1) Now we consider that the product is lawnmower. Validation tests include the scenarios in
which the product will work or not and this process is done by the product managing team itself.
Does it cleans even?
What happen when suddenly power is off?
How much far we can move it?
How much time it takes for a particular unit ?
These all are some tests including in the validation tests...
Verification tests, It includes verifying whether the build the right product. Following are few
tests that can be included:
What happens if stone is there?
What if there is raining?
How it works in an uneven place?
These are few tests to be conducted under verification...
2)
1. REQUIREMENTS
A documented software requirements specification provides a baseline for both validation and
verification. The software validation process cannot be completed without an established
software requirements specification (Ref: 21 CFR 820.3(z) and (aa) and 820.30(f) and (g)).
2. DEFECT PREVENTION
Software quality assurance needs to focus on preventing the introduction of defects into the
software development process and not on trying to \"test quality into\" the software code after it
is written. Software testing is very limited in its ability to surface all latent defects in software
code. For example, the complexity of most software prevents it from being exhaustively tested.
Software testing is a necessary activity. However, in most cases software testing by itself is not
sufficient to establish confidence that the software is fit for its intended use. In order to establish
that confidence, software developers should use a mixture of methods and techniques to prevent
software errors and to detect software errors that do occur. The \"best mix\" of methods depends
on many factors including the development environment, application, size of project, language,
and risk.
3. TIME AND EFFORT
To build a case that the software is validated requires time and effort. Preparation for software
validation should begin early, i.e., during design and development planning and design input.
The final conclusion that the software is validated should be based on evidence collected from
planned efforts conducted throughout the software lifecycle.
4. SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE
Software validation takes place within the environment of an established software life cycle. The
software life cycle contains software engineering tasks and documentation necessary to support
the software validation effort. In addition, the software life cycle contains specific verification
and validation tasks that are appropriate for the intended use of the software. This guidance does
not recommend any particular life cycle models - only that they should be selected and used for a
software development project.
5. PLANS
The software validation process is defined and controlled through the use of a plan. The software
validation plan defines \"what\" is to be accomplished through the software validation effort.
Software validation .
Why Software Testing is Crucial in Software Development_.pdfXDuce Corporation
Software testing is the process of verifying and then confirming that a software application or product
performs as expected or not. Testing has its own set of advantages like bug prevention, lower costs of
development, and comparatively better performance.
The software cannot be said to be bug-free from the start. Therefore, software developers might strive
to write code that will reduce the number and severity of flaws that are already there. However, the
majority of bugs are latent and only emerge when the conditions are right.
Top 10 Practices for Software Testing in 2023.pptxOprim Solutions
we’ll look at the essential techniques for effective software testing. Understanding the best practices in software testing can assist QA specialists and executives in making better decisions. This also makes the testing procedure more efficient. As well as the creation of high-quality software products that match consumer expectations.
Why Software Testing is Crucial in Software Development_.pdfXDuce Corporation
Software testing is the process of verifying and then confirming that a software application or product
performs as expected or not. Testing has its own set of advantages like bug prevention, lower costs of
development, and comparatively better performance.
The software cannot be said to be bug-free from the start. Therefore, software developers might strive
to write code that will reduce the number and severity of flaws that are already there. However, the
majority of bugs are latent and only emerge when the conditions are right.
Top 10 Practices for Software Testing in 2023.pptxOprim Solutions
we’ll look at the essential techniques for effective software testing. Understanding the best practices in software testing can assist QA specialists and executives in making better decisions. This also makes the testing procedure more efficient. As well as the creation of high-quality software products that match consumer expectations.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.
Software testing for project report .pdfKamal Acharya
Methods of Software Testing There are two basic methods of performing software testing: 1. Manual testing 2. Automated testing Manual Software Testing As the name would imply, manual software testing is the process of an individual or individuals manually testing software. This can take the form of navigating user interfaces, submitting information, or even trying to hack the software or underlying database. As one might presume, manual software testing is labor-intensive and slow.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
This ppt explores the software testing strategy in Software Engineering. It is more useful for the Arts and Science and Engineering students to understand the Software Engineering. It is more useful in their examination time. This ppt is prepared based on their examination point of view.
11 steps of testing process - By Harshil BarotHarshil Barot
11 Steps of The Software Testing Process.Software Testing Process is a Find out the Maximum Bugs and Errors From the Software or Product and Make the Software
Bugs or Error Free.(Bugs/Errors/Defects).
Interview questions and answers for quality assuranceGaruda Trainings
Future of Software Testing is always good... as long as developers are developing projects we will be testing them and even when they stops developing then also we will test the enhancements and maintenance etc... Testing will always be needed
Customer will never accept the product Without complete testing .Scope of testing is always good as it gives everyone a confidence of the work we all are doing...Its always good to add more processes while doing testing so that one should not think that testing is a boring and easy job....Process is very imp. for testing.
Register for Free DEMO: www.p2cinfotech.com
email id: p2cinfotech@gmail.com
+1-732-546-3607 (USA)
Software Quality Assurance training by QuontraSolutionsQUONTRASOLUTIONS
Quontra Solutions provides QA training by Real time Industry experts. QA is having good demand in the market. Our QA online training Instructors are very much experienced and highly qualified and dedicated.
Our QA online training program is job oriented. After completion of QA training with us you should be able to work on any kind of project. After completion of QA online training our dedicated team will be supporting you.
Understanding the Importance of Quality Assurance Testing in Software Develop...flufftailshop
In the current dynamic and fiercely competitive digital realm, guaranteeing the excellence and dependability of software holds the utmost significance. This is where QA testing plays a crucial role. QA testing, also known as quality assurance testing or QA software testing, is a process that helps identify and eliminate defects or issues in software, ensuring that it meets the highest quality standards.
What is Unit Testing? - A Comprehensive Guideflufftailshop
Software development involves different steps and processes, ranging from writing code and testing every function to debugging and deploying. Unit testing is an important test method used by QA teams to ensure that a software product is free of errors and meets all essential requirements.
The alcohol generally have the higher boiling point is because of the hydrogen
bonding. on the other hand the alkene only have van der wall forces.
Solution
The alcohol generally have the higher boiling point is because of the hydrogen
bonding. on the other hand the alkene only have van der wall forces..
Square planar..Lone pairs will be on axial plane..so no deflection..so the compoud
structure looks like square planar.
Solution
Square planar..Lone pairs will be on axial plane..so no deflection..so the compoud
structure looks like square planar..
More Related Content
Similar to 1) Now we consider that the product is lawnmower. Validation tests i.pdf
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.
Software testing for project report .pdfKamal Acharya
Methods of Software Testing There are two basic methods of performing software testing: 1. Manual testing 2. Automated testing Manual Software Testing As the name would imply, manual software testing is the process of an individual or individuals manually testing software. This can take the form of navigating user interfaces, submitting information, or even trying to hack the software or underlying database. As one might presume, manual software testing is labor-intensive and slow.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
This ppt explores the software testing strategy in Software Engineering. It is more useful for the Arts and Science and Engineering students to understand the Software Engineering. It is more useful in their examination time. This ppt is prepared based on their examination point of view.
11 steps of testing process - By Harshil BarotHarshil Barot
11 Steps of The Software Testing Process.Software Testing Process is a Find out the Maximum Bugs and Errors From the Software or Product and Make the Software
Bugs or Error Free.(Bugs/Errors/Defects).
Interview questions and answers for quality assuranceGaruda Trainings
Future of Software Testing is always good... as long as developers are developing projects we will be testing them and even when they stops developing then also we will test the enhancements and maintenance etc... Testing will always be needed
Customer will never accept the product Without complete testing .Scope of testing is always good as it gives everyone a confidence of the work we all are doing...Its always good to add more processes while doing testing so that one should not think that testing is a boring and easy job....Process is very imp. for testing.
Register for Free DEMO: www.p2cinfotech.com
email id: p2cinfotech@gmail.com
+1-732-546-3607 (USA)
Software Quality Assurance training by QuontraSolutionsQUONTRASOLUTIONS
Quontra Solutions provides QA training by Real time Industry experts. QA is having good demand in the market. Our QA online training Instructors are very much experienced and highly qualified and dedicated.
Our QA online training program is job oriented. After completion of QA training with us you should be able to work on any kind of project. After completion of QA online training our dedicated team will be supporting you.
Understanding the Importance of Quality Assurance Testing in Software Develop...flufftailshop
In the current dynamic and fiercely competitive digital realm, guaranteeing the excellence and dependability of software holds the utmost significance. This is where QA testing plays a crucial role. QA testing, also known as quality assurance testing or QA software testing, is a process that helps identify and eliminate defects or issues in software, ensuring that it meets the highest quality standards.
What is Unit Testing? - A Comprehensive Guideflufftailshop
Software development involves different steps and processes, ranging from writing code and testing every function to debugging and deploying. Unit testing is an important test method used by QA teams to ensure that a software product is free of errors and meets all essential requirements.
Similar to 1) Now we consider that the product is lawnmower. Validation tests i.pdf (20)
The alcohol generally have the higher boiling point is because of the hydrogen
bonding. on the other hand the alkene only have van der wall forces.
Solution
The alcohol generally have the higher boiling point is because of the hydrogen
bonding. on the other hand the alkene only have van der wall forces..
Square planar..Lone pairs will be on axial plane..so no deflection..so the compoud
structure looks like square planar.
Solution
Square planar..Lone pairs will be on axial plane..so no deflection..so the compoud
structure looks like square planar..
For water molecule, all modes of vibrations wolud produce variable dynamic dipole
moment so IR inactive. For CO2 molecule, symmetric stretch would not produce variable
dipolement so IR inactive. the other two are IR active.
Solution
For water molecule, all modes of vibrations wolud produce variable dynamic dipole
moment so IR inactive. For CO2 molecule, symmetric stretch would not produce variable
dipolement so IR inactive. the other two are IR active..
What do the fields of cosmology, financial matters, fund, law, scien.pdfannaielectronicsvill
What do the fields of cosmology, financial matters, fund, law, science, prescription,
material science, and human science have in like manner? Very little in the method for subject
matter, that is without a doubt. Furthermore, not too much in the method for system.
What they do have in like manner, with each other and with numerous different fields, is
their reliance on a specific standard of discernment. In each of these fields,
it is expected that the members can separate between normal argumentation
taking into account expected standards or confirmation, and wild hypothesis or
nonsequiturs, claims that not the slightest bit take after from the presumptions. In other
words, these fields all presuppose a fundamental acknowledgment of essential standards
of rationale.
Besides, all objective request relies on upon rationale, on the capacity of rationale and balanced
individuals to reason accurately more often than not, and, when they neglect to reason request
effectively, on the capacity of others to call attention to the holes in their thinking.
While individuals may not all concede to a ton, they do appear to have the capacity to concur
on what can really be closed from given data. Acknowledgment of
these normally held standards of soundness is the thing that separates reasonable
request from different types of human movement.
Exactly what are the standards of judiciousness presupposed by these orders?
Also, what are the procedures by which we can recognize right or \"substantial\"
thinking from erroneous or \"invalid\" thinking? All the more fundamentally, what is it
that makes one case \"take after intelligently\" from some given data, while
some other case does not?
Numerous responses to these inquiries have been investigated. A few people have
asserted that the laws of rationale are only a question of tradition. In the event that this is in this
way, rationale and tradition
we could probably choose to change the traditions, thus embrace diverse
standards of rationale, the way we can choose which side of the street we drive
on. In any case, there is a staggering instinct that the laws of rationale are some way or another
more major, less subject to revoke, than the rules that everyone must follow, or even the
laws of material science. We can envision a nation in which a red activity light means
go, and a world on which water streams up slope. Be that as it may, we can\'t envision a
world in which there both are and are not nine planets.
The significance of rationale has been perceived since artifact. All things considered, no
science can be any more sure than its weakest connection. On the off chance that there is
something
self-assertive about rationale, then the same must hold of all sound request. Consequently
laws of rationale it gets to be significant to see exactly what the laws of rationale are, and even
more vital, why they are laws of rationale. These are the issues that one
takes up when one studies rationale itself. To study ra.
These antibodies could be acquired by;1. Infection by measles viru.pdfannaielectronicsvill
These antibodies could be acquired by;
1. Infection by measles virus.
2. Vaccination for measles virus.
3.infection by some other strain of virus which closelyrics resembles measles virus.
Solution
These antibodies could be acquired by;
1. Infection by measles virus.
2. Vaccination for measles virus.
3.infection by some other strain of virus which closelyrics resembles measles virus..
There are many theories regarding extinction of H Neanderthals. The .pdfannaielectronicsvill
There are many theories regarding extinction of H Neanderthals. The new evidences (improved
radiocarbon dating) show that they co existed with H sapiens for around 5000 years.
1. Violence: There might be conflicts with H sapiens for limited resources, prey and water.
2. Volcanic eruption: Another theory suggests violent eruption has happened around 4039,000
years ago in the Phlegraean Fields near Naples in Italy. Around 200 km3 (48 cu mi) of magma
(500 km3 (120 cu mi) bulk volume) might have caused the might resulted in their extinction.
3. Parasite and Pathogens: In another theory, H neanderthalensis might be susceptible to the
pathogens carried by H sapiens. The poor immunity might resulted in the lethal infection might
resulted in the extinction.
4. Competitive extinctions: This theory suggests that H sapiens were having modern tools for
survival helping them to invade the territory occupied by H neanderthalensis. Since, H
neanderthalensis were less advanced thus might have extricated due to competitive environment.
5. Division of Labour: H sapiens were practicing division of labour between the sexes, where as
H neanderthalensis both male and female were performing hunting activities together in the field.
This may have resulted in poor extraction of resources.
6. Anatomical features: In another theory, due to anatomical difference H neanderthalensis could
not able to sun faster than H sapiens. This walking and running advantage might helped modern
human to win over the competitive environment.
7. New prays: In another theory, the larger pary (large mammals) became rarer which were
hunted by H neanderthalensis. H sapienses also domesticated dogs and at the same time were
dependent on smaller mammals (rabbits). Since modern man also had anatomical advantages,
and change of prey population might resulted in competitive advantage to H sapiens.
Solution
There are many theories regarding extinction of H Neanderthals. The new evidences (improved
radiocarbon dating) show that they co existed with H sapiens for around 5000 years.
1. Violence: There might be conflicts with H sapiens for limited resources, prey and water.
2. Volcanic eruption: Another theory suggests violent eruption has happened around 4039,000
years ago in the Phlegraean Fields near Naples in Italy. Around 200 km3 (48 cu mi) of magma
(500 km3 (120 cu mi) bulk volume) might have caused the might resulted in their extinction.
3. Parasite and Pathogens: In another theory, H neanderthalensis might be susceptible to the
pathogens carried by H sapiens. The poor immunity might resulted in the lethal infection might
resulted in the extinction.
4. Competitive extinctions: This theory suggests that H sapiens were having modern tools for
survival helping them to invade the territory occupied by H neanderthalensis. Since, H
neanderthalensis were less advanced thus might have extricated due to competitive environment.
5. Division of Labour: H sapiens were practicing division of labour between .
the three Worm Nobel Prizes mentioned by Martin Chalfie in his n.pdfannaielectronicsvill
the three \"Worm Nobel Prizes\" mentioned by Martin Chalfie in his nobel prize lecture are
Sydney, Bob Horvitz, and John Sulston won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their
work on C. elegans.
Andy Fire and Craig Mello for their discovery of RNA interference.
Solution
the three \"Worm Nobel Prizes\" mentioned by Martin Chalfie in his nobel prize lecture are
Sydney, Bob Horvitz, and John Sulston won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their
work on C. elegans.
Andy Fire and Craig Mello for their discovery of RNA interference..
The principle of Heliscope sequencer is based on single molecule seq.pdfannaielectronicsvill
The principle of Heliscope sequencer is based on single molecule sequencing technology. DNA
of interest is sheared and made into fragments. The fragments are modified through addition of
poly-A tails. The fragments are then hybridized with poly-T olignucleotides. They are attached
to flow cell and sequenced parallel, using fluorescent labeled nucleotides. Each fragment is
extended with a specific fluorescent labeled nucleotide. When a reaction stops, chemical
cleavage of the fluorophores allows the reaction to continue.
SMRT (single molecule real time sequencing) uses thousands of zero-mode waveguides. A
single DNA polymerase is attached to the bottom of each ZMW and the polymerization is done.
The fragment is elongated with the use of fluorescent labeled nucleotides, with each nucleotide
labeled at terminal phosphate moiety that has fluorophore of different color. When the
fluorescent dNTP forms a phosphodiester bond, the fluorescent pulse is stopped as the
fluorophore is released and it diffuses out of ZMW.
The advantage of SMRT is fastness as it is capable of addition of 100 gb per hour with reads
longer than 1000 in a single run. However, Helisocpe is capable of generating short reads of 55
bases, and can sequence upto 28G.
Solution
The principle of Heliscope sequencer is based on single molecule sequencing technology. DNA
of interest is sheared and made into fragments. The fragments are modified through addition of
poly-A tails. The fragments are then hybridized with poly-T olignucleotides. They are attached
to flow cell and sequenced parallel, using fluorescent labeled nucleotides. Each fragment is
extended with a specific fluorescent labeled nucleotide. When a reaction stops, chemical
cleavage of the fluorophores allows the reaction to continue.
SMRT (single molecule real time sequencing) uses thousands of zero-mode waveguides. A
single DNA polymerase is attached to the bottom of each ZMW and the polymerization is done.
The fragment is elongated with the use of fluorescent labeled nucleotides, with each nucleotide
labeled at terminal phosphate moiety that has fluorophore of different color. When the
fluorescent dNTP forms a phosphodiester bond, the fluorescent pulse is stopped as the
fluorophore is released and it diffuses out of ZMW.
The advantage of SMRT is fastness as it is capable of addition of 100 gb per hour with reads
longer than 1000 in a single run. However, Helisocpe is capable of generating short reads of 55
bases, and can sequence upto 28G..
The excess sodium ethoxide is decomposed into sodium hydroxide and e.pdfannaielectronicsvill
The excess sodium ethoxide is decomposed into sodium hydroxide and ethanol during the work-
up step when water is added to the reaction mixture:
C2H5ONa + H2O => C2H5OH + NaOH
Solution
The excess sodium ethoxide is decomposed into sodium hydroxide and ethanol during the work-
up step when water is added to the reaction mixture:
C2H5ONa + H2O => C2H5OH + NaOH.
This value belongs to PPPoE session stage protocol..PPPoE is point.pdfannaielectronicsvill
This value belongs to PPPoE session stage protocol..
PPPoE is point to point protocol over ethernet...
It allows communication over ethernet between two network points...
This protocol is used by internet service providers to provide high speed internet services..
Solution
This value belongs to PPPoE session stage protocol..
PPPoE is point to point protocol over ethernet...
It allows communication over ethernet between two network points...
This protocol is used by internet service providers to provide high speed internet services...
Photosynthesis - converts carbon dioxide to sugarsCell cycle - con.pdfannaielectronicsvill
Photosynthesis - converts carbon dioxide to sugars
Cell cycle - contains DNA replication and mitosis
Osmosis - movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Enzymes - catalyze biological reactions
Aerobic cellular respiration - produces ATP
Solution
Photosynthesis - converts carbon dioxide to sugars
Cell cycle - contains DNA replication and mitosis
Osmosis - movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Enzymes - catalyze biological reactions
Aerobic cellular respiration - produces ATP.
public class Hello {public static void main(String[] args) { P.pdfannaielectronicsvill
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Prints \"Hello, \" to the terminal window.
System.out.println(\"Hello\");
}
}
Solution
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Prints \"Hello, \" to the terminal window.
System.out.println(\"Hello\");
}
}.
Please follow the cod eand comments for description CODE #incl.pdfannaielectronicsvill
Please follow the cod eand comments for description :
CODE :
#include // cin cout
#include // pow
#include // setprecision, fixed, showpoint
using namespace std;
/*--Function Prototypes--*/
void displayMenu();
bool isPositive(float a);
float calcSquareArea (float baseData);
float calcRectangleArea (float baseData, float heightData);
float calcTriangleArea (float baseData, float heightData);
float calcCircleArea (float radiusData);
void displayArea(float result);
/*-MAIN--------------------------------*/
int main() {
// declare \'base\' and \'height\' as type float
// and initialize them both to 1
float base = 1;
float height = 1;
// declare \'area\' as type float
float area;
// declare \'choice\' as type int
int choice;
do{
// display menu and prompt for user\'s choice
displayMenu();
// read in user\'s choice
cin >> choice;
// branch to the corresponding case for \'choice\'
switch(choice) {
case 1 :
// validate for positive dimesion(s)
// do{
// prompt for side length and read into \'base\'
// }while( !isPositive( base ) );
// calcSquareArea
// displayArea
do{
cout << \"Enter the Length of the Each Side For the Square : \";
cin >> base;
}while (!isPositive(base));
area = calcSquareArea (base);
displayArea(area);
break;
case 2:
// validate for positive dimesion(s)
// prompt for base and height and read in values
// calcRectangleArea
// displayArea
do{
cout << \"Enter the Base data of the Rectangle : \";
cin >> base;
}while (!isPositive(base));
do{
cout << \"Enter the Height data of the Rectangle : \";
cin >> height;
}while (!isPositive(height));
area = calcRectangleArea (base, height);
displayArea(area);
break;
case 3:
// validate for positive dimesion(s)
// prompt for base and height and read in values
// calcTriangleArea
// displayArea
do{
cout << \"Enter the Base data of the Triangle : \";
cin >> base;
}while (!isPositive(base));
do{
cout << \"Enter the Height data of the Triangle : \";
cin >> height;
}while (!isPositive(height));
area = calcTriangleArea (base, height);
displayArea(area);
break;
case 4:
// validate for positive dimesion(s)
// prompt for radius and read into \'base\'
// calcCircleArea
// displayArea
do{
cout << \"Enter the Radius data of the Circle : \";
cin >> base;
}while (!isPositive(base));
area = calcCircleArea (base);
displayArea(area);
break;
case 0:
// alert the user \"closing program\"
cout << \"Closing the Program.!\" << endl;
break;
default:
// alert the user \"invalid option\"
cout << \"Invalid Option..!!\" << endl;
break;
}
}while(choice != 0);
cout << endl;
return(0);
}
/*-------------------------------------*/
void displayMenu() {
cout << \"1. Area of a square \ \"
<< \"2. Area of a rectangle \ \"
<< \"3. Area of a triangle \ \"
<< \"4. Area of a circle \ \"
<< \"0. Exit\ \"
<< \"----------------------\ \"
<< \"Enter choice: \";
return;
}
bool isPositive(float a) {
if(a > 0){
return true;
} else {
cout << \"Invalid Data..!!\" << endl;
exit(0);
return false;
}
}
float calcSquareArea (float baseData) {
float are.
Molar mass of NO2 = molar mass of N + 2 x molar mass of O= 14.01 +.pdfannaielectronicsvill
Molar mass of NO2 = molar mass of N + 2 x molar mass of O
= 14.01 + 2 x 16.00
= 46.01 g/mol
Solution
Molar mass of NO2 = molar mass of N + 2 x molar mass of O
= 14.01 + 2 x 16.00
= 46.01 g/mol.
Milgram experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect that figu.pdfannaielectronicsvill
Milgram experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect that figures of authority have on
the people about the obedience people show to the authority. This experiment was conducted to
understand the rationale behind the Nuremberg massacre trials when millions of Jews were put to
death by the Nazis. The people involved in the holocaust later presented their case in the trials
that they were commanded by the authority to do so. Milgram devised a psychological study to
demonstrate this behaviour.
In the study, male participants were taken, from different occupational background with different
level of education. They were made to obey to an authority figure to inflict pain on the other
person, on the other side of the room not visible to the participant. Surprisingly enough, the study
found that a very large percentage of people were willing to obey, even unwillingly to cause
serious injury to a person when they are made to do so by a powerful authority.
There are some critical dimensions associated with the experiment which shows that the
experiment did not exactly depict the situations as present during holocaust namely:
Therefore one could say that the experiment was not totally successful in depicting the situations
present during the holocaust.
Solution
Milgram experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect that figures of authority have on
the people about the obedience people show to the authority. This experiment was conducted to
understand the rationale behind the Nuremberg massacre trials when millions of Jews were put to
death by the Nazis. The people involved in the holocaust later presented their case in the trials
that they were commanded by the authority to do so. Milgram devised a psychological study to
demonstrate this behaviour.
In the study, male participants were taken, from different occupational background with different
level of education. They were made to obey to an authority figure to inflict pain on the other
person, on the other side of the room not visible to the participant. Surprisingly enough, the study
found that a very large percentage of people were willing to obey, even unwillingly to cause
serious injury to a person when they are made to do so by a powerful authority.
There are some critical dimensions associated with the experiment which shows that the
experiment did not exactly depict the situations as present during holocaust namely:
Therefore one could say that the experiment was not totally successful in depicting the situations
present during the holocaust..
Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private.pdfannaielectronicsvill
Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private companies, such as sole
public utility or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water
distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and
telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid
for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by
metered user fees. Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term
bonds.
Hence, government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the
private sector or in public-private partnerships, in addition to in the public sector. In the United
States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP
since 1950.[9] Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure.
Solution
Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private companies, such as sole
public utility or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water
distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and
telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid
for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by
metered user fees. Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term
bonds.
Hence, government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the
private sector or in public-private partnerships, in addition to in the public sector. In the United
States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP
since 1950.[9] Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure..
If the substance is in liquid state then simply boil the solution to.pdfannaielectronicsvill
If the substance is in liquid state then simply boil the solution to expel the sulfer.
Boiling should be continued until we do not get sulfer smell.
Solution
If the substance is in liquid state then simply boil the solution to expel the sulfer.
Boiling should be continued until we do not get sulfer smell..
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1) Now we consider that the product is lawnmower. Validation tests i.pdf
1. 1) Now we consider that the product is lawnmower. Validation tests include the scenarios in
which the product will work or not and this process is done by the product managing team itself.
Does it cleans even?
What happen when suddenly power is off?
How much far we can move it?
How much time it takes for a particular unit ?
These all are some tests including in the validation tests...
Verification tests, It includes verifying whether the build the right product. Following are few
tests that can be included:
What happens if stone is there?
What if there is raining?
How it works in an uneven place?
These are few tests to be conducted under verification...
2)
1. REQUIREMENTS
A documented software requirements specification provides a baseline for both validation and
verification. The software validation process cannot be completed without an established
software requirements specification (Ref: 21 CFR 820.3(z) and (aa) and 820.30(f) and (g)).
2. DEFECT PREVENTION
Software quality assurance needs to focus on preventing the introduction of defects into the
software development process and not on trying to "test quality into" the software code after it
is written. Software testing is very limited in its ability to surface all latent defects in software
code. For example, the complexity of most software prevents it from being exhaustively tested.
Software testing is a necessary activity. However, in most cases software testing by itself is not
sufficient to establish confidence that the software is fit for its intended use. In order to establish
that confidence, software developers should use a mixture of methods and techniques to prevent
software errors and to detect software errors that do occur. The "best mix" of methods depends
on many factors including the development environment, application, size of project, language,
and risk.
3. TIME AND EFFORT
To build a case that the software is validated requires time and effort. Preparation for software
validation should begin early, i.e., during design and development planning and design input.
The final conclusion that the software is validated should be based on evidence collected from
planned efforts conducted throughout the software lifecycle.
4. SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE
2. Software validation takes place within the environment of an established software life cycle. The
software life cycle contains software engineering tasks and documentation necessary to support
the software validation effort. In addition, the software life cycle contains specific verification
and validation tasks that are appropriate for the intended use of the software. This guidance does
not recommend any particular life cycle models - only that they should be selected and used for a
software development project.
5. PLANS
The software validation process is defined and controlled through the use of a plan. The software
validation plan defines "what" is to be accomplished through the software validation effort.
Software validation plans are a significant quality system tool. Software validation plans specify
areas such as scope, approach, resources, schedules and the types and extent of activities, tasks,
and work items.
6. PROCEDURES
The software validation process is executed through the use of procedures. These procedures
establish "how" to conduct the software validation effort. The procedures should identify the
specific actions or sequence of actions that must be taken to complete individual validation
activities, tasks, and work items.
7. SOFTWARE VALIDATION AFTER A CHANGE
Due to the complexity of software, a seemingly small local change may have a significant global
system impact. When any change (even a small change) is made to the software, the validation
status of the software needs to be re-established. Whenever software is changed, a validation
analysis should be conducted not just for validation of the individual change, but also to
determine the extent and impact of that change on the entire software system. Based on this
analysis, the software developer should then conduct an appropriate level of software regression
testing to show that unchanged but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely
affected. Design controls and appropriate regression testing provide the confidence that the
software is validated after a software change.
8. VALIDATION COVERAGE
Validation coverage should be based on the software's complexity and safety risk - not on firm
size or resource constraints. The selection of validation activities, tasks, and work items should
be commensurate with the complexity of the software design and the risk associated with the use
of the software for the specified intended use. For lower risk devices, only baseline validation
activities may be conducted. As the risk increases additional validation activities should be added
to cover the additional risk. Validation documentation should be sufficient to demonstrate that all
software validation plans and procedures have been completed successfully.
9. INDEPENDENCEOF REVIEW
3. Validation activities should be conducted using the basic quality assurance precept of
"independence of review." Self-validation is extremely difficult. When possible, an
independent evaluation is always better, especially for higher risk applications. Some firms
contract out for a third-party independent verification and validation, but this solution may not
always be feasible. Another approach is to assign internal staff members that are not involved in
a particular design or its implementation, but who have sufficient knowledge to evaluate the
project and conduct the verification and validation activities. Smaller firms may need to be
creative in how tasks are organized and assigned in order to maintain internal independence of
review.
10.FLEXIBILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
Specific implementation of these software validation principles may be quite different from one
application to another. The device manufacturer has flexibility in choosing how to apply these
validation principles, but retains ultimate responsibility for demonstrating that the software has
been validated.
Software is designed, developed, validated, and regulated in a wide spectrum of environments,
and for a wide variety of devices with varying levels of risk.
Solution
1) Now we consider that the product is lawnmower. Validation tests include the scenarios in
which the product will work or not and this process is done by the product managing team itself.
Does it cleans even?
What happen when suddenly power is off?
How much far we can move it?
How much time it takes for a particular unit ?
These all are some tests including in the validation tests...
Verification tests, It includes verifying whether the build the right product. Following are few
tests that can be included:
What happens if stone is there?
What if there is raining?
How it works in an uneven place?
These are few tests to be conducted under verification...
2)
1. REQUIREMENTS
A documented software requirements specification provides a baseline for both validation and
verification. The software validation process cannot be completed without an established
4. software requirements specification (Ref: 21 CFR 820.3(z) and (aa) and 820.30(f) and (g)).
2. DEFECT PREVENTION
Software quality assurance needs to focus on preventing the introduction of defects into the
software development process and not on trying to "test quality into" the software code after it
is written. Software testing is very limited in its ability to surface all latent defects in software
code. For example, the complexity of most software prevents it from being exhaustively tested.
Software testing is a necessary activity. However, in most cases software testing by itself is not
sufficient to establish confidence that the software is fit for its intended use. In order to establish
that confidence, software developers should use a mixture of methods and techniques to prevent
software errors and to detect software errors that do occur. The "best mix" of methods depends
on many factors including the development environment, application, size of project, language,
and risk.
3. TIME AND EFFORT
To build a case that the software is validated requires time and effort. Preparation for software
validation should begin early, i.e., during design and development planning and design input.
The final conclusion that the software is validated should be based on evidence collected from
planned efforts conducted throughout the software lifecycle.
4. SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE
Software validation takes place within the environment of an established software life cycle. The
software life cycle contains software engineering tasks and documentation necessary to support
the software validation effort. In addition, the software life cycle contains specific verification
and validation tasks that are appropriate for the intended use of the software. This guidance does
not recommend any particular life cycle models - only that they should be selected and used for a
software development project.
5. PLANS
The software validation process is defined and controlled through the use of a plan. The software
validation plan defines "what" is to be accomplished through the software validation effort.
Software validation plans are a significant quality system tool. Software validation plans specify
areas such as scope, approach, resources, schedules and the types and extent of activities, tasks,
and work items.
6. PROCEDURES
The software validation process is executed through the use of procedures. These procedures
establish "how" to conduct the software validation effort. The procedures should identify the
specific actions or sequence of actions that must be taken to complete individual validation
activities, tasks, and work items.
7. SOFTWARE VALIDATION AFTER A CHANGE
5. Due to the complexity of software, a seemingly small local change may have a significant global
system impact. When any change (even a small change) is made to the software, the validation
status of the software needs to be re-established. Whenever software is changed, a validation
analysis should be conducted not just for validation of the individual change, but also to
determine the extent and impact of that change on the entire software system. Based on this
analysis, the software developer should then conduct an appropriate level of software regression
testing to show that unchanged but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely
affected. Design controls and appropriate regression testing provide the confidence that the
software is validated after a software change.
8. VALIDATION COVERAGE
Validation coverage should be based on the software's complexity and safety risk - not on firm
size or resource constraints. The selection of validation activities, tasks, and work items should
be commensurate with the complexity of the software design and the risk associated with the use
of the software for the specified intended use. For lower risk devices, only baseline validation
activities may be conducted. As the risk increases additional validation activities should be added
to cover the additional risk. Validation documentation should be sufficient to demonstrate that all
software validation plans and procedures have been completed successfully.
9. INDEPENDENCEOF REVIEW
Validation activities should be conducted using the basic quality assurance precept of
"independence of review." Self-validation is extremely difficult. When possible, an
independent evaluation is always better, especially for higher risk applications. Some firms
contract out for a third-party independent verification and validation, but this solution may not
always be feasible. Another approach is to assign internal staff members that are not involved in
a particular design or its implementation, but who have sufficient knowledge to evaluate the
project and conduct the verification and validation activities. Smaller firms may need to be
creative in how tasks are organized and assigned in order to maintain internal independence of
review.
10.FLEXIBILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
Specific implementation of these software validation principles may be quite different from one
application to another. The device manufacturer has flexibility in choosing how to apply these
validation principles, but retains ultimate responsibility for demonstrating that the software has
been validated.
Software is designed, developed, validated, and regulated in a wide spectrum of environments,
and for a wide variety of devices with varying levels of risk.