Relationship between entrepreneurship and employment as seen by A. Smith and ...Maryna Burushkina
Entrepreneurs are human capital, economic resource, and people with innovative approach that exist to raise their funds and unconsciously develop the economic growth of the nation through providing employment, rise of production per capita, and supply of goods to the marketplace.
My paper essay written back in 2011 describes the relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment.
The Four Facesof Corporate CitizenshipARCHIE B. CARROLL.docxcherry686017
The Four Faces
of Corporate Citizenship
ARCHIE B. CARROLL
Some observers call it corporate socialresponsibility (CSR). Others refer to it ascorporate ethics. More recently, busi-
nesses’ social performance has been framed as
“corporate citizenship.” But, what does corpo-
rate citizenship really mean? What is business
expected to be or to do to be considered a good
corporate citizen? Is corporate citizenship com-
patible with or hostile to corporate growth and
profits?
A significant boost to corporate citizenship
initiatives was given in 1996 when President
Clinton called to Washington a group of leading
business people to discuss the notion of corpo-
rate citizenship and social responsibility. At
this conference, President Clinton exhorted the
business leaders to “do well” by their employees
as they make money for their shareholders.
He and then–Labor Secretary Robert Reich
announced the newly created Ron Brown Cor-
porate Citizenship Award, named for the late
commerce secretary who died in 1996 along
with a group of business executives on a trade
mission to Bosnia. The award was to honor
American companies each year deemed to best
exemplify efforts to support its workers.
President Clinton’s five criteria for the Ron
Brown Award for “good corporate citizenship”
boiled down to companies exhibiting the follow-
ing practices: “family-friendly” policies, such as
allowing family leave; good health and pension
benefits; a safe workplace; training and
advancement opportunities; and policies that
avoid layoffs. In 1998, the 1997 winners were
announced: IBM Corporation, for its diversity
programs, and Levi Strauss & Co., for its anti-
racism initiative “Project Change.”1 One could
not argue with these criteria nor these winners;
however, one cannot help but note that the cri-
teria all involve the relationship between com-
panies and their employees, with no mention
being made of shareholders, consumers, the
community in which the business is located, or
other important stakeholders. Surely corporate
citizenship extends beyond relationships be-
tween companies and their employees and
includes the business responding to and inter-
acting with these other vital stakeholders.
Decades of studying businesses’ corporate
social performance, their activities that extend
beyond profit-making, and their contributions
to the community lead one to conclude that cor-
porate citizenship is real—it is expected of busi-
ness by the public, and it is manifested by many
excellent companies. Further, corporate citi-
zenship addresses the relationship between
companies and all their important stakehold-
ers, not just employees.
The full gamut of corporate citizenship in-
cludes its four faces. Each “face,” aspect, or re-
sponsibility reveals an important facet that
contributes to the whole. Just as private citizens
are expected to fulfill these responsibilities,
companies are as well. Corporate citizenship
has an economic face, a legal face, an ethical
face, and ...
Relationship between entrepreneurship and employment as seen by A. Smith and ...Maryna Burushkina
Entrepreneurs are human capital, economic resource, and people with innovative approach that exist to raise their funds and unconsciously develop the economic growth of the nation through providing employment, rise of production per capita, and supply of goods to the marketplace.
My paper essay written back in 2011 describes the relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment.
The Four Facesof Corporate CitizenshipARCHIE B. CARROLL.docxcherry686017
The Four Faces
of Corporate Citizenship
ARCHIE B. CARROLL
Some observers call it corporate socialresponsibility (CSR). Others refer to it ascorporate ethics. More recently, busi-
nesses’ social performance has been framed as
“corporate citizenship.” But, what does corpo-
rate citizenship really mean? What is business
expected to be or to do to be considered a good
corporate citizen? Is corporate citizenship com-
patible with or hostile to corporate growth and
profits?
A significant boost to corporate citizenship
initiatives was given in 1996 when President
Clinton called to Washington a group of leading
business people to discuss the notion of corpo-
rate citizenship and social responsibility. At
this conference, President Clinton exhorted the
business leaders to “do well” by their employees
as they make money for their shareholders.
He and then–Labor Secretary Robert Reich
announced the newly created Ron Brown Cor-
porate Citizenship Award, named for the late
commerce secretary who died in 1996 along
with a group of business executives on a trade
mission to Bosnia. The award was to honor
American companies each year deemed to best
exemplify efforts to support its workers.
President Clinton’s five criteria for the Ron
Brown Award for “good corporate citizenship”
boiled down to companies exhibiting the follow-
ing practices: “family-friendly” policies, such as
allowing family leave; good health and pension
benefits; a safe workplace; training and
advancement opportunities; and policies that
avoid layoffs. In 1998, the 1997 winners were
announced: IBM Corporation, for its diversity
programs, and Levi Strauss & Co., for its anti-
racism initiative “Project Change.”1 One could
not argue with these criteria nor these winners;
however, one cannot help but note that the cri-
teria all involve the relationship between com-
panies and their employees, with no mention
being made of shareholders, consumers, the
community in which the business is located, or
other important stakeholders. Surely corporate
citizenship extends beyond relationships be-
tween companies and their employees and
includes the business responding to and inter-
acting with these other vital stakeholders.
Decades of studying businesses’ corporate
social performance, their activities that extend
beyond profit-making, and their contributions
to the community lead one to conclude that cor-
porate citizenship is real—it is expected of busi-
ness by the public, and it is manifested by many
excellent companies. Further, corporate citi-
zenship addresses the relationship between
companies and all their important stakehold-
ers, not just employees.
The full gamut of corporate citizenship in-
cludes its four faces. Each “face,” aspect, or re-
sponsibility reveals an important facet that
contributes to the whole. Just as private citizens
are expected to fulfill these responsibilities,
companies are as well. Corporate citizenship
has an economic face, a legal face, an ethical
face, and ...
Document #1 History of the Economic Systems and TheoriesCDustiBuckner14
Document #1: History of the Economic Systems and Theories
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes private ownership of the factors of
production, freedom of choice, and individual incentives. These freedoms and
incentives apply to workers, investors, consumers, and business owners. In pure
capitalism, the government does not interfere with the economy—the wages of workers,
the prices of goods, what producers can make, the ways that businesses make or sell
their goods and services, or any other regulations. Capitalism assumes that the best
way to serve society is to let people produce, sell, and buy as they wish.
The goal of capitalism is to create what is called a free market. In economic terms, a
market is not literally just a market like a grocery store. A market or marketplace is
wherever all sorts of goods and services can be sold and bought. In a free market or
free enterprise economy like that under capitalism, the government places no limits on
the freedom of buyers and sellers to make their economic decisions.
Origins of Capitalism
The basic theories about capitalism and free trade come from Adam Smith. Smith was a
Scottish philosopher and economist who lived in the 1700s. In his famous book The
Wealth of Nations, Smith suggested the government take a laissez-faire approach to the
economy. Laissez-faire is a French term meaning “to let alone.” Smith thought the
forces of the marketplace would act as an “invisible hand” guiding economic choices for
the best possible results.
Competition plays a key role in a free-enterprise or free-market economy because
sellers compete for resources to produce goods and services at the most reasonable
price. If they are successful, they make more money. At the same time, consumers
compete over limited products to buy what they want and need. Finally, these same
consumers, now in their role as workers, compete to sell their skills and labor for the
best wages or salaries they can get.
Pure capitalism has five characteristics: private ownership and control of property and
economic resources, free enterprise, competition, freedom of choice, and the possibility
of profits.
Free Enterprise in the United States
A true and total capitalist system does not exist in reality. The United States, however, is
a leading example of a capitalist system in which the government plays a role. Our
society is deeply rooted in the value of individual initiative—that each person knows
what is best for himself or herself. We also respect the rights of all persons to own
private property. Finally, our society recognizes individual freedom, including the
freedom to make economic choices. However, because the U.S. government also
regulates many aspects of the economy, it does not have a purely capitalistic economy.
Mixed Economies
Economists describe the economies in the United States and many other nations as
mixed economies. Mixed economies combine elements of capitalism and socialism.
Mexico is ano ...
The concept of social responsibility among businessmen, particularly in India, is not new and can be easily seen in the form of magnificent temples, high mosques, large dharmshalas and great educational institutions. Indian literature is full of incidents when business- men have gone out of the way to help extract kings and societies out of crises. Many Indian businesses are known for staying one step ahead of the government, as far as the welfare of employees and societies is concerned.
Week Two Instructor Guidance Welcome to Week Two This week our r.docxjane3dyson92312
Week Two Instructor Guidance
Welcome to Week Two
This week our reading in chapters 2 – 3 will explore concepts of Capitalism and Corporations in an ethical framework. There are several articles required for review and analysis this week located in the required resources tab. In addition, there are several articles listed in the recommended resources tab. Please watch the required videos before formulating your analysis and responses to peers in the discussion threads.
Capitalism:
Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and the use of capital. Growth of towns and cities and the expansion of trade in the late Middle Ages sparked this economic development. Capital belongs to individuals who are free to do what they wish with it. For this reason, capitalism is also called the “free-enterprise” system. Based on the economic laws of supply and demand, when enough people want something, producers make it because they want a profit. In a market economy monetary values can be placed on everything in the marketplace: land, goods, time, and labor. Buyers and sellers are free to exchange goods and services at prices determined by supply and demand. Modern capitalism is not about immoral pursuit of gain, but upon disciplined obligation of work as duty.
Corporations:
A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity, a corporation may acquire, own, and dispose of property in its own name. The three types of corporations are corporations for profit, corporations not for profit, and government owned corporations. The stockholders or shareholders who own the stock own the corporation. Corporations whose shares of stock are traded in public markets are called public corporations. Corporations are distinct legal entities which exist separate from shareholders (Shareholders have limited liability). Corporations whose shares are not traded publicly are usually owned by a small group of investors and are called nonpublic or private corporations. The stockholders of this form of corporation have limited liability. The stockholders control a corporation by electing a board of directors. The board meets periodically to establish corporate policy. It also selects the chief executive officer (CEO) and other major officers. Corporations can sue and be sued. Corporations can own property. Corporations may and usually have a perpetual life. Corporations are created by compliance with state corporation statutes which usually require, a. filing Articles of Incorporation with the secretary of state, and paying a fee Corporate existence begins when the articles of incorporation are filed, unless a delayed effective date is specified in the articles.
Corporate Social Responsibly:
Corporate social responsibility looks at ethical issues on the organization level. Social responsibility means that organizations are a part of a larger society and are accountable to that s.
NRS-493 Individual Success PlanREQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS 100 Direct.docxhoney725342
NRS-493 Individual Success Plan
REQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours community/50 hours leadership) – 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours.
P
R
A
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T
I
C
E
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X
P
E
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C
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Complete Contact Information
Student Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Course Faculty Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Practicum Preceptor Information
Practice Setting
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
ISP Instructions
Use this form to develop your Individual Success Plan (ISP) for NRS-493, the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. An individual success plan maps out what you, the RN-to-BSN student, needs to accomplish in order to be successful as you work through this course and complete your overall program of study. You will also share this with your preceptor at the beginning and end of this course so that he or she will know what you need to accomplish.
In this ISP, you will identify all of the objectives and assignments relating to the 100 direct clinical practice experience hours and the 25 indirect clinical practice hours you need to complete by the end of this course. Use this template to specify the date by which you will complete each assignment. Your plan should include a self-assessment of how you met all applicable GCU RN-to-BSN Domains & Competencies (see Appendix A). General Requirements
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:
· Use the Individual Success Plan to develop a personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains & Competencies (Appendix A) related to that course.
Show all of the major deliverables in the course, the topic/course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and lastly, align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
Completing your ISP does not earn clinical practice experience hours, nor does telephone conference time, or time spent with your preceptor.
· Within the Individual Success Plan, ensure you identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table on the next page.
Topic
Graded Assignment
Indirect Clinical Assignments
Topic 1
1. Individual Success Plan
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of potential topics for the change proposal
Topic 2
1. Topic Selection Approval Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Search the literature for supporting journal articles
2. Summary of topic category; community or leadership
Topic 3
1. PICOT Question Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of objectives
Topic 4
1. Literature Evaluation Table
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of measurable outcomes
Topic 5
1. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Summary of the strategic plan
2. Midterm E.
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throu.docxhoney725342
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throughout its long history before the evolution of humans and certainly before the Industrial Revolutions.In terms of the oceans and the Earth's whole history then could you find information to support the coal and oil industry's claims that we're NOT the cause of climate change? Do some research and cite other factors in climate besides CO2 levels that would support your claims. Also read the attached article about the controversy. Remember too that there is a lot of money and certainly politics involved in this issue. Some scientists have built their whole careers on trying to prove or disprove the human connections to global warming.
As you'll see when you do your research the figures for sea-level rise are all over the place. That's because they're based on models that are even more complex than hurricane tracking models (they drive even supercomputers nuts).
Now the term
"sea-level"
is relative. If you check a geologic map you'll see that just about every piece of land on Earth has been underwater at least once. That's why sedimentary rocks are the most common type of land surface rock. Sea-level has been up and down thousands of times in the Earth's long history. We're just living on the "latest edition" of our planet. Also the one thing that I want everybody to learn from this course: we live on the Earth and we certainly affect it but
we
DO NOT control it
even though we like to think we do. We're just riding this wet rock through space.
As for the continuing scientific controversy check out this recent article:
Climate panel: warming 'extremely likely' man-made
.
NR224 Fundamentals SkillsTopic Safety Goals BOOK P.docxhoney725342
NR224 Fundamentals Skills
Topic: Safety Goals
BOOK:
Potter, P.A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. & Hall, A. (2021).
Fundamentals of Nursing
(10th ed.). Elsevier.
Guidelines are attached below make sure to follow the guideline and criteria, please
Purpose
This assignment increases the students' awareness of the National Patient Safety Goals developed by The Joint Commission. Specifically, this assignment will introduce the Speak Up Initiatives, an award-winning patient safety program designed to help patients promote their own safety by proactively taking charge of their healthcare.
See attachment for guidelines, please!
.
Nurse Education Today 87 (2020) 104348
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nurse Education Today
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nedt
Clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural communication T competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students: A qualitative study
Pia Hagqvista,b, Ashlee Oikarainena, Anna-Maria Tuomikoskia, Jonna Juntunena, Kristina Mikkonena,⁎
a Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland b Healthcare Unit, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Finland
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Clinical practice
Intercultural communication Competence
Cultural and linguistic diversity Nurse
Mentor
Student
ABSTRACT
Background: Intercultural communication has become increasingly important in nursing due to the cross-border mobility of patients, health professionals and students. Development of cultural competence continues to be a challenge, particularly among professionals such as educators or healthcare providers who work in professions requiring communication across cultural boundaries. Despite challenges in nursing education related to cultural diversity, competence in intercultural communication has been proven to empower students and to help them grow professionally.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural commu- nication competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students during completion of their clinical practice.
Design: Qualitative study design.
Participants: The participants were 12 nurses who had previously mentored at least two culturally and lin- guistically diverse nursing students.
Methods: Data were collected during spring 2016 using semi-structured interviews of 12 mentors working in specialized nursing care at one hospital located in central Finland. Data were analyzed using deductive-inductive content analysis. The main concepts of the Integrated Model of Intercultural Communication Competence were used during the semi-structured theme interviews and during analysis. These concepts include empathy, moti- vation, global attitude, intercultural experience and interaction involvement.
Results: Mentors stated that empathy motivates them in the development of intercultural communication. Mentors experienced a lack of resources and support from their superiors, which caused psychological and ethical strain and reduced mentors' motivation. Mentors openly admitted that they had experienced fear towards unknown cultures, but that this fear was reduced through positive mentoring experiences and cultural en- counters.
Conclusions: Continuous education on intercultural communication competence could succeed to further de- velop clinical mentors' mentoring expertise, which could have the potential to greatly benefit students, patients and staff. Such education could be designed, implemented and measured for its effect in co.
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s.docxhoney725342
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise architecture, Justin wants to move forward with developing privacy policies to ensure videos aren’t distributed or uploaded to the net without the consent of the people in them. This opens a much larger conversation: Devil’s Canyon is also in need of a complete security plan, as well as risk assessments.
In a 2- to 3-page rationale and table,
prepare
the following information to present to the Devil’s Canyon team:
Explain the relationship between policies and security plans. Identify potential policy needs, noting Justin’s privacy policy, in relation to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise structure.
Outline the importance of a security plan in relation to security roles and safeguards.
Analyze at least 5 security-related risks/threats that Devil’s Canyon may face.
Assess the probability and impact to the Devil’s Canyon if each risk occurs. Based on these two factors, determine the overall risk level. For purposes of this assignment, evaluate and categorize each factor as low, medium, or high, and create a table to illustrate the risks. For example, a risk/threat with a low likelihood of occurrence and a high impact would represent an overall medium risk.
Consider digital elements mentioned in the designing of the enterprise architecture, such as software, hardware, proposed security measures, smart lift tickets, web cam systems, and smartphones.
.
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 .docxhoney725342
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 1
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Required Uniform Assignment: We Can, but Dare We?
PURPOSE
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate smartphone and social media use in healthcare and to
apply professional, ethical, and legal principles to their appropriate use in healthcare technology.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
• CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision‐making support tools embedded in patient
care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for
both patients and healthcare workers. (PO 4)
• CO #6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal
requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and
client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
• CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in the
delivery of nursing care (PO 8)
DUE DATE
See Course Schedule in Syllabus. The college’s Late Assignment Policy applies to this activity.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE
This assignment is worth a total of 240 points.
Requirements
1. Research, compose, and type a scholarly paper based on the scenario described below, and
choose a conclusion scenario to discuss within the body of your paper. Reflect on lessons
learned in this class about technology, privacy concerns, and legal and ethical issues and
addressed each of these concepts in the paper, reflecting on the use of smartphones and social
media in healthcare. Consider the consequences of such a scenario. Do not limit your review of
the literature to the nursing discipline only because other health professionals are using the
technology, and you may need to apply critical thinking skills to its applications in this scenario.
2. Use Microsoft Word and APA formatting. Consult your copy of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, sixth edition, as well as the resources in Doc Sharing if you
have questions (e.g., margin size, font type and size (point), use of third person, etc.). Take
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 2
advantage of the writing service SmartThinking, which is accessed by clicking on the link called
the Tutor Source, found under the Course Home area.
3. The length of the paper should be four to five pages, excluding the title page and the reference
page. Limit the references to a few key sources (minimum of three required).
4. The paper will contain an introduction that catches the attention of the reader, states the
purpose of the paper, and provides a narrative outline of what will follow (i.e., the assignment
criteria).
5. In the body of the paper, discuss the scenario in relation to HIPAA, leg.
Nurse Practitioner Diagnosis- Chest Pain.
SOAP
S-Subjective
O-Objective
A-Assessment
P-Plan
One Page Only
Please use attachment only. Copy and paste it into *SOAP*
I OSCE1-Chest Pain attached and copy and paste into the temple.
.
NURS 6002 Foundations of Graduate StudyAcademic and P.docxhoney725342
NURS 6002: Foundations of Graduate Study
Academic and Professional Success Plan Template
Prepared by:
<INSERT NAME>
Professional Development
Statement of Purpose
My main objective is to complete my master’s degree so as to qualify as a psych nurse practitioner. My focus is to learn how I can apply the knowledge I have gained from this program in delivering high-quality patient care. Consequently, I have developed several goals that I need to achieve so that they can help me in meeting y main objective.
Curriculum Vitae for Psych Nurse
PROFESIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate in Psych Nursing from Warren University with experience of more than two years in nursing practice. Skill as a youth coach, identifying problems, and applying the most appropriate techniques for each case. Collaborator, team worker, with a good relationship with patients and experienced in preparing patient care programs.
COMPETENCES
-Diagnosis of problems.
-Direct interventions.
-Consultation and treatment.
-Development of programs.
-Easy for personal relationships.
-Collaborative team worker.
-Experience with students with special needs.
-Good adaptation to different tasks.
EXPERIENCE
· John Hopkins Hospital Practice in Psych Nursing from January 2017 to the present
· One-time actions with conflictive patients in crisis situations.
· Preparation of intervention projects in the hospital environment for patients at risk of social exclusion.
TRAINING
· Degree in Psych nursing. Walden University
CERTIFICATES
SOCIAL WORK
· Volunteer in Walden community working with minors in areas of social exclusion.
LANGUAGES
· English
SKILLS VOCATION
· Service.
· Responsibility and seriousness.
· Pharmacology knowledge.
· Ability to work under pressure and in emergency situations.
· Knowledge of nutrition and psychology.
· Resolute person.
· dealing with older adults and children.
· Extensive use of computer tools.
Professional Development Goals
The first thing that should be noted is that psych nursing is a recent academic option, which is highly relevant that more people are trained in it and help to broaden and deepen the scientific foundation of the care it offers. Although the psych nurses are already able to carry out different activities without the need for another health professional to indicate them, it is important that they can acquire greater independence so that their contribution is even greater, which is my first professional development goal. Therefore, the degree in psych nursing must be strengthened, with studies and evidence that allow the framework of the work of those who practice it to grow and, in turn, encourage its professionals to intervene promptly to avoid complicating the medical situation of a patient.
I would like to be supportive, have a vocation for service, be responsible, and be organized. It is these basic qualities that will allow me to develop a nursing career. The organization and responsibility would be oriented there because the nurse, by nat.
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers .docxhoney725342
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers age and healthcare needs increase (AACN, n.d.). Registered nurse openings increase as nurses are retiring and leaving the workforce for various reasons such as burnout (AACN, n.d.). Enrollment increases to nursing educational programs does not meet the demand for nurses (AACN, n.d.). Nursing leader interventions that will impact the shortage is a focus on retention of nurses, attention to safe staffing ratios, and attention to quality care.
.
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer .docxhoney725342
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer 2 of them with a mix of your ideas, quotes from the text, and some secondary research (non-Wikipedia, non-Litcharts). I am looking for about 5 pages for both mini-essays combined. The due date will be April 9 by 11:59pm. No extensions.
Questions:
1. Often we attribute cowardice for Hamlet’s lack of action in the face of an obvious call for revenge. Is there some other way to view Hamlet the character?
2. The death of Ophelia comes as a result of the dual grief for the loss of her father and the loss of her true love . Why would you say that Hamlet reacts so radically different to the same circumstances?
3. What would you say is the horror that Kurtz sees in his mind’s eye moments before his death? Is it simply a late late condemnation of colonialism?
4. Marlowe’s lie in Chapter 3 has been written about to death in academic circles. Gather two analytical interpretations of the lie and offer me another way of looking at this climactic moment.
.
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research.docxhoney725342
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research
Watson’s philosophy and science of caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment/society, and nursing Butts & Rich, 2015). In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because, without caring, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Watson contends that caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health changes.
According to Watson (2009), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the caregiver and care recipient. The theory is focused on “the centrality of human caring and on the caring-to-caring transpersonal relationship and its healing potential for both the one who is caring and the one who is being cared for” (Watson, 2009). The structure for the science of caring is built upon ten carative factors. Among them are human altruistic values, faith-hope, sensitivity to one’s self or other, trust, human caring relationship, and promotion of self-expression (.
Watson defines Human being as a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted, in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Personhood is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts which are mind-body-soul-connection (Butt & Rich 2015)
The personhood concept in Watson theory of caring implies that patients are not all the same. Each person brings a unique background of experiences, values, and cultural perspective to health care encounter. Caring facilitates a nurse’s ability to know a patient, allowing the nurse to recognize a patient’s problem and find and implement individualized solution on the patient’s unique needs.
Knowing the person allows the nurse to avoid assumptions, to center on the one cared for (Keller, 2013). It also gives the nurse to opportunity to assess thoroughly by seeking clues to clarify the issue that the individual is going through.
The concept of personhood also integrates the human caring processes with healing environment, incorporating the life-generating and life receiving processes of human caring and healing for nurses and their patient. The concept put emphasis on developing a caring relationship with the person as a nurse and listen to the person’ stories to fully understand the meaning an impact of the individual’s condition. This information and understanding helps in the development and delivery of individualized patient centered care. The transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health care and places care before cure. When the .
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 1945Population-Level Inter.docxhoney725342
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
Population-Level Intervention
Strategies and Examples
for Obesity Prevention
in Children∗
Jennifer L. Foltz,1 Ashleigh L. May,1 Brook Belay,1
Allison J. Nihiser,2 Carrie A. Dooyema,1
and Heidi M. Blanck1
1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, 2Division of Population Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012. 32:391–415
First published online as a Review in Advance on
April 23, 2012
The Annual Review of Nutrition is online at
nutr.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150646
0199-9885/12/0821-0391$20.00
∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is
not subject to copyright protection in the
United States.
Keywords
obesity prevention, children, nutrition, physical activity, interventions
Abstract
With obesity affecting approximately 12.5 million American youth,
population-level interventions are indicated to help support healthy
behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of
population-level intervention strategies and specific intervention exam-
ples that illustrate ways to help prevent and control obesity in children
through improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Informa-
tion is summarized within the settings where children live, learn, and
play (early care and education, school, community, health care, home).
Intervention strategies are activities or changes intended to promote
healthful behaviors in children. They were identified from (a) systematic
reviews; (b) evidence- and expert consensus–based recommendations,
guidelines, or standards from nongovernmental or federal agencies;
and finally (c) peer-reviewed synthesis reviews. Intervention examples
illustrate how at least one of the strategies was used in a particular
setting. To identify interventions examples, we considered (a) peer-
reviewed literature as well as (b) additional sources with research-tested
and practice-based initiatives. Researchers and practitioners may use
this review as they set priorities and promote integration across settings
and to find research- and practice-tested intervention examples that can
be replicated in their communities for childhood obesity prevention.
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NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
IOM: Institute of
Medicine
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
INTERVENTIONS BY
SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Early Care and Education . . . . . . . . . . 394
School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Health .
Nurse Working in the CommunityDescribe the community nurses.docxhoney725342
Nurse Working in the Community
Describe the community nurse's roles in assisting individuals, families, and communities. Include what barriers or challenges the nurse would need to overcome to achieve these goals.
Reference: Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2018). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing (5 th ed.). Elsevier. (e-Book)
.
nursing diagnosis1. Decreased Cardiac Output related to Alter.docxhoney725342
nursing diagnosis
1. Decreased Cardiac Output
related to Altered myocardial contractility
2.
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
related to immobility
3.
Activity Intolerance
related to immobility
4. Risk for Infection related to Inadequate primary defenses: broken skin, traumatized tissues; environmental exposure
5. Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to Alveolar/capillary membrane changes: interstitial, pulmonary edema, congestion
6.
Excess Fluid Volume related to
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, and sodium/water retention.
.
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Document #1 History of the Economic Systems and TheoriesCDustiBuckner14
Document #1: History of the Economic Systems and Theories
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes private ownership of the factors of
production, freedom of choice, and individual incentives. These freedoms and
incentives apply to workers, investors, consumers, and business owners. In pure
capitalism, the government does not interfere with the economy—the wages of workers,
the prices of goods, what producers can make, the ways that businesses make or sell
their goods and services, or any other regulations. Capitalism assumes that the best
way to serve society is to let people produce, sell, and buy as they wish.
The goal of capitalism is to create what is called a free market. In economic terms, a
market is not literally just a market like a grocery store. A market or marketplace is
wherever all sorts of goods and services can be sold and bought. In a free market or
free enterprise economy like that under capitalism, the government places no limits on
the freedom of buyers and sellers to make their economic decisions.
Origins of Capitalism
The basic theories about capitalism and free trade come from Adam Smith. Smith was a
Scottish philosopher and economist who lived in the 1700s. In his famous book The
Wealth of Nations, Smith suggested the government take a laissez-faire approach to the
economy. Laissez-faire is a French term meaning “to let alone.” Smith thought the
forces of the marketplace would act as an “invisible hand” guiding economic choices for
the best possible results.
Competition plays a key role in a free-enterprise or free-market economy because
sellers compete for resources to produce goods and services at the most reasonable
price. If they are successful, they make more money. At the same time, consumers
compete over limited products to buy what they want and need. Finally, these same
consumers, now in their role as workers, compete to sell their skills and labor for the
best wages or salaries they can get.
Pure capitalism has five characteristics: private ownership and control of property and
economic resources, free enterprise, competition, freedom of choice, and the possibility
of profits.
Free Enterprise in the United States
A true and total capitalist system does not exist in reality. The United States, however, is
a leading example of a capitalist system in which the government plays a role. Our
society is deeply rooted in the value of individual initiative—that each person knows
what is best for himself or herself. We also respect the rights of all persons to own
private property. Finally, our society recognizes individual freedom, including the
freedom to make economic choices. However, because the U.S. government also
regulates many aspects of the economy, it does not have a purely capitalistic economy.
Mixed Economies
Economists describe the economies in the United States and many other nations as
mixed economies. Mixed economies combine elements of capitalism and socialism.
Mexico is ano ...
The concept of social responsibility among businessmen, particularly in India, is not new and can be easily seen in the form of magnificent temples, high mosques, large dharmshalas and great educational institutions. Indian literature is full of incidents when business- men have gone out of the way to help extract kings and societies out of crises. Many Indian businesses are known for staying one step ahead of the government, as far as the welfare of employees and societies is concerned.
Week Two Instructor Guidance Welcome to Week Two This week our r.docxjane3dyson92312
Week Two Instructor Guidance
Welcome to Week Two
This week our reading in chapters 2 – 3 will explore concepts of Capitalism and Corporations in an ethical framework. There are several articles required for review and analysis this week located in the required resources tab. In addition, there are several articles listed in the recommended resources tab. Please watch the required videos before formulating your analysis and responses to peers in the discussion threads.
Capitalism:
Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and the use of capital. Growth of towns and cities and the expansion of trade in the late Middle Ages sparked this economic development. Capital belongs to individuals who are free to do what they wish with it. For this reason, capitalism is also called the “free-enterprise” system. Based on the economic laws of supply and demand, when enough people want something, producers make it because they want a profit. In a market economy monetary values can be placed on everything in the marketplace: land, goods, time, and labor. Buyers and sellers are free to exchange goods and services at prices determined by supply and demand. Modern capitalism is not about immoral pursuit of gain, but upon disciplined obligation of work as duty.
Corporations:
A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity, a corporation may acquire, own, and dispose of property in its own name. The three types of corporations are corporations for profit, corporations not for profit, and government owned corporations. The stockholders or shareholders who own the stock own the corporation. Corporations whose shares of stock are traded in public markets are called public corporations. Corporations are distinct legal entities which exist separate from shareholders (Shareholders have limited liability). Corporations whose shares are not traded publicly are usually owned by a small group of investors and are called nonpublic or private corporations. The stockholders of this form of corporation have limited liability. The stockholders control a corporation by electing a board of directors. The board meets periodically to establish corporate policy. It also selects the chief executive officer (CEO) and other major officers. Corporations can sue and be sued. Corporations can own property. Corporations may and usually have a perpetual life. Corporations are created by compliance with state corporation statutes which usually require, a. filing Articles of Incorporation with the secretary of state, and paying a fee Corporate existence begins when the articles of incorporation are filed, unless a delayed effective date is specified in the articles.
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NRS-493 Individual Success PlanREQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS 100 Direct.docxhoney725342
NRS-493 Individual Success Plan
REQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours community/50 hours leadership) – 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours.
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Complete Contact Information
Student Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Course Faculty Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Practicum Preceptor Information
Practice Setting
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
ISP Instructions
Use this form to develop your Individual Success Plan (ISP) for NRS-493, the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. An individual success plan maps out what you, the RN-to-BSN student, needs to accomplish in order to be successful as you work through this course and complete your overall program of study. You will also share this with your preceptor at the beginning and end of this course so that he or she will know what you need to accomplish.
In this ISP, you will identify all of the objectives and assignments relating to the 100 direct clinical practice experience hours and the 25 indirect clinical practice hours you need to complete by the end of this course. Use this template to specify the date by which you will complete each assignment. Your plan should include a self-assessment of how you met all applicable GCU RN-to-BSN Domains & Competencies (see Appendix A). General Requirements
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:
· Use the Individual Success Plan to develop a personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains & Competencies (Appendix A) related to that course.
Show all of the major deliverables in the course, the topic/course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and lastly, align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
Completing your ISP does not earn clinical practice experience hours, nor does telephone conference time, or time spent with your preceptor.
· Within the Individual Success Plan, ensure you identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table on the next page.
Topic
Graded Assignment
Indirect Clinical Assignments
Topic 1
1. Individual Success Plan
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of potential topics for the change proposal
Topic 2
1. Topic Selection Approval Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Search the literature for supporting journal articles
2. Summary of topic category; community or leadership
Topic 3
1. PICOT Question Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of objectives
Topic 4
1. Literature Evaluation Table
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of measurable outcomes
Topic 5
1. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Summary of the strategic plan
2. Midterm E.
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throu.docxhoney725342
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throughout its long history before the evolution of humans and certainly before the Industrial Revolutions.In terms of the oceans and the Earth's whole history then could you find information to support the coal and oil industry's claims that we're NOT the cause of climate change? Do some research and cite other factors in climate besides CO2 levels that would support your claims. Also read the attached article about the controversy. Remember too that there is a lot of money and certainly politics involved in this issue. Some scientists have built their whole careers on trying to prove or disprove the human connections to global warming.
As you'll see when you do your research the figures for sea-level rise are all over the place. That's because they're based on models that are even more complex than hurricane tracking models (they drive even supercomputers nuts).
Now the term
"sea-level"
is relative. If you check a geologic map you'll see that just about every piece of land on Earth has been underwater at least once. That's why sedimentary rocks are the most common type of land surface rock. Sea-level has been up and down thousands of times in the Earth's long history. We're just living on the "latest edition" of our planet. Also the one thing that I want everybody to learn from this course: we live on the Earth and we certainly affect it but
we
DO NOT control it
even though we like to think we do. We're just riding this wet rock through space.
As for the continuing scientific controversy check out this recent article:
Climate panel: warming 'extremely likely' man-made
.
NR224 Fundamentals SkillsTopic Safety Goals BOOK P.docxhoney725342
NR224 Fundamentals Skills
Topic: Safety Goals
BOOK:
Potter, P.A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. & Hall, A. (2021).
Fundamentals of Nursing
(10th ed.). Elsevier.
Guidelines are attached below make sure to follow the guideline and criteria, please
Purpose
This assignment increases the students' awareness of the National Patient Safety Goals developed by The Joint Commission. Specifically, this assignment will introduce the Speak Up Initiatives, an award-winning patient safety program designed to help patients promote their own safety by proactively taking charge of their healthcare.
See attachment for guidelines, please!
.
Nurse Education Today 87 (2020) 104348
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nurse Education Today
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nedt
Clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural communication T competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students: A qualitative study
Pia Hagqvista,b, Ashlee Oikarainena, Anna-Maria Tuomikoskia, Jonna Juntunena, Kristina Mikkonena,⁎
a Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland b Healthcare Unit, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Finland
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Clinical practice
Intercultural communication Competence
Cultural and linguistic diversity Nurse
Mentor
Student
ABSTRACT
Background: Intercultural communication has become increasingly important in nursing due to the cross-border mobility of patients, health professionals and students. Development of cultural competence continues to be a challenge, particularly among professionals such as educators or healthcare providers who work in professions requiring communication across cultural boundaries. Despite challenges in nursing education related to cultural diversity, competence in intercultural communication has been proven to empower students and to help them grow professionally.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural commu- nication competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students during completion of their clinical practice.
Design: Qualitative study design.
Participants: The participants were 12 nurses who had previously mentored at least two culturally and lin- guistically diverse nursing students.
Methods: Data were collected during spring 2016 using semi-structured interviews of 12 mentors working in specialized nursing care at one hospital located in central Finland. Data were analyzed using deductive-inductive content analysis. The main concepts of the Integrated Model of Intercultural Communication Competence were used during the semi-structured theme interviews and during analysis. These concepts include empathy, moti- vation, global attitude, intercultural experience and interaction involvement.
Results: Mentors stated that empathy motivates them in the development of intercultural communication. Mentors experienced a lack of resources and support from their superiors, which caused psychological and ethical strain and reduced mentors' motivation. Mentors openly admitted that they had experienced fear towards unknown cultures, but that this fear was reduced through positive mentoring experiences and cultural en- counters.
Conclusions: Continuous education on intercultural communication competence could succeed to further de- velop clinical mentors' mentoring expertise, which could have the potential to greatly benefit students, patients and staff. Such education could be designed, implemented and measured for its effect in co.
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s.docxhoney725342
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise architecture, Justin wants to move forward with developing privacy policies to ensure videos aren’t distributed or uploaded to the net without the consent of the people in them. This opens a much larger conversation: Devil’s Canyon is also in need of a complete security plan, as well as risk assessments.
In a 2- to 3-page rationale and table,
prepare
the following information to present to the Devil’s Canyon team:
Explain the relationship between policies and security plans. Identify potential policy needs, noting Justin’s privacy policy, in relation to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise structure.
Outline the importance of a security plan in relation to security roles and safeguards.
Analyze at least 5 security-related risks/threats that Devil’s Canyon may face.
Assess the probability and impact to the Devil’s Canyon if each risk occurs. Based on these two factors, determine the overall risk level. For purposes of this assignment, evaluate and categorize each factor as low, medium, or high, and create a table to illustrate the risks. For example, a risk/threat with a low likelihood of occurrence and a high impact would represent an overall medium risk.
Consider digital elements mentioned in the designing of the enterprise architecture, such as software, hardware, proposed security measures, smart lift tickets, web cam systems, and smartphones.
.
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 .docxhoney725342
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 1
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Required Uniform Assignment: We Can, but Dare We?
PURPOSE
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate smartphone and social media use in healthcare and to
apply professional, ethical, and legal principles to their appropriate use in healthcare technology.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
• CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision‐making support tools embedded in patient
care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for
both patients and healthcare workers. (PO 4)
• CO #6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal
requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and
client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
• CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in the
delivery of nursing care (PO 8)
DUE DATE
See Course Schedule in Syllabus. The college’s Late Assignment Policy applies to this activity.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE
This assignment is worth a total of 240 points.
Requirements
1. Research, compose, and type a scholarly paper based on the scenario described below, and
choose a conclusion scenario to discuss within the body of your paper. Reflect on lessons
learned in this class about technology, privacy concerns, and legal and ethical issues and
addressed each of these concepts in the paper, reflecting on the use of smartphones and social
media in healthcare. Consider the consequences of such a scenario. Do not limit your review of
the literature to the nursing discipline only because other health professionals are using the
technology, and you may need to apply critical thinking skills to its applications in this scenario.
2. Use Microsoft Word and APA formatting. Consult your copy of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, sixth edition, as well as the resources in Doc Sharing if you
have questions (e.g., margin size, font type and size (point), use of third person, etc.). Take
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 2
advantage of the writing service SmartThinking, which is accessed by clicking on the link called
the Tutor Source, found under the Course Home area.
3. The length of the paper should be four to five pages, excluding the title page and the reference
page. Limit the references to a few key sources (minimum of three required).
4. The paper will contain an introduction that catches the attention of the reader, states the
purpose of the paper, and provides a narrative outline of what will follow (i.e., the assignment
criteria).
5. In the body of the paper, discuss the scenario in relation to HIPAA, leg.
Nurse Practitioner Diagnosis- Chest Pain.
SOAP
S-Subjective
O-Objective
A-Assessment
P-Plan
One Page Only
Please use attachment only. Copy and paste it into *SOAP*
I OSCE1-Chest Pain attached and copy and paste into the temple.
.
NURS 6002 Foundations of Graduate StudyAcademic and P.docxhoney725342
NURS 6002: Foundations of Graduate Study
Academic and Professional Success Plan Template
Prepared by:
<INSERT NAME>
Professional Development
Statement of Purpose
My main objective is to complete my master’s degree so as to qualify as a psych nurse practitioner. My focus is to learn how I can apply the knowledge I have gained from this program in delivering high-quality patient care. Consequently, I have developed several goals that I need to achieve so that they can help me in meeting y main objective.
Curriculum Vitae for Psych Nurse
PROFESIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate in Psych Nursing from Warren University with experience of more than two years in nursing practice. Skill as a youth coach, identifying problems, and applying the most appropriate techniques for each case. Collaborator, team worker, with a good relationship with patients and experienced in preparing patient care programs.
COMPETENCES
-Diagnosis of problems.
-Direct interventions.
-Consultation and treatment.
-Development of programs.
-Easy for personal relationships.
-Collaborative team worker.
-Experience with students with special needs.
-Good adaptation to different tasks.
EXPERIENCE
· John Hopkins Hospital Practice in Psych Nursing from January 2017 to the present
· One-time actions with conflictive patients in crisis situations.
· Preparation of intervention projects in the hospital environment for patients at risk of social exclusion.
TRAINING
· Degree in Psych nursing. Walden University
CERTIFICATES
SOCIAL WORK
· Volunteer in Walden community working with minors in areas of social exclusion.
LANGUAGES
· English
SKILLS VOCATION
· Service.
· Responsibility and seriousness.
· Pharmacology knowledge.
· Ability to work under pressure and in emergency situations.
· Knowledge of nutrition and psychology.
· Resolute person.
· dealing with older adults and children.
· Extensive use of computer tools.
Professional Development Goals
The first thing that should be noted is that psych nursing is a recent academic option, which is highly relevant that more people are trained in it and help to broaden and deepen the scientific foundation of the care it offers. Although the psych nurses are already able to carry out different activities without the need for another health professional to indicate them, it is important that they can acquire greater independence so that their contribution is even greater, which is my first professional development goal. Therefore, the degree in psych nursing must be strengthened, with studies and evidence that allow the framework of the work of those who practice it to grow and, in turn, encourage its professionals to intervene promptly to avoid complicating the medical situation of a patient.
I would like to be supportive, have a vocation for service, be responsible, and be organized. It is these basic qualities that will allow me to develop a nursing career. The organization and responsibility would be oriented there because the nurse, by nat.
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers .docxhoney725342
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers age and healthcare needs increase (AACN, n.d.). Registered nurse openings increase as nurses are retiring and leaving the workforce for various reasons such as burnout (AACN, n.d.). Enrollment increases to nursing educational programs does not meet the demand for nurses (AACN, n.d.). Nursing leader interventions that will impact the shortage is a focus on retention of nurses, attention to safe staffing ratios, and attention to quality care.
.
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer .docxhoney725342
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer 2 of them with a mix of your ideas, quotes from the text, and some secondary research (non-Wikipedia, non-Litcharts). I am looking for about 5 pages for both mini-essays combined. The due date will be April 9 by 11:59pm. No extensions.
Questions:
1. Often we attribute cowardice for Hamlet’s lack of action in the face of an obvious call for revenge. Is there some other way to view Hamlet the character?
2. The death of Ophelia comes as a result of the dual grief for the loss of her father and the loss of her true love . Why would you say that Hamlet reacts so radically different to the same circumstances?
3. What would you say is the horror that Kurtz sees in his mind’s eye moments before his death? Is it simply a late late condemnation of colonialism?
4. Marlowe’s lie in Chapter 3 has been written about to death in academic circles. Gather two analytical interpretations of the lie and offer me another way of looking at this climactic moment.
.
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research.docxhoney725342
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research
Watson’s philosophy and science of caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment/society, and nursing Butts & Rich, 2015). In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because, without caring, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Watson contends that caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health changes.
According to Watson (2009), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the caregiver and care recipient. The theory is focused on “the centrality of human caring and on the caring-to-caring transpersonal relationship and its healing potential for both the one who is caring and the one who is being cared for” (Watson, 2009). The structure for the science of caring is built upon ten carative factors. Among them are human altruistic values, faith-hope, sensitivity to one’s self or other, trust, human caring relationship, and promotion of self-expression (.
Watson defines Human being as a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted, in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Personhood is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts which are mind-body-soul-connection (Butt & Rich 2015)
The personhood concept in Watson theory of caring implies that patients are not all the same. Each person brings a unique background of experiences, values, and cultural perspective to health care encounter. Caring facilitates a nurse’s ability to know a patient, allowing the nurse to recognize a patient’s problem and find and implement individualized solution on the patient’s unique needs.
Knowing the person allows the nurse to avoid assumptions, to center on the one cared for (Keller, 2013). It also gives the nurse to opportunity to assess thoroughly by seeking clues to clarify the issue that the individual is going through.
The concept of personhood also integrates the human caring processes with healing environment, incorporating the life-generating and life receiving processes of human caring and healing for nurses and their patient. The concept put emphasis on developing a caring relationship with the person as a nurse and listen to the person’ stories to fully understand the meaning an impact of the individual’s condition. This information and understanding helps in the development and delivery of individualized patient centered care. The transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health care and places care before cure. When the .
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 1945Population-Level Inter.docxhoney725342
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
Population-Level Intervention
Strategies and Examples
for Obesity Prevention
in Children∗
Jennifer L. Foltz,1 Ashleigh L. May,1 Brook Belay,1
Allison J. Nihiser,2 Carrie A. Dooyema,1
and Heidi M. Blanck1
1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, 2Division of Population Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012. 32:391–415
First published online as a Review in Advance on
April 23, 2012
The Annual Review of Nutrition is online at
nutr.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150646
0199-9885/12/0821-0391$20.00
∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is
not subject to copyright protection in the
United States.
Keywords
obesity prevention, children, nutrition, physical activity, interventions
Abstract
With obesity affecting approximately 12.5 million American youth,
population-level interventions are indicated to help support healthy
behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of
population-level intervention strategies and specific intervention exam-
ples that illustrate ways to help prevent and control obesity in children
through improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Informa-
tion is summarized within the settings where children live, learn, and
play (early care and education, school, community, health care, home).
Intervention strategies are activities or changes intended to promote
healthful behaviors in children. They were identified from (a) systematic
reviews; (b) evidence- and expert consensus–based recommendations,
guidelines, or standards from nongovernmental or federal agencies;
and finally (c) peer-reviewed synthesis reviews. Intervention examples
illustrate how at least one of the strategies was used in a particular
setting. To identify interventions examples, we considered (a) peer-
reviewed literature as well as (b) additional sources with research-tested
and practice-based initiatives. Researchers and practitioners may use
this review as they set priorities and promote integration across settings
and to find research- and practice-tested intervention examples that can
be replicated in their communities for childhood obesity prevention.
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NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
IOM: Institute of
Medicine
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
INTERVENTIONS BY
SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Early Care and Education . . . . . . . . . . 394
School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Health .
Nurse Working in the CommunityDescribe the community nurses.docxhoney725342
Nurse Working in the Community
Describe the community nurse's roles in assisting individuals, families, and communities. Include what barriers or challenges the nurse would need to overcome to achieve these goals.
Reference: Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2018). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing (5 th ed.). Elsevier. (e-Book)
.
nursing diagnosis1. Decreased Cardiac Output related to Alter.docxhoney725342
nursing diagnosis
1. Decreased Cardiac Output
related to Altered myocardial contractility
2.
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
related to immobility
3.
Activity Intolerance
related to immobility
4. Risk for Infection related to Inadequate primary defenses: broken skin, traumatized tissues; environmental exposure
5. Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to Alveolar/capillary membrane changes: interstitial, pulmonary edema, congestion
6.
Excess Fluid Volume related to
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, and sodium/water retention.
.
Nursing Documentation Is it valuable Discuss the value of nursin.docxhoney725342
"Nursing Documentation: Is it valuable?" Discuss the value of nursing documentation in healthcare planning. Compare these purposes with the documentation format used in your area of practice. What are potential uses of the data you collect beyond the care of the individual patient?
Please reference Sewell, J. (2016). Informatics & Nursing:
Opportunities & Challenges
(5th ed.) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.
.
NR631 Concluding Graduate Experience - Scope : Project Management & Leadership
(This document must be attached as an appendix to the professional, scholarly paper explaining what you are doing. Include title page, headings, introduction, body of paper, summary and at least three current, relevant references. All information in this form below must be professional, complete sentences in APA format)
Appendix A: Scope Statement
Organization’s Name:
Project’s Name:
Project Manager:
Sponsor(s), Title:
Organizational Priority (High, Medium, Low):
______________________________________________________________________
Mission Statement:
Measureable Project Objectives – (Use 5 W’s and H. Sipes, 2016):
Justification of Project:
Implementation Strategy:
Project Resources – Human and Technical:
Completion Date:
Measures of Success – Include all Metrics:
Assumptions:
Constraints:
APPROVALSPrint or Type NameSignatureDate
Project Manager Approval:
Owner or Sponsor Title and Approval:
This document must be approved by sponsor before submission to Dropbox
Project Scope and Charter
Guidelines and Scoring Rubric
Purpose
This assignment is designed to help students lay the groundwork for their project plans with the help of mentors and professors. The mentor becomes a team member for the project that the student will manage. The student will identify the stakeholders, the project priority, how the measurable goals will be met for a successful project, and who will receive the report of the results of the project. The scope document describes the parameters of the project, including what can and cannot be accomplished and the measurable objectives and outcome measures. The project charter describes and defines the project. When the sponsor signs off on the project, it becomes the document that authorizes the project.
Week 2, you will complete the project scope and charter. Based on the information from the mentor and professor, each student finalizes and completes the project charter and scope documents or statements. The project scope must be approved by your practicum organization. Your mentor should help you obtain approval. Project approval must be received prior to submitting these documents. Appendices are provided for both of these documents in Course Resources.
Due Date: Sunday at 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 2
Total Points Possible: 100
Requirements
1. Complete the Project Scope document, including signatures of approval.
1. Complete the Project Charter document.
1. Documents are attached as appendices to a professional scholarly paper following the guidelines for writing professional papers found in Course Resources.
1. Grammar, spelling, punctuation, references, and citations are consistent with formal academic writing and APA format as expressed in the sixth edition of the manual.
Preparing the Paper
1. All aspects of the Project Scope document must be completed, including signatures.
1. All aspects o.
Number 11. Describe at least five populations who are vulner.docxhoney725342
Number 1
1. Describe at least five populations who are vulnerable to PTSD
2. What are eight DSM5 criteria for PTSD
3. Describe possible signs and symptoms a client experiencing PTSD could exhibit
4. Describe at least five triggers and how they can be manifested in client experiencing PTSD
5. Describe five treatment options for clients experiencing PTSD
Number 2
1) Describe some day to day challenges that face people who are voice hearers
2) Explain the subjective experience of hearing voices that are disturbing
3) Describe cultural humility for people who hear distressing voices through self-reflection, self-awareness and self-critique
4) What other conditions can stimulate or trigger hearing voices in the mind?
.
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate.docxhoney725342
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate anxieties about the prevalence of crime, leading to feelings of vulnerability. Was there ever a more innocent, less crime-ridden era? If so, might the country be able to return to this state of perceived safety sometime in the future?
For this Discussion, imagine you are designing the police force of the future. Would you choose to expand or restrict that force’s role? Consider also how your decision might change the public perception of crime and safety.
By Day 3 of Week 2
Post:
To what degree do you think the role of law enforcement
should or should not
expand in the future? Why?
.
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought a.docxhoney725342
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought about the factors that affect the health of various communities, do the following:
Identify prevalent issues or diseases that affect the health of your community (the specific populations you serve).
Compare and contrast two (2) specific populations in your practice that are affected by the above issue(s) or disease(s) by listing their commonalities and their differences.
Base on the information above, how can you change or refine your practice to meet each community's specific needs?
Your paper should:
be typed doubled-space.
a total of 100 to 200 words (not counting your list of commonalities and differences).
Use factual information.
be original work and will be checked for plagiarism.
have required APA format if references are utilized – type references according to the
APA Style Guide
.
.
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an.docxhoney725342
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an outline format and also include how this information is relevant to the Saint Leo University Core Values of
Excellence
and
Integrity
in the context of health care policy analysis.
I will attach the original paper that was submitted as well as the guideline that my professor provided me. The topic cannot be changed "Drug enforcement program for WIC".
.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. itself recognizing that the literature on
Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) to date has lacked the theoretical
framework necessary for fully understanding its
public policy domain. The only consistent criticism on SOX
from its inception has been from
management, economic, and political scholarship predominantly
targeting its financial impact upon the
corporation through its rigid compliance mandates. The
primary objective here is to understand
Sarbanes-Oxley as public policy in response to market failure –
that is, when the market stops providing
efficient and ethical solutions to society.
Key words: Sarbanes-Oxley; Market Failure; Information
Asymmetry; Public Policy Analysis;
Regulatory Environment; Benefits and Costs; Theory of
Commerce; Ethics; Corporate
Governance.
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper addresses the questions how does the concept of
market failure apply to ethical corporate
governance? Are corporate ethics authentic in the modern
corporation or just lip service? Will Sarbanes-
Oxley achieve results? To attend to these questions the essay is
organized in three sections. First, I
address the historical and philosophical context of the firm as
depicted both by Aristotle and Adam Smith,
both leading thinkers on the concept of commerce and its impact
on society. Second, I examine the issue
of market failure and information asymmetry, the theories
guiding the reactive regulatory measures of
SOX attributed to corporate bad behavior. Third, I analyze the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act from the perspective
of the policy analyst following the politics that designed the bill
3. to the implementation agencies that
oversee its mandates.
The ultimate objective is to provide a better understanding of
the regulatory connection between
government and the corporation. The guiding hypothesis is that
Sarbanes-Oxley is effective legislation
implemented at the right time to not only protect the investor
from corporate fraud and to force executives
to strengthen corporate ethical standards, but moreover, to
solidify that the US market remains strong
and that it is not only open for business, but it is a safe place to
work and invest. I argue that SOX is the
necessary policy tool to achieve these goals.
2
2. ON THE THEORY OF COMMERCE
2.1 A Philosophical Analysis
As stated in the abstract, we look to the market for solutions
such as products, services, jobs, and
investment opportunities. Why the market? The market in a
capitalistic economy offers ownership of the
factors of production: traditionally land, labor, capital,
resources, knowledge, and entrepreneurship. This
ownership is immensely personal, and through ownership, the
4. capitalist is driven to sustain certain
freedoms associated with his independence and wealth
maximization. In contrast to the capitalistic
system, a socialist system or the extreme of communism
diminishes and eventually removes personal
ownership of market factors and transfers them to the
government, whereby the government allocates the
production of the solutions described above. Ownership can be
attributed to self-interest, a guiding
theme in the discourse of commerce, trade, and the
accumulation of wealth.
It is in fact, the self-interest theory that is at the root of the
modern corporation – an institution that
personifies the American culture where the combination of
entrepreneurship, capital investment,
commitment to quality and customer responsiveness has
produced many of society’s great achievements
as well as its profound wealth. Unfortunately, self-interest has
also contributed to some of society’s
greatest misfortunes such as the unchecked market of the 1920s
to the fraudulent and greed infested
corporation of the 1990s. Notwithstanding some of business’
unfavorable history, our teachers from
Aristotle to Adam Smith recognize that the enterprise is
intended to be good for society. For example,
according to Calhoun, “…the function of business [or
commerce] as ‘service’… [is] its aim as the
betterment of human life” (1926, p. 5). Here Calhoun is
describing the ancient Greek concept of business
as a direct service provider of improving the human condition
from the products and services of trade,
commerce, and exchange. Often referred to as the father of the
‘self-interest’ ideal is Adam Smith, and
Morrow adds to the betterment theme and its connection to
business describing,
5. The two main causes of the productivity of modern industry are
the division of labor and the accumulation of capital. Self-
interest is the explanation of both these key facts. The
individual finds it more to his interest to exercise his strength
and
develop his skill in one occupation and exchange the surplus of
what he produces for the products of other men’s skill
than to attempt to supply all his various needs by the labor of
his own hands; hence the division of labor. Likewise, the
accumulation of capital: ‘The principle which prompts to save is
the desire of bettering our condition, a desire which,
though generally calm and dispassionate, comes with us from
the womb and never leaves us until we go into the grave.’
Thus, by following his own interest, as the individual sees it, he
is furthering the progress of his neighbors and his nation
toward wealth and prosperity…with Adam Smith, the material
resources of the modern world, and the human traits which
have created it, and attempts to determine under these
conditions ‘wherein consists the happiness and perfection of a
man, not only as an individual, but as a member of the family,
and of the great society of mankind (1927, p. 327).
I highlight some of the older discussion pieces from the early
part of the 20
th
Century primarily to illustrate
that the problems and opportunities associated with commerce
are the themes of fairness and the
distribution of wealth, which, consequently, are themes
business, government, and society contend with
today. For example, at the turn of the century Howerth asserts
6. “the social question [of the present day] is
always a question of the many against the few, and manifests
itself invariably in a struggle over some
form of institution; that is to say, a class struggle” (1906, p.
257).
Howerth is correct in his observation of such a struggle, given
that class tiers are a fact of life one
hundred years after his publication. Nevertheless, another fact
of life is that Adam Smith is often
misunderstood and the invisible hand theory among the self-
interest theme is too often perceived as a
discouragement for the poor as well as an association with
amoral domination of the elite few
monopolizing the acquisition of wealth. The fact is that Smith
believed in the promise of business
exemplified by Harpham that “the call for a ‘system of natural
liberty’ is not a rejection of the modern
commercial order and the economic growth that was an essential
part of it; it is an affirmation of the
commercial order and a call to place future economic growth on
more secure foundations” (1984, p. 768).
Smith would be content with the institutions that grow wealth
among nations such as the Western banking
systems and their associated capital markets. Smith would also
find pleasure in the liberty associated
with the ongoing political trend of free trade, with its primary
objective of satisfying a consumer driven
3
society. Smith would also find satisfaction from his initial
inferences on capitalism that the institutions of
7. commerce have rigorous fiscal and monetary policy oversight
on the stabilization of this sensitive, robust,
and resilient market of the modern day.
Indeed, a prosperous economy relies on another often criticized
attribute of commerce: the maximization
of profit. Profit maximization, as the central focus for the firm
is not immoral simply due to the fact that
profitability is a measurement of sustainability and growth
potential. After all, growth expands demand,
requires more factors of productions such as labor, and often
brings wealth opportunities to developing
communities. Nevertheless, profit maximization is also one of
the central culprits in this discussion on
Sarbanes-Oxley, as greed of the owning and managing elite
brings the corporation tumbling down along
with the many stakeholders who rely on the solutions the firm is
meant to offer.
The interrelated characteristics of business and society are also
the leading criticisms of business power
namely the theories described above – self-interest, the invisible
hand, and profit maximization.
Additional theories include dominance models, where business
as a dominant player is portrayed as the
most influential and powerful institution in society, in contrast
to the pluralistic model, where business is in
balance with government and other social institutions (Steiner
& Steiner, 2006, p. 13). These models are
helpful because they set the stage for the reality of the pre- and
post-Sarbanes-Oxley era. We see the
1990s, especially the final years of the decade as well as the
first years of the 2000s, as a boom era,
evidenced by significant technological innovation, exceptional
economic growth, as well as a turnover in
American political leadership. Sadly, among all of this energy
8. influencing the dynamics of business,
government, and society appears to be the germinating nucleus
of immoral behavior – most directly in the
corporate boardrooms of large, publicly held corporations.
Perhaps the most infamous scandal
associated with this stream of unethical activities is the collapse
of Enron Corporation. Enron has
become the epitome case study for teaching ethics – or more
appropriately, the teaching of what ethics is
not. In the following section I describe the theoretical
framework that characterizes the scandals
associated with Enron and the many others that shared the
headlines. But first, some Enron statistics to
underscore the consequences of market failure and information
asymmetry:
o 20,000 employees lost their jobs and health insurance
o average severance pay $4500
o top executives were paid bonuses totaling $55M
o Employees lost $1.2B in retirement funds
o Retirees lost $2B in retirement funds
o Enron’s top executives cashed in $116M in stock
o Guilty pleas: 15
o Convictions: 6
o Acquittals: 1
o Pending cases: 11
Nigerian Barge case
9. r jobs (Enron’s
CPA firm)
(Elkind & McLean, 2003).
3. PUBLIC POLICY THEORY OF SOX
3.1 A Framework for Corporate Bad Behavior
One of the guiding themes of this paper is the concept of the
market as provider of solutions. It is a
competitive market, traditionally described as the economic
environment of many buyers and sellers,
easy entry and exit for new and old firms, price taking as the
standard pricing strategy, as well as the
measurement of economic success when marginal revenues are
equal to marginal costs. Additional
assumptions and expectations of the competitive market include
a level playing field for industries
4
competing for customers – customers who assume that they are
privy to all relevant information possible
for buying decision making as well as investment decisions for
the capital consumer. As described above
in the Enron collapse, something that seemed so entirely right
about this Fortune 15 Corporation was in
fact so profoundly wrong. In the domain of economics and
public policy, Enron represents a market
10. failure under the theory of information asymmetry. It is much
easier, perhaps, to analyze a market or firm
that declines or fails because of outlying economic indicators –
diminishing product demand, failure to
innovate, global competition, natural disaster to name a few.
However, what is so morally frustrating, and
what drives the basis of this study, is that the root of the Enron
collapse is simply, yet profoundly, bad
behavior.
Recently, Hendry described the concept of market failure within
the paradigm of the American
enterprise:
…even in America, for long the spiritual home of free
enterprise and individual achievement, the values that drive that
enterprise and achievement have been called into question, as
businesses have been treated with a degree of suspicion
not seen for nearly a hundred years…Traditional moral
principles still matter, and for some people and in some areas
they
still matter deeply. But for most people, in most areas of life,
they are no longer the only or dominant consideration.
Increasingly, it seems, we weigh our perceptions of moral duty
and obligation against perceptions of our own legitimate
self-interest (2004, p. 1).
The problem at its most basic level is that somewhere along the
road of success, a handful of corporate
executives let greed, risk, the thrill of deception, and the lure of
excessive and secretive profitability
obscure their ethical guidance system. This paper does not look
closely into the soul of the person to
11. unveil this problem – I reserve this study for my other
collection of essays on the future manager.
However, in order to understand more fully the nature of the
problem of bad behavior and the regulatory
windfall by way of Sarbanes-Oxley, we must first examine the
theoretical context of the public policy field.
3.2 Market Failure and Information Asymmetry
I refer to the traditional approaches to SOX from what is now
the standard in the field - the text of Weimer
and Vining’s Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice, 3
rd
Ed. The authors approach the understanding of
government regulations such as SOX by analyzing the problem
from the policy analyst’s standpoint – that
is, client-based. Weimer and Vining affirm, “the product of
policy analysis is advice… relevant to public
decisions and informed by social values” (1999, p. 1). With
regards to our problem of market failure and
SOX, Weimer and Vining say that policy analysts
...need a perspective for putting perceived social problems in
context. When is it legitimate for government to intervene in
private affairs? In the United States, the normative answer to
this question has usually been based on the concept of
market failure – a circumstance in which the pursuit of private
interest does not lead to an efficient use of society’s
resources or a fair distribution of society’s goods
[Additionally], analysts must have an understanding of political
and
organizational behavior to predict, and perhaps influence, the
feasibility of adoption and successful implementation of
12. policies. Also, understanding the world views of clients and
potential opponents enables the analyst to marshal evidence
and arguments more effectively. [The analyst would ask] the
basic question…when considering any market failure why
doesn’t the market allocate this particular good efficiently? The
simplest approach to providing answers involves
contrasting public goods with private goods (1999, pg. 74).
Public goods are identified as nonrivalrous in consumption and
nonexcludable in use, or both – the
authors refer to the ocean or national defense as a public good.
Private goods on the other hand, are
rivalrous in consumption and excludable in ownership use. The
authors refer to shoes as private – you
purchased them and no one else except you will use/consume
your pair of shoes unless of course you
transfer the ownership to another. With regards to the corporate
scandals and the government response
through regulation, the situation pertaining to public goods
might refer to the free information available to
the potential investor, such as a 10K report easily obtainable
using online databases that specifically
publish the financial reports of public companies. With regards
to the private goods associated with the
corporate product, consider the private ownership of stock.
5
Market failure is described as the pursuit of private interest
(such as an investor or other stakeholder of a
corporation) that does not lead to an efficient use of society’s
13. resources (exemplified by fraudulent use of
investor funds for illegal corporate and executive gain)
(Dierkens, 1991). Other leaders in the public
policy field connect the issues of market failure to the concept
of externalities permeating the consumer
and provider relationship. Externalities such as information
deficits enable competitive failures
(Bozeman, 2002). This information deficit, in the case of
corporate fraud, is simply lying, cheating, and
stealing. Weimer and Vining put the information problem into
the theoretical context of information
asymmetry, in essence, the centerpiece for Sarbanes-Oxley:
Information is involved in market failure in at least two distinct
ways. First, information itself has public good
characteristics. Consumption of information is nonrivalrous –
one person’s consumption does not interfere with another’s;
the relevant analytical question is primarily whether exclusion
is or is not possible. Thus, in the public goods context, we
are interested in the production and consumption of information
itself. Second – and the subject of our discussion here
there may be situations where the amount of information about
the characteristics of a good varies in relevant ways
across persons. The buyer and the seller in a market
transaction, for example may have different information about
the
quality of the good being traded (1999, p. 107).
Within the scope of Enron and other similar scandals, the
product and service being ‘traded’ here is not
simply shoes or bread or a used car for that matter, but a
multiple stakeholder, market centered product:
employment, 401Ks, money management accounts, investment
banking and capital accounts – it is
14. assumed that all of these purchases involve fair information and
that the exchange transpired between
corporation and stakeholder/investor in a way such that the
money used is in good faith for the growth
and innovation of the firm. In the case of the corporate fraud of
the late 1990s and the early 2000s, all of
these professional assumptions are in fact null and void, and the
consequences are not simply market
failure, but the collapse of organizations, livelihoods,
retirement funds, and, most importantly, the collapse
of investor confidence in the American capital market – a place
that was traditionally a good place for
positive self-interest where buyers and sellers would grow
capital, wealth, and the future.
4. THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT – Costs, Politics, and Policy
Implementation
4.1 Costs and Critics
The domain of market failure and information asymmetry is the
groundwork for understanding Sarbanes-
Oxley’s impact on so many areas of the investment world. Here
I focus on the criticisms of the bill’s
costs, followed by a case study describing the politics that
influence the birth of the bill, and I conclude
with a theoretical and practical analysis of SOX’s
implementation plan. If you were to look into the
historical aspects of SOX, you will generally find biased media
related stories of the corporate fraud cases
of Enron, WorldCom, Tyco – these are the big ones. In your
search you would find feature articles
highlighting the crimes of the CEOs and CFOs – the millions of
dollars embezzled or the millions of
dollars in phony deals, the customized balance sheets, and
perhaps you would also read about the large-
15. scale cover-ups from accounting firms such as Arthur Andersen,
a one-time valiant leading CPA firm
grounded in corporate ethics and social responsibility (in its
founding years).
Amidst all of this bad news, which one might better understand
the reason for government intervention to
cure this problem, remain the critics of government that see
corporate reform measures, such as the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as unfair, too costly, or an attack on
profitability. In fact, the research on SOX is
predominantly critical of its costs and very soft on its benefits.
For example, one recent dissertation
analyzing SOX asserts that the “loss in total market value
around the most significant rulemaking events
amounts to $1.4T” (Zhang, 2005, p. 2). Costs and their
relationship to profitability are indeed important to
the financial health of the firm and the evidence is clear from
the growth in consulting firms, for example,
that have evolved to assist with the heavy compliance mandates
of Section 404 (which I discuss in detail
below) and the added staff and services required of public
companies and the CPA firms who have also
added cost factors to respond to more demand via SOX.
According to the co-author of the bill, Rep.
Michael Oxley, the “first-year costs of compliance with the
internal-controls requirements [are] less than
1% of total revenue” (Burns, 2004, p.2). Oxley appears to
highlight the ‘less than’ but the reality is any
marginal cost to the firm has diminishing benefits over time.
Observing the potential impact on Wal-Mart,
6
16. for example, if we look at recent published revenue reports for
Wal-Mart Corporation, February 2006 total
sales were $25 billion. According to Oxley’s estimates, the cost
of compliance at 1% of revenues is
approximately $250,000 additional dollars to Wal-Mart’s
February expenses. Wal-Mart, America’s largest
retailer, produces over $300 billion in annual revenues, which
means SOX is costing the firm no less than
$3 billion each year to comply with Sarbanes-Oxley (Wal-
Mart). Certainly, Wal-Mart and other public
companies would enjoy the opportunity to spend this money on
profit sharing (redistribution of wealth) or
on a number of capital investments targeted for growth.
However, like other regulatory mandates, such as laws
implemented to minimize or remove pollution as in
the Clean Air and Water Acts, these laws are costs to the firms
in the form of taxes or permits. SOX, with
its clear mandate to reform corporate ethical behavior, is a tax-
like cost that, like pollution control, is
intended to help the greater good by increasing investor
confidence through stronger transparency
requirements as well as strict punishments for executive
fraudulent behavior. As with any regulation,
corporations are compelled to innovate their systems and
processes to reduce costs and stay
competitive. This will be the test of time for the new and
mature corporations under Sarbanes-Oxley to
learn how to deal with this new cost initiative. The intrinsic
value and hope, of course, is that both the firm
and its stakeholders bring ethics and corporate social
responsibility to the forefront of the overarching
strategy and, most importantly, to the culture of the firm. Like
pollution control, ethics control, for the next
generation anyway, is a regulated and a new reality.
17. 4.2 Politics of Power – Business, Government, and Society
Sarbanes-Oxley is new to the world of business, and, like many
forceful regulatory mandates, many
criticize the implications of why and how the law came into
existence. History indicates that corporate
fraud and its public policy components of market failure and
information asymmetry requires some social
institution to cure the problem. When the market fails, society
looks to government primarily for its ability
to create laws and allocate resources on a broad national and
global scale. There is little argument that
an Act of Congress is democracy in action to the best of the
institution’s ability to respond to crises like
market failure. We see the Acts of Congress fueled by
executive persuasion in the 1930s and 1960s, for
example, to move society out of economic depression with the
responses to the market failure and the
Great Crash of 1929 as well as the social mandates in the 1960s
for society to grow out of poverty and
civil rights ‘failure’. No matter how important the need for
change may be, getting Congress and the
President to pass and sign legislation is intended by design to
be no easy task and to be political. The
difficulties and opportunities lie in the politics – the struggle
for power, priorities, and positioning.
The theories that define the political milieu of the so-called
‘Enron era’ are few or nonexistent. Essentially
we have market failure attributed to fraud and investor
deception. I would like to add a theory for debate
as to why Sarbanes-Oxley was born, but first I refer to
Belkaoui’s helpful overview of reactive public
policies attributed to the history of accounting, banking, and the
financial markets of the United States and
18. their association with the oversight agency for these matters,
the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC). Belkaoui writes,
The period between 1929 and 1933 saw a dramatic decline in
stock prices, creating social upheaval and concern about
the viability of the capital market system in the United States.
More and better disclosure about corporate affairs was
needed to allow for a better evaluation of the soundness of
corporate endeavors. Congress intervened and passed the
Securities Act of 1933 to require registration of new securities
offered for public sales and the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 to require continuous reporting by publicly owned
companies and registration of securities, security exchanges,
and
certain brokers and dealers. Both acts gave the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) the authority to protect the
public interest by calling for the disclosure of adequate
information when securities are exchanged or sold. Other acts
were passed later to broaden and strengthen the responsibility of
the SEC, namely (a) the Public Utility Holding Act of
1935, which requires registration of interstate holding
companies covered by this law; (b) the Trust Indenture Act of
1939,
which requires registration of trust indenture documents and
supporting data; (c) the Investment Company Act of 1940,
which requires registration of investment companies; (d) the
Investment Advisors Act of 1940, which requires registration
of investment advisers; (e) the Securities Investors Protection
Act of 1970, which provides a fund through the Securities
Investor Protection Corporation for the protection of investors;
and (f) the Foreign Corrupt Practices of 1977, which
governs questionable and illegal payments by U.S. corporations
to foreign political officials and requires accurate and fair
record-keeping and internal-control systems by all public
19. companies (1985, p. 149).
7
According to my research, there is one element in the list of
regulations above that receives very little
attention yet has a profound link to the bad behavior, most
notably greed, attributed to the 1990s and
2000s problem we have been discussing. A brief case study of
The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 is a
probable window into the root of the problem and, ironically, it
may be a combination of government
failure and market failure
4.3 Glass-Steagall: A Brief Case Study and a New Theory for
Understanding SOX
The following analysis is based on a personal interview with an
anonymous money manager of a client-
based stock portfolio of several hundred million dollars in
corporate stock. This source is credible
because this person is a long-time professional who worked
directly with the players in the historical
overview that follows. Any element of bias attributed to the
case study has been removed to the best of
my ability with historical fact checking against the equally
biased, though not unavailable, media reporting
on the following events. In response to the market crash of
1929, Congress enacted The Banking Act of
1933 (also known as the Glass-Steagall Act), which essentially
responded to the notion that commercial
banks, investment banks, and brokers should be separate
20. industries to remove any conflict of interest.
Moreover, Glass-Steagall required the insurance companies to
be separate industries – separated
primarily by non-interlocking boards of directors. History
confirms that one of the theories behind the
Crash of 1929 and the depression that ensued was that these
three industries were closely tied. The
Glass-Steagall Act, like many of its counterparts named by
Belkaoui above, had remained the law of the
land since its inception. However, in 1999, Glass-Steagall is
repealed, and it is the politics surrounding
this repeal that deserves careful examination.
In 1999, the repeal of the Act allowed insurance companies,
commercial banks, and the investment
banking firms to come back together as conglomerate
corporations. Three specific people were
instrumental in lobbying for the repeal: Sanford Weill of
Citigroup, Chuck Prince (the lawyer for Citigroup
and Weill’s corporate counsel), and Alan Greenspan, the
Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of the
United States. Greenspan, for example, thought that bringing
these entities together would be a benefit
to the country because there would be cost savings and a better
product for the consumer; the
competitive model had proven successful in Japan and Europe,
where this togetherness is allowed.
Ironically, however, it is also in these foreign markets that
rampant fraud is a problem in banking and
finance.
Why these men? Weill and Prince wanted to grow their
conglomerate consisting of Citibank, Smith
Barney (their brokerage firm), and Travelers Insurance Co.
(their insurance agency). The repeal of
Glass-Steagall allowed these three entities to come under one
21. umbrella again thus providing similar
opportunities for potential corruption and fraud up to 1933. My
personal interview with my source also
attributes bad behavior with another player, Jack Grubman, a
renowned research analyst in the
telecommunications field and an employee of Smith Barney.
Grubman wrote voluminous reports on the
positive characteristics attributed to the reconnection of the
three industries and, as a market analyst –
one whose recommendations money managers and Wall Street
brokers rely upon in making decisions for
clients – advised the investment world to buy
telecommunications stock because they could under the
repeal.
Meanwhile, Grubman is attending the board meetings of
WorldCom (no longer a conflict of interest under
the repeal) and in his attendance he is privy to inside
information of the board at WorldCom.
Simultaneously, he is also making investment banking
recommendations for WorldCom where Smith
Barney and Citibank will be the lending institutions to
WorldCom. In fact, Citibank personally loans
money to WorldCom’s CEO Bernard Ebbers and also provides
new issues of stock for clients at Smith
Barney to buy even though the WorldCom stock is plummeting
all the way to becoming the largest
bankruptcy in American history. All along, Smith Barney is
receiving commission income on stock sales
and Citibank and Smith Barney receive fees for investment
banking all the while as WorldCom stock falls.
8
22. The result of this reunion of companies due to the repeal of
Glass-Steagall is a large income stream that
accrues to Citigroup and to its subsidiary Smith Barney. Jack
Grubman is fired and barred from the
securities industry for life and a $2 – 5 billion punitive
settlement from Citigroup to the SEC ensues.
Additionally, Weill ends his 20-year reign as CEO and
Chairman of Citigroup and retires as chairman
emeritus. Chuck Prince, then the current CEO is named CEO
and Chairman in April of 2006. This case
study is meant to provide an alternative, inside perspective of
the events that are connected to corporate
bad behavior. Are Weill and Prince and Greenspan bad people?
Perhaps not. Are they law-abiding?
Indeed, they followed the law of the land – that is, the repeal of
Glass-Steagall. We must look carefully at
the multiple players in the game during this time in history –
Ebbers of WorldCom is going to jail for 85
years, Grubman must find an alternative industry to make a
living, and millions of shareholders are still
recovering from their own financial losses. From the news, it
looks like Weill and Prince are doing all right
in retirement. But the ride from 1999 to the present has many
consequences – some of which inspired
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to protect the investor from aggressive,
misguided perhaps, and downright
unethical corporate executives.
4.4 Sarbanes-Oxley – A Public Policy Implementation Analysis
Having laid the theoretical public policy framework of market
failure and information asymmetry as well as
providing an overview of the political sequences leading to the
bill, I now look at SOX as a policy tool. To
23. best understand SOX for current and future management
implications, we must examine the
implementation characteristics of Sarbanes-Oxley. The
following analysis examines the legal domain
where Sarbanes-Oxley is codified and where it receives its
administrative authority. I conclude my
analysis with a personal interview with two stakeholders on the
receiving end of the bill and discuss their
first-hand assessment three years since passage of the Act.
4.5 The Legal Domain of Sarbanes-Oxley
A preface to the legislation is a brief commentary on where the
law evolved. The law was formed by a
bipartisan effort of the U.S. Senate and House of
Representatives. Specifically, the Senate Committee
on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, at the time chaired by
Senator Paul S. Sarbanes (D-MD), and
the House Committee on Financial Services, chaired by
Congressman Michael G. Oxley (R-OH), are the
two congressional committees by design to manage market
failures. The combined congressional
committees oversee the entire financial services industry, up to
and including banking, insurance, and
securities. Consequently, it is Sarbanes and Oxley, by their
current leadership of their committees, to
whom Congress, and the public for that matter, looks to address
the financial crises attributed to
corporate bad behavior in the early 2000s.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act became law during the second session
of the 107
th
Congress on January 23,
24. 2002 and was signed into law on July 30, 2002 by President
George W. Bush. The law is officially named
The Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor
Protection Act of 2002 (H.R. 3763, 2002), although
it is most recognized in the industry and by the government as
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act or SOX. The law
is codified in U.S. Code at 15 USC Sec. 7201, Title 15
“Commerce and Trade”, Chapter 98 – Public
Company Accounting Reform and Corporate Responsibility
(http://uscode.house.gov).
SOX has three primary authoritative bodies, beginning first with
the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), whose primary function is to protect the buying and
selling of securities. The laws governing the
SEC are described earlier, and after the Investment Advisers
Act of 1940, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002 is the SEC’s most recent law it is charged to oversee. In
addition to the SEC, SOX has
implementation power by way of the U.S. Department of Justice
whose primary function is to prosecute
the federal crimes associated with the Act such as “attempts or
conspiracies to commit fraud, certifying
false financial statements, document destruction or tampering,
and retaliating against corporate
whistleblowers” (Department of Justice). In partnership with
the Attorney General, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) is charged with the authority to investigate
crimes associated with corporate fraud and
remains the primary detective agency to investigate and arrest
corporate bad behavior.
9
25. I attribute the theoretical framework that best describes the
policy process and implementation of laws
such as SOX to the work of Sabatier, who affirms that “the
policy process requires looking at an
intergovernmental policy community or subsystem composed of
bureaucrats, legislative personnel,
interest group leaders, researchers, and specialist reporters
within a substantive policy area” (1991, p.
148). What the author recognizes is that the prescribed
agencies noted above authorized to oversee
SOX have enormous governmental scope, and their unique
agency cultures combined with their span of
control are important variables in the overarching successful
and efficient implementation of the law. In
addition to Sabatier’s framework, Elmore’s theory of backward
mapping asserts that “the closer one is to
the source of the problem, the greater is one’s ability to
influence it; and the problem-solving ability of
complex systems depends not on hierarchical control but on
maximizing discretion at the point where the
problem is most immediate (1980, p. 605).” Both Sabatier and
Elmore help provide the necessary theory
behind the successful implementation of public policy from the
government’s perspective, primarily
pointing to the multiple layers of complexity of costs and
benefits and politics associated with the entire
public policy process. To conclude, the multilayered policy
process is best described by Simmons, Davis,
Chapman, and Sager as:
A sequential flow of interaction between governmental and non-
governmental participants who discuss, argue about and
find common grounds for agreeing on the scope and types of
26. governmental actions appropriate in dealing with a particular
problem…The purpose here is to look beyond the decision
nexus to the interaction involved in the policy process. Thus,
attention centers on the psychology of the actors and the
sociology of the groups (1974, p. 458).
Noting Simmons’, et al. focus on ‘psychology of the actors’, the
public policy process at all levels – design
through implementation – involves real people operating in a
politically democratic and bureaucratic
domain. Consequently, policies are imperfect, are managed by
imperfect people, and manage imperfect
situations.
4.5 Sarbanes-Oxley: The Law & Comments from the Field
Like many laws, Sarbanes-Oxley must be read as a rule book
thanks to the many mandates listed in the
bill. The following summary highlights the bill’s most
strenuous Titles as they apply to the response to the
problem of corporate bad behavior. I abridge the content for
illustration purposes, but it is taken directly
from the language of H.R. 3763. The following are the key
components of SOX:
–
reports to SEC
o Oversees the audit of public companies
o Establishes audit report rules and standards
o Inspects, investigates, and enforces all compliance mandates
o Empowers the Board to impose disciplinary sanctions of
neglect
o Funds the Board through fees collected from issuers
27. tle II: Auditor Independence
o Prohibits auditors from performing alternative services
(consulting)
o Prohibits the auditor from being the lead for more than five
years
o Requires that creditors report to the audit committee
ponsibility
o Requires each member of the audit committee to me a member
of the BOD
o Instructs the SEC to require CEOs and CFOs to certify
financial reports
o CEO/CFO must forfeit certain bonuses and compensation
received if the company is required to
make an accounting restatement due to the material non
compliance of an issuer
o Bans the trading by company directors and executive officers
in a public company’s stock during
pension fund blackouts
o Requires senior management and principal stockholders to
disclose changes in the securities
ownership
o Restricts the ability of investment bankers to pre-approve
research reports
iminal Fraud Accountability
o Imposes criminal penalties for knowingly destroying, altering,
concealing, or falsifying records
o Makes non-dischargeable in bankruptcy certain debts incurred
in violation of securities fraud laws
28. 10
o Subjects to fine or imprisonment (up to 25 years) any person
who knowingly defrauds shareholders of
publicly traded companies
o Establishes penalties for mail fraud, violations of the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of
1974, and establishes criminal liability for failure of corporate
officers to certify financial reports (these
crimes have penalties up to $500,000 and 20 years in prison)
o Expresses the sense of the Senate that the Federal income tax
return of a corporation should be
signed by the CEO
o Authorizes SEC to seek injunction to freeze extraordinary
payments earmarked for designated
persons or corporate staff under investigation for possible
violations of Federal securities law
o Increases penalties for violations of the Securities Act of 1934
to $25 million and up to 20 years in
prison (H.R. 3763, 2002)
* It is in Title IV that the notorious Section 404 is located.
29. Titled ‘Management Assessment of Internal
Controls, Section 404 is what the end user of SOX, that is, the
corporation itself and its CPA firm, has the
most difficulty due to the compliance standards that essentially
add the marginal costs to the firm. It is
also 404 that has given rise to compliance consulting firms to
assist corporations prepare and manage
the regulations mandated in 404 and all of SOX as well.
4.6 Comments from the Field – An Interview with the Big Four
and a CFO
In conjunction with the research program for this paper, I
arranged a confidential personal interview with a
partner at one of the Big Four accounting firms (these include
Deloitte, Touche, & Tohmatsu, Ernst &
Young, KPMG, and PricewaterhouseCoopers). Additionally, I
arranged a confidential interview with a
CFO of a Fortune 15 company. My goal was to ask the first-
hand implementers in the field and to learn
what type of impact SOX has had on the management of their
organization. The following are the
questions and summary of the responses of my interviews.
4.7 Interview with a CFO of Fortune 15 Company (Transcribed
Word-For-Word)
1. How has Sarbanes-Oxley impacted your company?
business process owners [managers of functional
departments]
– indeed a catalyst
30. for positive change
operates and for the consumer
2. What has been the most challenging issue to overcome
pertaining to SOX?
regards to all processes across the board.
cutting edge a company is, the
easier the company is able to adapt to large-scale
regulations, mandates, etc.
3. What have been the most rewarding impacts regarding SOX
compliance policies?
ed
decisions to handle broader aspects of complexity
4. How would you rate (excellent, good, fair, none) the current
corporate culture with regards to ethics across
the many stakeholders of the company?
ndid
communication…good process of [expediting] issues and
problems through both the business and financial stream
5. Do you have a corporate code of ethics?
31. essential
e culture – they are known and owned and
held accountable
6. What is your opinion about recent reports that say the costs
of SOX outweigh the benefits? Do you agree with
this?
11
are in place, then a firm
should be able to handle such costs
innovative and ‘ready’ – hence, the costs are
significantly higher
ntually tale off and if processes are in place,
control aspects will remain and the firm will be better
for it
7. What does your company do to restore and build customer,
employee, and investor confidence in your firm?
predictability elements in
32. performance – we meet commitments with Wall St. – we
share strategy – we communicate
– commitments on both sides of the
supply chain and we are held accountable by way
of getting or losing contracts based on ‘compliance’
commitments
8. How do you avoid an Enron?
– no one can stray from the
pack
– moral compass broken – short-term focus –
confidence and courage element – team
environment had a flawed level of integrity throughout the
executive suite – all were bad apples
9. What is the future of SOX?
- we’re
dealing with high risk countries such as India, China,
Russia, etc., all having entirely different cultures of ethics.
Hence, SOX II for global U.S. countries should be on
the researcher’s list to investigate
Following this interview was an additional personal
communication with a Big Four CPA Firm.
4.8 Interview with a CPA of a Big Four Accounting Firm
(transcribed word-for-word)
1. How has Sarbanes-Oxley impacted your company?
a regulated industry. Meaning the public
33. accounting profession. Before, we were self- regulated, like
banks.
the accounting profession – example, now
‘date certain’ is a tremendous impact on the Big Four to hire
additional resources, foreign countries if
necessary, train them and meet our responsibilities…resulted in
walking away from high risk customers for
Section 404
the ‘attest’ business and in the tax side has
created a situation where management – a market shift from
your audit firm in specialty practice from audit
business and some of the work has gone to non Big Four
– documentation has
improved noticeably – what gets measured
gets done when you become regulated
2. What has been the most challenging issue to overcome
pertaining to SOX?
meet the demand in a changing market place –
highly technical people – experienced auditors not just staff
auditors
– longer and harder hours –
transfer of experienced people from international to
domestic demand – firing of clients
34. 3. What have been the most rewarding impacts regarding SOX
compliance policies?
– auditing committees are more
interested in your ‘voice’ – taking the audit more
seriously today – audit committees are much more engaged and
a more diligent to their fiduciary
requirements – partners and staff are more engaged and the
clients are more interested … hence, good
for confidence to be restored
4. How would you rate (excellent, good, fair, none) the current
corporate culture with regards to 'ethics' across
the many stakeholders of the company?
12
higher and clients are taking the tone at the
top – did you ‘message’ ethics and communicate it enough
become more front and center and is it positive
Big Four has become much more focused as
issues have been identified as standards met around the world –
the controls in place that SOX asserts
35. are more intensely monitored and more focused
5. Do you have a corporate 'code of ethics'?
– common sense – every quarter and attached
to the independence confirmation is the
code of ethics…example of independence…if a family friend of
mine is on a board – I couldn’t receive a
gift to mitigate a perception of confidence or appearance of
impropriety
6. What is your opinion about recent reports that say the costs
of SOX outweigh the benefits? Do you agree with
this?
Four…yes. It has been very
costly – regarding 404 – but most of the
dialogue is dealing with 404. I think for smaller companies it’s
harder – such as new IPOs with 0 to
millions [in revenues] – SOX is a good thing, but when
government makes it a law, the intentions are
good, but the ramifications are not always cost effective – there
are talks of exceptions on the horizon
5. CONCLUSION
5.1 Final Assessment of SOX and the New Corporation
36. This paper set out to address the following questions: how does
the concept of market failure apply to
ethical corporate governance? Are corporate ethics authentic in
the modern corporation or just lip
service? Will Sarbanes-Oxley achieve results? The
methodological approaches to these questions have
varied from a traditional public policy analysis where I
examined the theoretical framework associated
with the need for SOX, to modeling the implementation stream,
to personal interviews with the end-user.
Nagel provided helpful groundwork for my own questions as he
offers a list of standard methodological
perspectives public policy analysts must ask. He specifically
pushes the analyst to “draw a conclusion as
to which policy to adopt from information on goals, policies,
and relations; to establish the relations
between policies and goals; and to determine what policies are
available for adoption and what goals are
appropriate to consider” (1988, p. 8). I refer to Nagel here
primarily because he helps shape the
overarching objective in any policy analysis by centering the
study on goals – the goals of the government
(remove market failure); the goals of business (maximize
profitability); the goals of society (look to the
market for solutions).
The paper is centered on early and contemporary theories of
commerce followed by a comprehensive
discussion of market failure and information asymmetry – the
theoretical roots leading to the
government’s response to the failure of the corporation. I then
provided an analysis from the broker’s
perspective asserting that the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act
was a catalyst for the ensuing bad
behavior among the returning industries under one corporate
domain. My objective was to also
37. categorize the authoritative and agency-power from which SOX
obtains its legal and implementation
direction. The multi-level implementation stream requires
several years of future data to more fully
analyze the results – results that will measure the efficient
output by government as well as its presumed
ability to impact corporate behavior. In these early years of the
law, I found the final impact at the
implementation level is most notable by the personal interviews
of the practitioners in the field, the CFO
and CPA. The goal was to determine if SOX will work and if it
is good legislation. The final verdict from
the field suggests that the law has indeed brought
accountability, service, and compliance to the front of
the line in the corporation. Moreover, it appears to have forced
companies to innovate their systems to
become more ethically inclined, but also to reduce the costs of
compliance.
Based on my findings, I affirm that SOX is good legislation as a
reactive policy responding to bad
corporate behavior. I predict that the future of SOX will be
debated for several years to come, but that the
recovery from the Enron-era will need these years to distance
the memories of the era of fraud.
Additionally, I predict that SOX will evolve to stay relevant to
the demands of investors and to the realities
13
of American and global commerce. Finally, SOX will provide
the balance necessary, even initially by
force, to find the mean – to find the intermediate of good
38. corporate behavior. In forthcoming essays, I
look beyond Sarbanes-Oxley by first leaping back to one of the
centerpieces of ethics in the philosophical
context of Aristotle and then leaping forward to examine the
results of the future manager’s outlook on the
ethical frontier of what I call the New Corporation – that is, the
corporation where Sarbanes-Oxley is no
longer new, but part of the long-term corporate culture.
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http://walmartstores.com/GlobalWMStoresWeb/navigate.do?cat
g=513&contId=6072
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University of Rochester.
Dr. Sean D. Jasso is a professor of economics at the Graziadio
School of Business and Management at
Pepperdine University. He writes, consults, and teaches in the
areas of political economy, world politics,
and business strategy. You may contact him at
[email protected]