A brief presentation about energy

1. Energy

2. 01
Energy in general
Program
02
Energy
transformations
03
Catabolism and
anabolism
04
Energy flow
05
ATP
06
Chemiosmosis

3. Energy
All organisms
need energy to
live and function
properly.
Key energy
transformations:
cellular respiration
and
photosynthesis.
These two are
direct opposite
reactions.
Energy from the
sun can be
converted into
glucose
(photosynthesis)
or ATP (cellular
respiration).

4. Energy can’t be created,
it can only pass from
one form to another.

5. Energy is the ability to do work
• It can be found in many different
forms: electrical, light, heat, chemical,
thermal, nuclear, radiant energy...
• Two crucial types of energy when it
comes to biological systems: potential
and kinetic energy.

6. Potential and kinetic energy
Kinetic Used energy
Actually used to
do work
Burning coal,
stone rolling
downhill, roots
growing through
the ground
It affects matter
by moving
motion to
another matter
Potential Stored energy
Object’s
potential to work
Sugars, a rock on
top of a hill, lump
of coal
Chemical bonds
between
molecute atoms
(sugar, starch,
fat)

7. Examples
Potential
Kinetic
Kinetic
Kinetic
Water behind a dam
01
Water in a waterfall or
rapidly moving
02
Running water (watermills);
moving air (windmills)
03
A bulllet fired from a gun,
movement of sailing boats
04

8. Energy transformation
E
When energy changes
its form from one to
another (energy
conversion).
G
Hydroelectric dam
transforms kinetic
energy into electrial
energy.
N
R
During photosynthesis,
the plants transform the
Sun’s energy into
chemical energy.
The energy that we use
to do various activities is
the energy our body
converted from chemical
energy.

9. Metabolism
Is the set of chemical
processes that allow
chemical energy to be
transformed into energy
for cellular processes (by
the organisms).
Metabolic pathway – a
series of connected
processes that feed one
another.
It takes place in the
starting molecule (one or
more) and through
intermediates converts
them into products.

10. Catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism
Metabolic reactions that
break down larger
molecules into smaller
ones, usually involves
oxidation, releases
energy and electrons,
cellular respiration.
Venus
In most energy
transformations in the
body, oxidation and
reduction are present.
Anabolism
Metabolic reactions that
synthesize larger
molecules to smaller
ones, usually involves
reduction, receives
energy and electrons,
photosynthesis.

11. • Breaks down large organic molecules into smaller molecules, release energy- contein in
chemical bonds
• Release energy are not 100% eficient
• Organisms which catabolically receives energy, must take in much more food than the
amount of molecules is produced by anabolism
Catabolic reactions
40%
Directly transferred to ATP-
the high energy molecule adenosine
triphosphate
60%
Is released as heat, which tissues and body
fluids absorb

12. • Large molecules such as polysaccharides,
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins are
broken down into smaller units such as
monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides,
and amino acids- used for synthesis of
molecules in anabolic reaction

14. • Energy flow is the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem
• All living organisms can be organized into producers and consumers, and those producers
and consumers can further be organized into a food chain
• Each of the levels within the food chain is a trophic level
• A food chain shows how energy flows from one organism to another.
• Energy flows from the Sun to producers and then to consumers.
• When one organism eats another, the matter or carbon, nitrogen, and other essential
elements, are transferred from one to the other.
• These elements move from the producers, to the consumers, and eventually to the
decomposers, cycling the matter through the ecosystem
Energy flow

16. ATP
• It is a molecule that always appears in almost all biochemical reactions of living
things.
• They serve as a source of energy in almost all biochemical reactions
• Normally, all these biochemical reactions are necessary for life and occur in the
cell.
• Thanks to these biochemical reactions, the active functions of cells can be
maintained, such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA, proteins and the transport
of certain molecules through the cell membrane.
• ATP can be used immediately to power molecular machines that support cell,
tissue, and organ function. This includes building new tissue and repairing
damaged tissue.
• ATP can also be stored to fill future energy demands
Phosphate group, adenine, ribose
The mechanism that enables the ATP synthesis consists of two
related processes: the transfer of electrons across the membrane and
the pumping of hydrogen ions across the membrane.

17. How ATP releases energy
ATP ADP AMP
The 3 phosphate groups
are joined together by 2
high energy bonds
When one phosphate group is
removed, energy is released and
ATP is converted to adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
In the respiratory chain, the last
electron recipient is oxygen-
oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP can be hydrolyzed to
break the bond releasing a
large amount of energy
Energy is released when a
phosphate is removed from
ADP =AMP (adenosine
diphosphate)
If light is required for ATP
synthesis, as in photosynthesis
Photophosphorylation
The hydrolysis of ATP to
ADP is catalyzed by the
enzyme ATPase.
When phosphate is added to
ADP=ATP
phosphorylation
Catalysis is the process of
increasing the rate of a chemical
reaction by adding a substance
known as a catalyst

18. • Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down
their electrochemical gradient.
• Energy released as electrons pass down electron transfer chains and enables proteins embedded in
membranes of each thylakoid or crista to pump protons (H+) through the membrane:
1. Through inner membrane of crista into space between inner and outer membrane (the
intermembrane space)
2. Through thylakoid into space in thylakoid (thylakoid space)
• This creates a proton gradient across these membranes.
• As a result, protons diffuse down this proton gradient:
1. From the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix
2. From the thylakoid space into the chloroplast stroma
Chemiosmosis
• The only place they can diffuse is through ATP synthase — an
enzyme embedded in these membranes.
• The diffusion of protons through ATP synthase provides it with the
energy to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.

19. The matrix of a mitochondrion is the
mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the
inner membrane
Thylakoids are plate-like invaginations of the
cell membrane of prokaryotic cells and plastids
Stroma is the fluid-filled internal space of the
chloroplasts which encircle the grana and the
thylakoids.

20. THE END !