1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment
2. I will then send you solutions to the work
3. We will rejoin in 24 to 30 hours to take the exam
4. 4 hour time limit
5. I will send you the questions
6. You will email it back
The test covers Chapter 6 Discounting Benefits and Costs in Future Time Periods, Chapter 7 Dealing with Uncertainty, Expected Values and Sensitivity Analysis, and Chapter 14 Valuing Observed Behavior Indirect Methods. Your time to finish the test is limited so make sure you prepare and study the posted notes, class recordings, and assignments. You need to remember and understand the concepts to be able to answer the questions and solve the problems correctly and within the allotted time. You will not have enough time to finish the test if you have to spend time looking for the answers on your notes or if you have to spend too much time figuring out the problem sets.
The test is composed of multiple choice, true or false, essay type questions, and problem sets.
Joseph Toppe
MondayDec 4 at 9:04am
Manage Discussion Entry
Passion and Objectivity
Quite often, reporters are asked to cover an issue they are passionate about. However, reporters must remain objective and accurate. The greatest challenge for even the most objective of reporters is to utilize an objective story angle as well.
But is this possible? Pure objectivity in journalism is difficult to achieve because of the human factor. Whether a writer knows it or not, the second they choose the story angle, the objectivity of the work has been diminished. Writing about passionate topics such as conservation and culture can stir the emotions of any staff writer, but the elements of the trade remain.
Professional reporters unlock new angles to trending topics and write passionately about it, but they do it with professional/acceptable objectivity and accuracy.
Essentially, provide a balanced debate and allow your readers to reach their own conclusions.
Week 4 - AssignmentEnvironmental/Cultural News Story and Broadcast Script
In today’s society, we hear a lot of discussion about the environment and about cultures. Environmental journalism and cultural journalism require that the journalist be committed to educating the public about aspects of each topic that audiences may know very little about.
This assignment requires you to choose a topic related to the environment or a specific culture. You will be writing the story as a feature for a national newspaper and preparing a script for a television program that appears on the Public Broadcasting Service. You will write a 450- to 500-word print story and a 3- to 5-minute broadcast script about the issue that you chose.
The assignment must
· Identify the media outlets where the story will appear.
· Summarize facts and/or statistics that are relevant to the story.
· Compare two opposing opinions about the topic derived from CQ Researcher.
· Incorporate one visual ...
Seeing is BelievingWhile we can easily become engaged in a print n.docxbagotjesusa
Seeing is Believing
While we can easily become engaged in a print news story that is well-written and tailored for a specific audience, the ability of television to “show us” the news is something that has given it the edge over print news media for decades. Traditional radio also provides us with the “storytelling” aspect where we may find ourselves sitting in the car hanging on to every word of a great news story. This week, you will write a broadcast script for a television news story and for a radio news story. The television script and the radio script will both be designed for the delivery of a story that is 5 minutes in length.
Topic and Sources of Information: The issue that you choose to write about must be current and have some relevance for your local community, city, and/or state. You must derive the information for this story from print media only. You will need to read several print publications for mention of the story and take notes of the facts of the story from several national publications.
For this assignment you must:
· Adhere to the Broadcast Script Template
· Summarize facts and/or statistics that are relevant to the story
· Develop the story for the local audience
· Compare two opposing opinions about the topic
· Provide proper attribution for all sources of information included (facts, statistics, images/video, and opinions).
· Incorporate at least three visual elements to enhance the television story
· Incorporate at least three indirect quotes (citing other sources) to enhance the radio story
· A list of each of the sources must be included using the Media News Source Template
Saving Your Work: To maintain the formatting of your work, you are strongly encouraged to save your assignment as a PDF file. View Saving a Word Document as a PDF for steps on how to do this.
Check it! Your print news stories must be submitted through Grammarly and Turnitin prior to submission.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Waypoint Assignment Submission
The assignments in this course will be submitted to Waypoint. Please refer to the instructions below to submit your assignment.
1. Click on the Assignment Submission button below. The Waypoint "Student Dashboard" will open in a new browser window.
2. Browse for your assignment.
3. Click Upload.
4. Confirm that your assignment was successfully submitted by viewing the appropriate week's assignment tab in Waypoint.
For more detailed instructions, refer to the Waypoint Tutorial (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
This tool needs to be loaded in a new browser window
Load Week 3 - News Story in a new window
The following content is partner provided
Queen Woods
Aug 31, 2017Aug 31 at 1:25pm
Manage Discussion Entry
I'm considering persuing several areas when I'm finished with my degree. One in perticalure would definitely be Public Relations Special.
Discussion What Is NewsAs you watch a local news program or re.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion: What Is News?
As you watch a local news program or read a newspaper, you consume the report of recent events created by professional—and sometimes amateur—writers, editors, and reporters. Regardless of their status, these journalists take time to consider the details of a story and how to present it to you, the news consumer. These details can have a powerful effect on how you perceive local, national, and world events. In this Discussion, you will have an opportunity to become a more savvy news consumer by choosing a news story, determining how it was created, and tracking its “newsworthiness” from the day the story “breaks” through several days afterward.
To prepare for this Discussion:
· Choose a discussion thread based on the topics available this week.
· Each thread will present a different topic for a news story. For the topic stated in your chosen thread, you will find a news story that has the necessary elements for it to be considered news and determine whether the news story will persist or fade away.
· Review Chapter 13 in the Course Text, The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in Transition.
· Based on the five elements in the reading, reflect upon what is considered to be “news” and what is not. How does the definition of news change?
· Consider the multiple modes of mass communication used to deliver news stories. How do you consume news? How does your choice of mode impact how you view local and world events?
For this Discussion, choose one thread from the choices listed this week. Each thread is limited to a maximum number of students based on class size. A thread will close if the limit is reached. If a thread is closed to new posters, select from the open threads. You will post both your initial post and your response post in the same thread.
By Day 3
Thread 1: International Relations
· Post a 1- to 2-paragraph explanation of why you believe that your chosen international relations news story is or is not considered “news.” Could this news story be the headline or lead story for today’s evening news? What aspects of the story’s message make you believe it would be or wouldn’t be the lead story for the evening news, and why?
Refer to 2 specific examples from your course reading or your chosen news story and record in your assignment information about each source, including author, year, page number, and publication title.
Thread 2: Economics
· Post a 1- to 2-paragraph explanation of why you believe that your chosen economics news story is or is not considered “news.” Could this news story be the headline or lead story for today’s evening news? What aspects of the story’s message make you believe it would be or wouldn’t be the lead story for the evening news, and why?
Refer to 2 specific examples from your course reading or your chosen news story and record in your assignment information about each source, including author, year, page number, and publication title.
Thread 3: Entertainment
· Post a 1- to 2-para.
Synthesis Essay
Crystal Jefferson
June 9, 2013
WRTG 101
Annemarie J Chiarini
Synthesis essay
Every multimedia medium enables a unique method of discourse by offering a different orientation for expression, sensibility, and thought.According to McLuhan in the article ‘The media is the metaphor’ identifies medium as the message. Forms of media do not denote specific or concrete statements regarding the environment or world but are rather metaphors, which work to enforce various reality definitions. Whether an individual or group is experiencing the immediate environment or the world using a speech, printed words or television, media-metaphors classify, sequence, and argue the case concerning how the world is in reality (McLuhan, 2003; Postman, 2005). Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Read your paper out loud to ensure clear and accurate sentence structure Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: “ ->use these quotes Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Where is your thesis? From Drew University’s website:
A research paper with a weak thesis (such as: "media images of women help to shape women's sense of how they should look") will organize its findings to show how this is so without having to spend much time discussing other arguments (in this case, other things that also help to shape women's sense of how they should look). A paper with a strong thesis (such as "the media is the single most important factor in shaping women's sense of how they should look") will spend more time discussing arguments that it rejects (in this case, each paragraph will show how the media is more influential than other
factors in that particular aspect of women's sense of how they should look").
Postman uses the term “conversation” metaphorically referring to all the technologies and techniques that permit individuals to pass across messages. Every culture is regarded as a conversation or corporation of conversations in symbolic modes. Postman seeks to show how the various public discourse forms can regulate content of multimedia message. Television has had an effect in delivery of news in the sense that “news of the day” does not exist if media is not available to provide it with expression. Lack of a technology to communicate a message results in people not paying attention to it thus without any medium to create form, news of the day does not exist (Postman, 2005). In the article “The Transition to Digital Journalism” Gomez writes that a lot of journalists enter this profession because of the love of telling stories. Gomez raises concerns that digital media, such as television will bring doom to narrative as a result of constant eruption of information which, lack context. This factor is affecting delivery of news by making many people lack attention span to seek in-depth news.
Quayle believes in “The method of the medium is in motion” that television news has the potential to support higher public discourse level. An individual’s body is irrelevant in as compared ...
Incident Report Writing - 15+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. The Psychological Impact of Critical Incidents Essay Example | Topics .... The Incident Report in Word and Pdf formats. Unforgettable Incident of Your Life English Essay | Essay on .... Incident Report Example | Incident report, Report writing template .... First Class Example Letter For Incident Report How To Write A Business .... How to write a critical incident analysis - teachersites.web.fc2.com. My Most Memorable Incident In My Life Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words. Curious Incident Essay | English (Standard) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Buy a narrative essay about an accident i witnessed! An Accident You .... Accident investigation essay. write any funny incident that happened during the lowdown time in your .... Incident with or about your family Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Essay on 'An Incident that have changed your life ' | English essay .... You witness an incident which you are forced to get involved in. Use .... How to Write an Incident Report: 12 Steps (with Pictures). Buy a narrative essay about an accident: Buy A Narrative Essay About An .... critical incident essay | Dentistry | Patient. Essay writing a memorable incident in my life - dissertationadviser.x ....
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. 004 Essay Example Reflection Best Ideas Of Introduction To Reflective .... What Is Reflection Paper Example - 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples .... A complete guide to writing a reflective essay | Oxbridge Essays - Self .... Example Of Reflection Paper College : Reflective Essay Examples.
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. 004 Essay Example Reflection Best Ideas Of Introduction To Reflective .... What Is Reflection Paper Example - 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples .... A complete guide to writing a reflective essay | Oxbridge Essays - Self .... Example Of Reflection Paper College : R
1 HIS 200 Project 1 Guidelines and Rubric Overvie.docxjeremylockett77
1
HIS 200 Project 1 Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
History is for human self-knowledge . . . the only clue to what man can do is what man has done. The value of history, then, is that it teaches us what man has
done and thus what man is.
—R. G. Collingwood
Historical awareness informs various aspects of our lives. We live in a time of rapid change, and we often think more about the future than the past. However,
studying history can help us better understand our own lives in the context of the places we live and society in general. In America, specifically, the government is
informed by its citizens. If the ideals of society shift, that shift will eventually move throughout the different levels of government, effecting widespread change.
For the projects in this course, you will select a historical event that has impacted American society in some way. You may select an event that was discussed in
the course, or you may select your own event, with instructor approval. You may consider using the event you chose to work on in your Perspectives in History
class, if that event is something you wish to investigate further through this assessment.
In Project 1, you will develop a plan for an essay on this historical event. The plan will include a brief description of the selected historical event and the resources
you will use in your research. In addition, you will identify an audience for your essay and decide how to communicate your information to this audience. In
Project 2, you will write an essay analyzing the historical event you selected, examining its impact on society as well as its impact on you personally.
Project 1 addresses the following course outcomes:
Select appropriate and relevant primary and secondary sources in investigating foundational historic events
Communicate effectively to specific audiences in examining fundamental aspects of human history
Apply key approaches to studying history in addressing critical questions related to historical narratives and perspectives
Prompt
Your writing plan should answer the following prompt: Select a historical event that has impacted American society. Develop a plan for writing your essay,
describing the historical event, selecting appropriate resources for your research, and identifying an audience for your essay. The purpose of this writing plan is to
provide you with a way to gather your thoughts and begin thinking about how to support your thesis statement. The following critical elements will be assessed
in a 1- to 2-page word processing document.
2
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Describe the historical event that you selected. Why is this event significant?
II. Describe at least two secondary sources that you could use to research your historical event. Your sources must be relevant to your event and must be of
an appropriate academic nature. In your description, consider q ...
Seeing is BelievingWhile we can easily become engaged in a print n.docxbagotjesusa
Seeing is Believing
While we can easily become engaged in a print news story that is well-written and tailored for a specific audience, the ability of television to “show us” the news is something that has given it the edge over print news media for decades. Traditional radio also provides us with the “storytelling” aspect where we may find ourselves sitting in the car hanging on to every word of a great news story. This week, you will write a broadcast script for a television news story and for a radio news story. The television script and the radio script will both be designed for the delivery of a story that is 5 minutes in length.
Topic and Sources of Information: The issue that you choose to write about must be current and have some relevance for your local community, city, and/or state. You must derive the information for this story from print media only. You will need to read several print publications for mention of the story and take notes of the facts of the story from several national publications.
For this assignment you must:
· Adhere to the Broadcast Script Template
· Summarize facts and/or statistics that are relevant to the story
· Develop the story for the local audience
· Compare two opposing opinions about the topic
· Provide proper attribution for all sources of information included (facts, statistics, images/video, and opinions).
· Incorporate at least three visual elements to enhance the television story
· Incorporate at least three indirect quotes (citing other sources) to enhance the radio story
· A list of each of the sources must be included using the Media News Source Template
Saving Your Work: To maintain the formatting of your work, you are strongly encouraged to save your assignment as a PDF file. View Saving a Word Document as a PDF for steps on how to do this.
Check it! Your print news stories must be submitted through Grammarly and Turnitin prior to submission.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Waypoint Assignment Submission
The assignments in this course will be submitted to Waypoint. Please refer to the instructions below to submit your assignment.
1. Click on the Assignment Submission button below. The Waypoint "Student Dashboard" will open in a new browser window.
2. Browse for your assignment.
3. Click Upload.
4. Confirm that your assignment was successfully submitted by viewing the appropriate week's assignment tab in Waypoint.
For more detailed instructions, refer to the Waypoint Tutorial (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
This tool needs to be loaded in a new browser window
Load Week 3 - News Story in a new window
The following content is partner provided
Queen Woods
Aug 31, 2017Aug 31 at 1:25pm
Manage Discussion Entry
I'm considering persuing several areas when I'm finished with my degree. One in perticalure would definitely be Public Relations Special.
Discussion What Is NewsAs you watch a local news program or re.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion: What Is News?
As you watch a local news program or read a newspaper, you consume the report of recent events created by professional—and sometimes amateur—writers, editors, and reporters. Regardless of their status, these journalists take time to consider the details of a story and how to present it to you, the news consumer. These details can have a powerful effect on how you perceive local, national, and world events. In this Discussion, you will have an opportunity to become a more savvy news consumer by choosing a news story, determining how it was created, and tracking its “newsworthiness” from the day the story “breaks” through several days afterward.
To prepare for this Discussion:
· Choose a discussion thread based on the topics available this week.
· Each thread will present a different topic for a news story. For the topic stated in your chosen thread, you will find a news story that has the necessary elements for it to be considered news and determine whether the news story will persist or fade away.
· Review Chapter 13 in the Course Text, The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in Transition.
· Based on the five elements in the reading, reflect upon what is considered to be “news” and what is not. How does the definition of news change?
· Consider the multiple modes of mass communication used to deliver news stories. How do you consume news? How does your choice of mode impact how you view local and world events?
For this Discussion, choose one thread from the choices listed this week. Each thread is limited to a maximum number of students based on class size. A thread will close if the limit is reached. If a thread is closed to new posters, select from the open threads. You will post both your initial post and your response post in the same thread.
By Day 3
Thread 1: International Relations
· Post a 1- to 2-paragraph explanation of why you believe that your chosen international relations news story is or is not considered “news.” Could this news story be the headline or lead story for today’s evening news? What aspects of the story’s message make you believe it would be or wouldn’t be the lead story for the evening news, and why?
Refer to 2 specific examples from your course reading or your chosen news story and record in your assignment information about each source, including author, year, page number, and publication title.
Thread 2: Economics
· Post a 1- to 2-paragraph explanation of why you believe that your chosen economics news story is or is not considered “news.” Could this news story be the headline or lead story for today’s evening news? What aspects of the story’s message make you believe it would be or wouldn’t be the lead story for the evening news, and why?
Refer to 2 specific examples from your course reading or your chosen news story and record in your assignment information about each source, including author, year, page number, and publication title.
Thread 3: Entertainment
· Post a 1- to 2-para.
Synthesis Essay
Crystal Jefferson
June 9, 2013
WRTG 101
Annemarie J Chiarini
Synthesis essay
Every multimedia medium enables a unique method of discourse by offering a different orientation for expression, sensibility, and thought.According to McLuhan in the article ‘The media is the metaphor’ identifies medium as the message. Forms of media do not denote specific or concrete statements regarding the environment or world but are rather metaphors, which work to enforce various reality definitions. Whether an individual or group is experiencing the immediate environment or the world using a speech, printed words or television, media-metaphors classify, sequence, and argue the case concerning how the world is in reality (McLuhan, 2003; Postman, 2005). Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Read your paper out loud to ensure clear and accurate sentence structure Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: “ ->use these quotes Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Where is your thesis? From Drew University’s website:
A research paper with a weak thesis (such as: "media images of women help to shape women's sense of how they should look") will organize its findings to show how this is so without having to spend much time discussing other arguments (in this case, other things that also help to shape women's sense of how they should look). A paper with a strong thesis (such as "the media is the single most important factor in shaping women's sense of how they should look") will spend more time discussing arguments that it rejects (in this case, each paragraph will show how the media is more influential than other
factors in that particular aspect of women's sense of how they should look").
Postman uses the term “conversation” metaphorically referring to all the technologies and techniques that permit individuals to pass across messages. Every culture is regarded as a conversation or corporation of conversations in symbolic modes. Postman seeks to show how the various public discourse forms can regulate content of multimedia message. Television has had an effect in delivery of news in the sense that “news of the day” does not exist if media is not available to provide it with expression. Lack of a technology to communicate a message results in people not paying attention to it thus without any medium to create form, news of the day does not exist (Postman, 2005). In the article “The Transition to Digital Journalism” Gomez writes that a lot of journalists enter this profession because of the love of telling stories. Gomez raises concerns that digital media, such as television will bring doom to narrative as a result of constant eruption of information which, lack context. This factor is affecting delivery of news by making many people lack attention span to seek in-depth news.
Quayle believes in “The method of the medium is in motion” that television news has the potential to support higher public discourse level. An individual’s body is irrelevant in as compared ...
Incident Report Writing - 15+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. The Psychological Impact of Critical Incidents Essay Example | Topics .... The Incident Report in Word and Pdf formats. Unforgettable Incident of Your Life English Essay | Essay on .... Incident Report Example | Incident report, Report writing template .... First Class Example Letter For Incident Report How To Write A Business .... How to write a critical incident analysis - teachersites.web.fc2.com. My Most Memorable Incident In My Life Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words. Curious Incident Essay | English (Standard) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Buy a narrative essay about an accident i witnessed! An Accident You .... Accident investigation essay. write any funny incident that happened during the lowdown time in your .... Incident with or about your family Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Essay on 'An Incident that have changed your life ' | English essay .... You witness an incident which you are forced to get involved in. Use .... How to Write an Incident Report: 12 Steps (with Pictures). Buy a narrative essay about an accident: Buy A Narrative Essay About An .... critical incident essay | Dentistry | Patient. Essay writing a memorable incident in my life - dissertationadviser.x ....
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. 004 Essay Example Reflection Best Ideas Of Introduction To Reflective .... What Is Reflection Paper Example - 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples .... A complete guide to writing a reflective essay | Oxbridge Essays - Self .... Example Of Reflection Paper College : Reflective Essay Examples.
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. 004 Essay Example Reflection Best Ideas Of Introduction To Reflective .... What Is Reflection Paper Example - 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples .... A complete guide to writing a reflective essay | Oxbridge Essays - Self .... Example Of Reflection Paper College : R
1 HIS 200 Project 1 Guidelines and Rubric Overvie.docxjeremylockett77
1
HIS 200 Project 1 Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
History is for human self-knowledge . . . the only clue to what man can do is what man has done. The value of history, then, is that it teaches us what man has
done and thus what man is.
—R. G. Collingwood
Historical awareness informs various aspects of our lives. We live in a time of rapid change, and we often think more about the future than the past. However,
studying history can help us better understand our own lives in the context of the places we live and society in general. In America, specifically, the government is
informed by its citizens. If the ideals of society shift, that shift will eventually move throughout the different levels of government, effecting widespread change.
For the projects in this course, you will select a historical event that has impacted American society in some way. You may select an event that was discussed in
the course, or you may select your own event, with instructor approval. You may consider using the event you chose to work on in your Perspectives in History
class, if that event is something you wish to investigate further through this assessment.
In Project 1, you will develop a plan for an essay on this historical event. The plan will include a brief description of the selected historical event and the resources
you will use in your research. In addition, you will identify an audience for your essay and decide how to communicate your information to this audience. In
Project 2, you will write an essay analyzing the historical event you selected, examining its impact on society as well as its impact on you personally.
Project 1 addresses the following course outcomes:
Select appropriate and relevant primary and secondary sources in investigating foundational historic events
Communicate effectively to specific audiences in examining fundamental aspects of human history
Apply key approaches to studying history in addressing critical questions related to historical narratives and perspectives
Prompt
Your writing plan should answer the following prompt: Select a historical event that has impacted American society. Develop a plan for writing your essay,
describing the historical event, selecting appropriate resources for your research, and identifying an audience for your essay. The purpose of this writing plan is to
provide you with a way to gather your thoughts and begin thinking about how to support your thesis statement. The following critical elements will be assessed
in a 1- to 2-page word processing document.
2
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Describe the historical event that you selected. Why is this event significant?
II. Describe at least two secondary sources that you could use to research your historical event. Your sources must be relevant to your event and must be of
an appropriate academic nature. In your description, consider q ...
Week 4 - Discussion 2
11 unread reply.11 reply.
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses. Refer to the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric under the Settings icon above for guidance on how your discussion will be evaluated.
The Culture Divide
Prepare: For those with little understanding of the role of journalists in our society, the profession could be seen through a very small lens of one that is simply about reporting the facts. While there may be a bit of truth to this with regard to hard news coverage, cultural journalism is a much deeper phenomenon. This genre of journalism is more about understanding the connections and underlying factors for the news that we report on. Cultural journalism refers to writing and reporting that lends itself to the particular ways of life in a society, and it can encompass customs, ideologies, or art forms. We are finding that cultural journalism is quite popular among citizen journalists and those in community newsrooms who possess the time and interest to discover the connections. For this discussion, we will focus on cultural journalism from the perspective of community journalism. Read the At the Community Level: Cultural Competence and News Coverage of a City Neighborhood (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. article by Garyantes (2012).
Reflect: After carefully reading the article, consider your feelings on journalists in your own community demonstrating “cultural competence” in news reporting. Do you feel as though this is an important aspect of reporting? How might it impact news reports in your community?
Write: After considering the questions above, write a 250- to 300-word response that discusses how you feel about “cultural competence.” In your initial post, you must include at least one in-text citation from the reading material and an additional in-text citation from a scholarly source that you locate in the Ashford University Library or from another credible source. At the end of your post, include your name and a full reference for all sources cited in the body of your post. All citations and references must adhere to APA style guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
Check It! Your post must be submitted through Grammarly prior to submission.
Respond to Peers: After you have written your initial post, read the posts of your peers and respond to at least two others about their views on a journalist’s “cultural competence.” Your responses should address them by name, be between 100 and 150 words in length, and you must include your name at the end of each response.
Week 4 - Discussion 1
11 unread reply.11 reply.
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your class.
Running head UNIT 4 PROJECT1UNIT 4 PROJECT 8Reflect.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: UNIT 4 PROJECT
1
UNIT 4 PROJECT
8
Reflecting on Sources
Sam Smith
Kaplan University
CM 220 05
Carrie Hannigan
October 1, 2011Unit 4 Project: Reflecting on Sources
Complete all three parts of the worksheet below. Be sure to cite all sources in APA format, including using in-text citations and reference page citations in the spaces provided. The writing should be in Standard English and complete sentences. The sources noted in this worksheet should be related to your "big idea," which is the basis of your final project in this course. Save this document to your computer, and submit it through the Unit 4 dropbox, per the instructions in the classroom under Unit 4's Project Description.Part I: Pre-Interview Worksheet
Directions: Complete each section of the Pre-Interview Worksheet below. Although students are not required to conduct an interview as research for the final project, the process of thinking about potential questions and responses related to the final project topic will help stimulate further ideas and questions related to conducting relevant and reliable research. Of course, you may also decide to interview the person discussed here or another appropriate subject and use the material in your upcoming projects as a primary source.
Interviewer Name
Sam Smith
Interviewee Name
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Interview Method
email
Interview Location
If interviewing in person, where will it be conducted?
Have you seen the location yet?
FORMCHECKBOX
Yes
FORMCHECKBOX
No
X FORMCHECKBOX
Not applicable
Interviewee Research
Adichie was featured in a TED video, discussing her beliefs that writers should tell stories that create more than one point of view, thus avoiding a "single-story" perspective; her example was that she grew up in Nigeria, but read stories from England and the United States, which colored her perception of storytelling and the world (Adichie, 2009). Likewise, she has found that others hold misperceptions of her own culture based on the limited views of stories (and media coverage). Adichie is advocating that storytellers adopt a point of view that is true to their culture, and helps show the world the complexities of their culture. Adichie is the author of Purple Hibiscus and Half of a Yellow Sun. Other publications include short stories, speeches, and non-fiction articles. She has received 13 awards for her writing, and numerous nominations for other awards. Through interviewing Adichie, I hope to gain her insights on how facilitating storytelling within an elderly community can benefit the community overall.
Interview Topic Research
Storytelling is a fundamental aspect of every society; it can educate, inspire, motivate, and entertain. The act of creating stories can be therapeutic for the writer, as it compels the individual to tap into his/her own emotions and memories in order to create these engaging scenes and worlds. Digital storytelling is one method of conveying a person's narrative to an.
1 Introduction to Sustainable Development GEOG 302 .docxjoyjonna282
1
Introduction to Sustainable Development
GEOG 302
Instructor: Dr. Linda C. Samuels Class Schedule: Tues/Thurs 9:30 – 10:45
[email protected] Classroom: Psychology 306
Office: UA Downtown , 222 Office hrs: Fridays 1-2 p.m./by appt.
The satisfaction of human needs and aspirations is the major objective of development. The essential needs of vast numbers of
people in developing countries – for food, clothing, shelter, jobs – are not being met, and beyond their basic needs these people
have legitimate aspirations for an improved quality of life. A world in which poverty and inequity are endemic will always be prone
to ecological and other crises. Sustainable development requires meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the
opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life.
_ Brundtland, World Commission on Environment and Development
What I do I think about sustainability? Actually, I don’t like the word very much. The reason is that no one, as far as I know, is in
favor of un-sustainability, and so therefore sustainability tends to mean almost anything you want it to mean, and I think we
should be rather more specific than that. The other problem is that sustainability sometimes sounds a bit too passive and static,
and I think throughout history we have transformed our relationship to nature sometimes in good ways sometimes in bad ways.
And I think the question for us is how we are going to transform our relationship to nature in the future.
_David Harvey, interview @http://www.urbanintelligence.org
The right to the city manifests itself as a superior form of rights: right to freedom, to individualization in socialization, to habitat
and to inhabit. The right to the oeuvre, to participation and appropriation (clearly distinct from the right to property), are implied in
the right to the city.
_Henri Lefebvre, the Right to the City
What is sustainable development? What is a sustainable city? Is our best position, as weak and reactive as it is, to be against un-
sustainability? Has the term itself – sustainability – grown impotent? If sustainable development is a process and sustainable
cities the product, how do we gauge the success of our processes and products? How do we then employ that information in the
service of better outcomes? The objectives of this course are 1) to develop meaningful, useful, perceptive and perhaps
unpredictable definitions and parameters to help us determine what a successful sustainable city actually is and how it is
produced (if we can in fact determine either) and 2) to propose thoughtful, rigorous, creative arguments for projects, policies, or
other interventions that would transform our local condition and, perhaps through extension, others like it. This is not only an
exercise in metrics – though metrics may be part of the equation – but also an exercise in negotiation, in education, in
prophesizing, in critical and creative ...
Journalist and reporters are essential to the news cycle. They help people understand and come to terms with recent happenings. Current events shape the way individuals see the world, making news a vital vehicle for offering context
Essay On The Internet [Short & Long Example]. Internet Essay- The Internet is the Greatest Invention of Mankind .... Write an Essay on Internet in English | Internet essay in english .... Essay on Impact of Internet on Youth | English essay | essay | English .... Importance of Internet essay in English// how Internet work. A for and against essay about the internet | LearnEnglish Teens .... The Internet - GCSE ICT - Marked by Teachers.com. Internet Brings More Harm Than Good Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Write an essay on Internet | English | Handwriting. An essay about the importance of internet. Internet Essay | Essay on Internet Internet Essay for Students and .... Internet Essay || Internet Essay in English|| Internet Essay 10 Lines .... The Internet Essay in English - YouTube. Internet essay writing in english - YouTube. The good of internet essay introduction. Essay on Internet Addiction | Internet Addiction Essay for Students and .... Essay The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using The Internet | Internet .... (The Internet) Short Essay in Simple English. Essay on Internet in English. An essay about the Internet - ESL worksheet by Maruan Aziz. Analytical Essay: Advanced english essays. How To Write an Essay - How to Write an Essay English is a global .... Internet and Its Uses | Internet, Essay, Education. Research paper: Essay writing on internet. Internet Essay | Online And Offline | Virtual World. Essay on uses of internet to students - teachervision.web.fc2.com. Internet essay in English | Topics in English. Essay websites: Essay internet. Essay on importance of internet in modern life.
Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... World population essay. World Population Day Essay. 2022-11-14. College essay: Population essay. Population Essay - International Baccalaureate Geography - Marked by .... Increase In Population Essay Topics. Population Essay. School essay: World population essay. Population Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 .... An Essay on the Principle of Population | PDF Host. In Essay on the Principle of Population | Labour Economics | Economies. HISTORY30067 - Population Growth Essay.pdf - The Impacts Of World ....
HUM 200 Project Part Two: Presentation Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
We all share common experiences that can be generally classified within the major themes of art. Examples of these themes include love, mortality, identity,
truth, and beauty. The representation of these themes through various media reveals central beliefs shared by a common people. The comparison of objects
from the humanities with similar themes helps to uncover not only the uniqueness of each respective cultural artifact, but also a shared human consciousness
that transcends time and place.
Your project for this course has two parts. In Project Part One, you will complete an exploration document examining two cultural artifacts that you select,
identifying a theme common to both of them and developing a thesis statement related to the theme and artifacts. You will also identify an audience who would
be interested in your artifacts, theme, and thesis statement. In Project Part Two, you will develop a presentation for your audience. In your presentation, you
will discuss the impact of the cultural artifacts, theme, and thesis statement on both individuals and society, supporting your claims with evidence. You will also
explain how study of the humanities has impacted you both personally and professionally.
In Project Part Two, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
● Illustrate the impact of the humanities on personal and professional experiences
● Communicate effectively to specific audiences in examining fundamental aspects of human culture
● Utilize evidence from subjective and objective cultural analysis in drawing conclusions about the impact of cultural artifacts on individuals and society
Prompt
Your presentation assignment should answer the following prompt: Based on your exploration document, create a presentation that explains how the
humanities have impacted you both personally and professionally and discusses the impact of your theme on your audience.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Provide a brief overview of your artifacts, theme, and thesis statement. How are they situated within the domain of the humanities?
II. Explain how the theme, as it is expressed in the cultural artifacts, and thesis statement impact the audience. In other words, how is the theme relevant
to members of the audience? Why should the audience care about your thesis statement? Support your response with specific examples from your
exploration document.
1
III. Describe the evidence from subjective and objective cultural analyses that you have to support your conclusions about the impact of the theme and
cultural artifacts on you personally and on your audience. Support your response with specific examples from your exploration document.
IV. Explain why the theme and cultural artifacts are important to you personally. In other words, why did you select these artifacts to ...
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION This required assignment in Introduction .docxnettletondevon
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION: This required assignment in Introduction to International Engagement (INST 110I) is a culturally-oriented [cross-national] activity intent at bringing to scrutiny the main concepts discussed throughout the semester. As an in interactive exercise, this Project aims at supporting face-to-face dialog in a collective effort to foster awareness about community identities within and beyond our campus.
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this activity is to strengthen our potentials for cultural and linguistic competencies as we become increasingly part of a highly inter-connected global society.
THE TASK [Nuts & Bolts]
Again, please make sure you interview [face-to-face] at least one person from the cultural/linguistic group which you have chosen to write your paper on. Of course, if you find more than one representative for your group who might be interested in sharing their story with you, the better. This will render your story stronger, and increase your write-up reliability. Timing allowing, I would encourage this option. However, you are not required to follow this path, as this choice would demand extra time for data gathering, organization, analysis and writing.
NOTE: Your interviewee must be a native of the country you have chosen, and ought to have lived in that country for at least 10 years. Please avoid interviewing mom and dad, or your immediate siblings. Also, refrain from doing Skype, Facetime interviews as well. As discussed in class, the main idea behind this project is for you to reach out to the wealth of international students, and the enviable pool of citizens from around the world who live among us (i.e., in school, neighborhood, and city).
1. Your intellectual task is threefold:
a. Conduct an interview of someone who was born and lived overseas for more than 10 years;
b. Compare and contrast self-perceptions, between your target cultural group (the country you have picked) and your own (American). [This exercise focuses on discerning a group’s cultural identities, and will help you spell out the similarities and/or differences between two cultures];
c. Discuss how the concepts learned in INST 110I helped you make sense of the cultural differences and similarities between your own culture identities and that of your interviewee. In other words, this Assignment invites you to put to test, in an engaging way, the various IC Communication concepts discussed this semester.
PROJECT OUTCOME
Reflective Essay [5 pages]
This is the final product of your “Culture Identity” Project, where you will report the findings from a face-to-face interview/conversation with someone from a select cultural group distinct from your own. You will use this essay as a base for preparing yourself for a collective discussion (in-class FORUM), or individual presentations.
PURPOSE
The main purpose of this essay is for you to test some concept applicability in the day-to-day realities of people belonging to cultural.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
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Week 4 - Discussion 2
11 unread reply.11 reply.
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses. Refer to the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric under the Settings icon above for guidance on how your discussion will be evaluated.
The Culture Divide
Prepare: For those with little understanding of the role of journalists in our society, the profession could be seen through a very small lens of one that is simply about reporting the facts. While there may be a bit of truth to this with regard to hard news coverage, cultural journalism is a much deeper phenomenon. This genre of journalism is more about understanding the connections and underlying factors for the news that we report on. Cultural journalism refers to writing and reporting that lends itself to the particular ways of life in a society, and it can encompass customs, ideologies, or art forms. We are finding that cultural journalism is quite popular among citizen journalists and those in community newsrooms who possess the time and interest to discover the connections. For this discussion, we will focus on cultural journalism from the perspective of community journalism. Read the At the Community Level: Cultural Competence and News Coverage of a City Neighborhood (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. article by Garyantes (2012).
Reflect: After carefully reading the article, consider your feelings on journalists in your own community demonstrating “cultural competence” in news reporting. Do you feel as though this is an important aspect of reporting? How might it impact news reports in your community?
Write: After considering the questions above, write a 250- to 300-word response that discusses how you feel about “cultural competence.” In your initial post, you must include at least one in-text citation from the reading material and an additional in-text citation from a scholarly source that you locate in the Ashford University Library or from another credible source. At the end of your post, include your name and a full reference for all sources cited in the body of your post. All citations and references must adhere to APA style guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
Check It! Your post must be submitted through Grammarly prior to submission.
Respond to Peers: After you have written your initial post, read the posts of your peers and respond to at least two others about their views on a journalist’s “cultural competence.” Your responses should address them by name, be between 100 and 150 words in length, and you must include your name at the end of each response.
Week 4 - Discussion 1
11 unread reply.11 reply.
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your class.
Running head UNIT 4 PROJECT1UNIT 4 PROJECT 8Reflect.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: UNIT 4 PROJECT
1
UNIT 4 PROJECT
8
Reflecting on Sources
Sam Smith
Kaplan University
CM 220 05
Carrie Hannigan
October 1, 2011Unit 4 Project: Reflecting on Sources
Complete all three parts of the worksheet below. Be sure to cite all sources in APA format, including using in-text citations and reference page citations in the spaces provided. The writing should be in Standard English and complete sentences. The sources noted in this worksheet should be related to your "big idea," which is the basis of your final project in this course. Save this document to your computer, and submit it through the Unit 4 dropbox, per the instructions in the classroom under Unit 4's Project Description.Part I: Pre-Interview Worksheet
Directions: Complete each section of the Pre-Interview Worksheet below. Although students are not required to conduct an interview as research for the final project, the process of thinking about potential questions and responses related to the final project topic will help stimulate further ideas and questions related to conducting relevant and reliable research. Of course, you may also decide to interview the person discussed here or another appropriate subject and use the material in your upcoming projects as a primary source.
Interviewer Name
Sam Smith
Interviewee Name
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Interview Method
email
Interview Location
If interviewing in person, where will it be conducted?
Have you seen the location yet?
FORMCHECKBOX
Yes
FORMCHECKBOX
No
X FORMCHECKBOX
Not applicable
Interviewee Research
Adichie was featured in a TED video, discussing her beliefs that writers should tell stories that create more than one point of view, thus avoiding a "single-story" perspective; her example was that she grew up in Nigeria, but read stories from England and the United States, which colored her perception of storytelling and the world (Adichie, 2009). Likewise, she has found that others hold misperceptions of her own culture based on the limited views of stories (and media coverage). Adichie is advocating that storytellers adopt a point of view that is true to their culture, and helps show the world the complexities of their culture. Adichie is the author of Purple Hibiscus and Half of a Yellow Sun. Other publications include short stories, speeches, and non-fiction articles. She has received 13 awards for her writing, and numerous nominations for other awards. Through interviewing Adichie, I hope to gain her insights on how facilitating storytelling within an elderly community can benefit the community overall.
Interview Topic Research
Storytelling is a fundamental aspect of every society; it can educate, inspire, motivate, and entertain. The act of creating stories can be therapeutic for the writer, as it compels the individual to tap into his/her own emotions and memories in order to create these engaging scenes and worlds. Digital storytelling is one method of conveying a person's narrative to an.
1 Introduction to Sustainable Development GEOG 302 .docxjoyjonna282
1
Introduction to Sustainable Development
GEOG 302
Instructor: Dr. Linda C. Samuels Class Schedule: Tues/Thurs 9:30 – 10:45
[email protected] Classroom: Psychology 306
Office: UA Downtown , 222 Office hrs: Fridays 1-2 p.m./by appt.
The satisfaction of human needs and aspirations is the major objective of development. The essential needs of vast numbers of
people in developing countries – for food, clothing, shelter, jobs – are not being met, and beyond their basic needs these people
have legitimate aspirations for an improved quality of life. A world in which poverty and inequity are endemic will always be prone
to ecological and other crises. Sustainable development requires meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the
opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life.
_ Brundtland, World Commission on Environment and Development
What I do I think about sustainability? Actually, I don’t like the word very much. The reason is that no one, as far as I know, is in
favor of un-sustainability, and so therefore sustainability tends to mean almost anything you want it to mean, and I think we
should be rather more specific than that. The other problem is that sustainability sometimes sounds a bit too passive and static,
and I think throughout history we have transformed our relationship to nature sometimes in good ways sometimes in bad ways.
And I think the question for us is how we are going to transform our relationship to nature in the future.
_David Harvey, interview @http://www.urbanintelligence.org
The right to the city manifests itself as a superior form of rights: right to freedom, to individualization in socialization, to habitat
and to inhabit. The right to the oeuvre, to participation and appropriation (clearly distinct from the right to property), are implied in
the right to the city.
_Henri Lefebvre, the Right to the City
What is sustainable development? What is a sustainable city? Is our best position, as weak and reactive as it is, to be against un-
sustainability? Has the term itself – sustainability – grown impotent? If sustainable development is a process and sustainable
cities the product, how do we gauge the success of our processes and products? How do we then employ that information in the
service of better outcomes? The objectives of this course are 1) to develop meaningful, useful, perceptive and perhaps
unpredictable definitions and parameters to help us determine what a successful sustainable city actually is and how it is
produced (if we can in fact determine either) and 2) to propose thoughtful, rigorous, creative arguments for projects, policies, or
other interventions that would transform our local condition and, perhaps through extension, others like it. This is not only an
exercise in metrics – though metrics may be part of the equation – but also an exercise in negotiation, in education, in
prophesizing, in critical and creative ...
Journalist and reporters are essential to the news cycle. They help people understand and come to terms with recent happenings. Current events shape the way individuals see the world, making news a vital vehicle for offering context
Essay On The Internet [Short & Long Example]. Internet Essay- The Internet is the Greatest Invention of Mankind .... Write an Essay on Internet in English | Internet essay in english .... Essay on Impact of Internet on Youth | English essay | essay | English .... Importance of Internet essay in English// how Internet work. A for and against essay about the internet | LearnEnglish Teens .... The Internet - GCSE ICT - Marked by Teachers.com. Internet Brings More Harm Than Good Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Write an essay on Internet | English | Handwriting. An essay about the importance of internet. Internet Essay | Essay on Internet Internet Essay for Students and .... Internet Essay || Internet Essay in English|| Internet Essay 10 Lines .... The Internet Essay in English - YouTube. Internet essay writing in english - YouTube. The good of internet essay introduction. Essay on Internet Addiction | Internet Addiction Essay for Students and .... Essay The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using The Internet | Internet .... (The Internet) Short Essay in Simple English. Essay on Internet in English. An essay about the Internet - ESL worksheet by Maruan Aziz. Analytical Essay: Advanced english essays. How To Write an Essay - How to Write an Essay English is a global .... Internet and Its Uses | Internet, Essay, Education. Research paper: Essay writing on internet. Internet Essay | Online And Offline | Virtual World. Essay on uses of internet to students - teachervision.web.fc2.com. Internet essay in English | Topics in English. Essay websites: Essay internet. Essay on importance of internet in modern life.
Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... World population essay. World Population Day Essay. 2022-11-14. College essay: Population essay. Population Essay - International Baccalaureate Geography - Marked by .... Increase In Population Essay Topics. Population Essay. School essay: World population essay. Population Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 .... An Essay on the Principle of Population | PDF Host. In Essay on the Principle of Population | Labour Economics | Economies. HISTORY30067 - Population Growth Essay.pdf - The Impacts Of World ....
HUM 200 Project Part Two: Presentation Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
We all share common experiences that can be generally classified within the major themes of art. Examples of these themes include love, mortality, identity,
truth, and beauty. The representation of these themes through various media reveals central beliefs shared by a common people. The comparison of objects
from the humanities with similar themes helps to uncover not only the uniqueness of each respective cultural artifact, but also a shared human consciousness
that transcends time and place.
Your project for this course has two parts. In Project Part One, you will complete an exploration document examining two cultural artifacts that you select,
identifying a theme common to both of them and developing a thesis statement related to the theme and artifacts. You will also identify an audience who would
be interested in your artifacts, theme, and thesis statement. In Project Part Two, you will develop a presentation for your audience. In your presentation, you
will discuss the impact of the cultural artifacts, theme, and thesis statement on both individuals and society, supporting your claims with evidence. You will also
explain how study of the humanities has impacted you both personally and professionally.
In Project Part Two, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
● Illustrate the impact of the humanities on personal and professional experiences
● Communicate effectively to specific audiences in examining fundamental aspects of human culture
● Utilize evidence from subjective and objective cultural analysis in drawing conclusions about the impact of cultural artifacts on individuals and society
Prompt
Your presentation assignment should answer the following prompt: Based on your exploration document, create a presentation that explains how the
humanities have impacted you both personally and professionally and discusses the impact of your theme on your audience.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Provide a brief overview of your artifacts, theme, and thesis statement. How are they situated within the domain of the humanities?
II. Explain how the theme, as it is expressed in the cultural artifacts, and thesis statement impact the audience. In other words, how is the theme relevant
to members of the audience? Why should the audience care about your thesis statement? Support your response with specific examples from your
exploration document.
1
III. Describe the evidence from subjective and objective cultural analyses that you have to support your conclusions about the impact of the theme and
cultural artifacts on you personally and on your audience. Support your response with specific examples from your exploration document.
IV. Explain why the theme and cultural artifacts are important to you personally. In other words, why did you select these artifacts to ...
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION This required assignment in Introduction .docxnettletondevon
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION: This required assignment in Introduction to International Engagement (INST 110I) is a culturally-oriented [cross-national] activity intent at bringing to scrutiny the main concepts discussed throughout the semester. As an in interactive exercise, this Project aims at supporting face-to-face dialog in a collective effort to foster awareness about community identities within and beyond our campus.
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this activity is to strengthen our potentials for cultural and linguistic competencies as we become increasingly part of a highly inter-connected global society.
THE TASK [Nuts & Bolts]
Again, please make sure you interview [face-to-face] at least one person from the cultural/linguistic group which you have chosen to write your paper on. Of course, if you find more than one representative for your group who might be interested in sharing their story with you, the better. This will render your story stronger, and increase your write-up reliability. Timing allowing, I would encourage this option. However, you are not required to follow this path, as this choice would demand extra time for data gathering, organization, analysis and writing.
NOTE: Your interviewee must be a native of the country you have chosen, and ought to have lived in that country for at least 10 years. Please avoid interviewing mom and dad, or your immediate siblings. Also, refrain from doing Skype, Facetime interviews as well. As discussed in class, the main idea behind this project is for you to reach out to the wealth of international students, and the enviable pool of citizens from around the world who live among us (i.e., in school, neighborhood, and city).
1. Your intellectual task is threefold:
a. Conduct an interview of someone who was born and lived overseas for more than 10 years;
b. Compare and contrast self-perceptions, between your target cultural group (the country you have picked) and your own (American). [This exercise focuses on discerning a group’s cultural identities, and will help you spell out the similarities and/or differences between two cultures];
c. Discuss how the concepts learned in INST 110I helped you make sense of the cultural differences and similarities between your own culture identities and that of your interviewee. In other words, this Assignment invites you to put to test, in an engaging way, the various IC Communication concepts discussed this semester.
PROJECT OUTCOME
Reflective Essay [5 pages]
This is the final product of your “Culture Identity” Project, where you will report the findings from a face-to-face interview/conversation with someone from a select cultural group distinct from your own. You will use this essay as a base for preparing yourself for a collective discussion (in-class FORUM), or individual presentations.
PURPOSE
The main purpose of this essay is for you to test some concept applicability in the day-to-day realities of people belonging to cultural.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and s.docxpaynetawnya
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and set up for a local area network (LAN). The company implemented a client/server-based network in which all printers, folders, and other resources are shared but everyone has access to everything and there is no security outside of the defaults that were in place when the system was set up.
You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
: How – in technical or other terms – could (or can) you improve the security of the situation? What measures or technologies would make sense? Why?
.
Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
You're the Judge
This week, you are a judge in a federal district court where a man has been charged with possessing and distributing cocaine. The police obtained the evidence of his drug possession and sale by searching his home. Police arrived at the defendant’s house without a warrant, and the defendant and his wife were at home. The officers knocked, and the wife answered the door and consented to the search. The defendant objected to the search. The defendant has filed a motion to have the evidence excluded from his trial. Decide if the evidence should be admitted, and provide the best arguments both the prosecutor and defendant can make to win the motion.
.
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of
Introduction to Business
Research
the evolution of business with your assigned team members.
Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the evolution of business.
BUS/211
.
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal behaves the way he does, and how he arrives at his final comittment for his future. The book is " Henry the IV part 1"
Will be three pages, double spaced, using MLA format. Research is optional but would help. Any quotations must be in the orginal Shakesperean language.
.
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes heshe .docxpaynetawnya
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes he/she looks—begins to be important in early childhood, especially for girls (Papalia et al., 2011). It has been suggested that the media plays a significant part in perpetuating the desire to be thin. What are your thoughts? How would you apply biblical principles to address this issue with your children?
.
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigrat.docxpaynetawnya
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigration, such as assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model is used today?
Use the library and your course materials to research these models. Your analysis should include a response to the following:
Discuss the assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines.
How is it that certain groups in the United States never given the opportunity to “assimilate”? Include the following groups in your analysis: Hispanics, African-Americans and others of African descent, Native-Americans, and Asian-Americans.
What model is used today?
Why is the current model significant in terms of access and privilege?
.
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of.docxpaynetawnya
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of land. The land has some unknown contamination; it has been stripped of natural vegetation, soil erosion has occurred, and a stream on the property is polluted. You have decided to turn this land into a sustainable agricultural food supply.
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template
Design
solutions to develop the land. Provide a development plan to bring this land up to agricultural standards.
Write
a proposal to the city that describes the step-by-step plan your team intends to implement. Record your ideas on the University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template.
Explain
the following in the proposal:
The importance—both locally and globally—of having a sustainable food supply
The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
.
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelor's of social work (B.S.W.) degree and is working on her master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) by going to school at night on a part-time basis. Prior to accepting the position at the pretrial diversion program, she worked in a community mental health clinic providing services to low-income families. You have your bachelor's degree in criminal justice behind you and your internship with the pretrial diversion program is halfway completed. You and Ms. Harris have had some intense discussions about human service practice in general and human service practice in the criminal justice field in particular.
You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is different in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is similar in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).What role does human service practice play in the pretrial diversion setting specifically?At what point, if any, does human service practice in the mental health setting converge on the pretrial diversion setting?
You should cite all sources using APA style format, and include a reference section at the end of your submission.
Up to 300 words times new Roman,12 font
.
Your RatingGroup DiscussionDelinquency Prevention Please .docxpaynetawnya
Your Rating:
Group Discussion
"Delinquency Prevention" Please respond to the following:
Describe the key differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs. Discuss the overall effectiveness of these types of programs.
From the e-Activity, identify at least two (2) factors that contribute to a delinquency prevention program’s success. Specify the primary manner in which these types of programs have improved the lives of juveniles and their families.
.
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity.docxpaynetawnya
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Discuss several of the financial analysis tools useful in assessing inventory issues and report the actual numbers for the company you selected for Assignment 1 in Week 6. Describe the impact of your numbers on reasons for investing or not investing in the company
Identify the inventory valuation method (LIFO, FIFO, Average, etc.) used by your company and discuss the impact of the method on the income statement and balance sheet. Include the pros and cons/ tradeoffs of the method on the reported numbers.
.
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea .docxpaynetawnya
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea what earned value management concepts (EVM), such as AC, BCWP, and EV mean; he is only concerned that you deliver the project ahead of schedule and under budget. Using the information covered from your readings and other activities, develop a project to educate him, including which EVM performance measures you would educate him on. Provide a rationale for your selection of topics.
.
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled i.docxpaynetawnya
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled it?
Anything interesting you learned about the organization you chose.
The most difficult component of this project. What made it challenging? How did you address this challenge?
Post a 2 to 4 paragraph discussion post (300 words minimum). Justify your explanations by including in-text citations and references in APA format as applicable.
.
Week 6 - Discussion 1Evaluate the characteristics of each mode o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 6 - Discussion 1
Evaluate the characteristics of each mode of transportation in terms of time and cost efficiencies. Give examples.
Week 6 - Discussion 2
The Bill of Lading is the single most important document in transportation. Describe at least two functions it performs in international logistics.
.
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxpaynetawnya
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week5_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
For the following question(s): A school counselor tests the level of depression in fourth graders in a particular class of 20 students. The counselor wants to know whether the kind of students in this class differs from that of fourth graders in general at her school. On the test, a score of 10 indicates severe depression, while a score of 0 indicates no depression. From reports, she is able to find out about past testing. Fourth graders at her school usually score 5 on the scale, but the variation is not known. Her sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4. Use the .01 level of significance.
1.
The counselor calculates the unbiased estimate of the population’s variance to be 15. What is the variance of the distribution of means?
A)
15/20 = 0.75
B)
15/19 = 0.79
C)
15
2
/20 = 11.25
D)
15
2
/19 = 11.84
2.
Suppose the counselor tested the null hypothesis that fourth graders in this class were
less
depressed than those at the school generally. She figures her
t
score to be
-
.20. What decision should she make regarding the null hypothesis?
A)
Reject it
B)
Fail to reject it
C)
Postpone any decisions until a more conclusive study could be conducted
D)
There is not enough information given to make a decision
3.
Suppose the standard deviation she figures (the square root of the unbiased estimate of the population variance) is .85. What is the effect size?
A)
5/.85 = 5.88
B)
.85/5 = .17
C)
(5
-
4.4)/.85 = .71
D)
.85/(5
-
4.4) = 1.42
For the following question(s): Professor Juarez thinks the students in her statistics class this term are more creative than most students at this university. A previous study found that students at this university had a mean score of 35 on a standard creativity test. Professor Juarez finds that her class scores an average of 40 on this scale, with an estimated population standard deviation of 7. The standard deviation of the distribution of means comes out to 1.63.
4.
What is the
t
score?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
5.
What effect size did Professor Juarez find?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
6.
If Professor Juarez had 30 students in her class, and she wanted to test her hypothesis using the 5% level of significance, what cutoff
t
score would she use? (You should be able to figure this out without a table because only one answer is in the correct region.)
A)
304.11
B)
1.699.
Week 5 Writing Assignment (Part 2) Outline and Preliminary List o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5
Writing Assignment (Part 2): Outline and Preliminary List of References
Due Week 5 and worth 100 points
Complete the outline after you have done library / Internet research for evidence that bears on your hypothesis. Provide information about all of the following components of the final paper:
Subject:
Poverty.
What is your hypothesis?
1.
Specific Hypothesis
.
2.
Applicable Sociological Concepts
.
3.
Practical Implications
. Discuss the value of sociological research into your issue. Determine whether or not there are (or would be) practical implications of sociological inquiry into this issue.
Evidence
. This is the most important part of the paper. Analyze at least two (2) lines of evidence that pertain to the hypothesis that you are evaluating. Does the evidence support your hypothesis? For each type of evidence, consider possible biases and alternative interpretations.
Conclusions
. Draw conclusions based on the evidence that you have discovered. Does the evidence confirm or refute your hypothesis? Is the evidence sufficiently convincing to draw firm conclusions about your hypothesis?
For example, here is a generic example of what the headings of your possible outline might look like:
I.
Specific Hypothesis.
II.
Applicable Sociological Concepts.
a.
Theory A
b.
Concept 1
c.
Concept 2
III.
Practical Implications.
a.
Implications for public policy
i.
Education
ii.
Taxes
b.
Implications for employers
c.
Implications for spouses of workaholics
Evidence.
Line of evidence 1
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
iii.
Alternative explanations of what it means.
b.
Line of evidence 2
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
Conclusion(s): All available evidence refutes the hypothesis, but there are alternative explanations.
References
:
Baker, A. & Abel, E (2005) Villagers reject modern attitudes about car washing.
International Journal of Sociology
, 11, 12-57. Retrieved from EBSCO-Host.
Doe, J. (2010, April 1) Villagers retain traditional attitudes despite bombardment with western television.
The New York Times
. Retrieved from
www.nytimes.com/village_update
Steiner, H. (2012, January 4) Revolt against local ordinances in the village.
Time Magazine
. pp. 14-15.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Evaluate the various methodologies for sociological research.
Apply the sociological perspective to a variety of socioeconomic and political problems.
Critically examine how society shapes individuals and how individuals shape society.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology.
Write clearly and concisely about sociology using proper writing mechanics.
.
Week 5 eActivityRead the Recommendation for Cryptographic Key.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5 eActivity
Read the "
Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation
" by NIST.
Read Chapter 19 of "
An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook.
"
Please be prepared to discuss each of these items
Analyze the overall attributes of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography technologies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each, and speculate upon the main reasons why organizations utilize both technologies today. Give an example of where you would consider using each of these forms of encryption within an organization to support your response.
From the e-Activity, give your opinion of whether cryptography should be a part of every email security strategy or if there are specific characteristics of organizations where such measures are not needed. Justify your answer.
.
Week 5 Discussion
Network Security
Supporting Activity: Network Security I
Write
a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
1
• What are the predominant electronic and physical threats to communications networks?
Supporting Activity Network Security II
Write
a 200- to 300-word response to the following question:
2 • What is the importance of explicit enterprise security policies and procedures?
.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment2. I w.docx
1. 1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment
2. I will then send you solutions to the work
3. We will rejoin in 24 to 30 hours to take the exam
4. 4 hour time limit
5. I will send you the questions
6. You will email it back
The test covers Chapter 6 Discounting Benefits and Costs in
Future Time Periods, Chapter 7 Dealing with Uncertainty,
Expected Values and Sensitivity Analysis, and Chapter 14
Valuing Observed Behavior Indirect Methods. Your time to
finish the test is limited so make sure you prepare and study the
posted notes, class recordings, and assignments. You need to
remember and understand the concepts to be able to answer the
questions and solve the problems correctly and within the
allotted time. You will not have enough time to finish the test if
you have to spend time looking for the answers on your notes or
if you have to spend too much time figuring out the problem
sets.
The test is composed of multiple choice, true or false, essay
type questions, and problem sets.
Joseph Toppe
MondayDec 4 at 9:04am
Manage Discussion Entry
Passion and Objectivity
Quite often, reporters are asked to cover an issue they are
passionate about. However, reporters must remain objective and
accurate. The greatest challenge for even the most objective of
reporters is to utilize an objective story angle as well.
But is this possible? Pure objectivity in journalism is difficult
to achieve because of the human factor. Whether a writer knows
it or not, the second they choose the story angle, the objectivity
2. of the work has been diminished. Writing about passionate
topics such as conservation and culture can stir the emotions of
any staff writer, but the elements of the trade remain.
Professional reporters unlock new angles to trending topics and
write passionately about it, but they do it with
professional/acceptable objectivity and accuracy.
Essentially, provide a balanced debate and allow your readers to
reach their own conclusions.
Week 4 - AssignmentEnvironmental/Cultural News Story and
Broadcast Script
In today’s society, we hear a lot of discussion about the
environment and about cultures. Environmental journalism and
cultural journalism require that the journalist be committed to
educating the public about aspects of each topic that audiences
may know very little about.
This assignment requires you to choose a topic related to the
environment or a specific culture. You will be writing the story
as a feature for a national newspaper and preparing a script for
a television program that appears on the Public Broadcasting
Service. You will write a 450- to 500-word print story and a 3-
to 5-minute broadcast script about the issue that you chose.
The assignment must
· Identify the media outlets where the story will appear.
· Summarize facts and/or statistics that are relevant to the story.
· Compare two opposing opinions about the topic derived from
CQ Researcher.
· Incorporate one visual element to enhance the story.
The print news story must be written according to the
Newspaper Feature Template and it must adhere to Associated
Press (AP) Style. The broadcast script must adhere to the
Broadcast Story Script Template. Be sure to provide proper
attribution for all sources of information included in the story
(facts, statistics, images/video, and opinions) and list each of
the sources in the Story Source List Template. View the Using
3. Templates document for assistance with modifying templates.
Check It! Your assignment must be submitted through
Grammarly prior to submission.
Saving Your Work: To maintain the formatting of your work,
you are strongly encouraged to save your assignment as a PDF
file. View Saving a Word Document as a PDF for steps on how
to do this.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external
site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used
to evaluate your assignment.
Tiffany VanVolkinburg
ThursdayDec 7 at 10:57pm
Manage Discussion Entry
I think that cultural competence is paramount to being a
successful reporter. If a reporter is unable to culturally
understand the people involved in a news story, as well as the
viewership/readership of that news story, then they are not able
to fully deliver a well-rounded or all-encompassing version of
the story.
The assigned reading, At the Community Level: Cultural
Competence and News Coverage of a City Neighborhood,
defines cultural competence as "the extent to which individuals
develop the awareness, knowledge, and skills necessary to
understand and work effectively with communities and people
from diverse cultures" (Garyantes, 2012). Therefore, in my own
community, reporters could not be successful without cultural
competence. I live in an extremely diverse community with
citizens from countless socioeconomic backgrounds and the
inability to interact and communicate with those people would
hinder any news report.
With the growth of diversity and cross-culture interaction
happening in the world, which I believe is largely due to
technology, the concept of cultural competence has expanded
beyond the journalism profession. When I was reviewing
4. varying analysis and commentary on cultural competency for
this assignment, I came across an overwhelming amount of
information geared toward teaching cultural awareness in
schools and varying professions. This vast amount of
information lends to my belief that cultural competence is
necessary for daily living, even beyond the workplace.
One article about enhancing a student's cultural competence
stated that "it is not sufficient to teach cultural knowledge or
language proficiency," (Bertolo & Kratzke, 2013). Further
saying that we must learn to examine our own cultural
knowledge, values, and beliefs to improve our cultural
competence; otherwise, our perceptions can limit our
willingness to work with other cultures.
I wholeheartedly agree with this statement in regards to the
journalistic profession. To work with and report on topics that
effect a multitude of backgrounds, our perception of those
varying cultures will be reflected in the stories we deliver. And
if, as reporters, we have a limited or obscured perception, I
believe it can only hinder our work. Garyantes wrote, "the ways
in which reporters are influenced by their social groups and
personal experiences have the potential to affect the way in
which they perceive and report on culturally diverse
communities and culturally different 'Others.' These perceptions
can make their way into news content, and audiences could in
turn be influenced by these texts" (2012). This makes
demonstrating cultural competence and absolute necessity in
news reporting.
Tiffany VanVolkinburg
References
Garyantes, D. M. (2012). At the community level: Cultural
competence and news coverage of a city neighborhood.
Community Journalism, 1(46). Retrieved from
http://journal.community-
journalism.net/sites/default/files/garyantes-cj1-2012.pdf (Links
to an external site.)Links to an external site.
5. Kratzke, C., & Bertolo, M. (2013). ENHANCING STUDENTS'
CULTURAL COMPETENCE USING CROSS-CULTURAL
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING. Journal Of Cultural Diversity,
20(3), 107-111.
Tiffany VanVolkinburg
ThursdayDec 7 at 10:21pm
Manage Discussion Entry
After reading Climate Change in the Newsroom: Journalists’
Evolving Standards of Objectivity When Covering Global
Warming and evaluating objectivity in journalism, I do think
there is a significant difference in objective environmental
reporting from other types of reporting. Nevertheless, I don't
think that makes these news stories any less valid, I just think
the typical way objectivity is defined in most news reporting
isn't applicable to environmental journalism—as highlighted in
the article.
In one analysis of objective journalism techniques, the authors
wrote, "It was believed that objective journalism would benefit
the public by providing unembellished and unbiased
presentations of facts from which people could formulate their
own conclusions" (Holbert & Zubric, 2000). Environmental
journalism doesn't necessarily follow this form of objectivity
because it has already formulated certain conclusions, like
humans have contributed to climate change—though the how is
still debatable (Hiles & Hinnant, 2014)—because of consensus
among scientists in the field.
On the other hand, the analysis conducted by Holbert and
Zubric also stated that objectivity was "a way to delineate facts
from feelings, truths from opinions...It was hoped that the
extraction of reporter biases would yield a more pure form of
news reporting based singularly on facts—not absolute facts,
but verified, consensual facts" (2000). With this definition,
some aspects of objectivity carried over into environmental
journalism's altered form of objectivity—which was changed
out of necessity. The reason I believe aspects have carried over
6. is because of the end of that quote: "facts—not absolute facts,
but verified, consensual facts." In environmental journalism,
those facts about climate change are verified in the scientific
community and are the current consensual facts.
So, while journalists who cover this topic may have had to
redefine objectivity in their reporting to present a more
balanced and less argumentative story, they are still meeting
journalistic standards of reporting. Furthermore, I agree with
the notion that no story can be completely unbiased, and
subsequently objective, because of the human factor. But, as
stated in Hiles and Hinnant's article, "the very act of choosing a
certain story or a certain source is a subjective decision. The
best way to show your commitment is to write about it, in an
intelligent way, in a fair way, and when the situation calls for
it, in a balanced way" (2014).
Tiffany VanVolkinburg
References
Hiles, S. S., & Hinnant, A. (2014). Climate change in the
newsroom: Journalists’ evolving standards of objectivity when
covering global warming. Science Communication, 36(4), 428-
453. doi:10.1177/1075547014534077
Holbert, L. R., & Zubric, S. J. (2000). A comparative analysis:
Objective & public journalism techniques. Newspaper Research
Journal, (4),
Luis Torres
ThursdayDec 7 at 4:49pm
Manage Discussion Entry
I think cultural competence is an essential aspect of news
reporting; the knowledge about the community is shown on the
reports and this factor makes a significant impact on the public.
Understanding the way each community thinks and feels, helps
in the distribution of the news. According to Garyantes (2012),
"A culturally competent journalist would develop an
understanding of "macro" and "micro" aspects of a culture and
7. have the ability to convey those aspects of culture to a mass
media audience." (p. 51). Communicating with the public
showing knowledge of their community means not only
establishing a good connection but one that will grow roots.
There are many skills involved in creating a good relationship
that shows cultural competence, like avoiding stereotypes and
provide information in a way that makes sense for the people
listening, viewing or reading the news. Showing respect for
community values and addressing issues with respect are
essential factors for an excellent communication.
Cultural competence is perfect to establish a unique and
familiar connection with the public, making them feel identified
and appreciated; is quite popular among citizen journalists. "If
we take a closer look at the dominant criteria used by citizen
and professional journalists in their selection of news and
events, we observe a dramatic discrepancy between citizens' and
professionals' selection practices again." (Paulussen & D'heer,
2013). I have great respect for journalists in my community and
feel that cultural competence is smartly used in news media to
show appreciation and respect for the community.
Luis Torres
References
Garyantes, D. M. (2012). At the community level: Cultural
competence and news coverage of a city neighborhood .
Community Journalism,1(46). Retrieved from
http://journal.community-
journalism.net/sites/default/files/garyantes-cj1-2012.pdf
Paulussen, S., & D'heer, E. (2013). Using Citizens for
Community Journalism. Journalism Practice, 7(5), 588-603.
doi:10.1080/17512786.2012.756667
Luis Torres
ThursdayDec 7 at 4:51pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Writing in a fair an unbiased manner is the way to be objective
8. when we address any topic. However, not every issue is the
same; some problems like the environment and climate change
can awake passions because of the fixed relation between
damage to the environment and its consequences regarding the
survival of every species on earth, including humans. This view
of the effects of climate change could interfere with a
journalist's ability to write objectively and will be reflected in
the report. "Environmental journalists also face the challenge of
having scientists as primary sources." (Hiles & Hinnant, 2014).
Our sources will play a vital role in our objectivity of the
report. Having sources which represent only one side of the
story could be seen, and in fact, it is a factor that will interfere
with a balanced report. Something else to keep in mind is the
conflict of interests; for example, there've been scientists who
have refused evidence of global warming with the
unconscionable purpose of protecting the interests of the fossil
fuel industry.
Being objective on sensitive issues that concern every single
human being on earth isn't an easy task, and it takes a real
professional to report in a fair and unbiased manner. However,
the topic of global warming, or climate change which are
environmental issues, aren't only controversial; since these are
topics which have mainly been covered for several decades; is
also complicated to make an original and non-repetitive report
about it. Every contentious issue has two sides and is vital to
include both sides in the report. "In most cases, stories that
emphasize only one side of a controversial issue, lead the
audience to see a bias." (Akpan, Martin, Alexander & Uchenna,
2012). To be objective when reporting on environmental issues
a reporter has to maintain a neutral position about it and prevent
personal opinions to interfere with the facts to allow the reader
to reach their conclusions.
Luis Torres
References
Hiles, S. S., & Hinnant, A. (2014). Climate change in the
10. Valuing Impacts from Observed
Behavior: Indirect Market Methods
Using Revealed Preferences
Chapter 14
2
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Shadow Pricing
One of the key requirements of performing a CBA is
quantification
of costs and benefits.
However, there are a range of costs and benefits for which a
value
cannot be easily obtained.
Shadow pricing is suitable when there is no market value, or a
market value is not representative of the true value of a good.
3
Shadow Pricing
The methods can be broadly categorized into two:
1. Stated Preference Methods
11. a. Willingness to Pay – asking individuals how much they
would be willing to pay to continue to enjoy a
particular asset e.g. a park.
b. Willingness to Accept – asking individuals how much they
would be willing to accept in compensation for
continuing negative impacts e.g. pollution from a road.
2. Revealed Preference Methods
4
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Valuing Impacts from Observed
Behavior: Indirect Market Methods
Purpose: This chapter presents various methods for estimating
shadow
prices based on observed behavior when markets for the
(primary)
good, such as human life, do not exist.
• Considerable progress has been made during the past 30 years
to
value goods that were previously treated as “intangible”.
5
Valuing Impacts from Observed Behavior:
Indirect Market Methods
12. • Estimation of changes in social surplus requires knowledge
of entire demand and supply schedules.
• We have assumed that there is a market demand curve for
the good in question, where we can observe a least one point
on the demand curve.
• However, in many applications of CBA, the markets for
certain goods such as human life and pollution do not exist or
are imperfect.
• Economists have devised methods to value these goods or
their impacts enabling to have a comprehensive CBA.
6
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7
• In contrast to “stated” or “expressed” preferences (Chapter
15),
revealed preferences are not collected by asking individuals for
their views.
• They are, instead, collected through direct observation of
actual responses to complement or substitute goods.
• They provide indirect estimates of the value of a cost or
benefit
using surrogate market goods.
13. Valuing Impacts from Observed Behavior:
Indirect Market Methods (Revealed
Preferences)
Simple Valuation Methods
Valuing the impacts of projects using revealed preferences
can be conducted using the following methods:
1. MARKET ANALOGY METHOD
2. THE TRADE-OFF METHOD
3. INTERMEDIATE GOOD METHOD
4. ASSET VALUATION METHOD
5. PREVENTATIVE OR DEFENSIVE EXPENDITURES
APPROACH
6. HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
7. TRAVEL COST METHOD
8
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MARKET ANALOGY METHOD
• This method uses data on similar goods in the private market
14. to
estimate the implicit “price” or the demand curve for publicly
provided goods.
• Governments supply many goods that are also provided by the
private sector.
Examples: housing, campsites, university education, home care,
etc.
• The government usually provide these services free or at
significantly below market prices. Thus, the actual price paid
may not
be on the demand curve. However, it may be possible to obtain
an
estimate of the entire demand curve using data from a similar
good
produced by the private sector.
A. Using the Market Price of or Expenditures on an Analogous
Good
B. Using Information about an Analogous Private-Sector Good
to Estimate
the Demand Curve for a Publicly Provided Good
9
MARKET ANALOGY METHOD
A. Using the Market Price of or Expenditures on an Analogous
Good
Example: A local government project provides housing for 50
families and
charging a rent of $200 per month so that government revenue
is $10,000 a
month. This expenditure underestimates benefits because all
15. families
would be willing to pay $200 per month or more.
Suppose that comparable units in the private sector charge rent
of $500 a
month, then the estimated total monthly benefits of publicly
provided
housing would be $25,000 per month.
10
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11
MARKET ANALOGY METHOD
• The market price of a comparable good in the private sector
provides a
good estimate of the value of a publicly provided good if it
equals the
average amount that users of the publicly provided good would
be
willing to pay (WTP).
Where the government provides a good or service at a lower
than market
price, the price paid by occupants would generally
underestimate the
benefit of this service because users would be WTP at least this
amount;
some might pay more.
16. MARKET ANALOGY METHOD
B. Using Information about an Analogous Private-Sector Good
to
Estimate the Demand Curve for a Publicly Provided Good
• Rather than focusing on the average amount that users of a
publicly
provided good are willing to pay, it is conceptually better and
easier to think
about the demand curve for the good.
• We can use private-sector data to help map out the demand
curve for a
publicly-provided good if the goods and their markets are
similar.
• However, using expenditures alone underestimates total
benefits because
it ignores consumer surplus.
12
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MARKET ANALOGY METHOD
B. Using Information about an Analogous Private-Sector Good
to Estimate the Demand Curve for a Publicly Provided Good
Example: Suppose a municipal government wants to measure
the gross
17. benefits of a swimming pool that it owns and operates. It
doesn’t charge an
admission fee and the pool receives 300,000 visitors per year.
(point a in Figure
14-1).
In a comparable municipality, a privately operated swimming
pool charges $5
for admission and receives 100,000 visitors per year (point b).
If these two
municipalities and pools were comparable, it would be
reasonable to assume
that points a and b are both on the demand curve.
Using revenues at the private pool ($500,000) would
underestimate the
benefits of the public pool because it omits the consumer
surplus of those
willing to pay more than $5, the area of triangle cbd, and those
willing to pay
something less than $5, but more than $0, the area of triangle
bae.
13
Figure 14-1 Demand Curve for Visits to a
Municipal Swimming Pool
14
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18. THE TRADE-OFF METHOD
• Economists may use the opportunity cost as a measure of its
value.
• To measure the value of a good or commodity using
opportunity cost –
i.e. the value of what an individual would have to give up to
obtain
something – as a proxy for a good or commodity which has no
market
value.
For example, time saved could be valued using the after-tax
wage rate.
People make trade-offs between time and money wages and we
can use
the rate at which they make this trade-off to value time.
Similarly, the trade-off that people make between changes in
fatality risk
and wages can be used to value a statistical life.
A. The Value of Time Saved, VTTS
B. The Value of a Statistical Life, VSL
Forgone Earnings Method
Simple Consumer Purchase Studies
Simple Labor Market Studies
15
THE TRADE-OFF METHOD
A. The Value of Time Saved, VTTS
19. • The obvious analogous market for time saved is the labor
market.
• In the absence of market imperfections (i.e., people can
choose the
number of hours they work and there is no unemployment), the
wage
rate equals the marginal value of time.
However, using the wage rate is only a first approximation.
16
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THE TRADE-OFF METHOD
B. The Value a Statistical Life, VSL
1. Forgone earnings method - This method is an inappropriate
method. It suggests the value of a life saved equals the person’s
discounted future earnings.
• It generates higher values for young, high-income males than
old,
low-income females. For retired people, the resultant value of
life
may be negative.
• Conceptually most problematically, this method does not
reflect
what people are WTP for a small reduction in risk of their
20. death.
17
18
THE TRADE-OFF METHOD
B. The Value of a Statistical Life, VSL
2. Simple Consumer Purchase Studies - This method estimates
the
value of life by observing how much people pay for life-saving
devices, such as safety belts.
• Example: If people are indifferent between paying an extra
$300 to
reduce the probability that they will die by 1/10,000, then they
value
their life at $3 million.
3. Simple Labor Market Studies - Similarly, if a person is
willing to
forgo an extra $3,500/yr to increase the probability that he will
not
have a fatal on-the-job accident by 1/1,000, then he values his
life at
$3.5 million (or more).
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INTERMEDIATE GOOD METHOD
21. Intermediate goods – goods that are used as inputs to some
other
downstream business.
If a project produces an intermediate good that is not sold in a
well
functioning market, then its value can be imputed by
determining the
value added to the “downstream activity”:
Annual Benefit = NI(with project) – NI(without project)
where, NI = net income of downstream business. The total
benefit of a
project can be computed by discounting these annual benefits
over the
project’s life.
Example: This method can be used to value improvements in
human
capital, such as training programs, by comparing the average
incomes of
those in the program to those who are not.
19
INTERMEDIATE GOOD METHOD
Example: Valuing the benefits of education and training
programs.
The intermediate good method measures the annual benefit of
human
capital programs by comparing the average incomes of those
who have
22. been enrolled in them and the average incomes of those who
have not.
The total benefits is found by discounting the annual benefits
over the
years people work after graduation and multiplying by the
number of
participants.
Some problems with this method are:
1) It assumes the difference in income captures all of the
benefits (there
may be consumption benefits as well as investment benefits)
2) It assumes all other variables are held constant (e.g.,
educational
ability).
20
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ASSET VALUATION METHOD
Government projects often affect the prices of assets such as
land and
housing. The impacts are said to be capitalized into the market
value of
assets.
The impacts of a project or policy can be imputed from changes
23. in the
price for certain capital goods.
Observed increases or decreases in asset values can be used to
estimate the benefits or costs of projects.
This method is often used to value differences in housing. For
example,
data can be collected on average prices of houses with a large
garden,
or close access to a country park. These can be compared
against
houses without those attributes, to obtain an estimate of the
value of
having a large garden or local access to a country park.
21
ASSET VALUATION METHOD
22
More Examples:
• The “value” of noise can be inferred from comparing the price
of a house
in a noisy neighborhood to the price of a similar house in a
quiet
neighborhood.
• The difference in the market prices between houses with a
view and
houses with no view provides an estimate of how much
households are
willing to pay fro a view (assuming that these houses are similar
in all
24. other respects).
An advantage of using market prices is that information is
quickly and
efficiently capitalized into prices so that price changes or price
differences
provide a good estimate of the value of the policy change.
Also,
appropriate data are often available.
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PREVENTATIVE OR DEFENSIVE EXPENDITURES
APPROACH
23
• The preventative or defensive expenditure method estimates
the value of
a cost by observing the value of the costs incurred in attempting
to
mitigate or prevent the effects of a negative externality
(something
undesirable) such as pollution.
• If you hire someone to clean your windows periodically, the
cost of this
action in response to the smog is termed a defensive
expenditure – it is
the amount spent to mitigate or even eliminate the effect of a
negative
externality.
25. DEFENSIVE EXPENDITURES METHOD
24
The level of a public good or externality (e.g. smog) and other
goods
(window cleaners) are inputs to some production process
(window
cleaning).
For example, when the negative externality of smog is reduced,
less
labor is required to produce the same number of clean windows.
The
change in expenditures on the substitute input (window
cleaners) is
used as a measure of the benefit of reduction of the public good
or
externality.
The change in expenditures can be used as a measure of the cost
of
the change in pollution.
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PREVENTATIVE OR DEFENSIVE EXPENDITURES
APPROACH
25
26. Another Example:
• Using this measure could estimate the cost of noise pollution
from a
road by observing the expenditure of individuals living close to
the road
on double-glazing to block out noise pollution.
• If we wish to estimate the benefits of introducing boarding on
the
sides of the road to block out the noise, we could do so by
looking at
the changes in expenditure on double-glazing by households
located
close to the road over time.
• The limitation of this method is that some actions may be
taken for a
number of reasons, and not solely in order to mitigate a
negative
externality. For example, individuals may invest in double-
glazing to
reduce energy bills, or in order to make their home more
attractive to
potential buyers.
PROBLEMS WITH SIMPLE VALUATION
METHODS
1. Omitted Variable Problem
If a relevant explanatory variable is omitted from the model and
if it is
correlated with the included variables of interest, then the
estimated
coefficients will be biased.
27. Examples:
• The price of a house typically depends on factors such as its
distance
from the central business district and size, as well as whether it
has a
view.
26
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14
PROBLEMS WITH SIMPLE VALUATION
METHODS
2. Self-Selection Bias
The self-selection problem arises whenever different people
attach
different values to particular attributes.
Example: Suppose we want to use differences in house prices to
estimate a shadow price for noise.
People who are not bothered much by noise, possibly because of
hearing disabilities, naturally tend to move into noisy
neighborhoods.
As a result, the price differential between quiet houses and
noisy
houses may be quite small, which would lead to an
underestimation of
28. the shadow price of noise for the “average” person.
27
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
The hedonic price method (sometimes called the hedonic
regression
method) can be used to value an attribute, or a change in an
attribute,
whenever its value is capitalized into the price of an asset, such
as
houses or salaries.
This method offers a way to overcome problems from omitted
variables
and self-selection bias.
It consists of two steps:
1. The first step estimates the relationship between the price of
an
asset and all of the attributes (characteristics) that affect its
value.
From this it derives the marginal effect of an attribute (e.g., a
better
scenic view) on the value of the asset, while controlling for
other
variables that affect the value of the asset.
2. The second step estimates the WTP for the attribute, after
controlling
for “tastes,” which are usually proxied by socioeconomic
factors.
28
29. 8/15/2017
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29
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
Example: Suppose one wants to estimate the value of a scenic
view.
The first step estimates the effect of a marginally better scenic
view on the
value (price) of houses (a slope parameter in a regression
model), while
controlling for other variables that affect house prices.
House and other property prices are not simply determined by
one variable.
They are a product of a number of factors.
The hedonic price method is used to measure the relative
importance –
through use of regression analyses – of these independent
‘explanatory’
variables on house and property prices.
30
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
For example, we may postulate the following multiplicative
model showing
30. the relationship between the price of a house (P) and all of its
attributes,
such as quality of its scenic view (VIEW), its distance from the
central
business district (CBD), its lot size (SIZE), and various
characteristics of its
neighborhood, NBHD:
(14.3)
Equation 14.3 is called a hedonic price function or implicit
price
function. The change in the price of a house that results from a
unit
change in a particular attribute (i.e., the slope) is called the
hedonic
price, implicit price, or rent differential of the attribute.
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31
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
• In a well-functioning market, the hedonic price can naturally
be
interpreted as the additional cost of purchasing a house that is
marginally better in terms of a particular attribute.
• Usually researchers estimating hedonic prices assume the
hedonic
price function has a multiplicative functional form like
31. Equation 14.3.
This means that as a characteristic increases (or improves) the
house
prices increase but at a decreasing rate.
32
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
• The hedonic price of a particular characteristic is therefore the
slope
of this equation with respect to that particular characteristic.
For
example, the hedonic price of scenic views, rv is expressed as:
rv measures the additional cost of buying a house with a slightly
better
(higher-level) scenic view.
In the model, the hedonic price of scenic views depends on the
value of
the parameter β3, the price of the house and the view from the
house.
The hedonic price of a characteristic can be interpreted as the
willingness to
pay of households for a marginal increase in that particular
characteristic.
(14.4)
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32. 33
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
Households differ in their incomes and taste. Some are willing
to pay
a considerable amount of money for a scenic view, others are
not.
The second step of the hedonic regression analysis estimates the
willingness to pay of households but additionally accounts for
households having different incomes and tastes. To account for
different incomes and tastes, analysts should estimate the
following
WTP function (inverse demand function) for scenic views:
rv = W(VIEW, Y, Z) (14.5)
where, rv is estimated from equation (14.3), Y is household
income,
and Z is a vector of household characteristics that reflects tastes
(e.g., socioeconomic background, race, age, and family size).
34
THE HEDONIC PRICE METHOD
Using the methods described in Chapter 4, it is straightforward
to use
equation (14.5) to calculate the change in consumer surplus to a
household
due to a change in the level of scenic view. These changes in
individual
household consumer surplus can be aggregated across all
households to
33. obtain the total change in consumer surplus.
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Problems with Hedonic Models
35
There are several potential problems with hedonic models.
1. People must know and understand the implications of the
attribute that is being valued. For example, people should
know the level of pollution at the property they buy and know
the expected effect of this level of pollution on their health.
2. Variables should be measured without error (the errors in
variables problem).
3. The functional forms should be correct (specification error
problem).
4. The market should have enough alternatives so that people
can
locate at their optimum point on the curve.
5. There may be multicollinearity problems, e.g., fatality risk
and
non-fatality risk might be highly correlated. Dropping one
variable would lead to an omitted variable problem.
6. Markets are assumed to adjust immediately to changes in the
attributes of interest and to all other factors.
34. TRAVEL COST METHOD
36
• Most applications of the travel cost method (TCM) have been
to value
recreational sites.
Suppose that we want to estimate the value of a particular
recreational
site. We expect that the quantity of visits demanded by an
individual, q,
depends on its price, p; the price of substitutes, ps; the person’s
income,
Y; and variables that reflect the person’s tastes, Z:
q = f(p,ps,Y,Z) (14.7)
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37
TRAVEL COST METHOD
• TCM recognizes that the full price paid by persons for a visit
to a
recreational site is more than just the admission fee. It also
includes
the costs of traveling to and from the site.
Among these travel costs are the opportunity cost of time spent
35. traveling, the operating cost of vehicles used to travel, the cost
of
accommodations for overnight stays while traveling or visiting,
and
parking fees at the site.
The sum of all of these costs gives the total cost of a visit to the
site.
This total cost is used as an explanatory variable in place of the
admission price in a model similar to equation (14.7).
38
TRAVEL COST METHOD
The clever insight of the TCM is that, although admission fees
are usually
the same for all persons (indeed, they are often zero), the total
cost faced
by each person varies because of differences in the travel cost
component.
Consequently, usage also varies, thereby allowing researchers to
make
inferences about the demand curve for the site.
The travel cost method involves collecting data on the costs
incurred by each
individual travelling to the recreational site or amenity. This
‘price’ paid by visitors
is unique to each individual, and is calculated by summing the
travel costs from
each individuals original location to the amenity.
By aggregating the observed travel costs associated with a
number of individuals
accessing the amenity a demand curve can be estimated, and as
36. such a price can
be obtained for the non-price amenity.
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39
TRAVEL COST METHOD
Estimating the demand schedule (equation 14.7) for a particular
recreational site is conceptually straightforward.
1. Select a random sample of households within the market area
of the
site.
2. Survey these households to determine their numbers of visits
to the
site over some period of time, all of their costs involved in
visiting the
site, their costs of visiting substitute sites, their incomes, and
other
characteristics that may affect their demand.
3. Specify a functional form for the demand schedule and
estimate it
using the survey data.
It is worth emphasizing that when total cost replaces price in
equation
(14.7), this equation is not the usual demand curve that gives
visits as a
function of the price of admission. However, as shown in the
37. next
section, the TCM can be used to estimate the usual market
demand
curve.
40
Zonal Travel Cost Method
• Using this method, researchers survey actual visitors rather
than
potential ones.
Visitors are allocated to a particular zone, depending on their
“travel
costs” (usually distance). For each zone, the analyst computes
the
average number of visits per year and the average total travel
cost.
Using these observations it is possible to estimate the
relationship
between cost/trip and the number of trips per person. The
consumer
surplus for a visitor from a particular zone is given by the area
below
this curve and above the cost of a visit from that zone, as shown
in
Figure 14-4. By repeating this calculation for each zone, it is
possible
to calculate the total consumer surplus, as shown in Table 14-1.
TRAVEL COST METHOD
38. 8/15/2017
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Figure 14-4 “Representative” Individual’s Inverse Demand
Curve
for Visits to a Recreational Area as a Function of Total Cost per
Visit
42
Zonal Travel Cost Method
• The zonal travel cost method requires the analyst to specify
the
zones from which users of the site originate.
• Zones are easily formed by drawing concentric rings or iso-
time lines
around the site on a map.
• Ideally, households within a zone should face similar travel
costs as
well as have similar values of the other variables that would be
included in an individual demand function.
TRAVEL COST METHOD
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43
39. Zonal Travel Cost Method
Example
Consider an example of valuing a park.
In this example four zones have been designated by the
researcher. Zone A
has an average travel time of 1 hour, and a distance of 25km.
Zone B has an
average travel time of 1.5 hours and a distance of 40km. Zone C
has an
average travel time of approximately 2 hours and a distance of
80km. Finally,
zone D has an average travel time of 4 hours and a distance of
120km.
The admission cost for all users is the same, and is equal to
$10. The number
of visits per year has been observed by the researcher for each
zone. Zone A
has an average of 10,000 visits per year. Zone B has an average
of 12,000 visits
per year, zone C has 8,000 visits, and zone D has 4,000 visits
TRAVEL COST METHOD
44
Zonal Travel Cost Method
Example
TRAVEL COST METHOD
41. the simple equation as follows:
V = ((T x w) + (D x v) + Ca) x Va
Where,
T = travel time (in hours)
w = average wage rate (£/hour)
D = distance (in km)
v = marginal vehicle operating costs
Ca = cost of Admission to asset
Va = average number of visits per year
TRAVEL COST METHOD
46
Zonal Travel Cost Method
Example
In the example the average hourly wage rate is $10, and
marginal vehicle
operating costs are calculated at $0.16p per km. The researcher
can now
calculate the value of the country park for each zone to get an
overall value
for the asset.
TRAVEL COST METHOD
Zone Travel Time
(hours)
Travel
Distance (km)
Admission
42. Cost ($)
Visits per
Year
Zone Value
($)
A 1 25 10 10,000 240,000
B 1.5 40 10 12,000 376,800
C 2 80 10 8,000 342,400
D 4 120 10 4,000 276,800
$1,236,000
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Limitations of the TCM
47
1. It is restricted to sites where people (in the zones) have
different travel costs.
Without variation in total cost, it’s hard to estimate a demand
curve.
2. There may be analytical problems in measuring the total cost
of a visit. How
does one measure opportunity cost of travel time? Should
43. multiple purpose trips
be included in the data (desirable if costs can be accurately
apportioned to the
site)? Also, the journey may have value (and hence the trip has
multiple purposes).
Individuals may visit an amenity or recreational site in the
morning, but then visit
another site or enjoy some other activity in the afternoon. The
travel endured to
access the amenity was also undertaken to enable access to the
afternoon activity.
In this case the cost incurred in travelling to the amenity does
not represent the
value the individuals place on the amenity, but that which they
place on both the
amenity they visited in the morning and the one which they
visited in the
afternoon.
Limitations of the TCM
48
3. The method estimates the WTP for the entire site rather than
features of the
site. For example, we do not wish to value a whole park, but
instead the fishing
ponds within it.
It’s possible to value features if people in zones can choose
among
alternative sites with different attributes – by using the
“hedonic travel
cost method”, which treats total cost as a function of both
distance from
45. Discounting Benefits and
Costs in Future Time
Periods
Six
DISCOUNTING BENEFITS AND
COSTS IN FUTURE TIME PERIODS
CHAPTER 6
2
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Purpose: This chapter deals with the practical issues one
must know in order to compute the net present value of a
project.
• It assumes the social discount rate is given, which is
reasonable as the rate is often set by an oversight agency,
such as the Office of Management and Budget.
• Appendix 6A provides shortcut formulas for calculating the
present value of annuities and perpetuities.
DISCOUNTING BENEFITS AND COSTS IN FUTURE
TIME PERIODS
3
4
46. THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
Technically, discounting takes place over periods not years.
However, for expositional simplicity, we assume that each
period is a year. This section discusses projects that last
one year.
Example: A city government has the opportunity to buy a
parcel of land for $10 million . Also, suppose that if it buys
the land, then the land will be sold for $11 million one year
from now.
Should the city buy the land now?
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5
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
• It is often useful to lay out the annual benefits and costs
of a project on a time line (Figure 6-1).
• The horizontal axis represents time measured in years.
Benefits appear above the time line and costs are below
it.
• A time line is particularly useful when the timing of
47. impacts is more complicated.
Time line
Figure 6-1 A Time Line Diagram for City Land
Purchase Example
6
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7
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
To decide whether to buy the land, the city should compare the
land purchase project, which has a cost of $10 million now with
a
value of $11 million in one year to the best alternative – in this
case, the status quo (not buy the land and invest the money).
There are three possible methods to evaluate potential projects.
Each gives the same answer.
(1) Future Value Analysis
(2) Present Value Analysis
(3) Net Present Value Analysis
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
48. Projects with Lives of One Year
(1) Future Value Analysis – Choose the project with the largest
future value, FV, where the future value in one year of an
amount X invested at interest rate i is:
FV = X (1 + i) (6.1)
Example: If the city does not buy the land and invest the money
at an interest rate of 5%, then it will have $10.5 million in one
year (the future value, FV).
If it buys the land, the future value is $11 million. In this case,
the city should buy the land.
8
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9
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
(2) Present Value Analysis – Choose the project with the largest
present value, PV, where the present value of an amount Y
received in one year is:
PV = Y/(1 + i) (6.2)
Note that if the PV of a project equals X, and the FV of a
49. project
equals Y, both equations (6.1) and (6.2) imply:
This equation shows that discounting (the process of calculating
the present value of future amounts) is the opposite of
compounding (the process of calculating future values).
i) + (1
FV
= PV
10
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
(2) Present Value Analysis
Example: The present value of the land that will be worth $11
million in one year is PV = $11,000,000/1.05 = $10,476,190
In contrast the present value of the best available alternative is
$10 million. Therefore, the city is better off in present value
terms if it buys the land.
i) + (1
FV
= PV
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50. 6
(3) Net Present Value Analysis – Choose the project with the
largest net present value, which calculates the sum of the
present values of all the benefits and costs of a project
(including the initial investment):
NPV = PV(benefits) – PV(costs) (6.3)
Example: NPV = $10,476,190 - $10,000,000 = $476,190
Figure 6-2 shows that as the NPV of buying the land is positive,
the city should buy the land.
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
11
Figure 6-2 NPV of Buying the Land
12
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7
13
• Usually projects are evaluated relative to the status quo. If
there
is only one new potential project and its impacts are calculated
relative to the status quo, it should be selected if its NPV > 0,
and
51. should not be selected if its NPV < 0.
• If the impacts of multiple, mutually exclusive alternative
projects
are calculated relative to the status quo, one should choose the
project with the highest NPV, as long as this project’s NPV > 0.
If
the NPV < 0 for all alternative projects to the status quo, one
should maintain the status quo.
THE BASICS OF DISCOUNTING
Projects with Lives of One Year
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
14
(1) Future Value over Multiple Years
(2) Present Value over Multiple Years
(3) Net Present Value of a Project
We now generalize these results to apply to projects with
impacts
that occur over many years.
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15
52. COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
(1)Future Value over Multiple Years – Interest is compounded
when an amount is invested for a number of years and the
interest earned each period is reinvested.
• Interest on reinvested interest is called compound interest. The
future value, FV, of an amount X invested for n years with
interest compounded annually at rate i is:
FV= X (1+i)n (6.4)
• The term (1+i)n is called the compound interest factor.
• If there is simple interest then interest iX is paid each year.
Unless
stated to the contrary we will assume interest is compounded
once
per year.
16
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
(1) Future Value over Multiple Years
Example: Suppose the city could invest the $10 million for 5
years with
5% interest per annum.
Under simple interest, each year interest is paid only on the
original
principal amount, and the city would receive $500,000 per year.
53. The
future value would be $12.5 million.
Under compounded interest, interest is earned on the principal
amount
and on the interest that has been reinvested.
If $10 million is invested for 5 years with interest compounded
annually
at 5%, then the future value is:
FV = $10 million (1 + 0.05)5 = $12.763 million
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17
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
(2) Present Value over Multiple Years – The present value, PV,
of an amount
Y received in n years, with interest compounded annually at rate
i is:
(6.5)
The term 1/(1+i)n is called the present value factor or discount
factor.
The present value of a stream of benefits or costs over n years
is:
54. (6.6)
(6.7)
or
18
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING OVER
MULTIPLE YEARS
(2) Present Value over Multiple Years
Example using Equation 6.6: Consider a government agency
that has to
choose between two alternative projects. Project I yields a
benefit of
$10,500 four years from now, whereas Project II yields $5,500
four years
from now and an additional $5,400 five years from now.
Assume that the
interest rate is 8%.
Which is the better project?
The present values of the projects are:
PV(I) = $10,500/(1+0.08)4 = $7,718
PV(II) = $5,500/(1+0.08)4 + $5,400/(1+0.08)5 = $4,043 +
$3,675 = $7,718
In this example, the present values of the two projects happen to
be
identical. Thus, one would be indifferent between them.
55. 8/15/2017
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19
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
(3) Net Present Value of a Project – Inserting equations (6.6)
and (6.7) into (6.3) gives the following useful expression for
computing the NPV of a project:
Or, equivalently, the NPV of a project equals the present value
of the net benefits (NBi = Bi - Ci):
(6.9)
(6.8)
20
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
(3) Net Present Value of a Project
Example: Suppose a district library is considering purchasing a
new information system that would give users access to a
number of online databases for 5 years. The benefits are
estimated to be $100,000 per annum, including both cost
savings to the library and user benefits.
56. The information system costs $325,000 to purchase and set
up initially, and $20,000 to operate and maintain each year.
After 5 years, the system would be dismantled and sold,
resulting in a net cash inflow of $20,000 (terminal value or
liquidation value). Assume that the discount rate is 7 % and
there are no other costs or benefits.
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21
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING
OVER MULTIPLE YEARS
(3) Net Present Value of a Project
Table 6-2 contains the annual benefits, annual costs, and
annual net benefits of the library information system project.
Using Equation 6.9, the present value of the net benefits of
the project is $17,276, as shown in the last column of Table 6-
2.
22
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12
TIMING OF BENEFITS AND COSTS
57. 23
• Thus far, we have assumed that impacts occur immediately, or
at
the end of the first year, or at the end of the second year, and so
on.
• Time lines are very useful ways to specify exactly when
benefits
and costs do occur.
• If benefits arise throughout a year, rather than at the end as we
have assumed , one possibility is to compute the NPV as if the
benefits occurred in the middle of the year.
• Alternatively, one could compute the NPV under the
assumption
they occur at the beginning of the year and under the
assumption
that they occur at the end of the year and take the average.
COMPARING PROJECTS WITH DIFFERENT
TIME FRAMES
24
Analysts should not choose one project over another solely
based
on the NPV of each project if the time spans are different. Such
projects are not directly comparable.
Two appropriate methods to evaluate projects with different life
spans are:
(1)Roll-Over Method
58. (2) Equivalent Annual Net Benefits (EANB) Method
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25
COMPARING PROJECTS WITH DIFFERENT
TIME FRAMES
(1) Roll-Over Method
If project A spans n times the number of years as project B,
then
assume that project B is repeated n times and compare the NPV
of n
repeated project Bs to the NPV of (one) project A.
For example, if project A lasts 30 years and project B lasts 15
years,
compare the NPV of project A to the NPV of 2 back-to-back
project
B’s, where the latter is computed:
NPV = x + x/(1+i)15
where, x = NPV of one 15-year project B.
26
COMPARING PROJECTS WITH DIFFERENT
TIME FRAMES
59. (1) Roll-Over Method
Example: Suppose the utility decides to build the cogeneration
power plant. Further suppose that in 15 years time it builds
another new cogeneration plant; in 30 years it builds another
one; and it builds another again in 45 and 60 years.
The NPV of back-to-back cogeneration power plants denoted
5CGP, is:
NPV(5CGP) = $24,000,000 +$24,000,000/(1+0.08)15
+$24,000,000/(1+0.08)30 +$24,000,000/(1+0.08)45
+$24,000,000/(1+0.08)60
= $34.94 million9
The utility should select the option with the higher NPV.
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27
(2) Equivalent Annual Net Benefits (EANB) Method
The EANB is the amount received each year for the life of the
project that has the same NPV as the project itself.
It is computed by dividing the NPV of the project by the
annuity
60. factor ai
n:
EANB= NPV / ai
n (6.10) where
Where, ai
n is the present value of an annuity of $1 for the life of the
project (n years), where i = interest rate used to compute the
NPV.
Obviously, one would choose the project with the highest
EANB.
COMPARING PROJECTS WITH DIFFERENT
TIME FRAMES
28
COMPARING PROJECTS WITH DIFFERENT
TIME FRAMES
(2) Equivalent Annual Net Benefits (EANB) Method
Example:
EANB(HED) = $30/12.461 = $2.407 million
EANB(CGP) = $24/8.559 = $2.804 million
EANB of the cogeneration project implies that this project is
equivalent to an annuity of $2.804 million per year for 15 years.
In contrast, the net benefit of the hydroelectric alternative is
equivalent to an annuity of $2.407 million per year for 75 years.
61. Consequently, the cogeneration alternative is preferable,
assuming
replacement of both types of plant is possible at the end of their
useful lives.
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INFLATION AND REAL VERSUS NOMINAL
DOLLARS
29
Conventional private sector financial analysis measures
monetary amounts in nominal dollars (sometimes called current
dollars). But, due to inflation, one cannot buy as many goods
and services with a dollar today as one could one, two or more
years previously–“a dollar’s not worth a dollar anymore”. It is
important to control for inflation (i.e. general price increases).
We control for inflation by converting nominal dollars to real
dollars (sometimes called constant dollars). We usually use the
consumer price index (CPI) deflator, but sometimes use the
gross
national product (GNP) deflator.
30
INFLATION AND REAL VERSUS NOMINAL
DOLLARS
Problems with the CPI
62. The CPI is the most commonly used measure of inflation. Most
economists think that the CPI overstates inflation.
Two reasons for the overstatement are:
1) Commodity substitution effect: The CPI basket of goods does
not
accurately reflect consumers’ purchases because people quickly
switch to lower-priced substitutes as prices rise. One variant is
called
the discount stores effect. Another variant is called the “new
goods”
problem: consumers switch to new, cheaper generic drugs.
2) Quality improvements: The CPI does not accurately reflect
improvements in product quality to existing goods, e.g. cars are
more
safe or reliable.
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16
Analyzing Future Benefits and Costs in CBA
31
Analysts should either measure the benefits and costs in real
dollars and
discount using a real discount rate or measure the benefits and
costs in
nominal dollars and discount using a nominal discount rate.
Both methods
would result in the same numerical answer.
63. It is suggested to work in real dollars for public-sector project
evaluation as it
is usually easier and more intuitive.
APPENDIX 6A: SHORTCUT METHODS FOR
CALCULATING THE PRESENT VALUE OF ANNUITIES
AND PERPETUITIES
32
• Annuity - is an equal, fixed amount received (or paid) each
year
for a number of years.
• A perpetuity - is an annuity that continues indefinitely.
Many CBAs contain annuities or perpetuities. Fortunately,
there
are some simple formulas for calculating their PVs.
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33
APPENDIX 6A: SHORTCUT METHODS FOR
CALCULATING PV OF ANNUITIES & PERPETUITIES
Example: Suppose that in order to finance a new state highway,
a state
government issues $100 million worth of 30-year bonds with an
64. interest rate of 7% paid annually.
The annual interest payments of $70,000 are an annuity. If at
the end
of each 30-year period the state government refinances the debt
by
issuing another 30-year bond that also has an interest rate of
7%, then
the annual interest payments of $70,000 would continue
indefinitely,
which is a perpetuity.
34
Present Value of an Annuity
Using equation (6.6), the present value of an annuity of $A per
annum (with payments
received at the end of each year) for n years with interest at i
percent is given by:
This is the sum of n terms of a geometric series with the
common ratio equal to 1/(1 + i).
Consequently,
PV = A x (6A.1)
where , (6A.2)
The term , which equals the present value of an annuity of $1
per year for n years when
the interest rate is i percent, is called an annuity factor.
n
ia
APPENDIX 6A
65. 8/15/2017
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35
Present Value of an Annuity
APPENDIX 6A
Example: The library information system problem contains two
annuities: the
annual benefits of $100,000 per year for 5 years , which we
refer to as annuity A1,
and annual costs of $20,000 per year for five years, which we
refer to as annuity
A2.
From Figure 6-4 we see that the present value of A1 is $410,020
and the present
value of A2 is $82,004. But the easier way is to use Equation
6A1.
The present value of annuity A1 is:
PV(A1) = $100,000 x 1-(1+0.07)-5/0.07
= $100,000 x 4.1002
= $410,020
and
PV(A2) = $20,000 x 4.1002 = $82,004
66. 36
Present Value of a Perpetuity
Taking the limit of equation (6A.2) as n goes to infinity implies
that the present value of an amount, denoted by A, received (at
the end of) each year in perpetuity is given by:
if i > 0 (6A.3)
APPENDIX 6A: SHORTCUT METHODS
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37
APPENDIX 6A: SHORTCUT METHODS
Present Value of a Perpetuity
Example: Suppose that a municipality has an endowment of $10
million. If
interest rates are 6%, then this endowment will provide an
annual interest
payments of $600,000 indefinitely.
More generally, if the municipality has an endowment of X and
if the interest
rate is i, then the perpetual annual income from the endowment,
denoted by A,
is given by A = iX. Rearranging this equation shows the present
value of the
85. Calculating Expected Value of Net Benefits
In practice, treating expected values and certain amounts as
commensurate (risk
neutral) is generally reasonable when either the pooling of risk
over the collection
of policies, or the pooling of risk over the collection of persons
affected by a
policy, will make the actually realized values of costs and
benefits close to their
expected values.
For example, a policy that affects the probability of highway
accidents involves
reasonable pooling of risk across many drivers (some will have
accidents, others
will not) so that realized values will be close to expected
values.
In contrast, a policy that affects the risk of asteroid collision
does not involve
pooling across individuals (either everyone suffers from the
global harm if there is
a collision or no one does if there is no collision), so that the
realized value of
costs may be very far from their expected value.
90. Sensitivity Analysis
Partial Sensitivity Analysis
In partial sensitivity analysis, you select one variable, change
its value
while holding other variables constant, and see how much the
CBA
results in response.
In Figure 7-3, the probability of the epidemic in the current
year, p1, varies
from 0 to 0.5 by increments of 0.05.
The results are displayed as the line labeled L = $3 million.
The equation of net benefits were embedded in a spreadsheet on
a
computer, so it was easy to generate the points needed to draw
this line
by simply changing the values of p1.
As expected, this line is upward sloping: the higher the
probability of the
epidemic, the larger the net benefits of the program.
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94. Other Forms of Sensitivity Analysis
1. Discount rate
2. Wage rates used
3. The value of life, or risks associated with certain occupations
The researcher must determine how changes in these measures
affect the
outcome of the CBA. A researcher may wish to perform
additional sensitivity
analysis in any of these cases, especially if the result of the
CBA is close to zero
(using NPV), or the benefit-cost ratio is close to one. Moreover,
if certain
measures used are contentious sensitivity analysis may be
required. Or if a
particular cost or benefit that accounts for a large proportion of
the overall costs
or benefits associated with a project is calculated using a
measure which is
subject to some sort of arbitrary value.
8/15/2017
96. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice, Fourth Edition
Boardman • Greenberg • Vining • Weimer
Sensitivity Analysis
Example: Testing Sensitivity by Varying the Discount Rate
With a discount rate of 10% however the NPV of the project is
as follows:
$90,909.09 + $165,289.26 + $375,657.40 + $683,013.46
PV (B) = $1,314,869.20
NPV = $1,314,869.20 - $1.5 million
NPV = -$185,130.79
In this example, with a discount rate of 5% similarly there is
justification for the
project to go ahead. However, with a higher discount rate of
10% the costs
outweigh the discounted benefits by almost $200,000,
suggesting the project
should not go ahead. In this case the choice of discount rate
could have a