolts. The cell essentially becomes
Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration, fo f1 model of ATpase & ...
Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration, fo f1 model of ATpase & ...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
introduction
f0 f1 AT pase model
chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration
role in ATP synthesiseOxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which cells generate ATP by oxidizing nutrients. It takes place in the mitochondria and consists of two parts: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane, pumping hydrogen ions across the membrane. In chemiosmosis, the hydrogen ion gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
sodium potassium pumps
The sodium-potassium pump, also known as Na+-K+-ATPase, is an integral membrane protein that transports sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. It was discovered in 1957 and is responsible for maintaining ion gradients that produce both chemical and electrical gradients crucial for nerve and muscle function. The pump actively transports 3 sodium ions out of and 2 potassium ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed. This establishes electrochemical gradients that allow cells to regulate processes like nutrient import, volume, and the resting membrane potential necessary for nerve impulse transmission.
Solute transport
This document discusses transport of solutes across plant cell membranes. It describes three main types of transport proteins: ion channels that act as pores, carriers that bind and change conformation to transport solutes, and pumps that use ATP to actively transport ions against gradients. Specifically, it outlines proton pumps (H+-ATPase, H+-PPase) and calcium pumps (Ca2+-ATPase) that create electrochemical gradients, and how secondary active transport uses these gradients to symport or antiport other solutes.
What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosy.pdf
What are non-tax costs of tax planning?
Solution
Followings are the main non-tax costs of tax planning;
1. Organizational form costs;
Organizational form costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax planning.
2. Risk;
Risk of the investment is closely associated with taxation hene it is known as non-tax costs of tax
palnning.
3. Administrative costs;
Legal, accounting, and data processing fees are known as administartive costs of tax planning.
4. Agency (incentive) costs;
Agency (incentive) costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax palnning.
5. Financial reporting costs;
Financial reporting costs are also non-tax costs of tax palnning.
6. Transaction costs;
Transaction costs are also part of non-tax costs of tax palnning etc..
Transport across cell membranes
This document discusses transport across cell membranes. It explains that cells use facilitated diffusion and active transport to move molecules and ions across membranes. Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels and transporters to help molecules and ions diffuse down their concentration gradients. Active transport uses transmembrane proteins called pumps that directly harness ATP energy to transport molecules against their gradients. Key examples of pumps discussed are the Na+/K+ ATPase in animal cells and H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells.
Biomembranes new
This document summarizes different types of membrane transport proteins and how they transport molecules across cellular membranes. It discusses:
- Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
- Active transport mechanisms like ATP-powered pumps that use ATP to transport molecules against their gradients. Examples given include the Na+/K+ ATPase pump and V-ATPase pump.
- Different classes of membrane transport proteins including channels, carriers, uniporters, symporters, antiporters and ABC transporters. Their structures and functions are described.
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Anatomy And Physiology Essay
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Anatomy and Physiology Essay
Anatomy and Physiology
The term homeostasis is used to mean maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment in the organism. Essentially all of the organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help to maintain these constant conditions. For instance, the lungs provide oxygen to the extra cellular fluid to replenish oxygen that is being used by the cells; the kidneys maintain constant ion concentrations and the gastrointestinal system provides nutrients.
Not all substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract can be used in their absorbed form by the cells. The liver changes the chemical compositions of many of these substances to more useable forms and...show more content...A large segment of the nervous system is called the autonomic system. It operates at a subconscious level and controls many functions of the internal organs, including level of pumping activity by the heart, movements of the gastrointestinal tract, and glandular secretion. Neurons are cells that act like tiny batteries which power electrical circuits within the body. They can transmit impulses from cell to cell for communication, control, and interpretation of sensory input.
In a typical neuron dendrites respond to stimuli through input to the neuron cell body. When the stimulus is large enough the cell body sends a one way electrochemical impulse through the axon to the next neuron or to some effector such as a muscle. The most important part of a neuron is its cell membrane. Using active transport and special Na+/K+ ion pumps in the membrane of the axon a neuron creates a resting potential of 70 millivolts. The cell essentially becomes
Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration, fo f1 model of ATpase & ...
Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration, fo f1 model of ATpase & ...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
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f0 f1 AT pase model
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role in ATP synthesiseOxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which cells generate ATP by oxidizing nutrients. It takes place in the mitochondria and consists of two parts: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane, pumping hydrogen ions across the membrane. In chemiosmosis, the hydrogen ion gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
sodium potassium pumps
The sodium-potassium pump, also known as Na+-K+-ATPase, is an integral membrane protein that transports sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. It was discovered in 1957 and is responsible for maintaining ion gradients that produce both chemical and electrical gradients crucial for nerve and muscle function. The pump actively transports 3 sodium ions out of and 2 potassium ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed. This establishes electrochemical gradients that allow cells to regulate processes like nutrient import, volume, and the resting membrane potential necessary for nerve impulse transmission.
Solute transport
This document discusses transport of solutes across plant cell membranes. It describes three main types of transport proteins: ion channels that act as pores, carriers that bind and change conformation to transport solutes, and pumps that use ATP to actively transport ions against gradients. Specifically, it outlines proton pumps (H+-ATPase, H+-PPase) and calcium pumps (Ca2+-ATPase) that create electrochemical gradients, and how secondary active transport uses these gradients to symport or antiport other solutes.
What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosy.pdf
What are non-tax costs of tax planning?
Solution
Followings are the main non-tax costs of tax planning;
1. Organizational form costs;
Organizational form costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax planning.
2. Risk;
Risk of the investment is closely associated with taxation hene it is known as non-tax costs of tax
palnning.
3. Administrative costs;
Legal, accounting, and data processing fees are known as administartive costs of tax planning.
4. Agency (incentive) costs;
Agency (incentive) costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax palnning.
5. Financial reporting costs;
Financial reporting costs are also non-tax costs of tax palnning.
6. Transaction costs;
Transaction costs are also part of non-tax costs of tax palnning etc..
Transport across cell membranes
This document discusses transport across cell membranes. It explains that cells use facilitated diffusion and active transport to move molecules and ions across membranes. Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels and transporters to help molecules and ions diffuse down their concentration gradients. Active transport uses transmembrane proteins called pumps that directly harness ATP energy to transport molecules against their gradients. Key examples of pumps discussed are the Na+/K+ ATPase in animal cells and H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells.
Biomembranes new
This document summarizes different types of membrane transport proteins and how they transport molecules across cellular membranes. It discusses:
- Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
- Active transport mechanisms like ATP-powered pumps that use ATP to transport molecules against their gradients. Examples given include the Na+/K+ ATPase pump and V-ATPase pump.
- Different classes of membrane transport proteins including channels, carriers, uniporters, symporters, antiporters and ABC transporters. Their structures and functions are described.
AP Bio Ch 7 ppt
The plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It has a fluid mosaic structure consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. This structure allows small hydrophobic molecules to pass through the membrane freely via diffusion, while hydrophilic molecules require transport proteins like channels and carriers. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane through active or passive transport.
Assignment On Bioenergetics
The document discusses bioenergetics and the electron transport chain. It begins with an introduction to bioenergetics and its history. It then describes the electron transport chain, including the four complexes, carriers that transport electrons and protons, and how a proton gradient is generated. Iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are metalloproteins that transport electrons in the electron transport chain.
Transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules by Kainat Ramzan
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. Its permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and lipids readily enter the cell, and waste compounds leave the cell.
ATP motors
- Mechanochemistry involves the coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena on a molecular scale. Molecular motors harness chemical energy, like from ATP hydrolysis, to perform mechanical work.
- ATP synthase is a molecular motor that uses the proton gradient generated by oxidative phosphorylation to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It rotates at around 6,000 revolutions per minute.
- The flow of protons through ATP synthase causes the gamma subunit to rotate, triggering conformational changes in the three beta subunits that allow for sequential binding of substrates and production of ATP.
Chapter 3 cells
The document discusses various parts of the cell including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It states that the nucleolus is where ribosomes are assembled to go out into the cytoplasm. It also describes the structures and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and components of the cytoskeleton like microtubules.
36 ch09respiration42008
The document summarizes cellular respiration and how it uses the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria to produce ATP from glucose. It explains that glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce a small amount of ATP, but the ETC is needed to extract much more energy. The ETC uses protein complexes to transport electrons and pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This builds a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In total, glucose broken down aerobically by cellular respiration can yield around 36 ATP molecules through this process.
mechanism of nutrient uptake in plants-.pptx
Plants uptake nutrients through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport occurs through mass flow, contact exchange, carbonic acid exchange, and Donnan equilibrium, and does not require energy. Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient through carrier proteins or cytochrome pumps, using energy from ATP or electron transport chains. Ions enter plant roots and move through xylem, entering cells as needed. Membranes control transport through their selective permeability and electrochemical gradients established by proton pumps.
microbial_metabolism11.pptx
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain generates the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which uses a proton gradient established by pumping protons across membranes to power ATP synthase. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration. Overall, cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other fuels to extract energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
gen-bio1-reviewer.docx
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including cellular transport mechanisms, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, enzymes, and ATP.
2. It defines different types of cellular transport such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Active transport requires energy and uses carrier proteins to move materials against a concentration gradient.
3. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are described as processes by which cells generate energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses light to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Mechanism of nutrient uptake in plants
Plants uptake nutrients through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport occurs through diffusion down a concentration gradient and includes mass flow, contact exchange, and carbonic acid exchange theories. Active transport moves ions against a concentration gradient and requires energy. It uses carrier proteins or cytochrome pumps that generate electrochemical gradients through electron transport chains to power ion transport across membranes. Nutrients are absorbed by roots and transported throughout the plant via xylem.
Homeostasis Topic 6.5
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human nervous system. It describes the three main types of neurons - sensory, motor, and interneurons - and how they transmit nerve impulses via electrical and chemical signals. It also explains the process of synaptic transmission between neurons and how homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback mechanisms that monitor and respond to changes in the internal environment.
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded .pdf
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded in the cytoplasmic
membrane of any bacteria? Primary active transport proteins. ATP synthase. Enzyme I complex
of the Group translocation system. Basel body protein rings of flagella. Which of the following is
true? Both photosystem I and photosystem II rely on light bombarding chlorophyll. Photosystem
II donates electrons to photosystem I in a linear electron transport chain. Photosystem I only (not
photosystem II) directly produces NADPH utilized for the Calvin cycle. All of the above are
true. None of the above are true. Which one of these prokaryotic characteristics can\'t co-exist in
a single cell? Mesospheric and acidophil. Aero-tolerant and basophilic. Thermophiles and
psychrophilic. Fermentative and Anaerobic. If a population of 4 bacterial cells in log phase, how
many cells can we expect to see in an hour\'s time if the cell has a generation time of 30 minutes?
8 cells. 16 cells. 64 cells. 128 cells. The classification of ribosomes in bacteria would be:
Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria contain 70s versions. Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria
contain 80s versions. Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 70s versions.
Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 80s versions. Where do The Calvin Cycle
and Glycolysis converge? Only after the \"prep step\" once acetyl CoA is formed, leading to the
Calvin Cycle Only when NADH is utilized in the electron transport chain At Glyceraldehyde 3
Phosphate. None of the above are correct.
Solution
8.a primary active transport proteins
The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a rod and a system of rings embedded in the cell
envelope.Gram-negative flagella usually have an L ring in the plane of the lipopolysaccharide in
the outer membrane,a periplasmic P ring in the plane of the peptidoglycan around the flagellar
rod and a M S ring that is located within and above the cytoplasmic membrane.A ,C ring extends
into the cytoplasm.
Enzyme I transfers phosphate from PEP to HPr.PEP group translocation is a distinct method
used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).It is known as multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma
membrane and those in the cytoplasm.
ATP synthase is located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
in bacteria.
9.d all are true.
In photosystem I energy is absorbed by a pair of P700 chlrophyll a molecules raise to an excited
energy level.From there they pass onto FeS4,then onto ferrodoxin,and finally onto ferrodoxin-
NADP reductase.After 2 electrons have reduced ferrodoxin-NADP reductase they are transferred
to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH and a H+.Photosystem II works with Photosystem I and two
series of enzymes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane to transfer energy from the form of light
to that stored in chemical bands and gradients which the plant can use in a process called
noncyclic photophosph.
energy.pptx
This document discusses energy and key energy transformations in living things. It covers:
1) Energy transformations like cellular respiration and photosynthesis that convert energy from one form to another. Photosynthesis converts solar energy to glucose and cellular respiration converts glucose to ATP.
2) The two main types of energy - potential and kinetic. Potential energy is stored while kinetic energy is in use. Examples like chemical bonds in sugars store potential energy.
3) Metabolism and the metabolic pathways of catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down molecules and releases energy while anabolism uses energy to build molecules.
4) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as a key source of energy for
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and TCA cycle are utilized in electron transport chain and ATP id generated by oxidative phosphorylation.
Chemiosmotic Theory
A Remarkable Conflict Between Biochemical Dogma And Radical Concept :
Traditional Concept :
By the 1950s it had been clearly established that oxidative phosphorylation involved the stepwise transfer of electrons through a series of carriers to molecular oxygen. But how the energy derived from these electron transfer reactions was converted to ATP remained a mystery. The general assumption was that ADP was converted to ATP by direct transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from some other intermediate. Thus it was postulated that high-energy intermediates were produced as a result of electron transfer reactions and that these intermediates drove ATP synthesis by phosphate group transfer.
Concept Proposed By Peter Mitchell :
The fundamental proposal of the chemiosmotic hypothesis was that the “intermediate” that coupled electron transport to ATP synthesis was a proton electrochemical gradient across the membrane. Mitchell postulated that such a gradient was produced by electron transport and that the flow of protons back across the membrane in the energetically favorable direction was then coupled to ATP synthesis
Quarter 2 - Lesson 1.pptxHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
This lesson focuses on cellular respiration and photosynthesis, which are complementary reactions that enable life through the transformation of energy. It discusses the structures and processes involved, including the roles of ATP, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Specifically, it covers:
- ATP's role as the "energy currency" of cells and the release of energy through hydrolysis.
- The regeneration of ATP through phosphorylation driven by catabolic reactions.
- The importance of chlorophyll and other pigments in harvesting light energy for photosynthesis.
BIOENERGETICS.pptx
The document summarizes key parts and processes of the cell. It discusses the three main parts of the cell - the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It describes the structures and functions of organelles found in the cytoplasm like mitochondria, ribosomes, and lysosomes. It also explains the two main types of transport that occur across the cell membrane - passive diffusion and active transport. Finally, it provides details on photosynthesis, including the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and how solar energy is captured and converted to chemical energy stored in glucose.
Discuss the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Look at them i.pdf
Discuss the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Look at them in an evolutionary and ATP
(energy) sense, please.
Solution
According to endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts in cyanobacteria possess proton motive force in
their membrane to drive protons through electron transport chain finally to drive ATP synthesis.
This is followed by evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotes because of higher level of tissue
organization during evolution of higher multicellular species i.e. The evolution has take place
during 2.5 million years ago & hominids have evolved in this period and they have similar ETC
as similar to present humans. The oxido-reduction mediating cytochrome complexes from
complex-I, II, III & IV to synthesize ATP are similar even 10000 years ago during the evolution
of low level eukaryotes to higher level of eukaryotes. Some of the changes in oxidative
phosphorylation are only due to development of \"higher level of tissue organization\" in humans
ETC has acquired due to natural selection to meet their energy needs as an evolutionary
adaptation.
Evolutionary adaptations include that sporophytes evolved gradually with increased size and
with longer life, period and gametophyte size, associated existence is drastically reduced. Plants
developed the following feature in their life cycle along with chlorophyll as food synthesizing
adaptation according to endosymbiotic theory.
The mechanism of origin of chloroplasts of eukaryotes (mainly land plants) originated by the
engulfment (the method of endosymbiosis) of an ancestral photosynthetic bacterium by an
ancestral eukaryotic cell, as a result of primitive evolutionary adaptation of land plants & aquatic
plants. There are total two hypothesis regarding the two times of evolution of chloroplasts
because engulfed bacterium by the eukaryotes was an alphaproteobacteria. This bacterium is an
autotroph can carry out photosynthesis with mutual symbiosis to eukaryote result in \"anchoring
respiration mechanism\" in the host eukaryotic cells, finally prokaryote, become a chloroplast.
Primary endosymbiosis is said to have happened meticulously \"once\" followed by secondary
endosymbiosis (the engulfment of an ancestral chloroplast-containing eukaryote by anther
eukaryotic cell) in other lineages has occurred and has further diverged. Chloroplasts are the
photosynthetic organelles of plats and they possess double membrane to maintain adequate
proton gradient generated from the splitting of water molecules in the presence of light and
further to promote ATP synthesis in the presence of ATPsynthase. This double membrane
profoundly enables maintaining stable position of other cytochrome complexes, plastoquinone
complexes of photosystem I & II between stroma and thylakoid membranes as part of
evolutionary aspect.
Endosymbiotic theory is about the evidence that supports the evolution of endosymbiotic
organelles such as chloroplasts & mitochondria from prokaryotes. There are several similarities
between th.
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to conve.pdf
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA,
and then carry out aerobic respiration. The overall yield (in terms of ATP) is extremely higher in
aerobic respiration in comparison to anaerobic respiration (when fermentation of pyruvate is
done).
Such organisms which have electron transport chain are eukaryotes; and have mitochondria
and/or chloroplast. These two are double membrane structures found only in eukaryotes. In these
double membrane structures, the process of electron transport is carried out.
The electron acceptor at the end of electron transport chain in mitochondria is oxygen.
Solution
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA,
and then carry out aerobic respiration. The overall yield (in terms of ATP) is extremely higher in
aerobic respiration in comparison to anaerobic respiration (when fermentation of pyruvate is
done).
Such organisms which have electron transport chain are eukaryotes; and have mitochondria
and/or chloroplast. These two are double membrane structures found only in eukaryotes. In these
double membrane structures, the process of electron transport is carried out.
The electron acceptor at the end of electron transport chain in mitochondria is oxygen..
Bioenergetics [autosaved]
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions and biological systems. Thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy between forms. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transfer. Entropy and enthalpy are important thermodynamic concepts. Biochemical reactions can be endergonic or exergonic. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as the cell's energy currency, storing and transferring energy. Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria uses energy released from nutrients to produce most of the cell's ATP.
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seviyeleri zerindeki etkilerinin neler olacan ayrntl olarak tartn.
2) Sabit kur rejiminde byle bir politikann etkilerinin nasl deieceini dnyorsunuz?
3) Trkiye esnek bir kur rejimine sahiptir. Sermaye hareketliliinin mkemmel olduunu varsayarsak,
faiz oran ve dviz kurunu ayn anda kontrol etmenin mmkn olduunu dnyor musunuz? Ltfen ayrntl
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most common types of Volcanoes with their characteristics - Composite Volcanoes 2) Shield
Volcanoes a. Almost always found at Mantle Plumes/Hot Spots or at Divergent/ Rifting Boundaries
b. Some can have lava flows, but most are very explosive in their eruptions. c. Almost always
found at Convergent Boundaries where Oceanic Crust is being Subducted. d. Are "mound" or
"dome" shaped with gentle slopes. C. Are "cone" shaped with steep sides (when fully developed).
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36 ch09respiration42008
The document summarizes cellular respiration and how it uses the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria to produce ATP from glucose. It explains that glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce a small amount of ATP, but the ETC is needed to extract much more energy. The ETC uses protein complexes to transport electrons and pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This builds a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In total, glucose broken down aerobically by cellular respiration can yield around 36 ATP molecules through this process.
mechanism of nutrient uptake in plants-.pptx
Plants uptake nutrients through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport occurs through mass flow, contact exchange, carbonic acid exchange, and Donnan equilibrium, and does not require energy. Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient through carrier proteins or cytochrome pumps, using energy from ATP or electron transport chains. Ions enter plant roots and move through xylem, entering cells as needed. Membranes control transport through their selective permeability and electrochemical gradients established by proton pumps.
microbial_metabolism11.pptx
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain generates the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which uses a proton gradient established by pumping protons across membranes to power ATP synthase. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration. Overall, cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other fuels to extract energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
gen-bio1-reviewer.docx
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including cellular transport mechanisms, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, enzymes, and ATP.
2. It defines different types of cellular transport such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Active transport requires energy and uses carrier proteins to move materials against a concentration gradient.
3. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are described as processes by which cells generate energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses light to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Mechanism of nutrient uptake in plants
Plants uptake nutrients through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport occurs through diffusion down a concentration gradient and includes mass flow, contact exchange, and carbonic acid exchange theories. Active transport moves ions against a concentration gradient and requires energy. It uses carrier proteins or cytochrome pumps that generate electrochemical gradients through electron transport chains to power ion transport across membranes. Nutrients are absorbed by roots and transported throughout the plant via xylem.
Homeostasis Topic 6.5
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human nervous system. It describes the three main types of neurons - sensory, motor, and interneurons - and how they transmit nerve impulses via electrical and chemical signals. It also explains the process of synaptic transmission between neurons and how homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback mechanisms that monitor and respond to changes in the internal environment.
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded .pdf
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded in the cytoplasmic
membrane of any bacteria? Primary active transport proteins. ATP synthase. Enzyme I complex
of the Group translocation system. Basel body protein rings of flagella. Which of the following is
true? Both photosystem I and photosystem II rely on light bombarding chlorophyll. Photosystem
II donates electrons to photosystem I in a linear electron transport chain. Photosystem I only (not
photosystem II) directly produces NADPH utilized for the Calvin cycle. All of the above are
true. None of the above are true. Which one of these prokaryotic characteristics can\'t co-exist in
a single cell? Mesospheric and acidophil. Aero-tolerant and basophilic. Thermophiles and
psychrophilic. Fermentative and Anaerobic. If a population of 4 bacterial cells in log phase, how
many cells can we expect to see in an hour\'s time if the cell has a generation time of 30 minutes?
8 cells. 16 cells. 64 cells. 128 cells. The classification of ribosomes in bacteria would be:
Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria contain 70s versions. Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria
contain 80s versions. Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 70s versions.
Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 80s versions. Where do The Calvin Cycle
and Glycolysis converge? Only after the \"prep step\" once acetyl CoA is formed, leading to the
Calvin Cycle Only when NADH is utilized in the electron transport chain At Glyceraldehyde 3
Phosphate. None of the above are correct.
Solution
8.a primary active transport proteins
The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a rod and a system of rings embedded in the cell
envelope.Gram-negative flagella usually have an L ring in the plane of the lipopolysaccharide in
the outer membrane,a periplasmic P ring in the plane of the peptidoglycan around the flagellar
rod and a M S ring that is located within and above the cytoplasmic membrane.A ,C ring extends
into the cytoplasm.
Enzyme I transfers phosphate from PEP to HPr.PEP group translocation is a distinct method
used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).It is known as multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma
membrane and those in the cytoplasm.
ATP synthase is located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
in bacteria.
9.d all are true.
In photosystem I energy is absorbed by a pair of P700 chlrophyll a molecules raise to an excited
energy level.From there they pass onto FeS4,then onto ferrodoxin,and finally onto ferrodoxin-
NADP reductase.After 2 electrons have reduced ferrodoxin-NADP reductase they are transferred
to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH and a H+.Photosystem II works with Photosystem I and two
series of enzymes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane to transfer energy from the form of light
to that stored in chemical bands and gradients which the plant can use in a process called
noncyclic photophosph.
energy.pptx
This document discusses energy and key energy transformations in living things. It covers:
1) Energy transformations like cellular respiration and photosynthesis that convert energy from one form to another. Photosynthesis converts solar energy to glucose and cellular respiration converts glucose to ATP.
2) The two main types of energy - potential and kinetic. Potential energy is stored while kinetic energy is in use. Examples like chemical bonds in sugars store potential energy.
3) Metabolism and the metabolic pathways of catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down molecules and releases energy while anabolism uses energy to build molecules.
4) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as a key source of energy for
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and TCA cycle are utilized in electron transport chain and ATP id generated by oxidative phosphorylation.
Chemiosmotic Theory
A Remarkable Conflict Between Biochemical Dogma And Radical Concept :
Traditional Concept :
By the 1950s it had been clearly established that oxidative phosphorylation involved the stepwise transfer of electrons through a series of carriers to molecular oxygen. But how the energy derived from these electron transfer reactions was converted to ATP remained a mystery. The general assumption was that ADP was converted to ATP by direct transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from some other intermediate. Thus it was postulated that high-energy intermediates were produced as a result of electron transfer reactions and that these intermediates drove ATP synthesis by phosphate group transfer.
Concept Proposed By Peter Mitchell :
The fundamental proposal of the chemiosmotic hypothesis was that the “intermediate” that coupled electron transport to ATP synthesis was a proton electrochemical gradient across the membrane. Mitchell postulated that such a gradient was produced by electron transport and that the flow of protons back across the membrane in the energetically favorable direction was then coupled to ATP synthesis
Quarter 2 - Lesson 1.pptxHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
This lesson focuses on cellular respiration and photosynthesis, which are complementary reactions that enable life through the transformation of energy. It discusses the structures and processes involved, including the roles of ATP, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Specifically, it covers:
- ATP's role as the "energy currency" of cells and the release of energy through hydrolysis.
- The regeneration of ATP through phosphorylation driven by catabolic reactions.
- The importance of chlorophyll and other pigments in harvesting light energy for photosynthesis.
BIOENERGETICS.pptx
The document summarizes key parts and processes of the cell. It discusses the three main parts of the cell - the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It describes the structures and functions of organelles found in the cytoplasm like mitochondria, ribosomes, and lysosomes. It also explains the two main types of transport that occur across the cell membrane - passive diffusion and active transport. Finally, it provides details on photosynthesis, including the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and how solar energy is captured and converted to chemical energy stored in glucose.
Discuss the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Look at them i.pdf
Discuss the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Look at them in an evolutionary and ATP
(energy) sense, please.
Solution
According to endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts in cyanobacteria possess proton motive force in
their membrane to drive protons through electron transport chain finally to drive ATP synthesis.
This is followed by evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotes because of higher level of tissue
organization during evolution of higher multicellular species i.e. The evolution has take place
during 2.5 million years ago & hominids have evolved in this period and they have similar ETC
as similar to present humans. The oxido-reduction mediating cytochrome complexes from
complex-I, II, III & IV to synthesize ATP are similar even 10000 years ago during the evolution
of low level eukaryotes to higher level of eukaryotes. Some of the changes in oxidative
phosphorylation are only due to development of \"higher level of tissue organization\" in humans
ETC has acquired due to natural selection to meet their energy needs as an evolutionary
adaptation.
Evolutionary adaptations include that sporophytes evolved gradually with increased size and
with longer life, period and gametophyte size, associated existence is drastically reduced. Plants
developed the following feature in their life cycle along with chlorophyll as food synthesizing
adaptation according to endosymbiotic theory.
The mechanism of origin of chloroplasts of eukaryotes (mainly land plants) originated by the
engulfment (the method of endosymbiosis) of an ancestral photosynthetic bacterium by an
ancestral eukaryotic cell, as a result of primitive evolutionary adaptation of land plants & aquatic
plants. There are total two hypothesis regarding the two times of evolution of chloroplasts
because engulfed bacterium by the eukaryotes was an alphaproteobacteria. This bacterium is an
autotroph can carry out photosynthesis with mutual symbiosis to eukaryote result in \"anchoring
respiration mechanism\" in the host eukaryotic cells, finally prokaryote, become a chloroplast.
Primary endosymbiosis is said to have happened meticulously \"once\" followed by secondary
endosymbiosis (the engulfment of an ancestral chloroplast-containing eukaryote by anther
eukaryotic cell) in other lineages has occurred and has further diverged. Chloroplasts are the
photosynthetic organelles of plats and they possess double membrane to maintain adequate
proton gradient generated from the splitting of water molecules in the presence of light and
further to promote ATP synthesis in the presence of ATPsynthase. This double membrane
profoundly enables maintaining stable position of other cytochrome complexes, plastoquinone
complexes of photosystem I & II between stroma and thylakoid membranes as part of
evolutionary aspect.
Endosymbiotic theory is about the evidence that supports the evolution of endosymbiotic
organelles such as chloroplasts & mitochondria from prokaryotes. There are several similarities
between th.
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to conve.pdf
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA,
and then carry out aerobic respiration. The overall yield (in terms of ATP) is extremely higher in
aerobic respiration in comparison to anaerobic respiration (when fermentation of pyruvate is
done).
Such organisms which have electron transport chain are eukaryotes; and have mitochondria
and/or chloroplast. These two are double membrane structures found only in eukaryotes. In these
double membrane structures, the process of electron transport is carried out.
The electron acceptor at the end of electron transport chain in mitochondria is oxygen.
Solution
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA,
and then carry out aerobic respiration. The overall yield (in terms of ATP) is extremely higher in
aerobic respiration in comparison to anaerobic respiration (when fermentation of pyruvate is
done).
Such organisms which have electron transport chain are eukaryotes; and have mitochondria
and/or chloroplast. These two are double membrane structures found only in eukaryotes. In these
double membrane structures, the process of electron transport is carried out.
The electron acceptor at the end of electron transport chain in mitochondria is oxygen..
Bioenergetics [autosaved]
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions and biological systems. Thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy between forms. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transfer. Entropy and enthalpy are important thermodynamic concepts. Biochemical reactions can be endergonic or exergonic. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as the cell's energy currency, storing and transferring energy. Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria uses energy released from nutrients to produce most of the cell's ATP.
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Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded .pdf
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Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Discuss the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Look at them i.pdf
Discuss the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Look at them i.pdf
The organisms which have Electron transport chain, are able to conve.pdf
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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