Synthesis Essay
Crystal Jefferson
June 9, 2013
WRTG 101
Annemarie J Chiarini
Synthesis essay
Every multimedia medium enables a unique method of discourse by offering a different orientation for expression, sensibility, and thought.According to McLuhan in the article ‘The media is the metaphor’ identifies medium as the message. Forms of media do not denote specific or concrete statements regarding the environment or world but are rather metaphors, which work to enforce various reality definitions. Whether an individual or group is experiencing the immediate environment or the world using a speech, printed words or television, media-metaphors classify, sequence, and argue the case concerning how the world is in reality (McLuhan, 2003; Postman, 2005). Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Read your paper out loud to ensure clear and accurate sentence structure Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: “ ->use these quotes Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Where is your thesis? From Drew University’s website:
A research paper with a weak thesis (such as: "media images of women help to shape women's sense of how they should look") will organize its findings to show how this is so without having to spend much time discussing other arguments (in this case, other things that also help to shape women's sense of how they should look). A paper with a strong thesis (such as "the media is the single most important factor in shaping women's sense of how they should look") will spend more time discussing arguments that it rejects (in this case, each paragraph will show how the media is more influential than other
factors in that particular aspect of women's sense of how they should look").
Postman uses the term “conversation” metaphorically referring to all the technologies and techniques that permit individuals to pass across messages. Every culture is regarded as a conversation or corporation of conversations in symbolic modes. Postman seeks to show how the various public discourse forms can regulate content of multimedia message. Television has had an effect in delivery of news in the sense that “news of the day” does not exist if media is not available to provide it with expression. Lack of a technology to communicate a message results in people not paying attention to it thus without any medium to create form, news of the day does not exist (Postman, 2005). In the article “The Transition to Digital Journalism” Gomez writes that a lot of journalists enter this profession because of the love of telling stories. Gomez raises concerns that digital media, such as television will bring doom to narrative as a result of constant eruption of information which, lack context. This factor is affecting delivery of news by making many people lack attention span to seek in-depth news.
Quayle believes in “The method of the medium is in motion” that television news has the potential to support higher public discourse level. An individual’s body is irrelevant in as compared ...
1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment2. I w.docxpaynetawnya
1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment
2. I will then send you solutions to the work
3. We will rejoin in 24 to 30 hours to take the exam
4. 4 hour time limit
5. I will send you the questions
6. You will email it back
The test covers Chapter 6 Discounting Benefits and Costs in Future Time Periods, Chapter 7 Dealing with Uncertainty, Expected Values and Sensitivity Analysis, and Chapter 14 Valuing Observed Behavior Indirect Methods. Your time to finish the test is limited so make sure you prepare and study the posted notes, class recordings, and assignments. You need to remember and understand the concepts to be able to answer the questions and solve the problems correctly and within the allotted time. You will not have enough time to finish the test if you have to spend time looking for the answers on your notes or if you have to spend too much time figuring out the problem sets.
The test is composed of multiple choice, true or false, essay type questions, and problem sets.
Joseph Toppe
MondayDec 4 at 9:04am
Manage Discussion Entry
Passion and Objectivity
Quite often, reporters are asked to cover an issue they are passionate about. However, reporters must remain objective and accurate. The greatest challenge for even the most objective of reporters is to utilize an objective story angle as well.
But is this possible? Pure objectivity in journalism is difficult to achieve because of the human factor. Whether a writer knows it or not, the second they choose the story angle, the objectivity of the work has been diminished. Writing about passionate topics such as conservation and culture can stir the emotions of any staff writer, but the elements of the trade remain.
Professional reporters unlock new angles to trending topics and write passionately about it, but they do it with professional/acceptable objectivity and accuracy.
Essentially, provide a balanced debate and allow your readers to reach their own conclusions.
Week 4 - AssignmentEnvironmental/Cultural News Story and Broadcast Script
In today’s society, we hear a lot of discussion about the environment and about cultures. Environmental journalism and cultural journalism require that the journalist be committed to educating the public about aspects of each topic that audiences may know very little about.
This assignment requires you to choose a topic related to the environment or a specific culture. You will be writing the story as a feature for a national newspaper and preparing a script for a television program that appears on the Public Broadcasting Service. You will write a 450- to 500-word print story and a 3- to 5-minute broadcast script about the issue that you chose.
The assignment must
· Identify the media outlets where the story will appear.
· Summarize facts and/or statistics that are relevant to the story.
· Compare two opposing opinions about the topic derived from CQ Researcher.
· Incorporate one visual ...
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world as similar to how it is portrayed on television. Both theories may be applicable to social media today, as the platforms themselves shape the nature of interactions and content exchanged through their technical features and design.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. Marshall McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world based on what they see on TV rather than reality. Both theories explore how the medium or format used to present information can shape audience understanding and perspectives.
Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... World population essay. World Population Day Essay. 2022-11-14. College essay: Population essay. Population Essay - International Baccalaureate Geography - Marked by .... Increase In Population Essay Topics. Population Essay. School essay: World population essay. Population Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 .... An Essay on the Principle of Population | PDF Host. In Essay on the Principle of Population | Labour Economics | Economies. HISTORY30067 - Population Growth Essay.pdf - The Impacts Of World ....
The document discusses several models of how audiences interact with and make meaning from media texts, moving from early passive models to more recent active models. It describes the hypodermic needle model, two-step flow model, uses and gratifications model, and reception theory model, noting how each successive model viewed audiences as more active and complex in their engagement with media.
Social media practices and implications for journalistsJohn Bergin
A presentation I gave to students attending a Walkley Foundation event about professional and appropriate conduct via social media, and the long term implications of sharing and collaborating with your "audience".
1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment2. I w.docxpaynetawnya
1. Send email to [email protected] after handshake payment
2. I will then send you solutions to the work
3. We will rejoin in 24 to 30 hours to take the exam
4. 4 hour time limit
5. I will send you the questions
6. You will email it back
The test covers Chapter 6 Discounting Benefits and Costs in Future Time Periods, Chapter 7 Dealing with Uncertainty, Expected Values and Sensitivity Analysis, and Chapter 14 Valuing Observed Behavior Indirect Methods. Your time to finish the test is limited so make sure you prepare and study the posted notes, class recordings, and assignments. You need to remember and understand the concepts to be able to answer the questions and solve the problems correctly and within the allotted time. You will not have enough time to finish the test if you have to spend time looking for the answers on your notes or if you have to spend too much time figuring out the problem sets.
The test is composed of multiple choice, true or false, essay type questions, and problem sets.
Joseph Toppe
MondayDec 4 at 9:04am
Manage Discussion Entry
Passion and Objectivity
Quite often, reporters are asked to cover an issue they are passionate about. However, reporters must remain objective and accurate. The greatest challenge for even the most objective of reporters is to utilize an objective story angle as well.
But is this possible? Pure objectivity in journalism is difficult to achieve because of the human factor. Whether a writer knows it or not, the second they choose the story angle, the objectivity of the work has been diminished. Writing about passionate topics such as conservation and culture can stir the emotions of any staff writer, but the elements of the trade remain.
Professional reporters unlock new angles to trending topics and write passionately about it, but they do it with professional/acceptable objectivity and accuracy.
Essentially, provide a balanced debate and allow your readers to reach their own conclusions.
Week 4 - AssignmentEnvironmental/Cultural News Story and Broadcast Script
In today’s society, we hear a lot of discussion about the environment and about cultures. Environmental journalism and cultural journalism require that the journalist be committed to educating the public about aspects of each topic that audiences may know very little about.
This assignment requires you to choose a topic related to the environment or a specific culture. You will be writing the story as a feature for a national newspaper and preparing a script for a television program that appears on the Public Broadcasting Service. You will write a 450- to 500-word print story and a 3- to 5-minute broadcast script about the issue that you chose.
The assignment must
· Identify the media outlets where the story will appear.
· Summarize facts and/or statistics that are relevant to the story.
· Compare two opposing opinions about the topic derived from CQ Researcher.
· Incorporate one visual ...
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world as similar to how it is portrayed on television. Both theories may be applicable to social media today, as the platforms themselves shape the nature of interactions and content exchanged through their technical features and design.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. Marshall McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world based on what they see on TV rather than reality. Both theories explore how the medium or format used to present information can shape audience understanding and perspectives.
Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... World population essay. World Population Day Essay. 2022-11-14. College essay: Population essay. Population Essay - International Baccalaureate Geography - Marked by .... Increase In Population Essay Topics. Population Essay. School essay: World population essay. Population Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 .... An Essay on the Principle of Population | PDF Host. In Essay on the Principle of Population | Labour Economics | Economies. HISTORY30067 - Population Growth Essay.pdf - The Impacts Of World ....
The document discusses several models of how audiences interact with and make meaning from media texts, moving from early passive models to more recent active models. It describes the hypodermic needle model, two-step flow model, uses and gratifications model, and reception theory model, noting how each successive model viewed audiences as more active and complex in their engagement with media.
Social media practices and implications for journalistsJohn Bergin
A presentation I gave to students attending a Walkley Foundation event about professional and appropriate conduct via social media, and the long term implications of sharing and collaborating with your "audience".
The document summarizes several audience theory models:
1) The effects model views audiences as passive recipients of media messages. More recent models see audiences as more active.
2) Uses and gratifications theory sees audiences as active in selecting media to fulfill needs like entertainment and social interaction.
3) The active audience model recognizes that audiences can interpret media messages in different, sometimes opposing ways.
4) The ethnographic model examines audience behaviors and preferences through qualitative research like interviews in cultural contexts.
Effective communication is vital for business success as it allows managers to delegate work, provide feedback, and control operations, while good communication can reduce conflict and prevent misunderstandings among employees. Formal communication refers to official channels within a business, while informal communication occurs through unofficial exchanges between employees. Barriers to communication like physical or language barriers can interfere with the transmission of messages if not properly addressed.
≫ Inventions that Changed the World Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. best invention in last 50 years - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. My Favorite Invention Essay. The writing prompt with my "Inventors and Inventions" short research .... Essay On Modern Scientific Inventions.
COURSE LECTURESREVISIT THIS PAGE OFTEN CONTENT IS SUBJECT TCruzIbarra161
COURSE LECTURES
REVISIT THIS PAGE OFTEN: CONTENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITH NOTICE.
THIS IS A MEDIA CLASS SO WE WILL BE COVERING MEDIA
CONTENT/CURRENT-EVENTS IN REAL TIME.
MODULE 1 DIGITAL MEDIA AND CONVERGENCE
TOPIC 1— INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE MEDIA AND MASS COMMUNICATION
Communication, in its simplest form, can be defined as shared meaning.
Using an old-fashioned communication model, where a SOURCE sends a
MESSAGE to a RECEIVER, we can define several different kinds of
communication.
SOURCE ----------> MESSAGE-------- > RECEIVER
SOURCE
>
MESSAGE RECEIVER
INTRAPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
YOU
SPECIFIC
INTERNAL
DIALOGUE
YOU
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
ONE OR A
FEW
PEOPLE
FACE-TO-
FACE, with or
without
technology
ONE OR A
FEW PEOPLE
MASS
COMMUNICATION
Usually a
GROUP/CORP
But can also
be an
individual
(influencer)
LCD
AS MANY AS
POSSIBLE
(MASSES)
MASS COMMUNICATION: A CRITICAL APPROACH
I love media studies! I feel this area of study can and will help you in myriad other
endeavors and academic pursuits as media intersects with every other discipline. Media
technology is an ubiquitous presence in our lives, it's everywhere all the time! To name
just a few media sources: radio, television, film, newspapers, magazines, smartphones,
computers, the Internet, computer and video games, gps, satellites, phones and other
smart devices, etc.
We must interrogate these systems on a deeper level to develop a critical lens.
Attaining a deeper understanding of how these industries and tools work will allow us to
engage, produce and consume more thoughtfully and intentionally. Now more than ever,
due to the pandemic, we see how these tools-and an understanding of these tools- is
necessary to keep in contact with friends and family, stay informed, work etc.
Study after study claim that Americans consume a lot of media. According to
STATISTA.com, (Daily media consumption in the U.S. 2020, by format, published by
Amy Watson, Jun 17, 2020) "In terms of average time spent each day, TV is the
second most used form of media in the United States, with adults spending 229
minutes (almost four hours) watching television on a daily basis according to a study
undertaken in April 2020. Digital formats took up the majority of U.S. adults' daily
media consumption time, while for newspapers and magazines the average time
spent was just nine and eight minutes respectively.
HTTPS://WWW.STATISTA.COM/STATISTICS/276683/MEDIA-USE-IN-
THE-US/
If it is true (and it is) that we spend more time- consuming media than doing
ANYTHING ELSE in our lives (eating, sleeping, working, getting exercise, making love,
spending time with our families, getting educated, exercising, etc.), then why is it we are
not better educated about our media interactions/consumption? Why aren't we taught
about media in school? We begin consuming media as babies, so by the time we start
kindergarten or first grade, we've already been listening and watching ...
The document discusses different views on media bias. Some believe the media is biased and only states certain facts, while others think the media only reports facts without bias. It notes that bias can be subtle or blatant, and is difficult to separate from facts. The document then analyzes articles about presidential candidates Al Gore and George Bush, finding that discussing Bush first may imply an unconscious bias towards him.
Essay On Body Language And CommunicationShelly Lane
The Importance of body Language and Gesture Essay Example StudyHippo.com. Body Language In The Workplace: Art Of Effective Communication - TechTello. 21 Body Language Tricks in Winning Communication - CareerCliff. Body Language. - A-Level English - Marked by Teachers.com. Her Likes This: Body Language In Communication Paper. Body Language. How To Read Body Language In An Interview - Sandra Rogers Reading .... Body Language as a Type of Nonverbal Communication Free Essay Sample .... Understanding body language Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Expository essay: Essay on body language. How To Study Body Language Of A Person - Study Poster. Her Likes This: Body Language Essays. Student essays body language. Essays on Body Language. Free Examples .... How Body Language Affects Intercultural Communication Body Language .... Body Language Critical Essay 400 Words - PHDessay.com. BODY LANGUAGE. Importance of body language essay. The importance of body language .... Body Language Facts: How We Communicate Without Words - Udemy Blog. Can I Use Body Language to Determine If a Person Is Lying Essay Example .... Calaméo - Essay on Body Language: Effective Guidelines for Students. Why is Body Language Important in Communication?. Essay about body language. Animopus: The Power of Nonverbal Communications Langage Non Verbal .... Body language essay - Get Help From. Body Language - Your Non-verbal Communication Marlies Cohen. 10 Proven Tactics for Reading Peoples Body Language - Thrive Global. How to Read Body Language Like an Expert: 20 Powerful Tips. Discuss the importance of body language in personal communication. - A .... Essay on body language Essay On Body Language And Communication Essay On Body Language And Communication
A Brief Exploration Of Modern Persuasion TheoriesWendy Hager
The document provides an overview of modern persuasion theories, summarizing five key theories:
1) The five canons of rhetoric which focus on message and source characteristics.
2) Elaboration likelihood model which examines central and peripheral routes of persuasion.
3) Cultivation analysis which explores how media shapes worldviews through storytelling.
4) Theory of planned behavior which analyzes cognitive processes and how attitudes influence behaviors.
5) Agenda setting theory which discusses how media guides public and policy agendas.
This document outlines a proposed research design to study the causal relationship between the type of television programs people watch and their level of political interest. It discusses the relevant theory, issues of causality that must be addressed, and proposes measuring viewing behavior objectively using data from a television research organization, while measuring political interest via a survey. It acknowledges the need to control for potential confounding variables like media dependency and demographics. The document also discusses the challenges of a quasi-experimental design where participants cannot be randomly assigned, and proposes using a counterfactual model to help address these challenges. In the end, it presents the planned research design and acknowledges alternatives that could also be explored.
The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would.docxmattinsonjanel
The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would entail specific variation in the platforms used in the initial implementation plan. Initially, the three projects that were planned for implementation included; the installation of business intelligence platform, the implementation of Statistical Analysis System software technology, and the creation of an effectively network infrastructure. In this case, the changes would include an addition of an ERP software to ensure the performance of the workforce within the Telecomms Ltd employees.
ERP is an effectively coordinated information technology system that would ensure the company’s performance is enhanced. To understand how the implementation of a coordinated IT system offers a competitive advantage of a firm, it is essential to acknowledge three core reasons for the failure of information technology related projects as commonly cited by IT managers. In this case, IT managers cite the three reasons as; poor planning or management, change in business objectives and goals during the implementation process of a project, and lack of proper management support completion (Houston, 2011). Also, in the majority of completed projects, technology is usually deployed in a vacuum; hence users resist it. The implementation of coordinated information technology systems, such as ERP would provide an ultimate solution to the three reasons for failure, and thus would give Telecomms Ltd a competitive advantage in the already competitive market. Since the implementation of systems like ERP directly provides solution to common problems that act as drawbacks regarding the competitiveness of firm, it is, therefore, evident that its use place Telecomms Ltd above its rival companies in the market share (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001).
The use ERP, which is a reliable coordinated IT system entails three distinctive implementation strategies that a firm can choose depending on its specific needs. The changes in the projects would be as follows: The three implementation strategies are independently capable of providing a relatively competitive advantage for many companies. These strategies are: big bang, phased rollout, and parallel adoption. In the big bang implementation strategy, happens in a single instance, whereby all the users are moved to a new system on a designated (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001). The phased rollout implementation on the other hand usually involves a changeover in several phases, and it is executed in an extended period. In this case, the users move onto the new system in a series of steps (Houston, 2011). Lastly, the parallel adoption implementation strategy allows both legacy and the new ERP system to run at the same time. It is also essential to note that users in this strategy get to learn the new system while still working on the old system (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001). The three strategies effectively change the information system of Telecomms Ltd tremendously such that it positiv ...
The Catholic University of America Metropolitan School of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Catholic University of America
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
Course Syllabus
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
MBU 514 and MBU 315 Leadership Foundations
Fall 2015
Credits: 3
Classroom: Online
Dates: August 31, 2015 to December 14, 2015
Instructor:
Dr. Jacquie Hamp
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @drjacquie
Telephone: 202 215 8117 cell
Office Hours: By Appointment
Dr. Jacquie Hamp is an educator, coach and consultant with particular expertise in leadership development, organizational development and human resources development strategy. From 2006 to 2015 she held the position as the Senior Director of Leadership Development for Goodwill Industries International in Rockville, Maryland. Dr. Hamp was responsible for the design and execution of leadership development programs and activities for all levels of the 4 billion dollar social enterprise network of Goodwill Industries across 165 independent local agencies. Jacquie is also a part time Associate Professor at George Washington University teaching at the graduate level and she is an adjunct professor at Catholic University of America, teaching leadership theory in the Masters Program.
Jacquie has a Master of Science degree in Human Resources Development Administration from Barry University. She holds a Doctor of Education degree in Human and Organizational Learning from the Graduate School of Education and Human Development at George Washington University. Jacquie has received a certificate in Executive Coaching from Georgetown University, a certificate in the Practice of Teaching Leadership from Harvard University and holds the national certification of Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR).
Jacquie has been invited to speak at conferences in the United States and the United Kingdom on the topic of how women learn through transformative experiences and techniques for effective leadership development in the social enterprise sector. She is a member of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) and the International Leadership Association (ILA). In 2011 Dr. Hamp was awarded the Strategic Alignment Award by the Human Resources Leadership Association of Washington DC for her work in the redesign of the Goodwill Industries International leadership programs in order to meet the strategic goals of the organization.
Course Description: Surveys, compares, and contrasts contemporary theories of leadership, providing students the opportunity to assess their own leadership competencies and how they fit in with models of leadership. Students also discuss current literature, media coverage, and case studies on leadership issues.
Instructional Methods This course is based on the following adult learning concepts:
1. Learning is done by the learners, who are encouraged to achieve the overall course objectives through individual learning styles that meet their personal learning needs. ...
The Case of Frank and Judy. During the past few years Frank an.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Frank and Judy.
During the past few years Frank and Judy have experienced many conflicts in their marriage. Although they have made attempts to resolve their problems by themselves, they have finally decided to seek the help of a professional marriage counselor. Even though they have been thinking about divorce with increasing frequency, they still have some hope that they can achieve a satisfactory marriage.
Three couples counselors, each holding a different set of values pertaining to marriage and the family, describe their approach to working with Frank and Judy. As you read these responses, think about the degree to which each represents what you might say and do if you were counseling this couple.
· Counselor A. This counselor believes it is not her place to bring her values pertaining to the family into the sessions. She is fully aware of her biases regarding marriage and divorce, but she does not impose them or expose them in all cases. Her primary interest is to help Frank and Judy discover what is best for them as individuals 459460and as a couple. She sees it as unethical to push her clients toward a definite course of action, and she lets them know that her job is to help them be honest with themselves.
·
· What are your reactions to this counselor's approach?
· ▪ What values of yours could interfere with your work with Frank and Judy?
Counselor B. This counselor has been married three times herself. Although she believes in marriage, she is quick to maintain that far too many couples stay in their marriages and suffer unnecessarily. She explores with Judy and Frank the conflicts that they bring to the sessions. The counselor's interventions are leading them in the direction of divorce as the desired course of action, especially after they express this as an option. She suggests a trial separation and states her willingness to counsel them individually, with some joint sessions. When Frank brings up his guilt and reluctance to divorce because of the welfare of the children, the counselor confronts him with the harm that is being done to them by a destructive marriage. She tells him that it is too much of a burden to put on the children to keep the family together.
· ▪ What, if any, ethical issues do you see in this case? Is this counselor exposing or imposing her values?
· ▪ Do you think this person should be a marriage counselor, given her bias?
· ▪ What interventions made by the counselor do you agree with? What are your areas of disagreement?
Counselor C. At the first session this counselor states his belief in the preservation of marriage and the family. He believes that many couples give up too soon in the face of difficulty. He says that most couples have unrealistically high expectations of what constitutes a “happy marriage.” The counselor lets it be known that his experience continues to teach him that divorce rarely solves any problems but instead creates new problems that are often worse. The counsel ...
The Case of MikeChapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspe.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Mike
Chapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspectives 135
Mike is a 20-year-old male who has just recently been released from jail. Mike is technically on probation for car theft, though he has been involved in crime to a much greater extent. Mike has been identified as a cocaine user and has been suspected, though not convicted, for dealing cocaine. Mike has been tested for drugs by his probation department and was found positive for cocaine. The county has mandated that Mike receive drug counseling but the drug counselor has referred Mike to your office because the drug counselor suspects that Mike has issues beyond simple drug addiction. In fact, the drug counselor’s notes suggest that Mike has Narcissistic personality disorder. Mike seems to have little regard for the feelings of others. Coupled with this is his complete sensitivity to the comments of others. In fact, his prior fiancé has broken off her relationship with him due to what she calls his “constant need for admiration and attention. He is completely self-centered.” After talking with Mike, you quickly find that he has no close friends. As he talks about people who have been close to him, he discounts them for one imperfection or another. These imperfections are all considered severe enough to warrant dismissing the person entirely. Mike makes a point of noting how many have betrayed their loyalty to him or have otherwise failed to give him the credit that he deserves. When asked about getting caught in the auto theft, he remarks that “well my dumb partner got me out of a hot situation by driving me out in a stolen get-a-way car.” (Word on the street has it that Mike was involved in a sour drug deal and was unlikely to have made it out alive if not for his partner.) Mike adds, “you know, I plan everything out perfectly, but you just cannot rely on anybody . . . if you want it done right, do it yourself.” Mike recently has been involved with another woman (unknown to his prior fiancé) who has become pregnant. When she told Mike he said “tough, you can go get an abortionor something, it isn’t like we were in love or something.” Then he laughed at her and toldher to go find some other guy who would shack up with her. Incidentally, Mike is a very attractive man and he likes to point that out on occasion. “Yeah, I was going to be a male model in L. A.,but my agent did not know what he was doing . . . could never get things settled out right . . . so I had to fire him.” Mike is very popular with women and has had a constant string of failed relationships due to what he calls “their inability to keep things exciting.” As Mike puts it “hey, I am too smart for this stuff. These people around me, they don’t deserve the good dummies. But me, well I know how to run things and get over on people. And I am not about to let these dummies get in my way. I got it all figured out . . . see?”
Effective Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Approach 9th Edition, 2009 IS ...
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONNovember 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, .docxmattinsonjanel
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
November 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, no. 11, p. B7
The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation
By Alfie Kohn
Grade inflation got started ... in the late '60s and early '70s.... The grades that faculty members now give ... deserve to be a scandal.
--Professor Harvey Mansfield, Harvard University, 2001
Grades A and B are sometimes given too readily -- Grade A for work of no very high merit, and Grade B for work not far above mediocrity. ... One of the chief obstacles to raising the standards of the degree is the readiness with which insincere students gain passable grades by sham work.
--Report of the Committee on Raising the Standard, Harvard University, 1894
Complaints about grade inflation have been around for a very long time. Every so often a fresh flurry of publicity pushes the issue to the foreground again, the latest example being a series of articles in The Boston Globe last year that disclosed -- in a tone normally reserved for the discovery of entrenched corruption in state government -- that a lot of students at Harvard were receiving A's and being graduated with honors.
The fact that people were offering the same complaints more than a century ago puts the latest bout of harrumphing in perspective, not unlike those quotations about the disgraceful values of the younger generation that turn out to be hundreds of years old. The long history of indignation also pretty well derails any attempts to place the blame for higher grades on a residue of bleeding-heart liberal professors hired in the '60s. (Unless, of course, there was a similar countercultural phenomenon in the 1860s.)
Yet on campuses across America today, academe's usual requirements for supporting data and reasoned analysis have been suspended for some reason where this issue is concerned. It is largely accepted on faith that grade inflation -- an upward shift in students' grade-point averages without a similar rise in achievement -- exists, and that it is a bad thing. Meanwhile, the truly substantive issues surrounding grades and motivation have been obscured or ignored.
The fact is that it is hard to substantiate even the simple claim that grades have been rising. Depending on the time period we're talking about, that claim may well be false. In their book When Hope and Fear Collide (Jossey-Bass, 1998), Arthur Levine and Jeanette Cureton tell us that more undergraduates in 1993 reported receiving A's (and fewer reported receiving grades of C or below) compared with their counterparts in 1969 and 1976 surveys. Unfortunately, self-reports are notoriously unreliable, and the numbers become even more dubious when only a self-selected, and possibly unrepresentative, segment bothers to return the questionnaires. (One out of three failed to do so in 1993; no information is offered about the return rates in the earlier surveys.)
To get a more accurate picture of whether grades have changed over the years, one needs to look at official student tran ...
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify.docxmattinsonjanel
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify or adjust it as need to fit the specific ideas that you are developing.
Area: SALES
Specific Change Plans for Functional Areas
Capability Being Addressed
This can be pulled from the strategic proposal recommended in Part 2B
How do the recommended changes (details provided below) help improve the capability?
This is a logic "double check". Be sure you can show how the changes recommended below improve the capability and help address the product and market focus and add to accomplishment of the value proposition
Details of Specific Changes:
Proposed Changes in Resources
Proposed Changes to Management
Preferences
Proposed Changes to Organizational
Processes
Detailed Change Plans
(Lay out here the specifics of all recommended changes for this area. Modify the layout as necessary to account for the changes being recommended)
Proposed Change
Timing
Costs
On going impact on budget
On going impact on revenue
Wiki
Template
Part-‐2:
Gaps,
Issues
and
New
Strategy
BUSI
4940
–
Business
Policy
1
THE ENVIRONMENT/INDUSTRY
1. Drivers of change
Key drivers of change begin with the availability of substitute products. Many
other
companies can easily provide a substitute and the firm will have to find a way to
stand
out among them. Next would be the ability to differentiate yourself among other
firms
that pose a threat in the industry. Last, the political sector. The the federal, state,
and local governments could all shape the way healthcare is everywhere.
2. Key survival factors
Key survival factors would include making the firm stand out above the rest in the
industry and creating a name for itself. Second would be making sure there is a
broad
network of providers available for the customers. Giving the customer options
will
make the customer happy. Providing excellent customer service is key to any
firm in
the industry.
3. Product/Market and Value Proposition possibilities
Maintaining the use of heavy discounts will keep Careington in the competitive
market. They also concentrate on constantly innovating technology to make
sure that
they have the latest devices to offer their customers. To have high value proposition, Careington
will need to show their costumers that they can believe in them and trust them to
do the right thing. Showing the customers that they can always be on top of the
latest
technology and new age products will help build trust with the customers.
STRATEGY OF THE FIRM
1. Goals
Striving to promote the health and well being of their clients by continuing to
provide
low cost health care solutions. A lot of this concentration is on clients that cannot
afford health care very easily or that a ...
The Challenge of Choosing FoodFor this forum, please read http.docxmattinsonjanel
The Challenge of Choosing Food:
For this forum, please read: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/no-food-is-healthy-not-even-kale/2016/01/15/4a5c2d24-ba52-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html?postshare=3401453180639248&tid=ss_fb-bottom
The article is from the Washington Post, January 17, 2016, by Michael Ruhlmanentitled: "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale."
Based on your reading in the textbook share the following information with your classmates:
(1) To what degree to you agree with article, "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale." Do semantics count? Should we focus on foods that are described as nourishing (nutrient-dense) instead of foods described as healthy because the word "healthy" is a "bankrupt" word? Explain and refer to information from the article.
(2) Based on the article and the textbook reading (review pages 9-30), how challenging is it for you to choose nutritious foods that promote health? What factors drive your food choices? Explain to your classmates.
(3) What do you think is the biggest concern we face health-wise in the US today?
(4) What are some obstacles as to why we may not be eating as well as we would like to?
Please complete all questions, if you have any question let me knowv
Test file, (Do not modify it)
// $> javac -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
//
// On windows replace : with ; (colon with semicolon)
// $> javac -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.*;
public class ProperQueueTests {
public static void main(String args[]){
org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.main("ProperQueueTests");
}
/*
building queues:
- build small empty queue. (2)
- build larger empty queue. (11)
- build length-zero queue. (0)
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_1(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(2);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(2, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_2(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(11);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(11, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void Queue_makeQueue_3(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(0);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(0, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
/*
add/offer tests.
- add a single value to a short queue.
- fill up a small queue.
- over-add to a queue and witness it struggle.
- add many but don't finish filling a queue.
- make size-zero queue, adds fail, check it's still empty.
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_add_1(){
String expecte ...
The Civil Rights Movement
Dr. James Patterson
Black Civil Rights Movement
Basic denial of civil rights (review)
Segregation in society
Inferior schools
Job discrimination
Political disenfranchisement
Over ½ lived below poverty level
Unemployment double national ave.
Ghettoes: gangs, drugs, substandard housing, crime
Early Victories
WWII egalitarianism and backlash against German racism
Jackie Robinson integrated professional baseball—1947
Desegregation of the armed forces ordered by president Truman—1948
Marian Anderson performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera House—1955
Increased interest in civil rights a result of Cold War propaganda
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 – Topeka, Kansas
Linda Brown: filed suit to attend a neighborhood school
“Separate educational institutions are inherently unequal.”
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Court says: integrate "with all deliberate speed.”
What did this mean?
Linda Brown and Family
Circumvention of Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
White supremacist parents feared racial mixing and attempted to block black enrollment.
Ignored the integration issue
Token integration
Segregation through standardized placement tests
Segregation through private schools
Stalling through legal action
By 1964, 10 years after the Brown case, only 1% of black children attended truly integrated schools.
Little Rock High School
1957 courts order integration in Little Rock
9 black students enrolled.
Governor called out militia to block it.
Mobs replaced militia after recall.
Eisenhower ordered federal troops to protect the students.
Daily harassment
Courageous black students persevered.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955--Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat to white man
Boycott of bus system led by Martin Luther King, Jr.:
Walking, church busses, car pools, bicycles
Bus lines caught in the middle
Rosa Parks being Booked
Supreme Court ruled bus companies must integrate.
Inspired other protests:
Sit-ins, wade-ins, kneel-ins
Woolworth’s lunch counter
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Non-Violent
Influenced by Ghandi
“The blood may flow, but it must be our blood, not that of the white man.”
“Lord, we ain’t what we oughta be. We ain’t what we wanna be. We ain’t what we gonna be. But thank God, we ain’t what we was.”
Freedom Riders
Activists traveled from city to city to ignite the protest.
Bull Conner:
in Montgomery
Dogs
Whips
Water hoses
Cattle prods
Television
Public backlash
Civil Rights March (AL. 1965)
1963 - Washington, D.C. "I have a Dream“—200,000 Attended
Civil Rights Legislation
1964 - Civil Rights Act
1964 - 24th Amendment
Abolished Poll Tax
1965 Voting Rights Act
Affirmative action
Int ...
The Churchill CentreReturn to Full GraphicsThe Churchi.docxmattinsonjanel
The Churchill Centre
Return to Full Graphics
The Churchill Centre | Calendar | Churchill Facts | Speeches & Quotations | Publications and Resources |
News | Join The Centre! | Churchill Stores | Contact Us | Links | Search
Their Finest Hour
Sir Winston Churchill > Speeches & Quotations > Speeches
June 18, 1940
House of Commons
I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command
failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front
was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of fifteen or sixteen French
divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force. Our
Army and 120,000 French troops were indeed rescued by the British Navy from Dunkirk but only with the
loss of their cannon, vehicles and modern equipment. This loss inevitably took some weeks to repair, and in
the first two of those weeks the battle in France has been lost. When we consider the heroic resistance
made by the French Army against heavy odds in this battle, the enormous losses inflicted upon the enemy
and the evident exhaustion of the enemy, it may well be the thought that these 25 divisions of the
best-trained and best-equipped troops might have turned the scale. However, General Weygand had to fight
without them. Only three British divisions or their equivalent were able to stand in the line with their French
comrades. They have suffered severely, but they have fought well. We sent every man we could to France
as fast as we could re-equip and transport their formations.
I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination. That I judge to be utterly futile and even
harmful. We cannot afford it. I recite them in order to explain why it was we did not have, as we could have
had, between twelve and fourteen British divisions fighting in the line in this great battle instead of only
three. Now I put all this aside. I put it on the shelf, from which the historians, when they have time, will
select their documents to tell their stories. We have to think of the future and not of the past. This also
applies in a small way to our own affairs at home. There are many who would hold an inquest in the House
of Commons on the conduct of the Governments-and of Parliaments, for they are in it, too-during the years
which led up to this catastrophe. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our
affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious process. There are too many in it. Let each man search
his conscience and search his speeches. I frequently search mine.
Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we
have lost the future. Therefore, I cannot accept the drawing of any distinctions between Members of the
present Government. It was formed at a moment of crisis in order to unite a ...
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundati.docxmattinsonjanel
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundations of the Metaphysics of
Morals)
Preface
As my concern here is with moral philosophy, I limit the question suggested to this:
Whether it is not of the utmost necessity to construct a pure thing which is only empirical and
which belongs to anthropology? for that such a philosophy must be possible is evident from the
common idea of duty and of the moral laws. Everyone must admit that if a law is to have moral
force, i.e., to be the basis of an obligation, it must carry with it absolute necessity; that, for
example, the precept, "Thou shalt not lie," is not valid for men alone, as if other rational beings
had no need to observe it; and so with all the other moral laws properly so called; that, therefore,
the basis of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man, or in the circumstances in the
world in which he is placed, but a priori simply in the conception of pure reason; and although
any other precept which is founded on principles of mere experience may be in certain respects
universal, yet in as far as it rests even in the least degree on an empirical basis, perhaps only as to
a motive, such a precept, while it may be a practical rule, can never be called a moral law…
What is the “Good Will?”
NOTHING can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called
good, without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgement, and the other
talents of the mind, however they may be named, or courage, resolution, perseverance, as
qualities of temperament, are undoubtedly good and desirable in many respects; but these gifts of
nature may also become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them,
and which, therefore, constitutes what is called character, is not good. It is the same with the
gifts of fortune. Power, riches, honour, even health, and the general well-being and contentment
with one's condition which is called happiness, inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is
not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind, and with this also to rectify the
whole principle of acting and adapt it to its end. The sight of a being who is not adorned with a
single feature of a pure and good will, enjoying unbroken prosperity, can never give pleasure to
an impartial rational spectator. Thus a good will appears to constitute the indispensable condition
even of being worthy of happiness.
There are even some qualities which are of service to this good will itself and may
facilitate its action, yet which have no intrinsic unconditional value, but always presuppose a
good will, and this qualifies the esteem that we justly have for them and does not permit us to
regard them as absolutely good. Moderation in the affections and passions, self-control, and calm
deliberation are not only good in many respects, but even seem to constitute part of th ...
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act accor.docxmattinsonjanel
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act according to society, following our own way and not the way intended for us. The shadows are merely a reflection of what they perceived to be reality instead of an illusion. The prisoners are trapped in society, each one of us who choose to stay trapped in our own way. The man that escapes is the person who no longer is a slave to society and can see the difference between reality and illusion. The day light can be compared to God’s will. When you don’t follow the plan that has been laid out for you by God, than you are trapped and you will only see illusions or reflections of reality. Escaping and choosing to go into “the light,” or following the will of God, only then can you be set free from your prison.
When looking at a piece of art, a painting, for example, at first glance the painting can appear to be something other what it is intended to be (reality). This reminds me of those pictures that everyone sees on social media, the picture that has circles all over it. When you look at the picture it appears that the circles are moving, but in reality the circles do not move at all. So art can more or less be perceived as more of an illusion.
An example of the picture can be seen here http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/movie_circles_illusion.jpg
Accepting illusion as reality happens a lot more times than we probably think. Anything that we see on T.V., Social Media, internet, or even dating, can all be perceived as an illusion at some point. Take dating for example; how a person acts on a date is most likely not how they would act to someone they have known for a while (illusion). Not all people pretend to be something different but in many cases they do. Recognizing what you failed to see after the initial first date and thereafter is how you would know what you first seen was just simply an illusion and therefore not reality, unless of course in reality they are simply a fake person I suppose. Following this pattern makes you realize most people do not appear to be who they are. A good “first impression” doesn’t necessarily mean much when thinking about illusions vs reality, because that’s all the “first impression” is in fact more or less an illusion.
People live in shadows because they fail to recognize reality and choose to continue to believe in illusions. With the growth of Social media, more and more people are falling victim to what things appear to be and will stay in the dark (cave). We as a society are imprisoned by what we see and read through news channels and social media. We will believe anything that comes across CNN or any news station (not fox news though) and let them make up our mind for us. People comment on any shooting victims and assume the cop was in the wrong and is racist, in reality that is not always the case.
It’s interesting to think in terms of appearance vs reality when viewing not only art, but the world. Not taking things for what they appear to ...
The Case Superior Foods Corporation Faces a ChallengeOn his way.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case: Superior Foods Corporation Faces a Challenge
On his way to the plant office, Jason Starnes passed by the production line where hundreds of gloved, uniformed workers were packing sausages and processed meats for shipment to grocery stores around the world.
Jason's company, Superior Foods Corporation, based in Wichita, Kansas, employed 30,000 people in eight countries and had beef and pork processing plants in Arkansas, California, Milwaukee, and Nebraska City. Since a landmark United States–Japan trade agreement signed in 1988, markets had opened up for major exports of American beef, now representing 10 percent of U.S. production. Products called “variety meats”—including intestines, hearts, brains, and tongues—were very much in demand for export to international markets.
Jason was in Nebraska City to talk with the plant manager, Ben Schroeder, about the U.S. outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and its impact on the plant. On December 23, 2011, the U.S. Department of Agriculture had announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy had been discovered in a Holstein cow in Washington State. The global reaction was swift: Seven countries imposed either total or partial bans on the importation of U.S. beef, and thousands of people were chatting about it on blogs and social networking sites. Superior had moved quickly to intercept a container load of frozen Asian-bound beef from its shipping port in Los Angeles, and all other shipments were on hold.
After walking into Ben's office, Jason sat down across from him and said, “Ben, your plant has been a top producer of variety meats for Superior, and we have appreciated all your hard work out here. Unfortunately, it looks like we need to limit production for a while—at least three months, or until the bans get relaxed. I know Senator Nelson is working hard to get the bans lifted. In the meantime, we need to shut down production and lay off about 25 percent of your workers. I know it is going to be difficult, and I'm hoping we can work out a way to communicate this to your employees.”
...
The Case You can choose to discuss relativism in view of one .docxmattinsonjanel
The Case:
You can choose to discuss relativism in view of one of the following two cases:
The Case:
· Start by giving a brief explanation of relativism (200 words).
· what is the difference between ethical & cultural relativism. Then discuss, in view of relativism, how we can reconcile the apparent conflict between the need for enforcement of human rights standards with the need for protection of cultural diversity. (400 words).
...
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SOURCE ----------> MESSAGE-------- > RECEIVER
SOURCE
>
MESSAGE RECEIVER
INTRAPERSONAL
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HTTPS://WWW.STATISTA.COM/STATISTICS/276683/MEDIA-USE-IN-
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The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would.docxmattinsonjanel
The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would entail specific variation in the platforms used in the initial implementation plan. Initially, the three projects that were planned for implementation included; the installation of business intelligence platform, the implementation of Statistical Analysis System software technology, and the creation of an effectively network infrastructure. In this case, the changes would include an addition of an ERP software to ensure the performance of the workforce within the Telecomms Ltd employees.
ERP is an effectively coordinated information technology system that would ensure the company’s performance is enhanced. To understand how the implementation of a coordinated IT system offers a competitive advantage of a firm, it is essential to acknowledge three core reasons for the failure of information technology related projects as commonly cited by IT managers. In this case, IT managers cite the three reasons as; poor planning or management, change in business objectives and goals during the implementation process of a project, and lack of proper management support completion (Houston, 2011). Also, in the majority of completed projects, technology is usually deployed in a vacuum; hence users resist it. The implementation of coordinated information technology systems, such as ERP would provide an ultimate solution to the three reasons for failure, and thus would give Telecomms Ltd a competitive advantage in the already competitive market. Since the implementation of systems like ERP directly provides solution to common problems that act as drawbacks regarding the competitiveness of firm, it is, therefore, evident that its use place Telecomms Ltd above its rival companies in the market share (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001).
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The Catholic University of America
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
Course Syllabus
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
MBU 514 and MBU 315 Leadership Foundations
Fall 2015
Credits: 3
Classroom: Online
Dates: August 31, 2015 to December 14, 2015
Instructor:
Dr. Jacquie Hamp
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @drjacquie
Telephone: 202 215 8117 cell
Office Hours: By Appointment
Dr. Jacquie Hamp is an educator, coach and consultant with particular expertise in leadership development, organizational development and human resources development strategy. From 2006 to 2015 she held the position as the Senior Director of Leadership Development for Goodwill Industries International in Rockville, Maryland. Dr. Hamp was responsible for the design and execution of leadership development programs and activities for all levels of the 4 billion dollar social enterprise network of Goodwill Industries across 165 independent local agencies. Jacquie is also a part time Associate Professor at George Washington University teaching at the graduate level and she is an adjunct professor at Catholic University of America, teaching leadership theory in the Masters Program.
Jacquie has a Master of Science degree in Human Resources Development Administration from Barry University. She holds a Doctor of Education degree in Human and Organizational Learning from the Graduate School of Education and Human Development at George Washington University. Jacquie has received a certificate in Executive Coaching from Georgetown University, a certificate in the Practice of Teaching Leadership from Harvard University and holds the national certification of Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR).
Jacquie has been invited to speak at conferences in the United States and the United Kingdom on the topic of how women learn through transformative experiences and techniques for effective leadership development in the social enterprise sector. She is a member of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) and the International Leadership Association (ILA). In 2011 Dr. Hamp was awarded the Strategic Alignment Award by the Human Resources Leadership Association of Washington DC for her work in the redesign of the Goodwill Industries International leadership programs in order to meet the strategic goals of the organization.
Course Description: Surveys, compares, and contrasts contemporary theories of leadership, providing students the opportunity to assess their own leadership competencies and how they fit in with models of leadership. Students also discuss current literature, media coverage, and case studies on leadership issues.
Instructional Methods This course is based on the following adult learning concepts:
1. Learning is done by the learners, who are encouraged to achieve the overall course objectives through individual learning styles that meet their personal learning needs. ...
The Case of Frank and Judy. During the past few years Frank an.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Frank and Judy.
During the past few years Frank and Judy have experienced many conflicts in their marriage. Although they have made attempts to resolve their problems by themselves, they have finally decided to seek the help of a professional marriage counselor. Even though they have been thinking about divorce with increasing frequency, they still have some hope that they can achieve a satisfactory marriage.
Three couples counselors, each holding a different set of values pertaining to marriage and the family, describe their approach to working with Frank and Judy. As you read these responses, think about the degree to which each represents what you might say and do if you were counseling this couple.
· Counselor A. This counselor believes it is not her place to bring her values pertaining to the family into the sessions. She is fully aware of her biases regarding marriage and divorce, but she does not impose them or expose them in all cases. Her primary interest is to help Frank and Judy discover what is best for them as individuals 459460and as a couple. She sees it as unethical to push her clients toward a definite course of action, and she lets them know that her job is to help them be honest with themselves.
·
· What are your reactions to this counselor's approach?
· ▪ What values of yours could interfere with your work with Frank and Judy?
Counselor B. This counselor has been married three times herself. Although she believes in marriage, she is quick to maintain that far too many couples stay in their marriages and suffer unnecessarily. She explores with Judy and Frank the conflicts that they bring to the sessions. The counselor's interventions are leading them in the direction of divorce as the desired course of action, especially after they express this as an option. She suggests a trial separation and states her willingness to counsel them individually, with some joint sessions. When Frank brings up his guilt and reluctance to divorce because of the welfare of the children, the counselor confronts him with the harm that is being done to them by a destructive marriage. She tells him that it is too much of a burden to put on the children to keep the family together.
· ▪ What, if any, ethical issues do you see in this case? Is this counselor exposing or imposing her values?
· ▪ Do you think this person should be a marriage counselor, given her bias?
· ▪ What interventions made by the counselor do you agree with? What are your areas of disagreement?
Counselor C. At the first session this counselor states his belief in the preservation of marriage and the family. He believes that many couples give up too soon in the face of difficulty. He says that most couples have unrealistically high expectations of what constitutes a “happy marriage.” The counselor lets it be known that his experience continues to teach him that divorce rarely solves any problems but instead creates new problems that are often worse. The counsel ...
The Case of MikeChapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspe.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Mike
Chapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspectives 135
Mike is a 20-year-old male who has just recently been released from jail. Mike is technically on probation for car theft, though he has been involved in crime to a much greater extent. Mike has been identified as a cocaine user and has been suspected, though not convicted, for dealing cocaine. Mike has been tested for drugs by his probation department and was found positive for cocaine. The county has mandated that Mike receive drug counseling but the drug counselor has referred Mike to your office because the drug counselor suspects that Mike has issues beyond simple drug addiction. In fact, the drug counselor’s notes suggest that Mike has Narcissistic personality disorder. Mike seems to have little regard for the feelings of others. Coupled with this is his complete sensitivity to the comments of others. In fact, his prior fiancé has broken off her relationship with him due to what she calls his “constant need for admiration and attention. He is completely self-centered.” After talking with Mike, you quickly find that he has no close friends. As he talks about people who have been close to him, he discounts them for one imperfection or another. These imperfections are all considered severe enough to warrant dismissing the person entirely. Mike makes a point of noting how many have betrayed their loyalty to him or have otherwise failed to give him the credit that he deserves. When asked about getting caught in the auto theft, he remarks that “well my dumb partner got me out of a hot situation by driving me out in a stolen get-a-way car.” (Word on the street has it that Mike was involved in a sour drug deal and was unlikely to have made it out alive if not for his partner.) Mike adds, “you know, I plan everything out perfectly, but you just cannot rely on anybody . . . if you want it done right, do it yourself.” Mike recently has been involved with another woman (unknown to his prior fiancé) who has become pregnant. When she told Mike he said “tough, you can go get an abortionor something, it isn’t like we were in love or something.” Then he laughed at her and toldher to go find some other guy who would shack up with her. Incidentally, Mike is a very attractive man and he likes to point that out on occasion. “Yeah, I was going to be a male model in L. A.,but my agent did not know what he was doing . . . could never get things settled out right . . . so I had to fire him.” Mike is very popular with women and has had a constant string of failed relationships due to what he calls “their inability to keep things exciting.” As Mike puts it “hey, I am too smart for this stuff. These people around me, they don’t deserve the good dummies. But me, well I know how to run things and get over on people. And I am not about to let these dummies get in my way. I got it all figured out . . . see?”
Effective Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Approach 9th Edition, 2009 IS ...
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONNovember 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, .docxmattinsonjanel
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
November 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, no. 11, p. B7
The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation
By Alfie Kohn
Grade inflation got started ... in the late '60s and early '70s.... The grades that faculty members now give ... deserve to be a scandal.
--Professor Harvey Mansfield, Harvard University, 2001
Grades A and B are sometimes given too readily -- Grade A for work of no very high merit, and Grade B for work not far above mediocrity. ... One of the chief obstacles to raising the standards of the degree is the readiness with which insincere students gain passable grades by sham work.
--Report of the Committee on Raising the Standard, Harvard University, 1894
Complaints about grade inflation have been around for a very long time. Every so often a fresh flurry of publicity pushes the issue to the foreground again, the latest example being a series of articles in The Boston Globe last year that disclosed -- in a tone normally reserved for the discovery of entrenched corruption in state government -- that a lot of students at Harvard were receiving A's and being graduated with honors.
The fact that people were offering the same complaints more than a century ago puts the latest bout of harrumphing in perspective, not unlike those quotations about the disgraceful values of the younger generation that turn out to be hundreds of years old. The long history of indignation also pretty well derails any attempts to place the blame for higher grades on a residue of bleeding-heart liberal professors hired in the '60s. (Unless, of course, there was a similar countercultural phenomenon in the 1860s.)
Yet on campuses across America today, academe's usual requirements for supporting data and reasoned analysis have been suspended for some reason where this issue is concerned. It is largely accepted on faith that grade inflation -- an upward shift in students' grade-point averages without a similar rise in achievement -- exists, and that it is a bad thing. Meanwhile, the truly substantive issues surrounding grades and motivation have been obscured or ignored.
The fact is that it is hard to substantiate even the simple claim that grades have been rising. Depending on the time period we're talking about, that claim may well be false. In their book When Hope and Fear Collide (Jossey-Bass, 1998), Arthur Levine and Jeanette Cureton tell us that more undergraduates in 1993 reported receiving A's (and fewer reported receiving grades of C or below) compared with their counterparts in 1969 and 1976 surveys. Unfortunately, self-reports are notoriously unreliable, and the numbers become even more dubious when only a self-selected, and possibly unrepresentative, segment bothers to return the questionnaires. (One out of three failed to do so in 1993; no information is offered about the return rates in the earlier surveys.)
To get a more accurate picture of whether grades have changed over the years, one needs to look at official student tran ...
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify.docxmattinsonjanel
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify or adjust it as need to fit the specific ideas that you are developing.
Area: SALES
Specific Change Plans for Functional Areas
Capability Being Addressed
This can be pulled from the strategic proposal recommended in Part 2B
How do the recommended changes (details provided below) help improve the capability?
This is a logic "double check". Be sure you can show how the changes recommended below improve the capability and help address the product and market focus and add to accomplishment of the value proposition
Details of Specific Changes:
Proposed Changes in Resources
Proposed Changes to Management
Preferences
Proposed Changes to Organizational
Processes
Detailed Change Plans
(Lay out here the specifics of all recommended changes for this area. Modify the layout as necessary to account for the changes being recommended)
Proposed Change
Timing
Costs
On going impact on budget
On going impact on revenue
Wiki
Template
Part-‐2:
Gaps,
Issues
and
New
Strategy
BUSI
4940
–
Business
Policy
1
THE ENVIRONMENT/INDUSTRY
1. Drivers of change
Key drivers of change begin with the availability of substitute products. Many
other
companies can easily provide a substitute and the firm will have to find a way to
stand
out among them. Next would be the ability to differentiate yourself among other
firms
that pose a threat in the industry. Last, the political sector. The the federal, state,
and local governments could all shape the way healthcare is everywhere.
2. Key survival factors
Key survival factors would include making the firm stand out above the rest in the
industry and creating a name for itself. Second would be making sure there is a
broad
network of providers available for the customers. Giving the customer options
will
make the customer happy. Providing excellent customer service is key to any
firm in
the industry.
3. Product/Market and Value Proposition possibilities
Maintaining the use of heavy discounts will keep Careington in the competitive
market. They also concentrate on constantly innovating technology to make
sure that
they have the latest devices to offer their customers. To have high value proposition, Careington
will need to show their costumers that they can believe in them and trust them to
do the right thing. Showing the customers that they can always be on top of the
latest
technology and new age products will help build trust with the customers.
STRATEGY OF THE FIRM
1. Goals
Striving to promote the health and well being of their clients by continuing to
provide
low cost health care solutions. A lot of this concentration is on clients that cannot
afford health care very easily or that a ...
The Challenge of Choosing FoodFor this forum, please read http.docxmattinsonjanel
The Challenge of Choosing Food:
For this forum, please read: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/no-food-is-healthy-not-even-kale/2016/01/15/4a5c2d24-ba52-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html?postshare=3401453180639248&tid=ss_fb-bottom
The article is from the Washington Post, January 17, 2016, by Michael Ruhlmanentitled: "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale."
Based on your reading in the textbook share the following information with your classmates:
(1) To what degree to you agree with article, "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale." Do semantics count? Should we focus on foods that are described as nourishing (nutrient-dense) instead of foods described as healthy because the word "healthy" is a "bankrupt" word? Explain and refer to information from the article.
(2) Based on the article and the textbook reading (review pages 9-30), how challenging is it for you to choose nutritious foods that promote health? What factors drive your food choices? Explain to your classmates.
(3) What do you think is the biggest concern we face health-wise in the US today?
(4) What are some obstacles as to why we may not be eating as well as we would like to?
Please complete all questions, if you have any question let me knowv
Test file, (Do not modify it)
// $> javac -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
//
// On windows replace : with ; (colon with semicolon)
// $> javac -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.*;
public class ProperQueueTests {
public static void main(String args[]){
org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.main("ProperQueueTests");
}
/*
building queues:
- build small empty queue. (2)
- build larger empty queue. (11)
- build length-zero queue. (0)
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_1(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(2);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(2, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_2(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(11);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(11, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void Queue_makeQueue_3(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(0);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(0, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
/*
add/offer tests.
- add a single value to a short queue.
- fill up a small queue.
- over-add to a queue and witness it struggle.
- add many but don't finish filling a queue.
- make size-zero queue, adds fail, check it's still empty.
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_add_1(){
String expecte ...
The Civil Rights Movement
Dr. James Patterson
Black Civil Rights Movement
Basic denial of civil rights (review)
Segregation in society
Inferior schools
Job discrimination
Political disenfranchisement
Over ½ lived below poverty level
Unemployment double national ave.
Ghettoes: gangs, drugs, substandard housing, crime
Early Victories
WWII egalitarianism and backlash against German racism
Jackie Robinson integrated professional baseball—1947
Desegregation of the armed forces ordered by president Truman—1948
Marian Anderson performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera House—1955
Increased interest in civil rights a result of Cold War propaganda
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 – Topeka, Kansas
Linda Brown: filed suit to attend a neighborhood school
“Separate educational institutions are inherently unequal.”
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Court says: integrate "with all deliberate speed.”
What did this mean?
Linda Brown and Family
Circumvention of Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
White supremacist parents feared racial mixing and attempted to block black enrollment.
Ignored the integration issue
Token integration
Segregation through standardized placement tests
Segregation through private schools
Stalling through legal action
By 1964, 10 years after the Brown case, only 1% of black children attended truly integrated schools.
Little Rock High School
1957 courts order integration in Little Rock
9 black students enrolled.
Governor called out militia to block it.
Mobs replaced militia after recall.
Eisenhower ordered federal troops to protect the students.
Daily harassment
Courageous black students persevered.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955--Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat to white man
Boycott of bus system led by Martin Luther King, Jr.:
Walking, church busses, car pools, bicycles
Bus lines caught in the middle
Rosa Parks being Booked
Supreme Court ruled bus companies must integrate.
Inspired other protests:
Sit-ins, wade-ins, kneel-ins
Woolworth’s lunch counter
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Non-Violent
Influenced by Ghandi
“The blood may flow, but it must be our blood, not that of the white man.”
“Lord, we ain’t what we oughta be. We ain’t what we wanna be. We ain’t what we gonna be. But thank God, we ain’t what we was.”
Freedom Riders
Activists traveled from city to city to ignite the protest.
Bull Conner:
in Montgomery
Dogs
Whips
Water hoses
Cattle prods
Television
Public backlash
Civil Rights March (AL. 1965)
1963 - Washington, D.C. "I have a Dream“—200,000 Attended
Civil Rights Legislation
1964 - Civil Rights Act
1964 - 24th Amendment
Abolished Poll Tax
1965 Voting Rights Act
Affirmative action
Int ...
The Churchill CentreReturn to Full GraphicsThe Churchi.docxmattinsonjanel
The Churchill Centre
Return to Full Graphics
The Churchill Centre | Calendar | Churchill Facts | Speeches & Quotations | Publications and Resources |
News | Join The Centre! | Churchill Stores | Contact Us | Links | Search
Their Finest Hour
Sir Winston Churchill > Speeches & Quotations > Speeches
June 18, 1940
House of Commons
I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command
failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front
was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of fifteen or sixteen French
divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force. Our
Army and 120,000 French troops were indeed rescued by the British Navy from Dunkirk but only with the
loss of their cannon, vehicles and modern equipment. This loss inevitably took some weeks to repair, and in
the first two of those weeks the battle in France has been lost. When we consider the heroic resistance
made by the French Army against heavy odds in this battle, the enormous losses inflicted upon the enemy
and the evident exhaustion of the enemy, it may well be the thought that these 25 divisions of the
best-trained and best-equipped troops might have turned the scale. However, General Weygand had to fight
without them. Only three British divisions or their equivalent were able to stand in the line with their French
comrades. They have suffered severely, but they have fought well. We sent every man we could to France
as fast as we could re-equip and transport their formations.
I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination. That I judge to be utterly futile and even
harmful. We cannot afford it. I recite them in order to explain why it was we did not have, as we could have
had, between twelve and fourteen British divisions fighting in the line in this great battle instead of only
three. Now I put all this aside. I put it on the shelf, from which the historians, when they have time, will
select their documents to tell their stories. We have to think of the future and not of the past. This also
applies in a small way to our own affairs at home. There are many who would hold an inquest in the House
of Commons on the conduct of the Governments-and of Parliaments, for they are in it, too-during the years
which led up to this catastrophe. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our
affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious process. There are too many in it. Let each man search
his conscience and search his speeches. I frequently search mine.
Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we
have lost the future. Therefore, I cannot accept the drawing of any distinctions between Members of the
present Government. It was formed at a moment of crisis in order to unite a ...
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundati.docxmattinsonjanel
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundations of the Metaphysics of
Morals)
Preface
As my concern here is with moral philosophy, I limit the question suggested to this:
Whether it is not of the utmost necessity to construct a pure thing which is only empirical and
which belongs to anthropology? for that such a philosophy must be possible is evident from the
common idea of duty and of the moral laws. Everyone must admit that if a law is to have moral
force, i.e., to be the basis of an obligation, it must carry with it absolute necessity; that, for
example, the precept, "Thou shalt not lie," is not valid for men alone, as if other rational beings
had no need to observe it; and so with all the other moral laws properly so called; that, therefore,
the basis of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man, or in the circumstances in the
world in which he is placed, but a priori simply in the conception of pure reason; and although
any other precept which is founded on principles of mere experience may be in certain respects
universal, yet in as far as it rests even in the least degree on an empirical basis, perhaps only as to
a motive, such a precept, while it may be a practical rule, can never be called a moral law…
What is the “Good Will?”
NOTHING can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called
good, without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgement, and the other
talents of the mind, however they may be named, or courage, resolution, perseverance, as
qualities of temperament, are undoubtedly good and desirable in many respects; but these gifts of
nature may also become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them,
and which, therefore, constitutes what is called character, is not good. It is the same with the
gifts of fortune. Power, riches, honour, even health, and the general well-being and contentment
with one's condition which is called happiness, inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is
not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind, and with this also to rectify the
whole principle of acting and adapt it to its end. The sight of a being who is not adorned with a
single feature of a pure and good will, enjoying unbroken prosperity, can never give pleasure to
an impartial rational spectator. Thus a good will appears to constitute the indispensable condition
even of being worthy of happiness.
There are even some qualities which are of service to this good will itself and may
facilitate its action, yet which have no intrinsic unconditional value, but always presuppose a
good will, and this qualifies the esteem that we justly have for them and does not permit us to
regard them as absolutely good. Moderation in the affections and passions, self-control, and calm
deliberation are not only good in many respects, but even seem to constitute part of th ...
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act accor.docxmattinsonjanel
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act according to society, following our own way and not the way intended for us. The shadows are merely a reflection of what they perceived to be reality instead of an illusion. The prisoners are trapped in society, each one of us who choose to stay trapped in our own way. The man that escapes is the person who no longer is a slave to society and can see the difference between reality and illusion. The day light can be compared to God’s will. When you don’t follow the plan that has been laid out for you by God, than you are trapped and you will only see illusions or reflections of reality. Escaping and choosing to go into “the light,” or following the will of God, only then can you be set free from your prison.
When looking at a piece of art, a painting, for example, at first glance the painting can appear to be something other what it is intended to be (reality). This reminds me of those pictures that everyone sees on social media, the picture that has circles all over it. When you look at the picture it appears that the circles are moving, but in reality the circles do not move at all. So art can more or less be perceived as more of an illusion.
An example of the picture can be seen here http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/movie_circles_illusion.jpg
Accepting illusion as reality happens a lot more times than we probably think. Anything that we see on T.V., Social Media, internet, or even dating, can all be perceived as an illusion at some point. Take dating for example; how a person acts on a date is most likely not how they would act to someone they have known for a while (illusion). Not all people pretend to be something different but in many cases they do. Recognizing what you failed to see after the initial first date and thereafter is how you would know what you first seen was just simply an illusion and therefore not reality, unless of course in reality they are simply a fake person I suppose. Following this pattern makes you realize most people do not appear to be who they are. A good “first impression” doesn’t necessarily mean much when thinking about illusions vs reality, because that’s all the “first impression” is in fact more or less an illusion.
People live in shadows because they fail to recognize reality and choose to continue to believe in illusions. With the growth of Social media, more and more people are falling victim to what things appear to be and will stay in the dark (cave). We as a society are imprisoned by what we see and read through news channels and social media. We will believe anything that comes across CNN or any news station (not fox news though) and let them make up our mind for us. People comment on any shooting victims and assume the cop was in the wrong and is racist, in reality that is not always the case.
It’s interesting to think in terms of appearance vs reality when viewing not only art, but the world. Not taking things for what they appear to ...
The Case Superior Foods Corporation Faces a ChallengeOn his way.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case: Superior Foods Corporation Faces a Challenge
On his way to the plant office, Jason Starnes passed by the production line where hundreds of gloved, uniformed workers were packing sausages and processed meats for shipment to grocery stores around the world.
Jason's company, Superior Foods Corporation, based in Wichita, Kansas, employed 30,000 people in eight countries and had beef and pork processing plants in Arkansas, California, Milwaukee, and Nebraska City. Since a landmark United States–Japan trade agreement signed in 1988, markets had opened up for major exports of American beef, now representing 10 percent of U.S. production. Products called “variety meats”—including intestines, hearts, brains, and tongues—were very much in demand for export to international markets.
Jason was in Nebraska City to talk with the plant manager, Ben Schroeder, about the U.S. outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and its impact on the plant. On December 23, 2011, the U.S. Department of Agriculture had announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy had been discovered in a Holstein cow in Washington State. The global reaction was swift: Seven countries imposed either total or partial bans on the importation of U.S. beef, and thousands of people were chatting about it on blogs and social networking sites. Superior had moved quickly to intercept a container load of frozen Asian-bound beef from its shipping port in Los Angeles, and all other shipments were on hold.
After walking into Ben's office, Jason sat down across from him and said, “Ben, your plant has been a top producer of variety meats for Superior, and we have appreciated all your hard work out here. Unfortunately, it looks like we need to limit production for a while—at least three months, or until the bans get relaxed. I know Senator Nelson is working hard to get the bans lifted. In the meantime, we need to shut down production and lay off about 25 percent of your workers. I know it is going to be difficult, and I'm hoping we can work out a way to communicate this to your employees.”
...
The Case You can choose to discuss relativism in view of one .docxmattinsonjanel
The Case:
You can choose to discuss relativism in view of one of the following two cases:
The Case:
· Start by giving a brief explanation of relativism (200 words).
· what is the difference between ethical & cultural relativism. Then discuss, in view of relativism, how we can reconcile the apparent conflict between the need for enforcement of human rights standards with the need for protection of cultural diversity. (400 words).
...
The Case Study of Jim, Week Six The body or text (i.e., not rest.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case Study of Jim, Week Six
The body or text (i.e., not restating the question in your answer, not including your references or your signature) of your initial response should be at least 300 words of text to be considered substantive. You will see a red U for initial responses that are not at least 300 words. Note: your initial response to this required discussion will not count toward participation
The Case Study of Jim, Week 6
Title of Activity: In class discussion of the case study of Jim, Week Six
Objective: Review the concepts of the case study in Ch.13 of Personality and then relate Jim’s case to the theorists discussed during the week. In addition, summarize the entire case study.
1. Read “The Case of Jim” in Ch. 13 of Personality.
2. Discuss the case. This week, discussion should focus on social-cognitive theory.
3. Provide a summary of the entire case.
THE CASE OF JIM Twenty years ago Jim was assessed from various theoretical points of view: psychoanalytic, phenomenological, personal construct, and trait.
At the time, social-cognitive theory was just beginning to evolve, and thus he was not considered from this standpoint. Later, however, it was possible to gather at least some data from this theoretical standpoint as well. Although comparisons with earlier data may be problematic because of the time lapse, we can gain at least some insight into Jim’s personality from this theoretical point of view. We do so by considering
Jim’s goals, reinforcers he experiences, and his self-efficacy beliefs.
Jim was asked about his goals for the immediate future and for the long-range future. He felt that his immediate and long-term goals were pretty much the same: (1) getting to know his son and being a good parent, (2) becoming more accepting and less critical of his wife and others, and (3) feeling good about his professional work as a consultant.
Generally he feels that there is a good chance of achieving these goals but is guarded in that estimate, with some uncertainty about just how much he will be able to “get out of myself” and thereby be more able to give to his wife and child.
Jim also was asked about positive and aversive reinforcers, things that were important to him that he found rewarding or unpleasant.
Concerning positive reinforcers, Jim reported that money was “a biggie.”
In addition he emphasized time with loved ones, the glamour of going to an opening night, and generally going to the theater or movies.
He had a difficult time thinking of aversive reinforcers. He described writing as a struggle and then noted, “I’m having trouble with this.”
Jim also discussed another social-cognitive variable: his competencies or skills (both intellectual and social). He reported that he considered himself to be very bright and functioning at a very high intellectual level. He felt that he writes well from the standpoint of a clear, organized presentation, but he had not written anything that is innovative or creative. Ji ...
The Case of Missing Boots Made in ItalyYou can lead a shipper to.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Missing Boots Made in Italy
You can lead a shipper to the water, but if the horse does not want to drink…
Vocabulary:
Shipper: In commercial trade, the person who gives goods to a shipping company to be transported to a foreign destination; in export transactions, it is usually the exporter. Do not confuse the shipper with the shipping company or carrier.
Consignee: The person who is ultimately receiving the goods, generally the buyer or importer. Sometimes these people will designate a “notify party” to be notified when the goods arrive in the port of entry, so that customs clearance can be arranged and the goods picked up for further domestic transport.
Carrier: A company that transports goods (sometimes referred to as a “shipping company” or a “freight company”).
Forwarder (or “freight forwarder”): A forwarder is like a travel agent for cargo – forwarders organize the transport of your goods from departure to destination, and charge a fee for their services. There are many different kinds of forwarders. There are firms that act as both forwarders and carriers. Sometimes forwarders will have relationships with a whole string of carriers and other forwarders, so that the shipper only deals with the forwarder but in the end the goods are actually carrier by a series of independent transport companies.
NVOCC: Non-vessel operating common carrier. A “common carrier” in the legal terminology refers to a carrier who has accepted the additional legal burdens imposed on a company that regularly carries goods for a fee (as opposed to someone with a truck who might agree to help you out just this once because you’re in trouble).
Container: Large standard-sized metal boxes for transporting merchandise; you see them on the back of trucks, or stacked up outside of ports like Lego toys, or on top of large ocean-going container ships. The capacity of container vessels is measured in TEU (twenty-foot equivalent units; containers generally measure 20 or 40 feet long; large vessels can now carry in excess of 4,000 TEU). There are different kinds of containers for different purposes. For example, refrigerated containers (for transporting meat or fruit, for example) are called “reefers,” so be careful where you use this term.
Consolidator: When large companies ship a lot of goods, they are usually able to fill entire containers. However, shippers who ship smaller amounts (like the shipper in the example below), often have their goods “stuffed” (the industry term) along with other goods into the same container; hence, they are “consolidated.” Some firms specialize in consolidating various shipments from different shippers, these are “consolidators.” A load which requires consolidation is a “LCL” or less-than-full-container load, as opposed to a “FCL” – full-container-load.
Marine Insurance: This is a common term for cargo insurance for international shipments, even in cases where much of the transport is NOT by sea; “marine insurance ...
The Cardiovascular SystemNSCI281 Version 51University of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Cardiovascular System
NSCI/281 Version 5
1
University of Phoenix Material
The Cardiovascular System
Exercise 9.6: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Arteries, Anterior View
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Exercise 9.8: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Veins, Anterior View
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Animation: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Name the two divisions of the cardiovascular system.
2. What are the destinations of these two circuits?
3. In the systemic circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
4. In the pulmonary circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
5. Name the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. How many are there? Where do they terminate?
Exercise 9.9: Imaging—Thorax
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In Review
1. What is the name for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart?
2. Name the lymphatic organ that is large in children but atrophies during adolescence.
3. Name the bilobed endocrine gland located lateral to the trachea and larynx.
4. How do large arteries supply blood to body structures?
5. Name the large vessel that conveys oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart.
6. Name the two branches of the blood vessel mentioned in question 5 that convey oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
7. Name the blunt tip of the left ventricle.
8. What is the carotid sheath? What structures are found within it?
9. What is the serous pericardium?
10. Name the structure that ...
The Cardiovascular SystemNSCI281 Version 55University of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Cardiovascular System
NSCI/281 Version 5
5
University of Phoenix Material
The Cardiovascular System
Exercise 9.6: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Arteries, Anterior View
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Exercise 9.8: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Veins, Anterior View
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Animation: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Name the two divisions of the cardiovascular system.
2. What are the destinations of these two circuits?
3. In the systemic circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
4. In the pulmonary circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
5. Name the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. How many are there? Where do they terminate?
Exercise 9.9: Imaging—Thorax
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .
F. .
G. .
H. .
I. .
J. .
K. .
In Review
1. What is the name for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart?
2. Name the lymphatic organ that is large in children but atrophies during adolescence.
3. Name the bilobed endocrine gland located lateral to the trachea and larynx.
4. How do large arteries supply blood to body structures?
5. Name the large vessel that conveys oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart.
6. Name the two branches of the blood vessel mentioned in question 5 that convey oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
7. Name the blunt tip of the left ventricle.
8. What is the carotid sheath? What structures are found within it?
9. What is the serous pericardium?
10. Name the structure that ...
The British Airways Swipe Card Debacle case study;On Friday, Jul.docxmattinsonjanel
The British Airways Swipe Card Debacle case study;
On Friday, July 18, 2003, British Airways staff in Terminals 1 and 4 at London’s busy Heathrow Airport held a 24 hour wildcat strike. The strike was not officially sanctioned by the trade unions but was spontaneous action by over 250 check in staff who walked out at 4 pm. The wildcat strike occurred at the start of a peak holiday season weekend which led to chaotic scenes at Heathrow. Some 60 departure flights were grounded and over 10,000 passengers left stranded. The situation was heralded as the worst industrial situation BA had faced since 1997 when a strike was called by its cabin crew. BA response was to cancel its services from both terminals, apologize for the disruption and ask those who were due to fly not to go to the airport as they would be unable to service them. BA also set up a tent outside Heathrow to provide refreshments and police were called in to manage the crow. BA was criticized by many American visitors who were trying to fly back to the US for not providing them with sufficient information about what was going on. Staff returned to work on Saturday evening but the effects of the strike flowed on through the weekend. By Monday morning July 21, BA reported that Heathrow was still extremely busy. There is still a large backlog of more than 1000 passengers from services cancelled over the weekend. We are doing everything we can to get these passengers away in the next couple of days. As a result of the strike BA lost around 40 million and its reputation was severely dented. The strike also came at a time when BA was still recovering from other environmental jolts such as 9/11 the Iraqi war, SARS, and inroads on its markets from budget airlines. Afterwards BA revealed that it lost over 100,000 customers a result of the dispute.
BA staff were protesting the introduction of a system for electronic clocking in that would record when they started and finished work for the day. Staff were concerned that the system would enable managers to manipulate their working patterns and shift hours. The clocking in system was one small part of a broader restructuring program in BA, titled the Future Size and Shape recovery program. Over the previous two years this had led to approximately 13,000 or almost one in four jobs, being cut within the airline. As The Economist noted, the side effects of these cuts were emerging with delayed departures resulting from a shortage of ground staff at Gatwick and a high rate of sickness causing the airline to hire in aircraft and crew to fill gaps. Rising absenteeism is a sure sign of stress in an organization that is contracting. For BA management introduction of the swipe card system was a way of modernizing BA and improving the efficient use of staff and resources. As one BA official was quoted as saying We needed to simplify things and bring in the best system to manage people. For staff it was seen as a prelude to a radical shakeup in working ...
The Case Abstract Accuracy International (AI) is a s.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case
Abstract
Accuracy International (AI) is a specialist British firearms manufacturer based in Portsmouth,
Hampshire, England and best known for producing the Accuracy International Arctic Warfare
series of precision sniper rifles. The company was established in 1978 by British Olympic shooting
gold medallist Malcolm Cooper, MBE (1947–2001), Sarah Cooper, Martin Kay, and the designers
of the weapons, Dave Walls and Dave Craig. All were highly skilled international or national target
shooters. Accuracy International's high-accuracy sniper rifles are in use with many military units
and police departments around the world. Accuracy International went into liquidation in 2005, and
was bought by a British consortium including the original design team of Dave Walls and Dave
Craig.
Earlier this year, AI's computer network was hit by a data stealing malware which cost thousands of
pounds to recover from. Also last year there have been a couple of incidents of industrial
espionage, involving staff who were later sacked and prosecuted.
As part of an ongoing covert investigation, the head of Security at AI (DG) has hired you to
conduct a forensic investigation on an image of a USB device. The USB device, it is a non-
company issued device, allegedly belonging to an employee Christian Macleod, a consultant and
technical manager at AI for more than six years.
Case details
Christian’s manager, David Bolton, is the regional manager and head of R&D and has been
working at AI for the last three years. David initiated this fact finding covert investigation which is
conducted with the support of the head of Security at AI.
The USB device in question allegedly was removed from Christian's workstation at AI while he
was out of the office for lunch, the device was imaged and then it was plugged in back into
Christian's workstation. You have been provided with a copy of that image (the original copy is at
the moment secure in a secure locker at the security department).
You have been told by DG that Dave was alarmed by some of the work practices of Christian and
that prompted him to start this investigation by contacting the Head of Security at AI. According to
Dave, Christian would bring in devices such as his iPod and his iPhone and he would often plug
these into his workstation. There is no policy against personal music devices and there is no
BYOD policy but there is a strict policy against copying corporate data is any personal device. The
company's policy states that such data is not to be stored unencrypted, on unauthorised, non
company approved devices. According to DG, Dave has reasons to believe that an earlier malware
infection incident at AI had its origins in one of Christian's personal devices.
Supporting information
1. You need to be aware that Dave and Christian do not get along as they had a few verbal exchanges
in the last year. Christian has filled in a ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
1. Synthesis Essay
Crystal Jefferson
June 9, 2013
WRTG 101
Annemarie J Chiarini
Synthesis essay
Every multimedia medium enables a unique method of discourse
by offering a different orientation for expression, sensibility,
and thought.According to McLuhan in the article ‘The media is
the metaphor’ identifies medium as the message. Forms of
media do not denote specific or concrete statements regarding
the environment or world but are rather metaphors, which work
to enforce various reality definitions. Whether an individual or
group is experiencing the immediate environment or the world
2. using a speech, printed words or television, media-metaphors
classify, sequence, and argue the case concerning how the world
is in reality (McLuhan, 2003; Postman, 2005). Comment by
Annmarie Chiarini: Read your paper out loud to ensure clear
and accurate sentence structure Comment by Annmarie
Chiarini: “ ->use these quotes Comment by Annmarie Chiarini:
Where is your thesis? From Drew University’s website:
A research paper with a weak thesis (such as: "media images of
women help to shape women's sense of how they should look")
will organize its findings to show how this is so without having
to spend much time discussing other arguments (in this case,
other things that also help to shape women's sense of how they
should look). A paper with a strong thesis (such as "the media
is the single most important factor in shaping women's sense of
how they should look") will spend more time discussing
arguments that it rejects (in this case, each paragraph will show
how the media is more influential than other
factors in that particular aspect of women's sense of how they
should look").
Postman uses the term “conversation” metaphorically referring
to all the technologies and techniques that permit individuals to
pass across messages. Every culture is regarded as a
conversation or corporation of conversations in symbolic
modes. Postman seeks to show how the various public discourse
forms can regulate content of multimedia message. Television
has had an effect in delivery of news in the sense that “news of
the day” does not exist if media is not available to provide it
with expression. Lack of a technology to communicate a
message results in people not paying attention to it thus without
any medium to create form, news of the day does not exist
(Postman, 2005). In the article “The Transition to Digital
Journalism” Gomez writes that a lot of journalists enter this
profession because of the love of telling stories. Gomez raises
concerns that digital media, such as television will bring doom
3. to narrative as a result of constant eruption of information
which, lack context. This factor is affecting delivery of news by
making many people lack attention span to seek in-depth news.
Quayle believes in “The method of the medium is in motion”
that television news has the potential to support higher public
discourse level. An individual’s body is irrelevant in as
compared to the ideas in writing when addressing an audience.
However, this is not the case in television as the body shape and
other physical features are very relevant. In television, visual
imagery is largely responsible for conducting discourse
(Quayle, 2010). Television offers discourse in images rather
than words. Quayle agrees with Postman by stating that looking
at the evidence gathered from broadcast and cable news which
was not available at the time Postman wrote “Amusing
Ourselves to Death”, the method in television medium including
its production is in good motion in addition to a hope in the
form of public discourse in this electronic age (Postman, 2005).
Comment by Annmarie Chiarini: Carefully craft the topic
sentences to each paragraph because instead of simply
introducing the material for the paragraph that will follow, they
will also link back to the thesis and assert that this information
is essential because...
News of the day is perceived as a fragment of the technological
imagination. As a media event, people attend to these event
fragments because o f the various media whose forms are
suitable for a fragmented conservation. This change has had a
significant irreversible effect of shifting public discourse as
more than one media cannot possess the same ideas. Grabowicz
agrees that a story can be fragmented into narrative series which
are organized as topics where individuals can explore according
to personal interests. It is possible to tell different aspects of a
story in different multimedia formats such as video, graphics,
and photo slideshows, or audio that makes storytelling more
engaging. According to a study conducted by Newspaper
Northwestern University's Media Management Center and
4. Association of America Foundation, individuals require
background information, context of the information in addition
to visuals such as graphics or photos to make information
interesting (Grabowicz, 12013).
In the article “An Apology to the 4G generation” Kelley notes
how Postman predicted the way images in television which are
changing very fast will lure many people from reading print text
and thinking and shorten their attention spans (Kelley, 2012).
According to Postman, thinking part of an individual’s brain
would atrophy leading to a state where the state of the mind is
somewhat analogue. According to Kelley, rebuilding one’s
attention span can greatly improve thinking, learning and ability
to communicate (Kelley, 2012).
Postman writes that television is currently at its trivial age with
the best things being junk. The author claims delivery of news
through television is most dangerous when presenting important
cultural conversations. In “Amusing Ourselves to
Death”Postman shares that a news show is a basically for
entertainment purposes and not intended for reflection or
education purposes (Postman, 2005). Quayle is of the position
that more does not necessarily mean that better with reference
to more junk news delivered on television than before. Quayle
notes that according to Postman, subject matter in television is
perceived as entertainment (supra-ideology of all television
discourse) regardless of the point of view.
However, Quayle disagrees with this claim by stating that in
order to experience the reality of the present day life, it is
necessary to go through the television age (Quayle, 2010).
Postman’s claim that television serves people right by
presenting junk entertainment and wrongly by serving people
with important discourse like science, news, religion, politics,
commerce or education is misleading (Postman, 2005).
According to Quayle, Postman used a sample size which was
very small to prematurely conclude the potential of television as
a medium of delivering news. Twenty-five years later after
“Amusing Ourselves to Death” was wrote, the news space for
5. television news broadcast is full of news content just by taking
a look at the business news sub-category (Quayle, 2010).
In the article “The Media and the Middle East”, the author notes
that a lot of information originates from various news media or
various entertainment industries. The author notes how
important it is to develop awareness regarding the manner in
which multimedia shapes an individual’s view point. Equally
important is knowledge or awareness of how news is made.
According to journalists, “if it bleeds, it leads” meaning wars,
accidents, explosions among other tragic events make cover
page headlines or top stories in television news because they
boost the ratings. This is the main reason why headline news is
usually characterized by crisis stories with less emphasis on
context and culture. This makes it hard for an average person to
realize that they are not getting context of the news.
Postman failed to predict the multiple directions that television
is at the moment evolving or audience fragmentation which is
creating smart viewers. As a result of the rapid evolution in
communication, programmers are changing to methods that
expand outside the common thought field. In addition, as the
industry continues to fragment at a faster pace, very few of the
observed multimedia characteristics, technologies or attributes
of the multimedia technology will remain intact. The
fragmentations within the changing methods will result in a
medium that will be in motion in various directions
simultaneously resulting in a television format that can diminish
or raise public discourse level.
In addition to the feedback above, this is a checklist of ten
crucial items:
1. Check your outline to see if this is the best organization. I
think you can reorganize your ideas, but you should start by
revising your thesis and strengthening the claim that you want
to make. This will help you avoid the impression that you are
simply summarizing various articles instead of developing one
main point by using sources to support the claims that you make
6. about that one main point.
2. Check your thesis to see if you are satisfied with it.
3. Check your topic sentences and revise them if you think they
could be more focused and compelling.
4. Work on the grammar and writing style as noted above.
5. Cite all your sources properly (in-text plus references page).
This version of the essay has not been put through Turnitin.com
yet, so I have no way of knowing if you are plagiarizing. I
remind all students of this, so just do a review of your sources,
and if you have given credit to the authors, you have no need to
be concerned.
6. Put quotation marks around keywords that are copied directly
if the number is less than 40. Indent them if there are more than
40 directly copied words.
7. In this version of the essay, you have used the correct
sources.
8. After checking the word count to be sure that you have
written 1,000-1,200 words, put the final version of this essay
into the Essay #2 slot in the Assignment Folder. It is connected
to the Gradebook. The due date is Sunday.
9. Review the late policy to motivate you to submit the work on
time.
10. We don’t have time for me to review another set of rough
drafts, but I can answer any questions that you may have about
my advice to improve your assignment.
In addition, Crystal, I suggest you submit the paper to the
Effective Writing Center for additional feedback. There are
some good points in this essay, but the overall point is lost
because there isn’t a thesis to provide the reader with a path to
follow.
7. Reference
Grabowicz, P. (2013). “The Transition to Digital Storytelling,”
Accessed on June 7, 2013 from
http://multimedia.journalism.berkeley.edu/tutorials/digital-
transform/multimedia- storytelling/
Kelley, M. (2012). “An Apology to the 4G Generation,”
Accessed on June 7, 2013 from
http://bangordailynews.com/2012/05/13/opinion/an-
apology-to-the-4g-generation/
McLuhan, M. (2003). Understanding Media: The Extensions of
Man. Critical Edition. Gingko Press.
Postman, N. (2005). Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public
Discourse in the Age of Show Business. Penguin Books.
Quayle, M. (2010). The Method of the Medium is in Motion.
“The Media and the Middle East,” Accessed on June 7, 2013
from http://www.teachmideast.org/essays/26-
stereotypes/49-the-media-and-the-middle-east
8. P A R T
Tools to Analyze
& Understand
Financial
Operations
III
59
Cost Behavior and
Break-Even
Analysis 7
C H A P T E R
DISTINCTION BETWEEN FIXED, VARIABLE,
AND SEMIVARIABLE COSTS
This chapter emphasizes the distinction between fixed,
variable, and semivariable costs because this knowledge
is a basic working tool in financial management. The
manager needs to know the difference between fixed
and variable costs to compute contribution margins and
break-even points. The manager also needs to know
about semivariable costs to make good decisions about
how to treat these costs.
Fixed costs are costs that do not vary in total when ac-
9. tivity levels (or volume) of operations change. This con-
cept is illustrated in Figure 7-1. The horizontal axis of the
graph shows number of residents in the Jones Group
Home, and the vertical axis shows total monthly fixed
cost in dollars. In this graph, the total monthly fixed cost
for the group home is $3,000, and that amount does not
change, whether the number of residents (the activity
level or volume) is low or high. A good example of a
fixed cost is rent expense. Rent would not vary whether
the home was almost full or almost empty; thus, rent is a
fixed cost.
Variable costs, on the other hand, are costs that vary in
direct proportion to changes in activity levels (or vol-
ume) of operations. This concept is illustrated in Figure
7-2. The horizontal axis of the graph shows number of
residents in the Jones Group Home, and the vertical axis
shows total monthly variable cost in dollars. In this graph,
the monthly variable cost for the group home changes
proportionately with the number of residents (the activ-
ity level or volume) in the home. A good example of a
After completing this chapter,
you should be able to
1. Understand the distinction
between fixed, variable, and
semivariable costs.
2. Be able to analyze mixed costs
by two methods.
3. Understand the computation of
a contribution margin.
4. Be able to compute the cost-
10. volume-profit (CVP) ratio.
5. Be able to compute the profit-
volume (PV) ratio.
P r o g r e s s N o t e s
variable cost is food for the group home residents. Food would
vary directly, depending on
the number of individuals in residence; thus, food is a variable
cost.
Semivariable costs vary when the activity levels (or volume) of
operations change, but
not in direct proportion. The most frequent pattern of
semivariable costs is the step pat-
tern, where the semivariable cost rises, flattens out for a bit,
and then rises again. The step
pattern of semivariable costs is illustrated in Figure 7-3. The
horizontal axis of the graph
shows number of residents in the Jones Group Home, and the
vertical axis shows total
monthly semivariable cost. In this graph, the behavior of the
cost line resembles stair steps:
60 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
0
1000
2000
3000
11. 4000
5000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Residents
To
ta
l M
on
th
ly
F
ix
ed
C
os
t
Figure 7–1 Fixed Costs—Jones Group Home.
0
1000
2000
3000
12. 4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Residents
To
ta
l M
on
th
ly
V
ar
ia
bl
e
C
os
t
Figure 7–2 Variable Cost—Jones Group Home.
Distinction between Fixed, Variable, and Semivariable Costs 61
thus, the “step pattern” name for this configuration. The most
common example of a semi-
13. variable expense in health care is supervisors’ salaries. A single
supervisor, for example, can
perform adequately over a range of rises in activity levels (or
volume). When another su-
pervisor has to be added, the rise in the step pattern occurs.
It is important to know, however, that there are two ways to
think about fixed cost. The
usual view is the flat line illustrated on the graph in Figure 7-1.
That flat line represents total
monthly cost for the group home. However, another perception
is presented in Figure 7-4.
The top view of fixed costs in Figure 7-4 is the usual flat line
just discussed. The bottom view
is fixed cost per resident. Think about the figure for a moment:
the top view is dollars in
total for the home for the month, and the bottom view is fixed-
cost dollars by number of
residents. The line is no longer flat but declines because this
view of cost declines with each
additional resident.
We can also think about variable cost in two ways. The usual
view of variable cost is the di-
agonal line rising from the bottom of the graph to the top, as
illustrated in Figure 7-2. That
steep diagonal line represents monthly cost varying in direct
proportion with number of
residents in the home. However, another perception is presented
in Figure 7-5. The top
view of variable costs in Figure 7-5 represents total monthly
variable cost and is the usual di-
agonal line just discussed. The bottom view is variable cost per
resident. Think about this
figure for a moment: the top view is dollars in total for the
home for the month, and the
14. bottom view is variable-cost dollars by number of residents.
The line is no longer diagonal
but is now flat because this view of variable cost stays the same
proportionately for each res-
ident. A good way to think about Figures 7-4 and 7-5 is to
realize that they are close to being
mirror images of each other.
Semifixed costs are sometimes used in healthcare organizations,
especially in regard to
staffing. Semifixed costs are the reverse of semivariable costs:
that is, they stay fixed for a
time as activity levels (or volume) of operations change, but
then they will rise; then they
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Residents
To
ta
l S
em
iv
15. ar
ia
bl
e
C
os
t
Figure 7–3 Semivariable Cost—Jones Group Home.
62 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
will plateau; then they will rise. Thus, semifixed costs can
exhibit a step pattern similar to
that of variable costs.1 However, the semifixed cost “steps”
tend to be longer between rises
in cost. In summary, both semifixed and semivariable costs have
mixed elements of fixed
and variable costs. Thus, both semivariable and semifixed costs
are called mixed costs.
EXAMPLES OF VARIABLE AND FIXED COSTS
Studying examples of expenses that are designated as variable
and fixed helps to under-
stand the differences between them. It should also be mentioned
that some expenses
can be variable to one organization and fixed to another because
they are handled differ-
0
16. 100
200
300
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Residents
F
ix
ed
C
os
t p
er
R
es
id
en
t
Fixed Cost per Resident
0
1000
17. 2000
3000
4000
5000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Residents
To
ta
l M
on
th
ly
F
ix
ed
C
os
t
Total Monthly Fixed Cost
Figure 7–4 Two Views of Fixed Costs.
18. ently by the two organizations. Operating room fixed and
variable costs are illustrated in
Table 7-1. Thirty-two expense accounts are listed in Table 7-1:
11 are variable, 20 are desig-
nated as fixed by this hospital, and 1, equipment depreciation,
is listed separately.2 (The
separate listing is because of the way this hospital’s accounting
system handles equipment
depreciation.)
Another example of semivariable and fixed staffing is presented
in Table 7-2. The costs
are expressed as full-time equivalent staff (FTEs). Each line-
item FTE will be multiplied
times the appropriate wage or salary to obtain the semivariable
and fixed costs for the op-
erating room. (The further use of FTEs for staffing purposes is
fully discussed in Chapter
9.) The supervisor position is fixed, which indicates that this is
the minimum staffing that
Examples of Variable and Fixed Costs 63
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Residents
V
ar
ia
bl
e
C
20. ly
V
ar
ia
bl
e
C
os
t
Total Monthly Variable Cost
0
200
400
600
800
Figure 7–5 Two Views of Variable Costs.
64 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
can be allowed. The single aide/orderly and the clerical position
are also indicated as fixed.
All the other positions—technicians, RNs, and LPNs—are listed
as semivariable, which in-
21. dicates that they are probably used in the semivariable step
pattern that has been previously
discussed in this chapter. This table is a good example of how
to show clearly which costs
will be designated as semivariable and which costs will be
designated as fixed.
Table 7–1 Operating Room Fixed and Variable Costs
Account Total Variable Fixed Equipment
Social Security $ 60,517 $ 60,517 $ $
Pension 20,675 20,675
Health Insurance 8,422 8,422
Child Care 4,564 4,564
Patient Accounting 155,356 155,356
Admitting 110,254 110,254
Medical Records 91,718 91,718
Dietary 27,526 27,526
Medical Waste 2,377 2,377
Sterile Procedures 78,720 78,720
Laundry 40,693 40,693
Depreciation—Equipment 87,378 87,378
Depreciation—Building 41,377 41,377
Amortization—Interest (5,819) (5,819)
Insurance 4,216 4,216
Administration 57,966 57,966
Medical Staff 1,722 1,722
Community Relations 49,813 49,813
Materials Management 64,573 64,573
Human Resources 31,066 31,066
Nursing Administration 82,471 82,471
Data Processing 17,815 17,815
Fiscal 17,700 17,700
Telephone 2,839 2,839
Utilities 26,406 26,406
23. column has two lab reports,
and the cost is $7.64; and the fourth column has three lab
reports, and the cost is $11.46.
The total cost rises by the same proportionate increase as the
increase in the first line.
ANALYZING MIXED COSTS
It is important for planning purposes for the manager to know
how to deal with mixed costs
because they occur so often. For example, telephone,
maintenance, repairs, and utilities
are all actually mixed costs. The fixed portion of the cost is that
portion representing hav-
ing the service (such as telephone) ready to use, and the
variable portion of the cost repre-
sents a portion of the charge for actual consumption of the
service. We briefly discuss two
Table 7–2 Operating Room Semivariable and
Fixed Staffing
Total No.
Job Positions of FTEs Semivariable Fixed
Supervisor 2.2 2.2
Techs 3.0 3.0
RNs 7.7 7.7
LPNs 1.2 1.2
Aides, orderlies 1.0 1.0
Clerical 1.2 1.2
Totals 16.3 11.9 4.4
Table 7–3 Office Visit with Variable Cost of Tests
24. 99214 99214 99214 99214
Service Code No Test 1 Test 2 Tests 3 Tests
Report of lab tests 0.00 3.82 7.64 11.46
Fixed overhead $31.00 $31.00 $31.00 $31.00
Physician 11.36 11.36 11.36 11.36
Medical assistant 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43
Bill 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Checkout 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Receptionist 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28
Collection 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
Supplies 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Total visit cost $47.74 $51.56 $55.38 $59.20
66 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
very simple methods of analyzing mixed costs, then we examine
the high–low method and
the scatter graph method.
Predominant Characteristics and Step Methods
Both the predominant characteristics and the step method of
analyzing mixed costs are
quite simple. In the predominant characteristic method, the
manager judges whether the
cost is more fixed or more variable and acts on that judgment.
In the step method, the man-
ager examines the “steps” in the step pattern of mixed cost and
decides whether the cost
appears to be more fixed or more variable. Both methods are
subjective.
25. High–Low Method
As the term implies, the high–low method of analyzing mixed
costs requires that the cost
be examined at its high level and at its low level. To compute
the amount of variable cost in-
volved, the difference in cost between high and low levels is
obtained and is divided by the
amount of change in the activity (or volume). Two examples are
examined.
The first example is for an employee cafeteria. Table 7-4
contains the basic data required
for the high–low computation. With the formula described in the
preceding paragraph, the
following steps are performed:
1. Find the highest volume of 45,000
meals at a cost of $165,000 in Septem-
ber (see Table 7-4) and the lowest
volume of 20,000 meals at a cost of
$95,000 in March.
2. Compute the variable rate per meal as
No. of Cafeteria
Meals Cost
Highest volume 45,000 $165,000
Lowest volume 20,000 95,000
Difference 25,000 70,000
3. Divide the difference in cost ($70,000)
by the difference in number of meals
(25,000) to arrive at the variable cost
rate:
26. $70,000 divided by 25,000 meals �
$2.80 per meal
Table 7–4 Employee Cafeteria Number of Meals
and Cost by Month
No. of Employee
Month Meals Cafeteria Cost
($)
July 40,000 164,000
August 43,000 167,000
September 45,000 165,000
October 41,000 162,000
November 37,000 164,000
December 33,000 146,000
January 28,000 123,000
February 22,000 91,800
March 20,000 95,000
April 25,000 106,800
May 30,000 130,200
June 35,000 153,000
27. 4. Compute the fixed overhead rate as follows:
a. At the highest level:
Total cost $165,000
Less: variable portion
[45,000 meals � $2.80 @] (126,000)
Fixed portion of cost $ 39,000
b. At the lowest level
Total cost $ 95,000
Less: variable portion
[20,000 meals � $2.80 @] (56,000)
Fixed portion of cost $ 39,000
c. Proof totals: $39,000 fixed portion at both levels
The manager should recognize that large or small dollar
amounts can be adapted to this
method. A second example concerns drug samples and their
cost. In this example, a su-
pervisor of marketing is concerned about the number of drug
samples used by the various
members of the marketing staff. She uses the high–low method
to determine the portion
of fixed cost. Table 7-5 contains the basic data required for the
high–low computation.
Using the formula previously described, the following steps are
performed:
1. Find the highest volume of 1,000 samples at a cost of $5,000
(see Table 7-5) and the
lowest volume of 750 samples at a cost of $4,200.
2. Compute the variable rate per sample as
28. No. of
Samples Cost
Highest volume 1,000 $5,000
Lowest volume 750 4,200
Difference 250 $ 800
3. Divide the difference in cost ($800) by the difference in
number of samples (250) to
arrive at the variable cost rate:
$800 divided by 250 samples �
$3.20 per sample
4. Compute the fixed overhead rate as
follows:
a. At the highest level:
Total cost $5,000
Less: variable portion
[1,000 samples � $3.20 @] (3,200)
Fixed portion of cost $1,800
b. At the lowest level
Total cost $4,200
Analyzing Mixed Costs 67
Table 7–5 Number of Drug Samples and Cost for
November
Rep. No. of Samples Cost
J. Smith 1,000 5,000
A. Jones 900 4,300
29. B. Baker 850 4,600
G. Black 975 4,500
T. Potter 875 4,750
D. Conner 750 4,200
68 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
Less: variable portion
[750 samples � $3.20 @] (2,400)
Fixed portion of cost $1,800
c. Proof totals: $1,800 fixed portion at both levels
The high–low method is an approximation that is based on the
relationship between the
highest and the lowest levels, and the computation assumes a
straight-line relationship. The
advantage of this method is its convenience in the computation
method.
CONTRIBUTION MARGIN, COST-VOLUME-PROFIT, AND
PROFIT-VOLUME
RATIOS
The manager should know how to analyze the relationship of
cost, volume, and profit.
This important information assists the manager in properly
understanding and control-
ling operations. The first step in such analysis is the
computation of the contribution
margin.
Contribution Margin
30. The contribution margin is calculated in this way:
% of Revenue
Revenues (net) $500,000 100%
Less: variable cost (350,000) 70%
Contribution margin $150,000 30%
Less: fixed cost (120,000)
Operating income $30,000
The contribution margin of $150,000 or 30 percent, in this
example, represents variable
cost deducted from net revenues. The answer represents the
contribution margin, so called
because it contributes to fixed costs and to profits.
The importance of dividing costs into fixed and variable
becomes apparent now, for a
contribution margin computation demands either fixed or
variable cost classifications; no
mixed costs are recognized in this calculation.
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Ratio or Break Even
The break-even point is the point when the contribution margin
(i.e., net revenues less
variable costs) equals the fixed costs. When operations exceed
this break-even point, an
excess of revenues over expenses (income) is realized. But if
operations does not reach
the break-even point, there will be an excess of expenses over
revenues, and a loss will be
realized.
The manager must recognize there are two ways of expressing
the break-even point: ei-
31. ther by an amount per unit or as a percentage of net revenues. If
the contribution margin
is expressed as a percentage of net revenues, it is often called
the profit-volume (PV) ratio.
A PV ratio example follows this cost-volume-profit (CVP)
computation.
The CVP example is given in Figure 7-6. The data points for the
chart come from the
contribution margin as already computed:
% of Revenue
Revenues (net) $500,000 100%
Less: variable cost (350,000) 70%
Contribution margin $150,000 30%
Less: fixed cost (120,000)
Operating income $30,000
Three lines were first drawn to create the chart. They were total
fixed costs of $120,000,
total revenue of $500,000, and variable costs of $350,000. (All
three are labeled on the
chart.) The break-even point appears at the point where the total
cost line intersects the
revenue line. Because this point is indeed the break-even point,
the organization will have
no profit and no loss but will break even. The wedge shape to
the left of the break-even
point is potential net loss, whereas the narrower wedge to the
right is potential net income
(both are labeled on the chart).
32. Contribution Margin, Cost-Volume-Profit, and Profit-Volume
Ratios 69
Figure 7–6 Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Chart for a Wellness
Clinic.
Courtesy of Resource Group, Ltd., Dallas, Texas.
0
100
200
300
400
$500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Variable Cost
Line
Fixed Cost
Line
Break-Even
Point
Revenue
Line
Net
Operating
34. (
in
th
ou
sa
nd
s)
70 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
CVP charts allow a visual illustration of the relationships that is
very effective for the
manager.
Profit-Volume (PV) Ratio
Remember that the second method of expressing the break-even
point is as a percentage
of net revenues and that if the contribution margin is expressed
as a percentage of net rev-
enues, it is called the profit-volume (PV) ratio. Figure 7-7
illustrates the method. The basic
data points used for the chart were as follows:
Revenue per visit $100.00) 100%
Less variable cost per visit (70.00) 70%
Contribution margin per visit $ 30.00 30%
Fixed costs per period $120,000
$30.00 contribution margin per visit divided by $100 price per
35. visit � 30% PV Ratio
On our chart, the profit pattern is illustrated by a line drawn
from the beginning level of
fixed costs to be recovered ($120,000 in our case). Another line
has been drawn straight
across the chart at the break-even point. When the diagonal line
begins at $120,000, its in-
tersection with the break-even or zero line is at $400,000 in
revenue (see left-hand dotted
line on chart). We can prove out the $120,000 versus $400,000
relationship as follows. Each
dollar of revenue reduces the potential of loss by $0.30 (or 30%
� $1.00). Fixed costs are
fully recovered at a revenue level of $400,000, proved out as
$120,000 divided by .30 =
$400,000. This can be written as follows:
.30R � $120,000
R � $400,000 [120,000 divided by .30 = 400,000]
The PV chart is very effective in planning meetings because
only two lines are necessary
to show the effect of changes in volume. Both PV and CVP are
useful when working with
the effects of changes in break-even points and revenue volume
assumptions.
Contribution margins are also useful for showing profitability in
other ways. An example
appears in Figure 7-8, which shows the profitability of various
DRGs, using contribution
margins as the measure of profitability. Case volume (the
number of cases of each DRG) is
on the vertical axis of the matrix, and the dollar amount of
contribution margin is on the
36. horizontal axis of the matrix.3
Scatter Graph Method
In performing a mixed-cost analysis, the manager is attempting
to find the mixed cost’s av-
erage rate of variability. The scatter graph method is more
accurate than the high–low
method previously described. It uses a graph to plot all points
of data, rather than the high-
est and lowest figures used by the high–low method. Generally,
cost will be on the vertical
Contribution Margin, Cost-Volume-Profit, and Profit-Volume
Ratios 71
Break-Even
Point
+100
+90
+80
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
41. (before
break-even)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Revenue (in thousands of dollars)
Fixed Costs
Recovered
Projected
Revenues
Figure 7–7 Profit-Volume (PV) Chart for a Wellness Clinic.
Courtesy of Resource Group, Ltd., Dallas, Texas.
axis of the graph, and volume will be on the horizontal axis. All
points are plotted, each
point being placed where cost and volume intersect for that line
item. A regression line is
then fitted to the plotted points. The regression line basically
represents the average—or a
line of averages. The average total fixed cost is found at the
point where the regression line
intersects with the cost axis.
Two examples are examined. They match the high–low
examples previously calculated.
Figure 7-9 presents the cafeteria data. The costs for cafeteria
meals have been plotted on
the graph, and the regression line has been fitted to the plotted
data points. The regression
line strikes the cost axis at a certain point; that amount
42. represents the fixed cost portion of
the mixed cost. The balance (or the total less the fixed cost
portion) represents the variable
portion.
The second example also matches the high–low example
previously calculated. Figure
7-10 presents the drug sample data. The costs for drug samples
have been plotted on the
graph, and the regression line has been fitted to the plotted data
points. The regression line
again strikes the cost axis at the point representing the fixed-
cost portion of the mixed cost.
The balance (the total less the fixed cost portion) represents the
variable portion. Further
discussions of this method can be found in Examples and
Exercises at the back of this book.
The examples presented here have regression lines fitted
visually. However, computer pro-
grams are available that will place the regression line through
statistical analysis as a function
72 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
400
350
300
250
200
150
43. 100
50
0
$0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000
Contribution Margin per Case
C
as
e
V
ol
um
e
112
113
121
106
114
127
107
45. 95
85
20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Volume
(Number of Meals)
C
os
t
T
ho
us
an
ds
Figure 7–9 Employee Cafeteria Scatter Graph.
$5,250
$5,000
$4,750
$4,500
$4,250
$4,000
$3,750
$3,500
46. $3,250
$3,000
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Volume
(Samples)
C
os
t
Figure 7–10 Drug Sample Scatter Graph for November.
of the program. This method is called the least-squares method.
Least squares means that the
sum of the squares of the deviations from plotted points to
regression line is smaller than
would occur from any other way the line could be fitted to the
data: in other words, it is the
best fit. This method is, of course, more accurate than fitting
the regression line visually.
74 CHAPTER 7 Cost Behavior and Break-Even Analysis
INFORMATION CHECKPOINT
What Is Needed? Revenues, variable cost, and fixed cost for a
unit, division,
DRG, etc.
Where Is It Found? In operating reports.
47. How Is It Used? Use the multiple-step calculations in this
chapter to com-
pute the CPV or the PV ratio; use to plan and control
operations.
KEY TERMS
Break-Even Analysis
Cost-Profit-Volume
Contribution Margin
Fixed Cost
Mixed Cost
Profit-Volume Ratio
Semifixed Cost
Semivariable Cost
Variable Cost
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Have you seen reports in your workplace that set out the
contribution margin?
2. Do you believe that contribution margins can help you
manage in your present work?
In the future? How?
3. Have you encountered break-even analysis in your work?
4. If so, how was it used (or presented)?
5. How do you think you would use break-even analysis?
6. Do you believe your organization could use these analysis
tools more often than is
now happening? What do you believe the benefits would be?
48. 123
The Time Value
o f M o n e y 12
C H A P T E R
PURPOSE
The purpose of these computations is to evaluate the use
of money. The manager has many options as to where re-
sources of the organization should be spent.1 These cal-
culations provide guides to assist in evaluating the
alternatives.
UNADJUSTED RATE OF RETURN
The unadjusted rate of return is a relatively unsophisti-
cated return-on-investment method, and the answer is
only an estimate, containing no precision. The computa-
tion of the unadjusted rate of return is as follows:
Average Annual Net Income
� Rate of Return
Original Investment Amount
OR
Average Annual Net Income
� Rate of Return
Average Investment Amount
The original investment amount is a matter of record.
49. The average investment amount is arrived at by taking
the total unrecovered asset cost at the beginning of esti-
mated useful life plus the unrecovered asset cost at the
end of estimated useful life and dividing by two. This
method has the advantage of accommodating whatever
depreciation method has been chosen by the organiza-
tion. This method is sometimes called the accountant’s
method because information necessary for the computa-
tion is obtained from the financial statements.
After completing this chapter,
you should be able to
1. Compute an unadjusted rate of
return.
2. Understand how to use a
present-value table.
3. Compute an internal rate of
return.
4. Understand the payback period
theory.
P r o g r e s s N o t e s
124 CHAPTER 12 The Time Value of Money
PRESENT-VALUE ANALYSIS
The concept of present-value analysis is based on the time value
of money. Inherent in this
concept is the fact that the value of a dollar today is more than
50. the value of a dollar in the
future: thus the “present value” terminology. Furthermore, the
further in the future the re-
ceipt of your dollar occurs, the less it is worth. Think of a
dollar bill dwindling in size more
and more as its receipt stretches further and further into the
future. This is the concept of
present-value analysis.
We learned about compound interest in math class. We learned
that
$500 invested at the beginning of year 1
.05 earns interest (assumed) at a rate of 5% for one year,
$525 and we have a compound amount at the end of year 1
amounting to $525,
.05 which earns interest (assumed) at the rate of 5% for
another year,
$551 and we have a compound amount at the end of year 2
amounting to $551
(rounded), and so on.
Using this concept, it is possible to restate the present values of
$1 to be paid out or re-
ceived at the end of each of these years. It is possible to use
equations, but that is not neces-
sary because we have present value tables (also called “look-up
tables,” because one can
“look-up” the answer). A present value table is included at the
end of this chapter in
Appendix 12-A. All of the figures on the present value table
represent the value of a dollar.
The interest rate available on this version of the table is on the
horizontal columns and
ranges from 1% to 50%. The number of years in the period is on
the vertical; in this version
51. of the table, the number of years ranges from 1 to 30. To look
up a present value, find the
column for the proper interest. Then find the line for the proper
number of years. Then
trace down the interest column and across the number-of-years
line item. The point where
the two lines meet is the number (or factor) that represents the
value of $1 according to
your assumptions. For example, find the year 10 by reading
down the left-hand column la-
beled “Year.” Then read across that line until you find the
column labeled “10%.” The point
where the two lines meet is found to be 0.3855. The present
value of $1 under these as-
sumptions (10 year/10%) is about 38.5 cents (shown as 0.3855
on the table).
Besides using the look-up table, you can also compute this
factor on a business analyst
calculator. A reference to business analyst calculators is
contained in Appendix B at the
back of this book. Besides using either the look-up table or the
business calculator, you can
use a function on your computer spreadsheet to produce the
factor. The important point is
this: no matter which method you use, you should get the same
answer.
Now that you have the present value of $1, by whichever
method, it is simple to find the
present value of any other number. You merely multiply the
other number by the factor you
found on the table—or in the calculator or the computer. Say,
for example, you want to find
the present value of $8,000 under the assumption used above
(10 years/10%). You simply
52. multiply $8,000 by the factor of 0.3855 you found in the table.
The present value of $8,000
is $3,084 (or $8,000 times 0.3855).
A compound interest table is also included at the end of this
chapter in Appendix 12-B,
along with a table showing the present value of an annuity of
$1.00 in Appendix 12-C, so
that you have the tools for computation at your disposal.
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
The internal rate of return (IRR) is another return on investment
method. It uses a dis-
counted cash flow technique. The internal rate of return is the
rate of interest that dis-
counts future net inflows (from the proposed investment) down
to the amount invested.
The return for a particular investment can therefore be known.
The IRR recognizes the el-
ements contained in the previous two methods discussed, but it
goes further. It also recog-
nizes the time pattern in which the earnings occur. This means
more precision in the
computation because IRR calculates from period to period,
whereas the other two methods
rely on an average investment.
The IRR computation is not very complicated. The computation
requires two assump-
tions and three steps to compute. Assumption 1: find the initial
cost of the investment. As-
sumption 2: find the estimated annual net cash inflow the
investment will generate.
53. Assumption 3: find the useful life of the asset (generally
expressed in number of years,
known as periods for this computation). Step 1: Divide the
initial cost of the investment (as-
sumption 1) by the estimated annual net cash inflow it will
generate (assumption 2). The
answer is a ratio. Step 2: Now use the look-up table. Find the
number of periods (assump-
tion 3). Step 3: Look across the line for the number of periods
and find the column that
approximates the ratio computed in Step 1. That column
contains the interest rate repre-
senting the rate of return.
How is IRR used? It can take the rate of return obtained and
restate it. The restated fig-
ure represents the maximum rate of interest that can be paid for
capital over the entire
span of the investment without incurring a loss. (You can think
of that restated figure as a
kind of break-even point for investment purposes.) The fact that
a rate of return can be
computed is the benefit of using an IRR method.
PAYBACK PERIOD
The payback period is the length of time required for the cash
coming in from an invest-
ment to equal the amount of cash originally spent when the
investment was acquired. In
other words, if we invested $1,000, under a particular set of
assumptions, how long would it
take to get our $1,000 back? The payback period concept is used
extensively in evaluating
whether to invest in plant and/or equipment. In that case, the
question can be restated as
54. follows: If we invested $1,200,000 in a magnetic resonance
imaging machine, under a par-
ticular set of assumptions, how long would it take to get the
hospital’s $1,200,000 back?
The assumptions are key to the computation of the payback
period. In the case of equip-
ment, volume of usage is a critical assumption and is sometimes
very difficult to predict.
Therefore, it is prudent to run more than one payback period
computation based on differ-
ent circumstances. Generally a “best case” and a “worst case”
run are made.
The computation itself is simple, although it has multiple steps.
The trick is to break it
into segments.
For example, Doctor Green is considering the purchase of a
machine for his office
laboratory. It will cost $300,000. He wants to find the payback
period for this piece of equip-
ment. To begin, Dr. Green needs to make the following
assumptions: Assumption 1: Pur-
chase price of the equipment. Assumption 2: Useful life of the
equipment. Assumption 3:
Payback Period 125
126 CHAPTER 12 The Time Value of Money
Revenue the machine will generate per year. Assumption 4:
Direct operating costs associ-
ated with earning the revenue. Assumption 5: Depreciation
55. expense per year (computed as
purchase price per assumption 1 divided by useful life per
assumption 2).
Dr. Green’s five assumptions are as follows:
1. Purchase price of equipment � $300,000
2. Useful life of the equipment � 10 years
3. Revenue the machine will generate per year � $10,000 after
taxes
4. Direct operating costs associated with earning the revenue �
$150,000
5. Depreciation expense per year � $30,000
Now that the assumptions are in place, the payback period
computation can be made. It
is in three steps, as follows:
Step 1: Find the machine’s expected net income after taxes:
Revenue (assumption #3) $200,000
Less
Direct operating costs
(assumption 4) $150,000
Depreciation
(assumption 5) 30,000
180,000
Net income before taxes $20,000
Less income taxes of 50% 10,000
Net income after taxes $10,000
Step 2: Find the net annual cash inflow after taxes the machine
is expected to generate (in
other words, convert the net income to a cash basis):
Net income after taxes $10,000
Add back depreciation (a noncash expenditure) 30,000
56. Annual net cash inflow after taxes $40,000
Step 3: Compute the payback period:
Investment: $300,000 Machine Cost*
� 7.5 year
Net Annual $40,000**
Cash Flow
after Taxes:
*assumption 1 above
**per step 2 above
The machine will pay back its investment under these
assumptions in 7.5 years.
Payback period computations are very common when equipment
purchases are being
evaluated. The evaluation process itself is the final subject we
consider in this chapter.
Payback Period
EVALUATIONS
Evaluating the use of resources in healthcare organizations is an
important task. There are
never enough resources to go around, and it is important to use
an objective process to eval-
uate which investments will be made by the organization. A
uniform use of a chosen
method of evaluating return on investment and/or payback
period makes the evaluation
57. process more manageable.
It is important to choose a method that is understood by the
managers who will be using
it. It is equally important to choose a method that can be readily
calculated. If a multiple-
page worksheet has to be constructed to set up the assumptions
for a modestly priced piece
of equipment, the evaluation method is probably too complex.
This comment actually
touches on the cost-benefit of performing the evaluation.
Sometimes a computer program is chosen that performs a
uniform computation of in-
vestment returns and payback periods. Such a program is a
suitable choice if the managers
who use it understand the printouts it produces. Understanding
both input and output is
key for the managers. In summary, evaluations should be
objective, the process should not
be too cumbersome, and the responsible managers should
understand how the computa-
tion was achieved.
INFORMATION CHECKPOINT
What Is Needed? Information sufficient to perform these
calculations.
Where Is It Found? In the files of your supervisor; also in the
office of the finan-
cial analyst; probably also in the strategic planning of-
fice.
How Is It Used? To measure the time value of money
58. KEY TERMS
Internal Rate of Return
Payback Period
Present Value Analysis
Time Value of Money
Unadjusted Rate of Return
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Can you compute an unadjusted rate of return now? Would
you use it? Why?
2. Are you able to use the present-value look-up table now?
Would you prefer a com-
puter to compute it?
Discussion Questions 127
128 CHAPTER 12 The Time Value of Money
3. Have you seen the payback period concept used in your
workplace? If not, do you
think it ought to be used? What are your reasons?
4. Have you had a chance to participate in an evaluation of an
equipment purchase at
your workplace? If so, would you have done it differently if you
had supervised the
evaluation? Why?
129
66. 6 5.601 5.242 4.917 4.623 4.355 4.111 3.889 3.685 3.498 3.326
6
7 6.472 6.002 5.582 5.206 4.868 4.564 4.288 4.039 3.812 3.605
7
8 7.325 6.733 6.210 5.747 5.335 4.968 4.639 4.344 4.078 3.837
8
9 8.162 7.435 6.802 6.247 5.759 5.328 4.946 4.607 4.303 4.031
9
10 8.983 8.111 7.360 6.710 6.145 5.650 5.216 4.833 4.494
4.193 10
15 12.849 11.118 9.712 8.560 7.606 6.811 6.142 5.576 5.092
4.676 15
20 16.351 13.590 11.470 9.818 8.514 7.469 6.623 5.929 5.353
4.870 20
25 19.523 15.622 12.783 10.675 9.077 7.843 6.873 6.097 5.467
4.948 25
P resent Value of an
Annuity of $1.00 12-C
A P P E N D I X
Comparative Data
HCA/270 Version 3
1
Associate Level Material
Comparative Data
Resource:Ch. 14 of Health Care Finance
Complete the following table by writing responses to the
questions. Cite the sources in the text and list them at the
bottom of the table with references according to APA format.
67. What criterion must be met for true comparability?
What elements of consistency should be considered? Provide an
example.
What is the manager’s responsibility in comparing data?
What are the four common uses of comparative data?
What is meant by standardized data?
References:
151
Using
Comparative Data 14
C H A P T E R
OVERVIEW
Comparative data can become an important tool for the
manager. It is important, however, to fully understand
the requirements and the uses of such data.
COMPARABILITY REQUIREMENTS
True comparability needs to meet three criteria: consis-
tency, verification, and unit measurement. Each is dis-
cussed in this section.
Consistency
68. Three equally important elements of consistency should
be considered as follows.
Time Periods
Time periods should be consistent. For example, a ten-
month period should not be compared to a twelve-
month period. Instead, the ten-month period should be
annualized, as described within this chapter.
Consistent Methodology
The same methods should be used across time periods.
For example, Chapter 8 discusses the use of two inven-
tory methods: first-in, first-out (FIFO) versus last-in, last-
out (LIFO). The same inventory method—one or the
other—should always be used consistently for both the
beginning of the year and for the end of the year.
After completing this chapter,
you should be able to
1. Understand the three criteria
for true comparability.
2. Understand the four uses of
comparative data.
3. Annualize partial-year
expenses.
4. Apply inflation factors.
5. Understand basic currency
measures.
69. P r o g r e s s N o t e s
152 CHAPTER 14 Using Comparative Data
Inflation Factors
Finally, if multiple years are being compared, should inflation
be taken into account? The
proper application of an inflation factor is also described within
this chapter.
Verification
Basically, can these data be verified? Is it reasonable? If an
objective, qualified person re-
viewed the data, would he or she arrive at the same conclusion
and/or results? You may
have to do a few tests to determine if the data can in fact be
verified. If so, you should retain
your back-up data, because it is the evidence that supports your
conclusions about
verification.
Monetary Unit Measurement
In regard to comparative data, we should ask: “Is all the
information being prepared or
under review measured by the same monetary unit?” In the
United States, we would expect
all the data to be expressed in dollars and not in some other
currency such as euros (used
in much of Europe) or pounds (used in Britain and the United
Kingdom). Most of the
manager’s data will automatically meet this requirement.
70. However, currency conversions
are an important part of reporting financial results for
companies that have global opera-
tions, and consistency in applying such conversions can be a
significant factor in expressing
financial results.
A MANAGER’S VIEW OF COMPARATIVE DATA
It is important for the manager to always be aware of whether
the data he or she is receiving
(or preparing) are appropriate for comparison. It is equally
important for the manager to
perform a comprehensive review, as described below.
The Manager’s Responsibility
Whether you as a manager must either review or prepare
required data, your responsibility
is to recall and apply the elements of consistency. Why?
Because such data will typically be
used for decision making. If such data are not comparable, then
relying upon them can re-
sult in poor decisions, with financial consequences in the
future. The actual mechanics of
making a comparative review are equally important. The
deconstruction of a comparative
budget review follows.
Comparative Budget Review
The manager needs to know how to effectively review
comparative data. To do so, the man-
ager needs to understand, for example, how a budget report
format is constructed. In gen-
eral, the usual operating expense budget that is under review
71. will have a column for actual
expenditures, a column for budgeted expenditures, and a column
for the difference be-
tween the two. Usually, the actual expense column and the
budget column will both have a
vertical analysis of percentages (as discussed in the preceding
chapter). Each different line
item will have a horizontal analysis (also discussed in the
preceding chapter) that measures
the amount of the difference against the budget.
Table 14-1, entitled “Comparative Analysis of Budget versus
Actual” illustrates the oper-
ating expense budget configuration just described. Notice that
the “Difference” column
has both positive and negative numbers in it (the negative
numbers being set off with
parentheses). Thus, the positive numbers indicate budget
overage, such as the dietary line,
which had an actual expense of $405,000 against a budget
figure of $400,000, resulting in a
$5,000 difference. The next line is maintenance. This
department did not exceed its
budget, so the difference is in parentheses; the maintenance
budget amounted to
$290,000, and actual expenses were only $270,000, so the
$20,000 difference is in paren-
theses. In this case, parentheses are good (under budget) and no
parentheses is bad (over
budget).
USES OF COMPARATIVE DATA
72. Four common uses of comparisons that the manager will find
helpful are discussed in this
section.
Compare Current Expenses to Current Budget
Managers are most likely to be responsible for comparing the
current expenses of their de-
partment, division, unit, or program to their current budget. Of
the four types of compar-
isons discussed in this section, this is the one most commonly in
use.
The preceding “Comparative Budget Review” used Table 14-1
to illustrate a comparison
of actual expenses versus budgeted expenses. This format
reflects both dollars and per-
centages, as is most common. Table 14-1 shows the grand totals
for each department
Uses of Comparative Data 153
Table 14–1 Comparative Analysis of Budget versus Actual
Hospital 1
Year 2 Actual Year 2 Budget Difference
$$ % $$ % $$ %
General Services expense
Dietary $405,000 45 $400,000 46 $5,000 12.5
Maintenance 270,000 30 290,000 33 (20,000) (6.9)
Laundry 45,000 5 50,000 6 (5,000) (10.0)
Housekeeping 180,000 20 130,000 15 50,000 38.5
General Service expense $900,000 100 $870,000 100 $30,000
73. 3.5
154 CHAPTER 14 Using Comparative Data
(Dietary, Maintenance, etc.) contained in General Services
expense for this hospital. There
is, of course, a detailed budget for each of these departments
that adds up to the totals
shown on Table 14-1. Thus, for example, all the detailed
expenses of the Laundry depart-
ment (labor, supplies, etc.) are contained in a supporting
detailed budget whose total ac-
tual expenses amount to $45,000 and whose total budgeted
expenses amount to $50,000.
The department manager will be responsible for analyzing and
managing the detailed
budgets of his or her own department. A manager at a higher
level in the organization—
the chief financial officer (CFO), perhaps—will be responsible
for making a comparative
analysis of the overall operations of the organization. This
comparative analysis at a higher
level will condense each department’s details into a
departmental grand total, as shown in
Table 14-1, for convenience and clarity in review.
The CFO may also convert this comparative data into charts or
graphs in order to “tell
the story” in a more visual manner. For example, the total
General Service expense in Table
14-1 can be readily converted into a graph. Thus Figure 14-1 “A
Comparison of Hospital
One’s Budgeted and Actual Expenses” illustrates such a graph.
74. Compare Current Actual Expenses to Prior Periods in Own
Organization
Trend analysis, as explained in the preceding chapter, allows
comparison of current actual
expenses to expenses incurred in prior periods of the same
organization. For example,
Table 13-4 entitled “Trend Analysis for Expenses” showed total
general services expenses of
$800,000 for year 1 and $900,000 for year 2. The CFO could
easily convert this information
into a graph, as shown in Figure 14-2 “A Comparison of
Hospital One’s Expenses Over
820000
840000
860000
880000
900000
920000
Year 2
Budgeted Expenses
870000
Year 2
Actual Expenses
900000
75. 800000
Figure 14–1 A Comparison of Hospital One’s Budgeted and
Actual Expenses.
Time.” (This information might be even more valuable for
decision-making input if the
CFO used five years instead of the two years that are shown
here.)
Compare to Other Organizations
Common sizing, as explained in the preceding chapter, allows
comparison of your organi-
zation to other similar organizations. To illustrate, refer to
Table 13-1, entitled “Common
Sizing Liability Information.” Here we see the liabilities of
three hospitals that are the same
size expressed in both dollars and in percentages. Therefore, our
CFO can convert the per-
centages into an informative graph, as shown in Figure 14-3 “A
Comparison of Three One-
Hundred Bed Hospitals’ Long-Term Debt.”
Be warned that the basis for some comparisons will be neither
useful nor valid. For ex-
ample, see Figure 14-4, “A Comparison of Three Hospitals’
Expenses.” Here we have a
graph of the grand totals from Table 13-2, entitled “Common
Sizing Expense Information.”
The percentages shown for the General Services departments of
each hospital have been
common sized to percentages, as is perfectly correct. However,
76. Figure 14-4 attempts to com-
pare the total General Services expense (the total of all four
departments as shown) in dol-
lars. As we can see here, hospital 1 and hospital 3 are both 100
beds, while hospital 2 is 400
beds. Obviously a 400-bed hospital will incur much more
expense than a 100-bed hospital,
so this graph cannot possibly show a valid comparison among
the three organizations.
Instead, the CFO should find a standard measure that can be
used as a valid basis for
comparison. In this case, he or she can choose size (number of
beds) for this purpose. The
Uses of Comparative Data 155
800000
600000
1000000
Year 1
$800,000
Year 2
$900,000
Figure 14–2 A Comparison of Hospital One’s Expenses Over
Time.
77. 156 CHAPTER 14 Using Comparative Data
resulting graph is shown in Figure 14-5, entitled “A Comparison
of Three Hospitals’ Ex-
penses per Bed.” As you can see, hospital 1’s cost per bed is
$8,000, computed as follows.
The total expense in Table 13-1 of $800,000 for hospital 1 is
divided by 100 beds (its size) to
arrive at the $8,000 expense per bed shown on the graph in
Figure 14-5. Hospital 2
20%
40%
60%
80%
0%
100%
Hospital 1
(100 beds)
80%
Hospital 2
(100 beds)
75%
Hospital 3
(100 beds)
78. 20%
Figure 14–3 A Comparison of Three One-Hundred Bed
Hospitals’ Long-Term Debt.
$1,000,000
$500,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$3,000,000
$0
$3,500,000
Hospital 1
(100 beds)
$800,000
Hospital 2
(400 beds)
$3,000,000
Hospital 3
(100 beds)
$900,000
79. Figure 14–4 A Comparison of Three Hospitals’ Total Expenses.
($3,000,000 total expense divided by 400 beds to equal $7,500
per bed) and hospital 3
($900,000 total expense divided by 100 beds to equal $9,000 per
bed) have the same com-
putations performed on their equivalent figures.
In actual fact, another step in this computation should be
performed in order to make the
comparisons completely valid. A per-bed computation implies
inpatient expenses incurred,
since beds are occupied by admitted inpatients. (Outpatients, on
the other hand, use a dif-
ferent mix of services.) Therefore, a more accurate comparison
would adjust the overall total
expense using one subtotal for inpatients and another subtotal
for outpatients. Let us assume,
for purposes of illustration, that the CFO of hospital 1 has
determined that 70% of General
Services expense can be attributed to inpatients and that the
remaining 30% can be attrib-
uted to outpatients. Let us further assume that hospital 1’s
General Services expense of
$800,000 as shown, is indeed a hospital-wide expense. The CFO
would then multiply $800,000
by 70% to arrive at $420,000, representing the inpatient portion
of General Services expense.
Compare to Industry Standards
In the example just given in the paragraph above, the CFO has
computed his or her own
hospital’s percentage of inpatient versus outpatient utilization
80. of General Services expense.
But this CFO may not have any way to know these equivalent
percentages for hospitals 2
and 3. If this is the case, computing the per-bed expense using
overall expense, as shown in
Figure 14-5, may be the only way to show a three-hospital
comparison.
The CFO, however, can use the 70% inpatient and 30%
outpatient expense breakdown
for another type of comparison. It should be possible to find
industry standards that break
Uses of Comparative Data 157
$6,500
$7,000
$7,500
$8,000
$8,500
$9,000
$6,000
$9,500
Hospital 1
(100 beds)
$8,000
81. Hospital 2
(400 beds)
$7,500
Hospital 3
(100 beds)
$9,000
Figure 14–5 A Comparison of Three Hospitals’ Expenses per
Bed.
158 CHAPTER 14 Using Comparative Data
out inpatient versus outpatient expense percentages. The use of
industry standards is of
particular use for decision making because it positions the
particular organization within a
large grouping of facilities that provide a similar set of
services.
Healthcare organizations are particularly well suited to use
industry standards because
both the federal and state governments release a wealth of
public information and statistics
regarding the provision of health care. Figure 14-6, entitled “A
Comparison of Hospital
One’s GS Inpatient Expenses with Industry Standards,”
illustrates the CFO’s graph using
such a standard. (The figures shown are for illustration only and
do not reflect an actual
standard.)
82. MAKING DATA COMPARABLE
This section discusses annualizing partial-year expenses, along
with using inflation factors,
standardized measures, and currency measures. The manager
needs to know how to make
data comparable as a basis for properly preparing and/or
reviewing budgets and reports.
Annualizing
Because comparability requires consistency, the manager needs
to know how to annualize
partial-year expenses. Table 14-2, entitled “Annualizing
Operating Room Partial-Year Ex-
penses,” sets out the actual 10-month expenses for the operating
room. But these expenses
are going to be compared against a 12-month budget. What to
do? The actual 10-month ex-
penses are converted, or annualized, to a 12-month basis, as
shown in the second column of
Table 14-2.
55%
60%
65%
70%
50%
75%
GS Inpatient Expense %
83. Hospital 1
70%
GS Inpatient Expense %
Industry Standard
60%
Figure 14–6 A Comparison of Hospital One’s GS Inpatient
Expenses with Industry Standards.
These computations were performed on a
computer spreadsheet; however, the calcula-
tion is as follows. Using the first line as an ex-
ample, $50,431 is 10-months worth of
expenses; therefore, one month’s expense is
one tenth of $50,431 or $5,043. To annualize
for 12-months worth of expenses, the 10-
month total of $50,431 is increased by two
more months at $5,043 apiece (50,431 plus
5,043 for month eleven, plus another 5,043
for month twelve, equals 60,517, the annual-
ized twelve-month figure for the year).
Inflation Factors
Inflation means “an increase in the vol-
ume of money and credit relative to avail-
able goods and services resulting in a con-
tinuing rise in the general price level.”1 An
inflation factor is used to compute the effect
of inflation.
84. Table 13-4, entitled “Trend Analysis for
Expenses” and presented in a prior chapter,
compared hospital 1’s General Services ex-
penses for Year 1 ($800,000) versus Year 2
($900,000). We can assume that these
amounts reflect actual dollars expended in
each year. But let us also now assume that in-
flation caused these expenses to rise by 5
percent in Year 2. If the Chief Financial
Officer (CFO) decides to take such inflation
into account, a government source will be
available to provide the appropriate infla-
tion rate. (The 5 percent in our example is
for illustration only and does not reflect an
actual rate.)
The inflation factor for this example is
expressed as a factor of 1.05 (1.00 plus 5%
[expressed as .05] equals 1.05). The CFO
might apply the inflation factor to year 1 in
order to give it a spending power basis
equivalent to that of year 2. (Applying an in-
flation factor for a two-year comparison is
not usually the case, but let us assume the
CFO has a good reason for doing so in this
Making Data Comparable 159
Table 14–2 Annualizing Operating Room Partial-
Year Expenses
Expenses
Actual Annualized
Account 10 Month 12 Month
85. Social Security 50,431 60,517
Pension 17,229 20,675
Health Insurance 7,018 8,422
Child Care 3,803 4,564
Patient Accounting 129,463 155,356
Admitting 91,878 110,254
Medical Records 76,432 91,718
Dietary 22,938 27,526
Medical Waste 1,981 2,377
Sterile Procedures 65,600 78,720
Laundry 33,911 40,693
Depreciation—
Equipment 72,815 87,378
Depreciation—
Building 34,481 41,377
Amortization—
Interest (4,849) (5,819)
Insurance 3,513 4,216
Administration 48,305 57,966
Medical Staff 1,435 1,722
Community
Relations 41,511 49,813
Materials
Management 53,811 64,573
Human Resources 25,888 31,066
Nursing
Administration 68,726 82,471
Data Processing 14,846 17,815
Fiscal 14,750 17,700
Telephone 2,366 2,839
87. base of $500,000 and an annual
inflation rate of 10 percent. The inflation factor for the first
year is 10 percent, converted to
1.10, just as in the previous example, and $500,000 multiplied
by 1.10 equals $550,000 in
nominal dollars.
Beyond the first year, however, we must determine the
cumulative inflation factor. For
this purpose we turn to the Compound Interest Table. It shows
“The Future Amount of
$1.00,” and appears in Appendix 12-B. “The Future Amount of
$1.00” table has years down
the left side (vertical) and percentages across the top
(horizontal). We find the 10 percent
column and read down it for years one, two, three, and so on.
As shown in Table 14-3.2, the factor for year 2 is 1.210; for
year 3 is 1.331, etc. We carry
those factors to column C of Table 14-3.1. Now we multiply the
$500,000 in column B times
the factor for each year to arrive at the cumulative inflated
amount in column D. Thus
$500,000 times the year 2 factor of 1.210 equals $605,000 and
so on.
Table 14–3 Applying a Cumulative Inflation Factor
Table 14–3.1
SOURCE OF FACTOR IN COLUMN C ABOVE:
From the Compound Interest Look-Up Table
“The Future Amount of $1.00” (Appendix 12-B)
Year Factors as shown at 10%
88. 1 1.100
2 1.210
3 1.331
4 1.464
Table 14–3.2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Real Cumulative Nominal
Year Dollars Inflation Factor* Dollars**
1 $500,000 (1.10)1 � 1.100 $550,000
2 500,000 (1.10) 2 � 1.210 605,000
3 500,000 (1.10) 3 � 1.331 665,500
4 500,000 (1.10)4 � 1.464 732,050
*Assume an annual inflation rate of 10%. Thus 1.00 � 0.10 �
the 1.10 factor in Column C.
**Column D “Nominal Dollars” equals Column B times Column
C.
Currency Measures
Monetary unit measurement, and the related currency measures
and currency conversions
are typically beyond most manager’s responsibilities.
Nevertheless, it is important for the
manager to understand that consistency in applying such
measures and conversions will be
a significant factor in expressing financial results of companies
that have global operations.
Therefore, for comparative purposes we must determine if all
89. the information being pre-
pared or under review is measured by the same monetary unit. A
few foreign currency ex-
amples are illustrated in Exhibit 14-1. Currencies are typically
converted for financial
reporting purposes using the U.S.-dollar foreign exchange rates
as of a certain date.
Exchange rates may be expressed in two ways: “in U.S. dollars”
or “per U.S. dollars.”
For example, assume the euro is trading at 1.3333 in U.S.
dollars and at .7500 per U.S.
dollars. That means if you were spending your U.S. dollar in,
say, France (part of the
“euro area”), it would take a third as much (1.33) in your
dollars to buy products priced
in euros. If your French friend, on the other hand, was spending
euros for products
priced in U.S. dollars, he or she could buy one quarter as much
for his or her money (be-
cause the U.S. dollar would be worth only three quarters [.7500]
of the euro at that par-
ticular exchange rate).
Standardized Measures
A final word about standardized measures. Standardized
measures aid comparability. They
especially assist in performance measurement. Types of
standardized measures include the
typical hospital per-bed measure along with work load
measures.
There is, of course, a whole array of uses for standardized
measures. Managed care plans,
for example, may use a standard set of measures that are applied
90. to every physician who
contracts with the plan. Each physician then receives a report
from the plan that illustrates
his or her performance.
Finally, electronic medical records (as discussed in Chapters 19
and 20) depend upon
standardized input. The input into various fields is standardized
(and thus made compara-
ble) by the very nature of the electronic system design.
Making Data Comparable 161
Exhibit 14–1 Foreign Currency Examples
Country (or Area) Currency
Canada Canadian dollar
China Yuan
Euro Area Euro
Japan Yen
Mexico Peso
United Kingdom Pound
162 CHAPTER 14 Using Comparative Data
INFORMATION CHECKPOINT
What Is Needed? Example of a detailed comparative budget
review (com-
paring budget to actual).
Where Is It Found? With the supervisor responsible for the
budget.
91. How Is It Used? To find whether data are stated in comparable
terms be-
tween actual amounts and budget amounts.
KEY TERMS
Annualize
Inflation Factor
Monetary Unit
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Do you believe your organization uses a flexible or static
budget? Why do you
think so?
2. If you reviewed a budget at your workplace, do you think the
major increases and de-
creases could be explained? If so, why? If not, why not?
3. Have you ever in the course of your work reviewed a report
that had been annual-
ized? If so, did you agree with how it appeared to be
annualized?
4. Were you also able to see the assumptions used to annualize?
If so, were you able to
recalculate the results using the same assumptions?
5. Have you ever in the course of your work reviewed a
financial report that applied in-
flation factors? If so, were you able to see the assumptions used
to apply the factors? If
not, why not? Please describe.
92. THE METHOD OF THE
MEDIUM IS IN MOTION
MATT QUAYLE
The flexibility and power of the new cable business news format
has been
used to transform the depth of the coverage of business and
financial news.
In addition to "breaking news" in the markets, analysis of public
policy from
leaders in business, government and the academy are often
conceived live
on TV, bringing insight into the issues and forces at work. In
my view, this
new capability in the context of the economic and financial
crisis has had a
major impact on our general understanding of the issues and
challenges.
—Michael Spence, 2001 winner of the Nobel Prize in
Economics,
Stanford University Professor Emeritus
I n the year 2010, and beyond, can television news support a
higher level ofpublic discourse in America? In the spirit of
"Legacies of Hope and Mean-
ing," I am hopeful about the future. I believe TV news can
deliver on that
meaning. However, in 1984, Neil Postman did not share that
sentiment within
the pages of his landmark work. Amusing Ourselves to Death.
A news show, to put it plainly, is a format for entertainment,
93. not for edu-
cation, reflection, or catharsis, (p. 87-88)
Matt Quayle is the co-creator and executive producer of Squawk
Box and Squawk on the Street
on CNBC-TV. He also serves as the senior advisor to CNBC's
international morning program,
Worldwide Exchange. He was named to the TJFR Business
News Reporter "30 under 30" list in
1997, 1998, and 1999, and has been quoted in numerous
national publications including The
Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, and Money
Magazine. He holds a BA in Communi-
cations from Rutgers University and is currently working on his
MA in Media and Professional
Communications at Fairleigh Dickinson University. He lives in
Haworth, New Jersey, with his
wife, CNBC anchor Becky Quick, and his two daughters,
Kimiko (7) and Natalie (6).
This article is based on a presentation at the Across the
Generations: Legacies of Hope
and Meaning Conference sponsored by the Institute of General
Semantics, September 11-13,
2009, at Fordham University in New York City.
300
THE METHOD OF THE MEDIUM IS IN MOTION 301
I am not here to refute the core of much of Postman's work. As
a busi-
ness television producer for the last seventeen years, I can
surely attest to the
94. relevance of many of his conclusions. However, I also believe it
is consequen-
tial to reopen the discussion in some context based primarily on
new evidence
within the cable and broadcast news space that can demonstrate
some con-
temporary attributes of the medium of television that were not
observable to
Postman twenty-five years ago. In short, I believe the method of
the medium
of television news and production is in motion. Within this
evolution lies
proof of this new dynamic. My goal is not to tear down what
Postman built,
but rather to build and expand on his conclusions in an attempt
to prove that
in 2010, and beyond, there is hope for a higher form of public
discourse in the
age of electronics. Interviews with thought leaders, policy
makers, journalists,
and academics (like Michael Spence, above), all can help
corroborate my view.
However, real life examples are needed to substantiate my
claim. But, to get to
real life and present day, our path has to flow through the
television signals
and tubes of the past. In Amusing, Postman told us:
Television serves us most usefully when presenting junk-
entertainment; it
serves us most ill when it co-opts serious modes of discourse—
news, poli-
tics, science, education, commerce, religion—and turns them
into enter-
tainment packages. We would all be better off if television got
worse, not
95. better. "The A-Team" and "Cheers" are no threat to our public
health.
"60 Minutes," "Eye-Witness News," and "Sesame Street" are.
(p. 159)
That was 1984. There were three national networks plus a local
PBS.
60 Minutes was a one-of-a-kind. TV news consisted primarily of
a morning
news program (like The Today Show), a thirty-minute local
news broadcast in
the early evening, followed by a thirty-minute national network
news show
(like ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings). That was
it. C N N was
not even a factor for another six years, when it exploded into
American cul-
ture during the first Gulf War. Postman's sample size was too
small, and taken
too prematurely, to accurately measure the full potential of the
medium.
Twenty-five years later, in simple volume terms alone, the TV
news space has
exploded with content. Just take the sub-category of TV
"business news"
alone. Right now, there are three active full-time business news
networks
(CNBC, Bloomberg, and the Fox Business Network) in the
United States, and
more than a dozen other English-speaking business news
networks overseas.
The general news network examples are even greater in number.
However, more does not necessarily mean better and,
undoubtedly, there
is more "junk" out there on television than ever before. But I do
96. not have to
prove all TV can support the public discourse to make a
difference. I just have
302 ETC ' JULY 2010
to demonstrate that some of it can. I want to show new variables
have been
added to the equation and these variables might have made
Postman view this
subject differently than when he said.
All subject matter is presented as entertaining . . . To say it
another way:
Entertainment is the supra-ideology of all discourse on
television. No
matter what is depicted or from what point of view, the
overarching pre-
sumption is that it is there for our amusement or pleasure, (p.
87; empha-
sis added)
The word "all" is the weakness in his argument. This is where I
must explore
new avenues of critical thought.
On any given business day, the three domestic networks alone
will, com-
bined, air dozens of interviews with scholars, journalists,
economists, market
strategists, CEOs, publicly elected officers, and administration
officials. Add
to this that all major speeches given by the president, treasury
secretary, and
97. chairman of the Federal Reserve will be carried live and mostly
free of com-
mercial interruption. Numerous public hearings are also
broadcast live, with
topics as varied as the economic stimulus package, the mortgage
meltdown,
and government loans to help the Big Three automakers avoid
bankruptcy.
Interview topics include everything from "book-to-bill" ratios
for semiconduc-
tor manufacturers to the latest "Beige Book" report from the
Federal Reserve
Bank surveying regional economic activity. Treasury yields,
mortgage rates,
technical analysis, labor disputes—all commonly fall under the
"cable busi-
ness news content" umbrella. However, none of it would also
fall into a cate-
gory of what Postman observed was the primary motivation of
TV, to simply
"entertain." This is programming designed, at least partially, to
engage in a
hard-core form of "economic discourse," meant for a very
sophisticated and
highly educated audience. I cannot believe Postman would think
this was done
purely for cheap entertainment value.
To drill down on this point, let me introduce a specific example
that might
help build my case. I need a unique example that turns the
Postman argument
upside down; something he could never foresee happening in
the mass media
in 1984 or in 2009. Let's fast forward from 1984 to Monday,
March 9, 2009, at
98. 6 AM Eastern Standard Time at CNBC headquarters in
Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey. The U.S. stock market is three hours away from
opening a new
week of trading on Wall Street. The Dow Jones Industrial
Average is down
twenty-five percent for the young year, closing near levels it
has not seen in
almost twelve years. The U.S. economy is already in the worst
recession since
1982, and if the trend continues, experts say, this downturn
could snowball
into the biggest economic slump since the Great Depression.
The nation is
THE METHOD OF THE MEDIUM IS IN MOTION 303
in a massive banking crisis due to the fallout from the subprime
mortgage
meltdown. Retail sales are grinding to a halt. Two of the three
domestic auto-
makers are on the brink of declaring bankruptcy. The Federal
Reserve Bank
has lowered interest rates to practically zero in an attempt to
spur new lending
and kick-start the economy. The jobless rate keeps climbing
each month to
multi-decade highs. In the previous month alone, the U.S. labor
force lost over
600,000 non-farm-related jobs. One in ten U.S.-held mortgages
is either over-
due or in foreclosure.
With that as context, how can a television news program make a
99. differ-
ence in the public discourse of serious subjects like the banking
and financial
crisis of 2008-2009 in a way Postman might not have thought
possible or
practical when he was writing Amusing in 1984? The defense
calls its first wit-
ness, a seventy-eight-year-old man who plays bridge for fun,
lives in the same
house he bought nearly fifty years ago, and has a diet that
consists primarily
of cheeseburgers and cherry Coke. Of course, I am talking about
the Oracle
of Omaha himself, the world's second-richest man and most
famous investor.
Warren Buffett.
Let's ask some questions. What if, on Monday morning, March
9, 2009,
on CNBC's morning show Squawk Box, anchors Becky Quick
and Joe Kernen
conducted a three-hour TV news interview with Warren Buffett,
live from one
of the furniture stores he owns in Omaha, Nebraska? In
addition, what if we
combine the medium of television with the Internet to give
viewers the ability
to ask their own questions of Mr. Buffett? What if this three-
hour news event
with unedited questions sent in by viewers combined with
questions from the
CNBC anchor team force the president of the United States, the
secretary of
the U.S. Treasury, and the chairman of the Federal Reserve
Bank to be briefed
on what Mr. Buffett said soon after the interview was over?
100. What do we con-
clude if the interview is front-page news in many of the next
day's newspapers?
In Postman's vision, it would seem impossible to imagine a
scenario where
one of the most respected minds in the history of business
would give a three-
hour live TV interview, including taking questions sent in by
average viewers
that literally—depending on how the questions are answered—
could impact
public policy on a national scale. Even if he would do it, he
probably could
not imagine a television network that would have any interest in
airing it.
Just look at it theoretically. If cable television, in this case, a
single three-
hour episode of CNBC's Squawk Box on Monday, March 9,
2009, can pro-
vide the public access to the thoughts of one of the most
respected and bril-
liant business minds that has ever lived, I fail to see how it
would be argued
that this show would be detrimental to the public discourse on
the current
state of the subprime mortgage crisis and the U.S. economic
banking shock.
304 ETC ' JULY 2010
If "the economy" is one of the leading public policy issues in
this country
today, and let's, for argument's sake, say Warren Buffett is one
101. of the best
qualified people in the world to give advice on how to fix it,
then how is a
three-hour live TV interview not a perfect example of how cable
TV might be
a medium that can contribute to an increased level of intelligent
public dis-
course on issues that impact policy in this country?
We need to remember, the goal here is not to disprove Amusing.
The goal
is to evolve it, to simply re-open the conversation. The
interactive nature of
technology in television now has to be factored in when looking
at how TV
news is discussed, studied, and viewed in the context of its
impact on the pub-
lic discourse. It is McLuhan's "global village" taking another
step in the evo-
lution of his vision. Everything from video phones on TV, to
Internet chats,
to e-mail, to twittering, changed the way journalists approach
news and how
producers program their shows. On a national TV stage, over
twenty different
people got to ask Warren Buffett, the world's most famous
investor and second-
richest individual, a question in a live three-hour TV interview
that was broad-
cast globally. This demonstrates, if nothing else, that the rules
of the game are
evolving and changing and new studies must be done. More
analysis is needed.
On one side of the intellectual spectrum, TV may be getting
"worse." Post-
102. man may be right, but programs like the Buffet example can at
least open the
discussion confirming that the other side of the spectrum exists.
Think of the
Buffett example as a new species discovered in a rainforest that
scientists have
no previous knowledge about, other than they seem to think it
could be some
kind of "bird." We know it is a bird, we just don't know what
"kind" of bird it
is. What does this bird eat? How does it communicate? Who or
what does it
communicate with? Is it a poisonous bird or does this bird have
attributes that
can be scientifically beneficial? What are the unintended
consequences of this
new bird being discovered? Maybe it is not even really a bird at
all. Maybe it
just looks like a bird? It sure has a lot of the traits a normal bird
should have.
In fact, the Buffett example is a TV program, and to claim that
it is not
would be an easy way out if we want to live by the gospel
according to Amusing.
We can claim it is some multi-platform, fragmented, expanded,
high-definition,
mutated entity. But it is still, in the end, just TV. The DNA still
matches, and
unfortunately for the Postman pure-breeds, TV is starting to
evolve into higher
forms of life as well as low ones.
So, is there data to help us factor in what this new species of
TV program
can do, is, or how it is different from the same old TV programs
103. we have been
watching and letting numb our minds for the past forty years? It
is easy to make
statements such as "technology is changing the medium's
format," or "enter-
tainment value of a news program was not the first priority," or
"everyday
THE METHOD OF THE MEDIUM IS IN MOTION 305
viewers got to ask a rich guy a question." But in the end, did we
make an
impact on human society? If so, was it meaningful or
quantifiable? Was it
three hours of junk or did this interview make a real difference
in the level of
public discourse? These are very hard metrics to prove.
Now, what we can easily prove is more people "watched" the
interview
than a normal, average three-hour episode of the program. That
is quantifi-
able thanks to Nielsen marketing research. The Monday program
gave CNBC
a forty-five percent increase in the key demographic
measurement compared to
the average level the show was performing at for the entire first
quarter of 2009.
Nielsen may have shown that more people "watched" the
program than
normal, but did the program help bolster the public discourse
about the econ-
omy that day, or month, or year? Was society better informed as
104. a result? Did
it make the average Joe Public smarter than just reading about it
in the paper
or in books? Can we show results? Demonstrating actual or
quantifiable
impact can often be very elusive. Take Postman's argument
about the Lincoln-
Douglas debates in Amusing. The example of these marathon
sessions proves
"length" and describes "content" but it cannot necessarily
quantify impact.
The audience is given credit for sitting through these long
oratories and my
guess is he is right, the people walked away smarter and more
informed. But a
skeptic would demand proof. The audience of the Lincoln-
Douglas debates
did not have to prove anything. Postman gave them credit for
just being there
and sitting through it. It is implied that they must have listened
and learned,
or why would they stick around so long? Just because they
could identify a
person by his words instead of his looks is hardly a
scientifically legitimate
argument that society at the time was smarter and had better
command of the
issues of the day. Remember, there were also a lot of people at
that time who
could not read; and others who were so smart they thought it
was in the pub-
lic's best interest to allow slavery.
When dealing with the Buffett example, I, as a "TV expert," can
give you
my professional opinion that the show was "smarter" than