This is a review article on nitrogen containing endophytes. Endophytes are the microorganisms residing in the interior of the plant tissues.s. Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and
an important component of all proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, cofactors, signalling molecules, numerous plant secondary products and necessary metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. These compounds also occur in a diverse natural products and drugs
showing importance in many aspects of life and commercial processes. A
nitrogenous secondary metabolite obtained by endophytes originate from
various biosynthetic pathways belonging to different structural groups such
as alkaloids, amines, peptides, etc. These secondary metabolites show
promising potentiality and benefits in safety and human health. This review covers diversity of nitrogenous secondary metabolites isolated from
endophytes associated with medicinal plants possessing biological/pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral,
antimalarial, etc in the plant tissues from years 2008-2016.
This document provides an introduction to heterocyclic compounds and their importance in drug discovery and development. It discusses various classes of heterocyclic compounds including azoles, and their use in biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals. The document also reviews natural and synthetic antioxidants, their mechanisms of action, sources, and advantages/disadvantages. A literature review section focuses on the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazoline, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound.
Synthetic Utility of Aza Heterocyclics: A Short Reviewinventionjournals
This document provides a short review of synthetic utility of aza heterocyclic compounds. It discusses how aza heterocycles are important structures found in many natural products and drugs. Over two-thirds of top small molecule drugs contain at least one aza heterocyclic fragment. Aza heterocycles also have applications in areas like catalysis, metabolism, dyes, agrochemicals, photo sensitizers, supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry. Advanced synthetic techniques like combinatorial chemistry, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonication allow for more efficient synthesis of aza heterocyclic compounds. Important five and six-membered aza heterocycles like indoles, pyrimidines, and triazoles are widely
This document provides information on Withania coagulans and novel herbal drug delivery systems using nanotechnology. It discusses the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of W. coagulans. The major constituents are withanolides. Extracts have shown anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial effects. Nanotechnology can be used to develop herbal formulations for sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions are some nanocarrier systems discussed. Further research on isolation of active compounds, toxicology, and transgenic techniques could help utilize the therapeutic potential of W. coagulans.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on living organisms. The main branches of pharmacology described are pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacometrics. Sources of drugs include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and chemicals synthesized in the laboratory. The composition of drugs can include inorganic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, oils, tannins, gums, resins, antibiotics and hormones. Drugs have three names - a chemical name, approved name, and trade name.
This document discusses several types of secondary plant metabolites including phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and others. Phenolics are derived from the shikimate pathway and include classes like phenols, hydroxybenzoates, flavonoids, and lignins. Terpenoids are made from the acetate-mevalonate pathway and include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be toxic or used medicinally as in morphine, quinine, and caffeine. Secondary metabolites provide benefits to plants such as protection from predators and pathogens, attracting pollinators, and some have pharmaceutical applications.
chitra research proposal slides .1.pptxssusera03e58
This research proposal aims to isolate and characterize bacterial endophytes from three medicinal plants - Betula utilis, Digitalis lanata, and Accacia senegal - and analyze their effects on the production of primary and secondary metabolites. The study will isolate endophytes from different plant parts, screen extracts for bioactive compounds, characterize potent endophytes, and examine their association with plant metabolite production. The research aims to explore endophytes as a source of novel bioactive compounds for drug discovery and development.
This document provides an introduction to heterocyclic compounds and their importance in drug discovery and development. It discusses various classes of heterocyclic compounds including azoles, and their use in biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals. The document also reviews natural and synthetic antioxidants, their mechanisms of action, sources, and advantages/disadvantages. A literature review section focuses on the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazoline, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound.
Synthetic Utility of Aza Heterocyclics: A Short Reviewinventionjournals
This document provides a short review of synthetic utility of aza heterocyclic compounds. It discusses how aza heterocycles are important structures found in many natural products and drugs. Over two-thirds of top small molecule drugs contain at least one aza heterocyclic fragment. Aza heterocycles also have applications in areas like catalysis, metabolism, dyes, agrochemicals, photo sensitizers, supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry. Advanced synthetic techniques like combinatorial chemistry, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonication allow for more efficient synthesis of aza heterocyclic compounds. Important five and six-membered aza heterocycles like indoles, pyrimidines, and triazoles are widely
This document provides information on Withania coagulans and novel herbal drug delivery systems using nanotechnology. It discusses the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of W. coagulans. The major constituents are withanolides. Extracts have shown anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial effects. Nanotechnology can be used to develop herbal formulations for sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions are some nanocarrier systems discussed. Further research on isolation of active compounds, toxicology, and transgenic techniques could help utilize the therapeutic potential of W. coagulans.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It discusses that pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on living organisms. The main branches of pharmacology described are pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacometrics. Sources of drugs include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and chemicals synthesized in the laboratory. The composition of drugs can include inorganic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, oils, tannins, gums, resins, antibiotics and hormones. Drugs have three names - a chemical name, approved name, and trade name.
This document discusses several types of secondary plant metabolites including phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and others. Phenolics are derived from the shikimate pathway and include classes like phenols, hydroxybenzoates, flavonoids, and lignins. Terpenoids are made from the acetate-mevalonate pathway and include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be toxic or used medicinally as in morphine, quinine, and caffeine. Secondary metabolites provide benefits to plants such as protection from predators and pathogens, attracting pollinators, and some have pharmaceutical applications.
chitra research proposal slides .1.pptxssusera03e58
This research proposal aims to isolate and characterize bacterial endophytes from three medicinal plants - Betula utilis, Digitalis lanata, and Accacia senegal - and analyze their effects on the production of primary and secondary metabolites. The study will isolate endophytes from different plant parts, screen extracts for bioactive compounds, characterize potent endophytes, and examine their association with plant metabolite production. The research aims to explore endophytes as a source of novel bioactive compounds for drug discovery and development.
HydroCurcTM is a product containing curcuminoids, which are chemical compounds derived from turmeric. Curcuminoids such as curcumin are known to have various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research has shown curcuminoids may help reduce the risk of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, curcumin itself has poor bioavailability and stability, limiting its potential medical uses. New formulations are being developed to improve the bioavailability of curcuminoids.
This document discusses secondary metabolites produced by plants. It notes that nearly 70-80% of the world's population relies on herbal medicines. Secondary metabolites are phytochemicals not directly involved in plant metabolism and include pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances and more. Producing these compounds through plant cell cultures allows control over production conditions and quality. Key advantages of this method include production according to market demands, independence from environmental factors, consistent quality, ease of product recovery, and ability to produce novel compounds. The document outlines various strategies for optimizing secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures, including selection of high-yielding cell lines, culture conditions, addition of precursors, use of elicitors, biotransformation, and downstream
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.Megha Shah
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
Plant pigments that are responsible for their yellow, bright red, and orange color are carotenoids that play a key role in plant health. Therefore, consumption of foods that have carotenoids provide various health benefits to the human body. Different vegetables and fruits in which carotenoids are present yams, carrots, sweet potatoes, watermelon, papaya, cantaloupe, spinach, mangos, kale, tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers, etc. There are over 600 known carotenoids in nature, found in plant cells, bacteria, and algae, and that belongs to a class of phytonutrients “plant chemicals” . Xanthophyll is the molecules known as hydrocarbons and found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, for example, pumpkin, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, apricots and carrots. Association of word carrot with carotene will certainly relate the color of these pigments. Later class is oxygen containing molecules, found in dark leafy greens such as kale, spinach, and broccoli.Plant pigments, a generic term used to designate a large number of colored molecules, can be classified into tetrapyrroles e.g., chlorophyll and carotenoids e.g., ß carotene and xanthophyll . Of the pigments, carotenoids are fat soluble lipophilic natural pigments which are synthesized by plants and some microbes. These pigments not only play a key role in photosynthesis but are also responsible for the bright colors of various plants, fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Sheikh Ayyan Ahad "Plant Pigments as Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52160.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/52160/plant-pigments-as-drugs/sheikh-ayyan-ahad
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
AN INTRODUCTION TOPLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES :ITS APPLICATIONSSupriya Sankranthi
This presentation is about different types of secondary metabolites produced by the plants and thier applications in different fields like medicine,drugs,cosmetics and perfumery,plant defense,role in ecological balance,textile industries.
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively referred to as phytochemicals. Biotechnologists have special interest in plant tissue culture for the large scale production of commercially important compounds. These include pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, cosmetics, food additives, feed stocks and antimicrobials.
Most of these products are secondary metabolites— chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants. Thus, secondary metabolites are not directly needed by plants as they do not perform any physiological function (as is the case with primary metabolites such as amino acids, nucleic acids etc.). Although the native plants are capable of producing the secondary metabolites of commercial interest, tissue culture systems are preferred.
Biosynthesis and Degradation of Carotenoids in Ornamental Crops with specific...IJEAB
Carotenoids are lipophilic secondary metabolites derived from the isoprenoid pathway, accumulated in most plant organs and widely used as an antioxidant. Carotenoids synthesized in chloroplasts are essential for protecting tissues against photo-oxidative damage in the green tissues of higher plants. The importance of carotenoids for plant growth and development is evident since at least two major phytohormones, strigolactones and abscisic acid, are derived from carotenoid precursors. In flowers, carotenoids synthesized in the chromoplasts provide colour to the petals, ranging from yellow to red, in order to attract pollinators and determines the commercial value of ornamental plants. On analysis in chrysanthemum, β, ɛ-carotenoids, lutein and its derivatives, reflecting the high expression levels of lycopene ɛ-cyclase (LCYE) were found in yellow petals compared to the ratio of β, β-carotenoids to total carotenoids found in leaves reflecting the high expression levels of lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB). Petals of the yellow-flowered cultivar Yellow Paragon showed increased accumulation and drastic componential changes of carotenoids as they mature, compared to petals of the white-flowered cultivar Paragon that showed drastically decreased carotenoid content during petal development.The white petals of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) contain a factor that inhibits the accumulation of carotenoids. All the white-flowered chrysanthemum cultivars tested showed high levels of CmCCD4a transcript in their petals, whereas most of the yellow flowered cultivars showed extremely low levels indicating that in white petals of chrysanthemums, carotenoids are synthesized but subsequently degraded into colourless compounds, which results in the white colour. Studying the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation in ornamental plants at the molecular level will help in producing novel coloured cultivars by plant transformation.
Natural products in pharmaceutical chemistry Nelson giovanny rincon silvaNelson Giovanny Rincon S
The document discusses the history of natural products in medicine, noting that plants have long formed the basis of traditional medicine systems dating back thousands of years in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and among the Greeks and Romans. It describes how natural products from plants, animals, and microbes have been the source of many modern drugs and continue to offer novel drug leads. The document also provides examples of important natural products that have been used medicinally and taxonomically classifies natural products based on their biosynthetic origins.
Natural products from living organisms have historically provided many pharmaceuticals and will continue to be an important source of new drug leads. Compounds are classified as primary or secondary metabolites, with secondary metabolites having non-essential functions but often medicinal properties. Traditional medicine systems rely heavily on plants, with over 65% of the global population using herbal remedies. Oceans are also a rich source of novel compounds from marine organisms.
Phytochemical Investigation of Drugs PDF.pdfDivya Kanojiya
This document discusses phytochemical investigation of drugs. It begins with an introduction to phytochemistry, which is the study of chemicals produced by plants. It describes how plants produce complex chemicals through photosynthesis and how this led to the field of phytochemistry. It then discusses the classification, sources, and functions of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial effects. The document outlines the process of phytochemical screening of herbal drugs which involves extraction, analysis, and identification of bioactive plant compounds.
The document provides an overview of applied microbiology. It begins by discussing proper classroom etiquette. It then defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Microbiology includes the study of characteristics and functions of microorganisms. The document outlines the branches of microbiology such as bacteriology, virology, and mycology. It discusses how microbiology can be applied in fields like medicine, industry, food, and the environment.
Establishment of hairy root culture with genetic transformationKartikey Singh
This project aims to produce high-value secondary metabolites through hairy root cultures of medicinal plants. Hairy roots are produced by infecting plant explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which transfers T-DNA to the plant genome and induces root proliferation. The project will select an appropriate plant species, perform micropropagation to obtain infection-free samples, induce hairy root culture through genetic transformation, analyze and optimize secondary metabolite production under different chemical factors. The main goal is to synthesize pharmaceuticals and food additives through this sustainable biotechnological method.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
This document provides information on the proximate and ultimate constituents of plants, with a focus on cereals, millets, pulses and oilseeds. It discusses the major macronutrients found in plants including water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and minerals. It also covers secondary metabolites and their commercial importance. Finally, it summarizes the biochemical composition of cereals including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, vitamins and minerals found in various cereals and millets.
The document discusses Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), including their importance and role in agriculture. It defines PGPR, classifies them into two types, and describes their mechanisms of action such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone production. The document outlines PGPR's role as phytostimulators, in abiotic stress tolerance, as biofertilizers, and biopesticides. It discusses the commercialization and future research of PGPR to potentially replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines.
The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large but growing.
Various technologies- adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants.
Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of medicinal plants.
In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation are the Techniques adopted.
E. coli is susceptible to ampicillin (zone 25 mm), intermediate sensitive to tetracycline (zone 14 mm), and resistant to streptomycin (zone 8 mm). S. aureus is moderately susceptible to ampicillin (zone 18 mm) and susceptible to tetracycline (zone 22 mm).
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
HydroCurcTM is a product containing curcuminoids, which are chemical compounds derived from turmeric. Curcuminoids such as curcumin are known to have various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research has shown curcuminoids may help reduce the risk of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, curcumin itself has poor bioavailability and stability, limiting its potential medical uses. New formulations are being developed to improve the bioavailability of curcuminoids.
This document discusses secondary metabolites produced by plants. It notes that nearly 70-80% of the world's population relies on herbal medicines. Secondary metabolites are phytochemicals not directly involved in plant metabolism and include pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances and more. Producing these compounds through plant cell cultures allows control over production conditions and quality. Key advantages of this method include production according to market demands, independence from environmental factors, consistent quality, ease of product recovery, and ability to produce novel compounds. The document outlines various strategies for optimizing secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures, including selection of high-yielding cell lines, culture conditions, addition of precursors, use of elicitors, biotransformation, and downstream
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.Megha Shah
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
Plant pigments that are responsible for their yellow, bright red, and orange color are carotenoids that play a key role in plant health. Therefore, consumption of foods that have carotenoids provide various health benefits to the human body. Different vegetables and fruits in which carotenoids are present yams, carrots, sweet potatoes, watermelon, papaya, cantaloupe, spinach, mangos, kale, tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers, etc. There are over 600 known carotenoids in nature, found in plant cells, bacteria, and algae, and that belongs to a class of phytonutrients “plant chemicals” . Xanthophyll is the molecules known as hydrocarbons and found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, for example, pumpkin, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, apricots and carrots. Association of word carrot with carotene will certainly relate the color of these pigments. Later class is oxygen containing molecules, found in dark leafy greens such as kale, spinach, and broccoli.Plant pigments, a generic term used to designate a large number of colored molecules, can be classified into tetrapyrroles e.g., chlorophyll and carotenoids e.g., ß carotene and xanthophyll . Of the pigments, carotenoids are fat soluble lipophilic natural pigments which are synthesized by plants and some microbes. These pigments not only play a key role in photosynthesis but are also responsible for the bright colors of various plants, fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Sheikh Ayyan Ahad "Plant Pigments as Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52160.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/52160/plant-pigments-as-drugs/sheikh-ayyan-ahad
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
AN INTRODUCTION TOPLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES :ITS APPLICATIONSSupriya Sankranthi
This presentation is about different types of secondary metabolites produced by the plants and thier applications in different fields like medicine,drugs,cosmetics and perfumery,plant defense,role in ecological balance,textile industries.
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively referred to as phytochemicals. Biotechnologists have special interest in plant tissue culture for the large scale production of commercially important compounds. These include pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, cosmetics, food additives, feed stocks and antimicrobials.
Most of these products are secondary metabolites— chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants. Thus, secondary metabolites are not directly needed by plants as they do not perform any physiological function (as is the case with primary metabolites such as amino acids, nucleic acids etc.). Although the native plants are capable of producing the secondary metabolites of commercial interest, tissue culture systems are preferred.
Biosynthesis and Degradation of Carotenoids in Ornamental Crops with specific...IJEAB
Carotenoids are lipophilic secondary metabolites derived from the isoprenoid pathway, accumulated in most plant organs and widely used as an antioxidant. Carotenoids synthesized in chloroplasts are essential for protecting tissues against photo-oxidative damage in the green tissues of higher plants. The importance of carotenoids for plant growth and development is evident since at least two major phytohormones, strigolactones and abscisic acid, are derived from carotenoid precursors. In flowers, carotenoids synthesized in the chromoplasts provide colour to the petals, ranging from yellow to red, in order to attract pollinators and determines the commercial value of ornamental plants. On analysis in chrysanthemum, β, ɛ-carotenoids, lutein and its derivatives, reflecting the high expression levels of lycopene ɛ-cyclase (LCYE) were found in yellow petals compared to the ratio of β, β-carotenoids to total carotenoids found in leaves reflecting the high expression levels of lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB). Petals of the yellow-flowered cultivar Yellow Paragon showed increased accumulation and drastic componential changes of carotenoids as they mature, compared to petals of the white-flowered cultivar Paragon that showed drastically decreased carotenoid content during petal development.The white petals of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) contain a factor that inhibits the accumulation of carotenoids. All the white-flowered chrysanthemum cultivars tested showed high levels of CmCCD4a transcript in their petals, whereas most of the yellow flowered cultivars showed extremely low levels indicating that in white petals of chrysanthemums, carotenoids are synthesized but subsequently degraded into colourless compounds, which results in the white colour. Studying the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation in ornamental plants at the molecular level will help in producing novel coloured cultivars by plant transformation.
Natural products in pharmaceutical chemistry Nelson giovanny rincon silvaNelson Giovanny Rincon S
The document discusses the history of natural products in medicine, noting that plants have long formed the basis of traditional medicine systems dating back thousands of years in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and among the Greeks and Romans. It describes how natural products from plants, animals, and microbes have been the source of many modern drugs and continue to offer novel drug leads. The document also provides examples of important natural products that have been used medicinally and taxonomically classifies natural products based on their biosynthetic origins.
Natural products from living organisms have historically provided many pharmaceuticals and will continue to be an important source of new drug leads. Compounds are classified as primary or secondary metabolites, with secondary metabolites having non-essential functions but often medicinal properties. Traditional medicine systems rely heavily on plants, with over 65% of the global population using herbal remedies. Oceans are also a rich source of novel compounds from marine organisms.
Phytochemical Investigation of Drugs PDF.pdfDivya Kanojiya
This document discusses phytochemical investigation of drugs. It begins with an introduction to phytochemistry, which is the study of chemicals produced by plants. It describes how plants produce complex chemicals through photosynthesis and how this led to the field of phytochemistry. It then discusses the classification, sources, and functions of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial effects. The document outlines the process of phytochemical screening of herbal drugs which involves extraction, analysis, and identification of bioactive plant compounds.
The document provides an overview of applied microbiology. It begins by discussing proper classroom etiquette. It then defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Microbiology includes the study of characteristics and functions of microorganisms. The document outlines the branches of microbiology such as bacteriology, virology, and mycology. It discusses how microbiology can be applied in fields like medicine, industry, food, and the environment.
Establishment of hairy root culture with genetic transformationKartikey Singh
This project aims to produce high-value secondary metabolites through hairy root cultures of medicinal plants. Hairy roots are produced by infecting plant explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which transfers T-DNA to the plant genome and induces root proliferation. The project will select an appropriate plant species, perform micropropagation to obtain infection-free samples, induce hairy root culture through genetic transformation, analyze and optimize secondary metabolite production under different chemical factors. The main goal is to synthesize pharmaceuticals and food additives through this sustainable biotechnological method.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
This document provides information on the proximate and ultimate constituents of plants, with a focus on cereals, millets, pulses and oilseeds. It discusses the major macronutrients found in plants including water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and minerals. It also covers secondary metabolites and their commercial importance. Finally, it summarizes the biochemical composition of cereals including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, vitamins and minerals found in various cereals and millets.
The document discusses Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), including their importance and role in agriculture. It defines PGPR, classifies them into two types, and describes their mechanisms of action such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone production. The document outlines PGPR's role as phytostimulators, in abiotic stress tolerance, as biofertilizers, and biopesticides. It discusses the commercialization and future research of PGPR to potentially replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines.
The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large but growing.
Various technologies- adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants.
Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of medicinal plants.
In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation are the Techniques adopted.
E. coli is susceptible to ampicillin (zone 25 mm), intermediate sensitive to tetracycline (zone 14 mm), and resistant to streptomycin (zone 8 mm). S. aureus is moderately susceptible to ampicillin (zone 18 mm) and susceptible to tetracycline (zone 22 mm).
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
1. review article.pdf
1. 22 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018
Nitrogen Containing Secondary Metabolites from Endophytes of
Medicinal Plants and their Biological/Pharmacological Activities-
A Review
ABSTRACT
Endophytes are the microbes that live inside of a plant and colonise the
intercellular spaces of the plant tissues. Nitrogen containing compounds
have an important role in research through decades as a history in the
development of organic synthesis. Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and
an important component of all proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, cofac-
tors, signalling molecules, numerous plant secondary products and nec-
essary metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of en-
ergy. These compounds also occur in a diverse natural products and drugs
showing importance in many aspects of life and commercial processes. A
nitrogenous secondary metabolite obtained by endophytes originate from
various biosynthetic pathways belonging to different structural groups such
as alkaloids, amines, peptides, etc. These secondary metabolites show
promising potentiality and benefits in safety and human health. This re-
view covers diversity of nitrogenous secondary metabolites isolated from
endophytes associated with medicinal plants possessing biological/phar-
macological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral,
antimalarial, etc in the plant tissues from years 2008-2016.
Key words: Nitrogen, Endophytic fungi, Anticancer, Antifungal, Antibacte-
rial, Antimalarial.
Correspondence:
Ms. Smita K Puri
Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry, SET’s Col-
lege of Pharmacy, S. R. Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, INDIA.
Phone no: 9986033439
E-mail id: smitamadagundi@gmail.com
DOI : 10.5530/srp.2018.1.5
Sys Rev Pharm. 2018;9(1):22-30
A multifaceted Review journal in the field of Pharmacy
Review Article
Smita Kishor Puri 1*
, Prasanna Vasantrao Habbu1
, Preeti Venkatrao Kulkarni2
, Venkatrao Hanumantrao Kulkarni2
1
Postgraduate, Department of Pharmacognosy, SET’s College of Pharmacy, S. R. Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, INDIA.
2
Postgraduate, Department of Pharmacology, SET’s College of Pharmacy, S. R. Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, INDIA.
INTRODUCTION
Nitrogen is an important component of living cells present in nucleic
acids, proteins, enzymes, cofactors, signalling molecules, numerous
plant secondary products and necessary metabolic processes involved
in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Plants require nitrogen through-
out their development. Plants containing large amount of nitrogen
produces nitrogenous secondary metabolites forming a part of their
structure. Plants obtain nitrogen from roots by nitrogen fixing bacteria
and deterioration of dead tissues by micro-organisms, thus promoting
plant growth.1
Nitrogen combines chemically with oxygen or hydrogen
to form various nitrogenous compounds which can be used by plants.
The organic nitrogenous compounds are formed from inorganic ni-
trogen compounds present in the environment by nitrogen assimila-
tion. These nitrogenous compounds are added to the soil as fertilizers
in the form of ammonium (NH4
+
) and nitrate (NO3
+
). Nitrogenous me-
tabolites are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom.
Nitrogen is a major constituent in almost drugs used in medicine. Nitro-
gen containing compounds have an important role in research through
decades as a history in the development of organic synthesis. Nitrogen
containing medicinal compounds has been used since centuries, as they
form the basis for many drugs such as taxol, campothecin, vincristine,
etc. These compounds occur in a diverse natural products and drugs
showing importance in many aspects of life and commercial processes,
from the industrial production of fertilizers to the building blocks of life.2
Endophyte is a microorganism that lives inside of a plant and colonise
the intercellular spaces of the plant tissues. They include organisms such
as fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes which spend its lifespan inside cel-
lular tissues for healthy host without producing any symptoms.3
They are
chemical synthesizers producing novel compounds that show numerous
pharmacological and biological activities.4
Mutualistic relation between
endophytes and host plants results in beneficiary for both,5
thus mutual
relationship, between taxonomy and ecology are being studied. Majority
of the secondary metabolites already discovered in plants, but micro-
organisms are also capable of producing more than 20000 biologically
active compounds, influencing the performance and survival of other
organisms.6
Many of these microbes producing active secondary me-
tabolites are involved in a host endophyte relationship and thus exhibit
various biological activities as antibiotic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, etc. Numerous secondary metabolites produced by various
endophytes possess unique structures belonging to alkaloids, glycosides,
benzopyranones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, xan-
thones, terpenoids, tetralones and others and bioactivities, potentially
useful.7
Alkaloids, non-protein amino acids, cyanogenetic glycosides,
amines, glucosinolates, alkamides, lecithins, peptides and polypeptides
are important group of secondary metabolites having nitrogen produced
by endophytes.
Secondary nitrogen is a commonly used in endophyte/host and plant
interactions for host plant growth, uptake by endophytes and demand
for synthesis of highly nitrogen containing compounds. Many of these
compounds are required for the growth of the plants in the environment.
Taxol, Campothecin, Vincristine, Phomoenamide, Aspergillusol A, Hel-
volic acid are some of the nitrogenous secondary metabolites obtained
from the different endophytes exhibiting various pharmacological activi-
ties.
Many attempts were made to isolate and identify various secondary me-
tabolites from endophytes to produce inexhaustible supply of bioactive
compounds which are used commercially. Changes in the conditions
of the culture can be explored by optimizing various biosynthetic path-
ways leading to the production of derivatives and analogues of novel
compounds.8
The increasing awareness of the secondary metabolites of
medicinal plants can be influenced by endophytic infection. These en-
dophytes may produce them on their own as that of plant or they may
also alter the metabolite produced by the plant. Hence, there can be vari-
2. Smita et al.: Nitrogen containing secondary metabolites from endophytes
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018 23
ability in the type of bioactive compounds which shows the possibilities
to produce some novel type of medicines that may give results against
some incurable diseases.9
In recent studies, attention has been given to
the biotransformation process of endophytes which acts as biocatalysts
in the chemical transformation of natural products and drugs are due
to their ability to modify chemical structures with a high degree of ste-
reo specificity and to produce known or novel enzymes that increase the
production of compounds of interest.10
This review article covers detailed information about nitrogen contain-
ing secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic microbes associated
with medicinal plants during the years 2008-2016. Chemical diversity of
these compounds and their potential biological/ pharmacological activi-
ties are also discussed.
NITROGEN CONTAINING ANTICANCER
METABOLITES
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells and invasion into
normal tissue of various organs. In 2007, it was estimated that 7.6 mil-
lion people were killed around the world due to cancer. By 2050, the
annual death is may rise to 17.5 million, due to unavoidable reasons
such as population growth, aging, lifestyle, environmental factors and
carcinogenic agents. The existing drugs for treatment of cancer shows
no specific toxicity to proliferating normal cells, produce various side
effects and ineffective against many types of cancer.11
No availability of
new drugs or technologies for treating the disease, the cure of cancer
has been increased by diagnosing earlier and more precise treatments.12
Some of the examples of anticancer drugs obtained from medicinal
plants are Campothecin from Campotheca acuminate (Nyssaceae), vin-
blastine, vincristine from Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae), burseran
from Bursera microphylla (Burseraceae), colchicines, demecolcine from
Colchicum luteum (Liliaceae). Recently several secondary metabolites
from endophytes showing anticancer properties also have been investi-
gated. Following are some examples of the nitrogen containing second-
ary metabolites from endophytes cited, on the production of anticancer
agents and are shown in Table 1.
Vincristine (1) was the first reported metabolite of the endophytic fun-
gus Alternaria sp. from the phloem of Catharanthus roseus. Compound
1 was also produced from an endophytic Fusarium oxysporum from the
pholem of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). It is used as chemothera-
peutic agent in acute nephroblastoma and lymphoblastic leukemia. The
primary action of compound 1 is by interfering with microtubule forma-
tion and mitotic spindle dynamics, disruption of intracellular transport,
decreasing tumour blood flow, with consequence of anti-angiogenesis.13
New modified dipeptides, Trichodermamides A-C (2-4), were obtained
from the endophytic fungus Eupenicillium sp. from bark of Glochidion
ferdinandi (Phyllanthaceae). Compound 2 showed cytotoxic activity
against the human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 and human lung car-
cinoma A-549 with IC50
values of 0.68 and 4.28 μg/ml, respectively.14
Six
new tetramic acid derivatives, Penicillenols A1
, A2
, B1
, B2
, C1
, and C2
(5-
10) were identified from Penicillium sp. GQ-7, an endophytic fungus as-
sociated with Aegiceras corniculatum (Primulaceae). All the compounds
were screened for their cytotoxic effects on four cell lines by the MTT
method. Penicillenols A1
and B1
showed cytotoxicities against HL-60 cell
line with IC50
values of 0.76 µM and 3.20 µM.15
Cycloaspeptide A (11)
was isolated for the first time from the endophytic fungus Penicillium
janczewskii KM Zalessky, from the plant Prumnopitys andina (Podocar-
paceae). It exhibited low cytotoxicity towards human lung fibroblasts
with IC50
≥ 1000 µM.16
Penicidones A-C (12-14) were isolated from the
culture of Penicillium species, an endophytic fungal strain residing in
the stem of Quercus variabilis (Fagaceae). Compounds 12-14 exhibited
in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines SW1116, K562,
KB and Hela indicating that they are moderately cytotoxic with IC50
values between 21.1 and 90.8 μM.17
An ergoline alkaloid, 9 deacetoxy
fumigaclavine (15) was isolated from an endophytic fungus, Aspergil-
lus gumigatus obtained from the stem of cynodon dactylon (Poaceae). It
showed cytotoxicity against K562 cell lines with an IC50
of 3.1 mM.18
Two
indole alkaloids fumitremorgins B (16) and C (17) were produced by the
endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. FL25 from Ficus carica (Moraceae).19
Cochliodinol (18) and isocochliodinol (19) were isolated from an endo-
phytic fungus Chaetomium species which resides in the stem of Salvia of-
ficinalis (Lamiaceae). Compound 18 showed potent cytotoxicity with an
EC50
of 7.0 mg/ml.20
Campothecin (20) a pentacyclic quinoline alkaloid
was isolated from endophytic fungi entrophosphora associated with the
inner bark of the plant Nothapodytes foeatida (Icacinaceae). This is fol-
lowed by the isolation of campothecin from seed endophyte Neurospora
crusa of Campothecta accumalata (Cornaceae). Campothecin and its two
analogues viz 9 methoxy campothecin (21) and 10 hydroxy campothecin
(22) were found to be isolated from an endophytic fungus, Fusarium so-
lane of campthecta accumalata.21
The mechanism involved in cytotoxoci-
ty was found to be by inhibition of DNA topo isomerase I enzyme.22
They
were tested for cytotoxic activity against humans in lung cancer (A549),
liver cancer (hep 2), ovarion cancer (OVCAR-5) cell lines. Commonly
used anticancer drug, Taxol (23) (Paclitaxel), a diterpene taxane, was iso-
lated from the bark of Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia for the first time.
It showed activity against a series of human solid tumor xenografts in-
cluding CX-1 colon and MX-1 breast xenografts. Taxol was also isolated
from the fungal endophyte A. alternata var. monosporus obtained from
the inner bark of Taxus yunnanensis (Taxaceae). Compound 23 was also
produced by an endophytic fungus, Fusarium redolens, isolated from Hi-
malayan yew.23
Till now, 20 genera of endophytic fungi were screened
to produce paclitaxel. Some of them are Alternaria alternate TPF6 from
Taxus chinensis var. mairei, Aspergillus fumigatus EPTP-1 Podocarpus
sp,24
Aspergillus niger var. taxi HD86-9 Taxus cuspidate,25
Botryodiplodia
theobromae BT115 Taxus baccata,26
Botrytis sp. XT2
Taxus chinensis var.
mairei. Four new quinazolinone alkaloids, Aniquinazolines A-D (24-27),
were isolated and identified from the culture of Aspergillus nidulans MA-
143, an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaves of marine mangrove
plant Rhizophora stylosa (Rhizophoraceae). They exhibited potent brine
shrimp toxicity with LD50
values of 1.27, 2.11, 4.95 and 3.42 μΜ, respec-
tively.27
The structures of potent anticancer metabolites from endophytes
are depicted in Figure 1.
NITROGEN CONTAINING ANTI-BACTERIAL
METABOLITES
Infectious diseases caused by microbes are major health problems in so-
ciety. The impact is large in developing countries due to the unavailabil-
ity of medicines and widespread drug resistance. The incidence of drug-
resistant pathogens has drawn the attention of the pharmaceutical and
scientific communities towards studies on the potential antimicrobial
activity of plant derived substances. The increasing problem of microbial
resistance has become severe and the search for the use of antimicrobial
drugs in the future is still uncertain. Antimicrobial resistance has been a
major health issue and still presents threat to health care system globally.
Studies have shown that microbes have developed resistance to antibiot-
ics through various molecular mechanisms such as prevention of access
to drug targets and modification of the drug.28
Antimicrobial metabolites
are low-molecular-weight organic compounds made by microorganisms
to protect plant from outer invade, that are active at low concentrations
against other microorganisms, and are the most bioactive natural prod-
ucts isolated from endophytes.8
Search for new antimicrobial agents is
needed due to the infections and diseases are global problems causing
due to drug-resistant pathogens. Endophytes, by producing the second-
3. Smita et al.: Nitrogen containing secondary metabolites from endophytes
24 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018
ary metabolites show resistance mechanism to overcome pathogenic
invasion. Hence, studies demonstrated isolation of large number of anti-
microbial compounds from endophytes, belonging to several structural
classes like alkaloids, peptides, quinines and terpenoids. Asperfumoid
(28) a new alkaloid, was isolated from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus
fumigatus CY018, associated with Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae). Com-
pound 28 inhibited the growth of Candida albicans (CA) with MIC value
of 75 μg/ml. It was also isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium
species, from the leaves of Hopea hainanensis (Dipterocarpaceae) as it
inhibited the growth of CA with IC50
values of 20 and 25 μg/ml respec-
tively.29
A bioactive compound, 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (29) was
isolated from endophyte Xylaria sp isolated from Ginkgo biloba (Gink-
goaceae). Compound 29 showed strong antibacterial and antifungal
activities in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 16
μg/ml. It was the first coumarin metabolite to show antimicrobial activ-
ity.30
Phomoenamide (30) and Phomonitroester (31) were obtained by
an endophytic fungi Phomopsis species (PSU-D15), isolated from leaves
of Garcinia dulcis (Cluciaseae). Compound 30 showed anti-microbial
activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) H37Ra with a MIC
value of 6.25 μg/ml.31
Two new metabolites, Cyclo (Pro-Thr) (32) and
cyclo (Pro-Tyr) (33) produced by the fermentation broth of endophytic
fungus Penicillium species isolated from mangrove plant Acrostichum
aureurm showing antibacterial activity.32
Polyketide amino acids derived
antibiotics, Pyrrocidines A (34) and B (35), were obtained from endo-
phytic fungi Acremonium zeae residing in Zea maize (maize kernals).
They exhibited antimicrobial activity against microbial pathogens caus-
ing seedling blights and stalk rots. Compound 34 showed anti-bacterial
activity against Bacillus mojavensis and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF)
with MIC values of 1-2 µg/ml.33
Three new indolosesquiterpenes namely
Xiamycin B (36), Indosespene (37) and Sespenine (38) were isolated
from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. HKI0595, a bacterial endo-
phyte isolated from mangrove tree, Kandelia candel (Rhizophoraceae).
Both exhibited antimicrobial activities against several Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria reveling multi-resistance34
. Tenuazonic acid
(39) was isolated from Alternaria alternata SVJM015, residing in the
leaves of Indigofera enneaphylla (Poaceae). It showed activity against MT
with MIC value for 250 μg/ml.35
(3,1″-didehydro-3[2″(3″,3″-dimethyl-
prop-2-enyl)-3″-indolylmethylene]-6-methyl piperazine-2,5-dione)
(40) is tryp-alanine derived cyclic dipeptide containing an indole and a
diketopiperazine moiety which was isolated from the culture medium of
Penicillium chrysogenum, an endophytic fungus of the mangrove plant
Porteresia coarctata (Poaceae). Compound 40 showed significant anti-
bacterial activity against Vibrio cholera (VC) (MCM B-322), a pathogen
causing cholera in humans.36
Four ansa macrolides or ansamycins, Di-
vergolides A–D (41-44), were isolated from a bacterial endophyte Strep-
tomyces sp. HKI0576 of the mangrove tree Bruguiera gymnorrhizain
(Rhizophoraceae). Compound 41 showed the strongest activity against
Mycobacterium vaccae (MV) with IC50
values ranging from 1.0-2.0
µM.37
The structures of potent antibacterial metabolites are depicted in
Figure 2.
NITROGEN CONTAINING ANTIFUNGAL
METABOLITES
The functioning of invasive fungal infections increases during can-
cer chemotherapy, organ transplantation and allogeneic bone marrow
transplantation. The use of synthetic antifungal agents against plant and
human diseases has created awareness among the researchers world-
wide, and thus much of the research areas are focused on development
of novel, potent and green principle based antifungal agents using me-
dicinal plants, owing to their different mode of action, different target
sites with minimized side effects than the conventional available drugs.38
However, the availability of antifungal agents for the treatment of vari-
ous life threatening fungal infections is less so the new drugs should be
made available in the market; the development of protection to anti-
fungal drugs has become increasingly superficial, especially in patients
with long term treatment. Microbial natural products have been an al-
ternative natural cause for the isolation of unique molecules for various
therapeutic applications.39
Many nitrogen containing metabolites from
endophytes are reported to possess antifungal activity.
CurvularidesA–E(45-49),arethefive-hybridpeptide-polyketides,which
were obtained from the endophytic fungus Curvularia geniculata, isolat-
ed from the limbs of Catunaregam tomentosa (Rubiaceae). Compound 45
showed most significant antifungal activity against Candia albicans than
other compounds.40
3-methylcarbazole (50) and 1-methoxy-3-meth-
ylcarbazole (51) were obtained from Streptomyces sp. LJK109 from Al-
pinia galanga (Zingiberaceae). Both the compounds showed antifungal
activities with MIC of 30 to 240 µg/ml.41
A chlorinated benzophenone
alkaloid, Pestalachloride A (52) was obtained from Pestalotiopsis adusta,
an endophytic fungus of the unknown Xinglong Chinese tree stem. The
Compound 52 showed antifungal activity against the plant pathogens
such as Gibberella zeae (anamorph F. graminearum), Verticillium albo-
atrum and Fusarium culmorum.42
A new compound KL-4 (53) was iso-
lated from the fungal endophytic Aspergillus species of seeds of Gloriosa
superba (Colchicaceae) and was subjected to antimicrobial and antican-
cer activities. It showed broad spectrum as antifungal with IC50
value of
30 μg/ml.43
Chaetoglobosin A (54), Chaetoglobosin D (55), Chaetoglo-
bosin G (56), Chaetoglobosin R (57) were isolated from fungal endo-
phyte Chaetomium globosum No. 04 inhabited in medicinal plant Ginkgo
biloba (Ginkgoaceae). These antifungal metabolites were active against
the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizopus stolonifer (RS) and Coniothyrium
diplodiella (CD)0.44
12 β-hydroxy-13α-methoxy verruculogen TR-2 (58)
and 3-hydroxy fumiquinazoline A (59), were isolated from the fermenta-
tion broth of Aspergillus fumigatus LN-4, an endophytic fungus isolated
from the stem bark of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae). Compounds 58 and
59 exhibited antifungal activities against some phytopathogenic fungi
(Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Fu-
sarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, and Gibberella saubinettii). Com-
pound 58 exhibited antifungal activities with MIC values of 6.25–50 μg/
ml.45
All the compounds showed good antifungal activities as shown in
Table 1 and the structures are listed in Figure 3.
NITROGEN CONTAINING ANTIVIRAL
METABOLITES
The emergence of resistance and multi-resistance against available drugs,
the side effects and high cost of current therapies as well as the Hepatitis
Immuno Virus/AIDS epidemic and AIDS associated opportunistic in-
fections, such as cytomegalovirus and polyoma virus, made the develop-
ment of novel antiviral drugs a central priority. Antiviral metabolites are
the fascinating compounds from endophytes for inhibition of viruses.
Some of these metabolites found to be promising against H1
N1
, influenza
and other virus infections (Table 1).
Xiamycin A (60), a novel indole sesquiterpene, produced by a bacte-
rial endophyte Streptomyces sp. GT2002/1503, isolated from the stem of
mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae). Compound
60 exhibited moderate antiviral activities against HIV. It specifically
blocked CCR5 (R5) tropic HIV-1 while it showed no effect on CXCR4
(X4) tropic HIV-1.46
Tricyclic sesquiterpenoids, Brasilamides A-D (61-
64) were isolated from cultures of the plant endophytic fungus Para co-
niothyrium brasiliense. Verkley (M3–3341), isolated from branches of
Acer truncatum (Sapindaceae). Compound 61-64 showed modest inhibi-
tory effects on HIV-1 replication in C8166 cells.47
Eight isoindolone de-
4. Smita et al.: Nitrogen containing secondary metabolites from endophytes
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018 25
Figure 1a: Nitrogen containing anticancer metabolites from plant
endophytes.
Fig 2a: Nitrogen containing anti-bacterial metabolites from
plant endophytes.
Figure 1b: Nitrogen containing anticancer metabolites from plant
endophytes
Figure 2b: Nitrogen containing anti-bacterial metabolites from
plant endophytes.
5. Smita et al.: Nitrogen containing secondary metabolites from endophytes
26 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018
Figure 3: Nitrogen containing Antifungal metabolites from plant
endophytes.
Figure 4a: Nitrogen containing antiviral metabolites from plant
endophytes.
Figure 4b: Nitrogen containing antiviral metabolites from plant
endophytes.
Figure 5: Nitrogen containing antimalarial metabolites from
plant endophytes.
7. Smita et al.: Nitrogen containing secondary metabolites from endophytes
28 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018
28 Acer truncatum Bunge (Sapindaceae) Para coniothyrium brasiliense.
Verkley (M3–3341)
Brasilamides A-D (61-64) Antiviral 47
29 Aegiceras corniculatum (Primulaceae) Emericella sp. (HK-ZJ) Merimidine A (65)
Emerimidine B (66)
Emeriphenolicin A-F (67-72)
Antiviral 48
30 Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) Jishengella endophytica 16111 Perlolyrine (73)
1-hydroxy-β-carboline (74)
Antiviral 49
31 Vochysia guatemalensis (Vochysiaceae) Codinaeopsis gonytrichoides Codinaeopsin (75) Antimalarial 53
32 ---- Pestalotiopsis sp. (BRIP 39872 Pestalactams A-C (76-78) Antimalarial 54
33 --- Trichothecium roseum Trichomides A-B (79-80) Immunosuppressive 55
34 Cistanche deserticola
(Orobanchaceae)
Penicillium chrysogenum No. 005 Chrysogenamide A (81) Neurocyte
protection
56
Figure 6: Nitrogen containing immunosuppressive metabolites from
plant endophytes.
Figure 7: Nitrogen containing miscellaneous metabolites from plant
endophytes
rivatives, Merimidine A (65), Emerimidine B (66), Emeriphenolicin A-F
(67-72) were isolated from endophytic fungus Emericella sp. (HK-ZJ)
associated with the inner bark of the mangrove plant Aegiceras cornicu-
latum (Primulaceae). Compound 66 exhibited anti-influenza and antivi-
ral (H1
N1
) activities using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay.48
Perlolyrine (73) and 1-hydroxy-β-carboline (74) were isolated from the
fermentation broth of an endophytic actinomycetes Jishengella endo-
phytica 16111, present in the root of the mangrove plant, Xylocarpus
granatum (Meliaceae). Compound 74 exhibited moderate anti-H1
N1
virus activity .they showed anti-influenza A (H1
N1
) virus activity with
the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50
) and selectivity index
(SI) value of 38.3μg/ml.49
Figure 4 shows important antiviral metabolites
from endophytes.
NITROGEN CONTAINING ANTIMALARIAL
METABOLITES
Malaria has a major health threat in developing countries and yearly
more than 200 million new malaria cases are reported,50
emphasising the
urgent need for new drugs against malaria. In India, its management is
challenging due to the huge population and large geographical area by
rapid growth51
and the resistance developed by the malaria parasite.52
Antimalarial metabolites obtained from endophytes may come up with
the need. A new tryptophan polyketide hybrid, Codinaeopsin (75) was
obtained from endophytic fungi Codinaeopsis gonytrichoides present in
Vochysia guatemalensis, (Vochysiaceae) a white yemeri tree collected in
Costa Rica. Compound 75 is active against 3D7 strain of Plasmodium
falciparum, with an IC50
value of 2.3 μg/ml.53
Fermentation culture from
the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. (BRIP 39872) from Melaleuca
quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) yielded three novel caprolactams, Pestalac-
tams A-C (76-78). Compounds 76 and 78 were tested against two dif-
ferent strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and
Dd2) and both the compounds displayed antimalarial activity, with 16-
41% parasite growth inhibition achieved at 25 µM.54
The structures of
antiviral metabolites from endophytes are depicted in Figure 5.
NITROGEN CONTAINING
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE METABOLITES
The immunomodulatory compounds are divided into immunosuppres-
sive and immunoregulatory drugs. Many of them have been obtained
from endophytes from plants. Emerging of new diseases as autoimmune
disorders, use of immunosuppressive drugs in the market has been in-
creased. Immunosupressive drugs are used to prevent allograft rejection
in transplant patients and to treat auto immune diseases such as rhema-
toid arthritis and insulin dependent diabetes. As a result, researchers are
focusing on the production of such drugs from the alternative source as
endophytes.
Trichomides A (79) and B (80), two new cyclodepsipeptides were iso-
lated from the endophytic fungus Trichothecium roseum. Trichomide A
has immunosuppressive effect more selectively than cyclosporine A. It
8. Smita et al.: Nitrogen containing secondary metabolites from endophytes
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, Vol 9, Issue 1, Jan-Dec, 2018 29
was found that trichomide A decreases the expression of Bcl-2, increases
the expression of Bax, and has a small or negligible effect on the expres-
sions of p-Akt, CD25, and CD69 as depicted in Table 1.55
The structures
are listed in Figure 7.
NITROGEN CONTAINING METABOLITES WITH
MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES
Compounds bearing antioxidant activity are effective against damage
caused by reactive oxygen species and oxygen-derived free radicals,
contributing to numerous pathological effects, such as DNA damages,
carcinogenesis, and cellular degeneration. Chrysogenamide A (81), a
new member of the macfortine group of alkaloids, was identified from
Penicillium chrysogenum No. 005, an endophytic fungus associated with
Cistanche deserticola (Orobanchaceae). It exhibited a neurocyte pro-
tection effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y
cells.56
Other activities such as molluscicidal activity of endophyte JJ18
from Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord was also reported.57
CONCLUSION
The objective of this paper is to review the diversity of nitrogenous sec-
ondary metabolites from endophytes with various biological/pharmaco-
logical activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral,
antimalarial, etc in the plant tissues. This review contains 81 nitrogenous
compounds with various activities against plant and human pathogens,
produced by endophytes inhabiting in various medicinal plants. Endo-
phytes have the evidence of producing same or novel secondary metabo-
lites with a wide-range of pharmacological activities which shows poten-
tial use in agricultural, industrial and medical areas. Thus, nitrogenous
secondary metabolites produced by endophytes originate from various
biosynthetic pathways belonging to different structural groups such as
alkaloids, amines, peptides, etc. Endophytes producing bioactive natural
compounds have shown promising potential and usefulness concerns for
human health and safety. Modern biotechnology, as genetic engineer-
ing, metabolic technology and microbial fermentation process, showed
advantages to understand and manipulate the importance of microor-
ganism resources making beneficial for the mankind. However, there is
need to understand and discover about the host/entophyte relationship
before utilizing endophytes in the discovery of medicinally important
compounds. In conclusion, a more comprehensive understanding of the
biochemistry, genetics and biology of endophyte and host, may lead to
new opportunities for developing medicinally important products to al-
leviate various human ailments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to the Principal, Soniya Education Trust’s Col-
lege of Pharmacy, Dharwad, for encouragement and support. Authors
are also thankful to the librarians of SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dhar-
wad and Karnatak University, Dharwad for providing the necessary digi-
tal library facilities for review of literature.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None
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