The document outlines a structured approach for writing about a community issue, including problem identification, impact analysis, and solution proposals. It also encompasses various psychological concepts such as coping strategies, personality traits, and the effects of stress and emotional needs on behavior. Additionally, it discusses sensation seeking, the effects of different personality traits on social interactions, and theories of mate selection and emotional bonding.

1. 1. Select an issue or problem within your home/community that
you would like to explain and then suggest a solution for it.
· An example might be the student drop-off/pick-up area and
traffic problems at your child’s school.
2. Read resources related to the problem and then carefully
consider the topic and writing requirements. Proceed through
the writing process (pre-writing, outlining/organizing, drafting,
revising/editing/proofreading, submit final draft).
3. Respond thoughtfully to the writing prompts below.
·
· Describe this issue/problem in depth.
· Describe the impact that it has on you/your family/community.
· Explain the source of the problem in detail.
· Offer a possible solution(s) to this problem based on the
evidence presented earlier in the essay.
· Describe how the issue/problem might be improved with the
implementation of the solution.
· 3-4 page paper (750-1000 words)
· APA style formatting
Motivation Psy notes
pyschoneuroimmunology
the sympathetic nervous system releases hormones that decrease
T-cell and phagocyte activity
stressors shrink the thymus gland, where T cells mature and
lymph nodes
people under stress also take less good care of them selves
problem focused coping, attacking the problem
coping; appraisals and coping are processes not static events

2. problem focused coping is highest early on
wishful thinking peaks and declines right after the event
first year students do more distance and self-isolation
upperclassmen more problem focused coping self blame, also
focused on food more just prior to finals
schopenhauer
argued that incentives for many undertakings, such as mastery
of skills, arent sufficient to explain their pursuit, because most
are vague
psychological needs
body has an ideal
can be chronic if perpetually deprieved
can be temporary and aroused by situatuions
the process by which a drive is activated or restored is called
redintegration
sight of cool gadget might redintegrate a desire for gadgets
sometimes reditegration is a result of classical conditioning
consequences of unfulfilled needs
each unfulfilled need creates a particular psychological deficit,
often resulting in symptoms of unhappiness and depression, as
well as behaviors to satisfy needs
measuring psychological needs
if the need to achieve its dormant, one has to activate it before
measuring
often done using projective tests like the modified TAT
Need for Intimacy
scored people for intimacy; gave them beeper, randomly beep(

3. if they are thinking other people or not)
stronger measure; more need for intimacy on TAT, more
positive affect on social interactions
they thought more about others when beeped
Need for Closure
hate ambiguity,
seize&freeze; they will stick with an explanation and ignore
counter explanations
need for cognition; need to think about things deeply,
consistently want to organize the world ( we want everything to
make sense), read more editorials, more likely to expand views
need for meaning; trying to make sense out of world, (not just
understanding, there is a purpose behind)
counterfactual thinking; ( if it hadn't been this way, what would
it be), ie; what if happened, if I haven't met you. ( makes
people happy!) it was meant to be thinking.
Need for power; they are trying to run stuff. They try to get in
situations where they can tell people what to do, give
unsolicited advice, influence and impress others. Need trappings
of power, valuable art works, expensive cars, platinum credit
cards and etc.... power themes in stories they tell, more likely to
use drugs, drink, exploit(somurmek) sex partners, gamble.
More likely to be college educated, more likeley to have wives
dont work outside the house. Manifests as need to enter careeres
involving power
those with need for power progress are better at their jobs
need for self-esteem; success/pretensions (JAMES)
pretensions translates into the modern concept of “contingencies
of self-worth”
make your pretensions realistic, and build your self-esteem
(what can I reach if I worked hard enough), try to be better than

4. you are right now
Crocker said; pretensions can have 7 different domains;
approval from others, appearance, competition, academic
competence, family support, being virtues, god's
love(spirituality)
next monday test fml
Personality & Self
temperament; consistent individual – manifests earlier in
childhood – includes fearfulness and sociability in both
animals&humans
personality; consistent ways of behaving – creates preferences
for certain situations over others
differences in temperament
is more hereditary and biological
appears earlier
can also refer to behavior
is more or less fixed
the big five;
1- openness to experience; willingness and desire to have new
experiences, closed - opened
2- conscientiousness need to follow through and meet
obligations; undependable - dependable
3- extraversion; outgoingness, need for companionship,
withdrawn – outgoing
4- agreeableness; willingness to get along and get along,
agreeable – disagreeable
5- neuroticism; nervousness, anxiety, tendency to fall apart in a
crisis, stable – unstable
everybody relates and even in different cultures, they don't
correlate with each other!

5. Sensation seeking; a separate variable that feeds into the big 5
involves seeking out sensation of all kinds
associated with risk taking of all sorts
four factors to sensation seeking; - thrill and adventure(what
you done before and gives you thrill) seeking, experience(what
you wannna do ) seeking, disinhibition(doing stuff without
thinking about it), boredom susceptibility(so bored, they need
something new, they jump into crazy stuff cuz they are bored
operational definitions; the NEO personality inventory (243
questions)
the mini marker set (a briefer, 40 question version)
the Sensation seeking scale,
add the other stuff
cortex neurons
Psychophysiology
high sensation skeers are low in monoamine oxydase(break
down monoamine) , and low sensations seekers are high in it,
leading to lower dopamine levels,
those high in mao get less of a charge out of stimulation and
excitement
dopamine responsible for pleasure
when you take drugs linger and give you a bit more pleasure,
if you are high on dopamine and high on monomine oxydase, it
will take away the drugs pleasure relatively quickly, its not as
much fun to drugs, drugs make you more paranoid, and after
drug's effect is gone, you are still paranoid but you are not
feeling great anymore, and you might not feel like doing it
again. But for others low on dopamine and low on momonine
oxydase, drugs effect is longer, and get more pleasure doing it.

6. negatives will stay, but the joy will pass by quickly
high sensation seekers show heart rate deceleration(orienting) to
stimuli
low sensation seekers show heart rate acceleration (defense
reaction) to stimuli
identical twins still show differences in personalities
introverts show more chronic arousal of the cortex than
extraverts due to greater activity of the reticular activating
system
the constraint factor; (similar to sensation seeking) has been
shown by twin studies to be more hereditary than environmental
how a person reacts to the environment depends on the amount
of a trait the person possesses
Trait-Environment correlation
personality traits help determine the particular environments
people seek and stay in
passive correlation; biological parents also create children's
environments ( cuz they stuck you in the environment) pushing
you to play basketball
evocative correlation; person's traits evoke certain responses
from others
active correlation; individuals seek and create environments that
match their traits
introverts and extraverts asked to imagine winning a lottery or

7. being expelled
extraverts were more positive when picturing good things, but
introverts not more negative when picturing bad ones
extraverts were more cheerful in general
extraversion correlates with marriage satisfaction for both
sexes, but only extroverted men show more satisfaction dating
relationships
extraverts seek social activities like team sports, inverterts
avoid them prefer individual sports
like higher noise levels in the library, like competition more
they prefer occupations that require social mingiling, social
assertion&exhibitionism
extraversion is positively related to amount of time people
spend in freely chosen social situations but negatively related to
imposed situations
extraverts and introverts channel their motive for affiliation
differently,
neuroticisim T-E I
neurotics are easier to put in a negative mood but neuroticism
doesn't correlate with positive moodm
women high in neuroticism less satisfied with their men but no
effect found for males
neurotic employees evaluate their careers more negatively than
non-neurotic employees
neuroticism coped with negative events by drinking alone more
often than people low in neuroticism

8. people high In neuroticism engage in risky sexual and drug
usage behaviors more than those low in neuroticism
conscientiousness; correlates with gpa even when scholastic
ability controlled for, those who increase over 4 years get
progressively higher grades
those higher on this trait spend more hours studying, use less
alcohol and illegal drugs, smoke less, engage in less risky
driving and sex
those higher in agreeableness more willing to be late to help a
friend or sibling with car trouble, but is no more likely to help a
stranger
those lower in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and
extraversion use the Internet more
exception- conscientious students use the net more for school
purposes only
prejudice
those high in openness, thus probably associating with more
different people, and agreeableness, thus liking the encounters
better had lower prejudice levels than those lower in these
qualities
happiness
very happy college students are lower on neuroticism and higher
on extraversion and agreeableness than very unhappy ones, with
no difference on other traits
coping
those high in conscientiousness plan better, have less stressed
those high in agreeableness have fewer social stresses
those high in neuroticism have more interpersonal conflict,

9. more stress
those high in extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness
directly attack stressors
those high in neuroticism evaluate stress more negatively and
disengage from stressful situations more often
weight gain
overweight and obese people tend to be more neurotic and
extraverted, but less conscientious than normals
impulsiveness associated with neuroticism, lack of self-control
with low conscientiousness
sensation seeking
those who play high risk sports higher in thrill and adventure
seeking in experience seeking and in overall sensation seeking
those high in experience seeking and in boredom susceptibility
prefer nonsense humor over incongruity-resolution humor
those high in disinhibition like sexual humor more than other
groups
high in disinhibition experience seekers like erotic movies more
than low disinhibition, experience seekers
PSY#352
Id operates by the pleasure principle
Ego operates by the reality principle
superego evaluates the interactions of the two
freud argued for the unconscious and preconscious
disturbing thoughts are repressed
humor allows us to consider disturbing thoughts without anxiety
freud argued unconscious desires also surface in dreams
manifest vs. latent content

10. modern-day psychologists see unconscious process as
manifestations of automaticity, and repression as practicing
avoiding a memory until it becomes automatic
preconscious processing prepares us for conscious recognition
of stimuli
so a lot of processing goes on under the surface before we
consciously evaluate anything
mechanisms: the actual structures that explain how we do things
drives: what it was that induced mechanisms to operate
needs energize drives
example: need for food energizes the drive to eat, hunger
mechanisms explain why
primary or viscerogenic needs:
physiological in nature
deal with bodily satisfaction
secondary or psychological needs:
deal with mental or emotional satisfaction
Murray's Psychogenic Needs
-Achievement
-Affiliation
-Autonomy
-Dominance
-Order
-Understanding
Tolman; demonstrated psychological needs motivates behavior
in rats
demonstrated rats have mental maps

11. Incentives and Drives
warden argued that drives and incentives match up
-as drives increase, incentives become more powerful
-as intensives are lessened, drives to behavior lessen as well
Lewin's Field Theory
-forces exist with the persons life space
objects or activities with a positive valance attract
object or activities with a negative valence repel
sexual pleasure
male orgasm is universal, female orgams is rarer
25% always have orgasm & 55% have orgasm more than ½ the
time during intercourse
33% rarely or never orgasm then
theory1: female orgasm is a side-effect or byproduct of male
orgasm, just as male nipples are a by product of the necessity
for female nipples
theory2: female orgamsm promotes pregnancy by inspiring
females to search out partners and seek sexual activity
tehory3: female orgasm causes uterine and vaginal movements
that help move sperm cells toward the fallopian tubes,
increasing likelihood of conception ( The Inscuk Hypothesis)
“supported by evidence women more likely to conceive if the
orgasm between 1 min before ejaculation and 45 minutes after”
theory 4: female orgasm provides feelings of intimacy and
promotes romantic love, leading to pair bonding, increasing
childrens survival chances and servs as natural reinforcer for

12. intercourse, tying her partner to the woman
romantic love
strong attachment involving commitment and eventually turning
to care and comfort in the presence of the partner
though viewed as separate from sexual desire, the two parallel
each other.
You look after them, they look after you
sexual selection; species use a wide variety of criteria to select
mates, with many using more than one factor
facial attractivenesss;
attractive faces show: symmetry, mathematically average
features
sexual dimorphism
more attractive people become sexually active earlier, have
more relationships
physical features;
attractiveness may be a sign of health, fertility, intelligence,
(the good genes hypothessis)
(to have grown up so perfectky balances, the person must have
eaten well, have a good immune system, had capable parents,
and been smart enough to avoid troubles)
more attractive people do tend to have more offspring,
in one study; more attractive women 16% more children
very attractive women had 6% more children than that
unattractive men had 13% fewer children
the bad genes hypothesis; suggest that we are repelled by people
of below avarage attractiveness, rule them out

13. lack of symmetry especially repellant
when it comes to raising children, sexual dimorphism comes
into play, we want people good at being male or female
other qualities each child is a vast investment for the female
shee needs partner who will be committed to her & her child
long term
males could theoretically have many children with many
different females, increasing spread of their genes
males need a partner who signals fitness for bearing healthy
children
youth, health, bodily symmetry, & possibly swollen breasts are
all indicators of health, youth & fertility
females need a partner who is stable, caring, powerful in
society, and has access to resources to ensure survival of their
joint young
argues that biological factors interact with social experiences
males are larger and stronger and thus benefit more from
entering brute strength occupations
females are child bearers and thus are more conveniently kept
close to the home and hearth
the structural powerless hypothesis argues that smaller, less
strong females are powerless to achieve resources on their own
lippa's bbc survey found females in modern industrial societies
value traits of niceness over ambition and access to resources,
possibly because they aren't wanting in those things

14. surveys ranging from 1939-1996 have found
ambition&industriousness
guarding relationship;
mate poaching attracting someone already in a romantic
relationship, nearly 60% of men and 40% of women report
attempting to pach or attempts by others
men are more likely than women to succumb to short-term
poaching
jealousy,
triggered by actual or suspected loss of a mate's affection or
sexual intifidelity
females worry more about emotional infidelity
top ten reported fears of Americans (APA, 2018)
fear of spiders, fear of snakes, fear of heights, fear of flying
fear of dogs fear of thunder fear of injections fear of crowded
places, fear of germs
prepared classical conditioning; fears of snakes; spiders,
caterpillars, the dark, are very easy to teach by pairing them
with loud noises fear of electrical outlets hammers, pajamas,
and lambs almost impossible to teach with classical
conditioning called “contraprepared”

15. kids are ultrasensitive to snakes, can pick them out of other
stimuli faster than other objects
7-18 months infants
pictures of snakes and elephants shown;;
distressed voice by mother; following snakes
happy voice by mother; following snakes and elephants equally
monkeys can learn observation ( shown tapes of reacting other
monkeys to sanake or a flower)
people shown pictures of spiders & snakes or flowers &
shrooms
one of the two categories paired with electric shook the other
not
people quickly showed faster heartrates to the shocked item in
the spiders & snakes group, but not the flowers & shrooms
group
children often show food neophobia or fear of new foods
children prefer sweet foods at birth and salty ones not long after
that
children showed preparedness to avoid foods associated with
digestive upset
salivation to sour foods appears to serve dilute sourness
humans like high fat content in food
music may be a by product of vocal mimicry
music causes positive emotions
music promotes group bonding
music might charm sex partners

16. infants enjoy music in tune to out of tune, harmonious , regular
rhythms
-addictive behaviors
cumplsive seerking of short-term pelasure at the cost of living
more severe negative consequences
caffeine
makes people feel more alert, eneg]rgetic, lively, clear headed
use also prevents caffeine withdrawal in frequent users
withdrawal begins 12-24 hours after last usage
-alcohol
an avarage drink contains .4-.5 ounces of pur alcohol
produces euphoria releases inhibitions
effects depend o sex body sizee whether other things are
consumed tolerance
relaxation talkativeness happy feelings
face flushing mild sedation euphoria
giddiness lack of restraint and judgment
.6 ability to asses risk deteriorates
.8 rt muscle control slows illegal to drive
.10 rt muscle control speech impacted
.15 loss of motor control
.20 speech slurred falling down drunk
.40 unconsciousness, high chance of death
-nicotine

17. initial usage reactions, negative comiting dizziness
tolerance brings mood enhancement, relaxation, stimulant
effects
withdrawal produces irritability anxiety, hunger depression
amphetamines
produces euphoria, alertness,powerful sense of well-being
meth is even more powerful
ectasy similar but not associated with stroke, rpoduces a 5 hour
high accompanied by feelings of sportuality and closeness to
others
its not the meth that does;; its what hunger does (loss of
vitamins)
marijuana
includes marijuana & hashish, plants containing
tetrahydrocannabinol
euphoria, drowsiness, feelings of disconnectedness
withdrawal symptopms include fatigue, anxiety problems,
concentrating, depression
cocaine
a white powder derived from coca paste
crack cocaine a crystalline form commonly smoked
powerful euphoria increased “energy full body orgasm”
withdrawal starts in 15-30 minutes
opiates
morphine,codeine,heroin,oxycodone,vicodin,demerol
causes and orgasm-like rush followed by feelings of well beeing
withdrawal causes explosive diarrhea, “goose bumps,” chills,
body aches
hallucinogens

18. cause distortion of reality, delusions, enhance sensory
experiences
includes lsd, pcp, ectasy, mescaline, peyote
usually taken for the “departure from reality” effects