Download to read offline
More Related Content
1. introduction-v2
- 1.
- 2. WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research produces findings that are not determined in advance. Produce findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. (External validation) Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 3. WHAT IS RESEARCH? Seeks answer to a question. This is the RQ. Uncertainty that researcher wants to clear. It is also a knowledge gap that the researcher wants to fill. Systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question. Study design that the researcher uses and material and methods that are explained therein. Collects evidence: In the form of data, variables and statistics. (Descriptive or inferential) Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 4. RESEARCH QUESTION Question thatepidemiologist is seeking answer to RQ1: What is prevalence of diabetes in allopathic doctors in Maharashtra? Good RQ: Variable: Prevalence of diabetes Population: (Participants) Allopathic doctors in Maharashtra
- 5. RESEARCH QUESTION Question thatepidemiologist is seeking answer to RQ2: What is the average daily intake of proteins and calories in male and female students of PIMS DU? Variable: i. Average daily intake of proteins ii. Average daily intake of calories Population: (Participants) i. Male students of PIMS DU, ii) Female students of PIMS DU
- 6. VARIABLES PRIMARY VARIABLES: Variablesin RQ Prevalence of diabetes in RQ1, Average daily intake of Calories and proteins in RQ2 SECONDARY VARIABLES Variables in NOT in RQ, but in study Eg. Gender, Years of practice, Specialty, Residence (R/U) in RQ1
- 7. TYPES OF RQ Typeof RQ Based on aim Descriptive Correlation Association Difference Based on number of variables Simple Complex
- 8. DESCRIPTIVE TYPE OFRQ Seek for Description of disease Person distribution Place distribution Time distribution Estimate of Prevalence, incidence, mean
- 9. DESCRIBE DISEASE RQ3: Whatis the profile of anemia in ANCs attending GMC, Aurangabad? Profile: Age, SE status, Parity, Birth interval, BOH Note: Persons distribution, one group RQ4: What is the performance of MBBS students in different colleges of MUHS in PSM in 2016 winter exams? Note : Place distribution, one group
- 10. SEEKING FOR ESTIMATES RQ1:What is prevalence of diabetes in allopathic doctors in Maharashtra? Note: Seeking for prevalence RQ2: What is the average daily intake of proteins and calories in male and female students of GMC, Aurangabad? Note: Seeking for average
- 11. ASSOCIATION TYPE OFRQ Seek to establish Correlation
- 12. SEEKING TO ESTABLISHCORRELATION Correlation: Mathematical relationship between two or more quantitative variables (Variable expressed in number) Dependent (Outcome) variable Independent variables RQ7: Is there a correlation between birth weight of newborn and i) MAC, ii) CC, and iii) HC of the newborn Note: >1 independent variables One group
- 13. ASSOCIATION TYPE OFRQ Seek to establish Association
- 14. ASSOCIATION Relationship of onequalitative variable with one or more qualitative variables Disease or health related event is the one of interest and is called OUTCOME or Dependent variable Other variables with which association of outcome is to be tested are called RISK FACTORS or Independent variables
- 15. SEEKING TO ESTABLISHASSOCIATION RQ5: Is there an association between Satisfactory attendance and Passing in Community Medicine Internal Examinations in MBBS students of college-X? Outcome (Dependent) variable: Passing Independent variable: Attendance Note: One outcome and one independent variable each Requires information from at least 2 groups
- 16. SEEKING TO ESTABLISH ASSOCIATION RQ6:Is there an association between acute pancreatitis and smoking and type-1 diabetes Outcome (Dependent) variable: Acute pancreatitis Independent variable: Smoking & type- 1 diabetes Note: One outcome and TWO independent variables, requires info from at least 2 groups
- 17. DIFFERENCE TYPE OFRQ Seeks to find if there is a difference in the variable in two or more groups If so, difference in profile of two groups is the probable reason for difference in variable?
- 18. DIFFERENCE TYPE OFRQ Difference of a variable in 2 or more groups RQ8: Is there a difference in the mean Hb% of boys and girls of GMC, Aurangabad? (Implied inference: If so, gender difference is probable reason of difference in Hb%) Dependent (Outcome): Hb% Independent: Gender Note: 2 groups
- 19. DIFFERENCE TYPE OFRQ Difference of a variable in 2 or more groups RQ8: Is there a difference in the mean Hb% of boys and girls of RMC Loni? (Implied inference: If so, gender difference is probable reason of difference in Hb%) Dependent (Outcome): Hb% Independent: Gender Note: 2 groups
- 20. DIFFERENCE TYPE OFRQ RQ9: Is the persistence rate of S. typhi in blood of typhoid patients, one week after completion of treatment is lesser with Ciprofloxacin than with chloramphenicol? Dependent (Outcome): Persistence rate Independent: Treatment given Note: 2 groups
- 21. WHY KNOW TYPEOF RQ? Decides type of study required to get answer Type of RQ Groups Type of study Descriptive 1 Descriptive Correlation 1 Descriptive Association 2 Analytical , Experimental Difference 2 Analytical , Experimental
- 22. HYPOTHESISESIS It isa testable prediction about relationship between variables. Based on previous experience. With the study, investigator tries to find if supposition is true or not. Integral part of ANALYTICAL and EXPERIMENTAL studies Not required in DESCRIPTIVE studies. (Hypothesis generating study) Constructed from research question ResearchMethodology
- 23. ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS 1.Population 2. Suspected cause/s (Independent variable/s) 3. Expected out-come (Dependent variable) 4. Dose response relationship (if any) 5. Time response relationship (if any) 6. Direction of relationship Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 24. • Hypothesis:-1: Thereis difference in daily calorie intake between male & female medical students of Maharashtra? RQ-1: What is the difference in daily calorie intake between male & female medical students of Maharashtra? • Hypothesis-2: There is positive relationship between birth weight and length, MAC, CC and HCHC of newborn born in hospital-X Q-2: What is the relationship between birth weight and length, MAC, CC and HC of newborn born in hospital-X ? • When direction of relationship is included in hypothesis • Example: Hypothesis-2 Directional hypothesis • When direction of relationship is NOT included in hypothesis • Example: Hypothesis-1 Non-directional hypothesis Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 25. • Only onedependent & independent variable Simple Hypothesis • Many dependent/ independent variables Complex Hypothesis • Increase in 1 cm of height adds 1 kg in weight of adults Dose-response relationship • Other side of coin • Hypothesis stating that no difference/ association/ relation exist exist Null Hypothesis Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 26. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS 1.Simple/ Complex 2. Directional / Non-directional 3. Null/ Research Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 27. SELECTION OF TOPIC:FINER CRITERIA Feasibility • Technical • Operational • Administrative Interesting • Ability to spare time • Intellectual challenge Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 28. SELECTION OF TOPIC:FINER CRITERIA Novelty • Reduction in cost • Improved safety • Reduction in duration of treatment • Reduction in duration of hospital stay • Better acceptability • Filling gaps in knowledge • Confirming or refuting earlier observations Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 29. SELECTION OF TOPIC:FINER CRITERIA Ethical aspects • Not causing danger to human beings • No exploitation • Not imposing additional coast (Compensation/ insurance) • Not against beliefs/ customs • Informed consent • Ethics committee approval Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 30. SELECTION OF TOPIC:FINER CRITERIA Relevance • Relevance : Local / Regional / National •Addressing problem of importance • Making life easier ? • Against National Health Policy? • Relative term ? Rese arch Meth odol ogy
- 31.