1
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/people-pacific/smith-text
Smith, Roff
2008 Beyond the Blue Horizon: How Ancient Voyagers Settled the Far Flung Islands
of the Pacific. National Geographic March 2008.
Beyond the Blue Horizon: How Ancient Voyagers Settled
the Far Flung Island of the Pacific
By: Roff Smith
Much of the thrill of venturing to the far side of the world rests on the romance of difference. So
one feels a certain sympathy for Captain James Cook on the day in 1778 that he "discovered" Hawaii.
Then on his third expedition to the Pacific, the British navigator had explored scores of islands across the
breadth of the sea, from lush New Zealand to the lonely wastes of Easter Island. This latest voyage had
taken him thousands of miles north from the Society Islands to an archipelago so remote that even the
old Polynesians back on Tahiti knew nothing about it. Imagine Cook's surprise, then, when the natives of
Hawaii came paddling out in their canoes and greeted him in a familiar tongue, one he had heard on
virtually every mote of inhabited land he had visited. Marveling at the ubiquity of this Pacific language
and culture, he later wondered in his journal: "How shall we account for this Nation spreading it self so
far over this Vast ocean?"
That question, and others that flow from it, has tantalized inquiring minds for centuries: Who
were these amazing seafarers? Where did they come from, starting more than 3,000 years ago? And
how could a Neolithic people with simple canoes and no navigation gear manage to find, let alone
colonize, hundreds of far-flung island specks scattered across an ocean that spans nearly a third of the
globe?
Answers have been slow in coming. But now a startling archaeological find on the island of
Éfaté, in the Pacific nation of Vanuatu, has revealed an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of
today's Polynesians, taking their first steps into the unknown. The discoveries there have also opened a
window into the shadowy world of those early voyagers.
At the same time, other pieces of this human puzzle are turning up in unlikely places. Climate data
gleaned from slow-growing corals around the Pacific and from sediments in alpine lakes in South
America may help explain how, more than a thousand years later, a second wave of seafarers beat their
way across the entire Pacific.
On a lonely sun-drenched knoll on Éfaté, about half an hour's drive east of Port-Vila, the old
colonial capital of Vanuatu, Matthew Spriggs is sitting on an upturned bucket, gently brushing away
crumbs of dirt from a richly decorated piece of pottery unearthed only a few minutes earlier. "I've never
seen anything like this," he says, admiring the intricate design. "Nobody has. This is unique."
That description fits much of what is coming out of the ground here. "What we have is a first- or second-
generation site containing the graves of some of the Pacific's first ...
1) The human colonization of the Pacific Islands occurred in three main phases, with the earliest peoples settling Near Oceania like New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago over 35,000 years ago.
2) Between 3,500-2,800 years ago, the Lapita people colonized Remote Oceania using advanced seafaring skills, spreading as far as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. They left behind distinctive Lapita pottery.
3) The third phase saw the settlement of East Polynesia around 1,200 years ago, with peoples reaching places like Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island remarkably quickly, showing sophisticated navigation abilities.
Human skulls of peru possible evidence of a lost human speciesMarcos Neumann
- The article discusses elongated human skulls that were discovered in Paracas, Peru dating back as far as 3,000 years.
- The skulls have unusually large cranial volumes that could not be explained by head binding practices, suggesting genetic factors.
- DNA testing of the Paracas skulls may help determine their genetic origins and relationship to other ancient cultures. Samples were taken from 5 skulls to be carbon dated and genetically analyzed.
- The results could provide evidence that the Paracas people descended from an earlier unknown human species or culture.
Indigenous peoples in the Pacific had sophisticated navigational knowledge and skills that allowed them to settle thousands of islands across the vast Pacific Ocean over thousands of years, long before European contact. They used celestial navigation, observing the positions of stars and constellations, to navigate the open ocean in large, oceangoing vessels. Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence shows their migration originated in Taiwan and dispersed south and east through Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are a remote chain of small islands and atolls northwest of the main Hawaiian Islands. The region was designated as a national monument in 2006 to protect its unique ecology. It contains the largest protected marine area in the US and hosts many endemic and endangered species. Key facts about the islands include their volcanic formation over millions of years, cultural significance to native Hawaiians, and pristine coral reefs that are home to thousands of species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else.
Charles Darwin provides excerpts from his journal during the Voyage of the Beagle. Over multiple entries spanning years, he describes the geography, geology, and wildlife of locations in South America, including Cape Verde, Rio de Janeiro, the Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and Argentina. He finds many fossils of extinct giant mammals embedded along the coasts, indicating the areas were changed by uplift and erosion over long periods. Darwin provides detailed observations of the landscapes and environments in brief journal entries from his historic voyage.
In 1997, two scientists discovered an archeologically significant cave during an environmental assessment near Mossel Bay, South Africa. Extensive excavations of the Pinnacle Point caves since 2000 have uncovered evidence of human occupation dating back over 160,000 years, challenging previous beliefs that modern human behavior emerged much more recently in Europe. The caves contain thick layers of shells, bones, stone tools, and charcoal remains that have provided insights into how early humans lived in the area and harvested resources sustainably from the shoreline.
READING COMPREHENSION 1 Reading text 1 For anyone who has seen Pirates of the...Zimri Rafael
1. The document discusses lost treasure ships from the 16th-17th centuries and 20th century that carried gold and other valuables from Europe to North America. Many ships sank with their cargo, like the Titanic.
2. In 1985, a French-American team located the Titanic wreck and recovered over 5,500 artifacts between 1987-1988, including personal items and ship parts. Many artifacts are now on display at the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas.
3. Advanced technology like sonar and GPS now help locate sunken wrecks, but ships can be difficult to detect among other wrecks and debris, and marine conditions pose risks to search crews. The exact cargo of ships is often unknown.
The 2008 Lake Kamestastin expedition in Labrador had the goals of observing the caribou migration, establishing relationships with the Tshikapisk Foundation, and exploring the area. The expedition successfully met the caribou and gained valuable experience at the lake. Future plans include further scientific study and connecting Innu youth to their cultural heritage through canoe expeditions.
1) The human colonization of the Pacific Islands occurred in three main phases, with the earliest peoples settling Near Oceania like New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago over 35,000 years ago.
2) Between 3,500-2,800 years ago, the Lapita people colonized Remote Oceania using advanced seafaring skills, spreading as far as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. They left behind distinctive Lapita pottery.
3) The third phase saw the settlement of East Polynesia around 1,200 years ago, with peoples reaching places like Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island remarkably quickly, showing sophisticated navigation abilities.
Human skulls of peru possible evidence of a lost human speciesMarcos Neumann
- The article discusses elongated human skulls that were discovered in Paracas, Peru dating back as far as 3,000 years.
- The skulls have unusually large cranial volumes that could not be explained by head binding practices, suggesting genetic factors.
- DNA testing of the Paracas skulls may help determine their genetic origins and relationship to other ancient cultures. Samples were taken from 5 skulls to be carbon dated and genetically analyzed.
- The results could provide evidence that the Paracas people descended from an earlier unknown human species or culture.
Indigenous peoples in the Pacific had sophisticated navigational knowledge and skills that allowed them to settle thousands of islands across the vast Pacific Ocean over thousands of years, long before European contact. They used celestial navigation, observing the positions of stars and constellations, to navigate the open ocean in large, oceangoing vessels. Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence shows their migration originated in Taiwan and dispersed south and east through Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are a remote chain of small islands and atolls northwest of the main Hawaiian Islands. The region was designated as a national monument in 2006 to protect its unique ecology. It contains the largest protected marine area in the US and hosts many endemic and endangered species. Key facts about the islands include their volcanic formation over millions of years, cultural significance to native Hawaiians, and pristine coral reefs that are home to thousands of species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else.
Charles Darwin provides excerpts from his journal during the Voyage of the Beagle. Over multiple entries spanning years, he describes the geography, geology, and wildlife of locations in South America, including Cape Verde, Rio de Janeiro, the Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and Argentina. He finds many fossils of extinct giant mammals embedded along the coasts, indicating the areas were changed by uplift and erosion over long periods. Darwin provides detailed observations of the landscapes and environments in brief journal entries from his historic voyage.
In 1997, two scientists discovered an archeologically significant cave during an environmental assessment near Mossel Bay, South Africa. Extensive excavations of the Pinnacle Point caves since 2000 have uncovered evidence of human occupation dating back over 160,000 years, challenging previous beliefs that modern human behavior emerged much more recently in Europe. The caves contain thick layers of shells, bones, stone tools, and charcoal remains that have provided insights into how early humans lived in the area and harvested resources sustainably from the shoreline.
READING COMPREHENSION 1 Reading text 1 For anyone who has seen Pirates of the...Zimri Rafael
1. The document discusses lost treasure ships from the 16th-17th centuries and 20th century that carried gold and other valuables from Europe to North America. Many ships sank with their cargo, like the Titanic.
2. In 1985, a French-American team located the Titanic wreck and recovered over 5,500 artifacts between 1987-1988, including personal items and ship parts. Many artifacts are now on display at the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas.
3. Advanced technology like sonar and GPS now help locate sunken wrecks, but ships can be difficult to detect among other wrecks and debris, and marine conditions pose risks to search crews. The exact cargo of ships is often unknown.
The 2008 Lake Kamestastin expedition in Labrador had the goals of observing the caribou migration, establishing relationships with the Tshikapisk Foundation, and exploring the area. The expedition successfully met the caribou and gained valuable experience at the lake. Future plans include further scientific study and connecting Innu youth to their cultural heritage through canoe expeditions.
The McInnis Site in Orange Beach, Alabama was excavated between 2013-2015. Archaeological investigations uncovered evidence of prehistoric Mississippian and Protohistoric occupations from 1200-1700 AD. Artifacts recovered included shell-tempered pottery, lithics, faunal remains, and some historic Native American and European materials. The site provides information about Native American lifeways in this region during this time period.
Read The Sixth Extinction, pages 161-240.CHAPTER VITHE S.docxsodhi3
Read The Sixth Extinction, pages 161-240.
CHAPTER VI
THE SEA AROUND US
Patella caerulea
Castello Aragonese is a tiny island that rises straight out of the Tyrrhenian Sea, like a turret. Eighteen miles west of Naples, it can be reached from the larger island of Ischia via a long, narrow stone bridge. At the end of the bridge there’s a booth where ten euros buys a ticket that allows you to climb—or, better yet, take the elevator—up to the massive castle that gives the island its name. The castle houses a display of medieval torture instruments as well as a fancy hotel and an outdoor café. On a summer evening, the café is supposed to be a pleasant place to sip Campari and contemplate the terrors of the past.
Like many small places, Castello Aragonese is a product of ” “very large forces, in this case the northward drift of Africa, which every year brings Tripoli an inch or so closer to Rome. Along a complicated set of folds, the African plate is pressing into Eurasia, the way a sheet of metal might be forced into a furnace. Occasionally, this process results in violent volcanic eruptions. (One such eruption, in 1302, led the entire population of Ischia to take refuge on Castello Aragonese.) On a more regular basis, it sends streams of gas bubbling out of vents in the sea floor. This gas, as it happens, is almost a hundred percent carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide has many interesting properties, one of which is that it dissolves in water to form an acid. I have come to Ischia in late January, deep into the off-season, specifically to swim in its bubbly, acidified bay. Two marine biologists, Jason Hall-Spencer and Maria Cristina Buia, have promised to show me the vents, provided the predicted rainstorm holds off. It is a raw, gray day, and we are thumping along in a fishing boat that’s been converted into a research vessel. We round Castello Aragonese and anchor about twenty yards from its “its rocky cliffs. From the boat, I can’t see the vents, but I can see signs of them. A whitish band of barnacles runs all the way around the base of the island, except above the vents, where the barnacles are missing.”
“Barnacles are pretty tough,” Hall-Spencer observes. He is British, with dirty blond hair that sticks up in unpredictable directions. He’s wearing a dry suit, which is a sort of wet suit designed to keep its owner from ever getting wet, and it makes him look as if he’s preparing for a space journey. Buia is Italian, with reddish brown hair that reaches her shoulders. She strips down to her bathing suit and pulls on her wet suit with one expert motion. I try to emulate her with a suit I have borrowed for the occasion. It is, I learn as I tug at the zipper, about half a size too small. We all put on masks and flippers and flop in.”
“The water is frigid. Hall-Spencer is carrying a knife. He pries some sea urchins from a rock and holds them out to me. Their spines are an inky black. We swim on, along the southern shore of the island, toward the ve ...
Unraveling the Mystery of the Oak Island Money Pit.pptxelizabethella096
Nestled off the eastern shores of Canada in Nova Scotia lies a small but enigmatic island that has captured the imaginations of treasure hunters and historians alike for over two centuries. This enigmatic site, famously known as the Oak Island Money Pit, has sparked countless theories, expeditions, and debates, all centered around uncovering its elusive secrets. What exactly is the Oak Island Money Pit, and why has it remained a subject of fascination and speculation for so long?
This document provides information on four mysterious creatures:
1) The Hook Island Sea Monster, a 70-foot sea creature resembling a giant tadpole that was sighted off Hook Island in 1964. Evidence for and against it being real is examined.
2) The Loch Ness Monster, whose modern legend began in 1933 when local newspapers reported sightings of an enormous creature in Loch Ness. Interest grew after additional reported sightings.
3) Racetrack Playa in California, known for mysterious sliding rocks that have baffled scientists due to how they move across the dry lake bed without human or animal help.
4) The Giant Squid, still considered a deep mystery as live specimens are
This document summarizes the findings of fossil bones in Australia, particularly on the Darling Downs, and discusses the circumstances around their accumulation and preservation. It describes how the bones are found mixed together and broken, indicating they were swept up in a sudden flood following a volcanic disturbance. It also discusses theories around the extinction of the giant marsupials that once lived in Australia and whether they could have coexisted with the indigenous population.
The document provides an overview of Antarctica, including its geological history and formation over time. Key events summarized are the hypothetical concept of "Terra Australis" on early world maps, explorers first sighting and landing in Antarctica in the early 19th century, and Roald Amundsen becoming the first person to reach the South Pole in 1911. The document also briefly outlines some Antarctic wildlife, such as penguins, seals and fish that have adapted to the freezing temperatures.
The Status of Archeology in the PhilippinesMary Reyes
The Archaeology Division conducts research on human prehistory through artifacts, ecofacts, and structures found in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. It focuses on two main areas: terrestrial archaeology of land sites, and underwater archaeology of shipwrecks. The division oversees collections, records, and exhibitions including two permanent displays at the National Museum showcasing Philippine prehistory and archaeological treasures.
China's global maritime expansion reaches Australia in 1400 A.D.Brura1
The document summarizes evidence found at Gympie, Australia that suggests pre-colonial Chinese settlements from the 15th century, including:
- Coins dated 1385-1400 AD found at the Gympie Pyramid site
- A Chinese "teapot" and jade jewelry found nearby, dating to the Ming period
- Similarities to structures and artifacts from South America, China, and other ancient cultures
- Local Aboriginal stories describing "strange gods" mining for gold, consistent with possible Chinese explorer visits
- Maps and historical records providing evidence that Chinese fleets under Admiral Zheng He explored the Australian coast in the 15th century
The document provides an overview of Höküle'a's journey to South Africa, which was halfway around the world from its starting point in Hawaii. It describes Höküle'a arriving in South Africa and being welcomed as coming home, as early humans are believed to have originated in southern Africa. It discusses Höküle'a exploring ecological areas and meeting with local groups in South Africa. It also describes the crew visiting archaeological caves containing some of the earliest signs of human creativity and intelligence, dating back over 160,000 years.
The document provides an overview of the geography and geology of Palawan province in the Philippines. It describes how the northeastern part of Palawan originated from mainland China and drifted away due to continental shifting. It discusses the different rock formations found across Palawan, including mudstones, clastic rocks, marine limestone, and granite, and how they relate to plate tectonics. It also notes evidence of past magma activity. In short, the document summarizes how Palawan's diverse rock formations and origins are tied to its history as part of drifting continental plates separating from China.
Archaeologists were excavating a cave on San Nicolas Island believed to have been inhabited by the Lone Woman of San Nicolas. They had removed 40,000 buckets of sand over many months. However, the dig was stopped abruptly when concerns were raised that it was not being conducted legally. A film student, Tom Holm, had brought members of the Pechanga Native American tribe to visit the site, and the tribe subsequently demanded that all archaeological research on the island be halted. This interrupted efforts to learn more about the mysterious woman and understand her story, which inspired the novel Island of the Blue Dolphins. The cave remains closed and its secrets undisclosed.
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, hypothesizing that around 200 million years ago, all the Earth's land masses were joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the late Triassic period, separating into the supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents had separated into their modern positions.
This document provides an excerpt from a research proposal by Tania Ryan to study rock art, intaglio, ceramics, textiles, and tattoos on the island of Raivavae in French Polynesia. The proposal aims to explore how symbols from rock art changed forms through ceramics, textiles, and tattoos over time, while examining how status and power influenced these changes. The methodology would involve dating and analyzing the rock art and artifacts, as well as conducting interviews to understand the cultural context and history of symbol usage on the island. If successful, the research could provide valuable insights into the culture and settlement patterns of Raivavae and the wider Austral Islands region.
The document discusses evidence and theories about the legendary lost city of Atlantis. It summarizes Plato's original accounts of Atlantis from writings in 350 BCE. It also details several hypotheses that have been proposed over time for the actual location of Atlantis, including in the Mediterranean, North Sea, Caribbean, Antarctica, and off the coast of Greece where recent underwater archaeological discoveries of an ancient sunken city have sparked renewed interest in the Atlantis myth.
The document provides a history of oceanography, beginning with early exploration by Polynesians, Greeks, Egyptians and others. It then discusses key voyages and discoveries like those of the Vikings, Columbus, and Magellan. Major advances in the 19th century included the Challenger expedition and work by scientists like Forbes and Darwin. The 20th century saw increased technological capabilities like echo sounding and satellites that advanced oceanographic understanding. Modern oceanography focuses on issues like climate change and conservation.
Europeans in the 15th century knew little about areas beyond Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was seen as too vast to cross and Africa was believed to be too large to sail around. Improvements in shipbuilding technology and navigation instruments eventually enabled explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama to explore the coast of Africa, hoping to find a trade route to India and spread Christianity. This led to Europe's age of discovery and greater geographical knowledge of the world.
Acquired froim google.com ; its for the images for star venus at transist .Deepak Somaji-Sawant
James Cook led a Royal Navy expedition on the HMS Endeavour to observe the rare 1769 transit of Venus across the sun. The goal was to use parallax measurements from different locations to determine the scale of the solar system. Cook and his crew arrived safely in Tahiti in 1769 and observed the transit, but atmospheric distortions made their measurements less precise. After completing their astronomical work, Cook spent over a year exploring the Pacific, mapping New Zealand and Australia and searching unsuccessfully for a hypothesized southern continent before returning to England.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It describes his hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart around 200 million years ago. As the continents drifted apart, they formed the landmasses that exist today. The document also provides background on the Bering Land Bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age, allowing humans, plants and animals to migrate between the continents.
Archaeologists were excavating a cave on San Nicolas Island that they believed was inhabited by the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island. After removing 40,000 buckets of sand, the team was close to historical artifacts when the Navy ordered the dig to stop. The shutdown was prompted by a student, Tom Holm, who had concerns about the handling of Native American artifacts and brought members of the Pechanga tribe to question the archaeologists. The Pechanga tribe then demanded that all archaeological research on the island be stopped out of respect for their ancestral heritage.
1. Various European powers explored and colonized different parts of the Americas beginning in the late 15th century. Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Leif Eriksson sought wealth and trade routes but their arrivals led to widespread effects.
2. Native American populations declined dramatically due to exposure to European diseases as well as violence during European settlement and fighting over land. Europeans established profitable trade networks involving crops, commodities, and eventually slaves.
3. The interactions between explorers, colonists, native peoples, and brought people led to significant political, economic, and demographic changes on both sides of the Atlantic. It marked the beginning of sustained connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
NRS-493 Individual Success PlanREQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS 100 Direct.docxhoney725342
NRS-493 Individual Success Plan
REQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours community/50 hours leadership) – 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours.
P
R
A
C
T
I
C
E
E
X
P
E
R
I
E
N
C
E
Complete Contact Information
Student Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Course Faculty Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Practicum Preceptor Information
Practice Setting
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
ISP Instructions
Use this form to develop your Individual Success Plan (ISP) for NRS-493, the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. An individual success plan maps out what you, the RN-to-BSN student, needs to accomplish in order to be successful as you work through this course and complete your overall program of study. You will also share this with your preceptor at the beginning and end of this course so that he or she will know what you need to accomplish.
In this ISP, you will identify all of the objectives and assignments relating to the 100 direct clinical practice experience hours and the 25 indirect clinical practice hours you need to complete by the end of this course. Use this template to specify the date by which you will complete each assignment. Your plan should include a self-assessment of how you met all applicable GCU RN-to-BSN Domains & Competencies (see Appendix A). General Requirements
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:
· Use the Individual Success Plan to develop a personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains & Competencies (Appendix A) related to that course.
Show all of the major deliverables in the course, the topic/course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and lastly, align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
Completing your ISP does not earn clinical practice experience hours, nor does telephone conference time, or time spent with your preceptor.
· Within the Individual Success Plan, ensure you identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table on the next page.
Topic
Graded Assignment
Indirect Clinical Assignments
Topic 1
1. Individual Success Plan
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of potential topics for the change proposal
Topic 2
1. Topic Selection Approval Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Search the literature for supporting journal articles
2. Summary of topic category; community or leadership
Topic 3
1. PICOT Question Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of objectives
Topic 4
1. Literature Evaluation Table
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of measurable outcomes
Topic 5
1. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Summary of the strategic plan
2. Midterm E.
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throu.docxhoney725342
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throughout its long history before the evolution of humans and certainly before the Industrial Revolutions.In terms of the oceans and the Earth's whole history then could you find information to support the coal and oil industry's claims that we're NOT the cause of climate change? Do some research and cite other factors in climate besides CO2 levels that would support your claims. Also read the attached article about the controversy. Remember too that there is a lot of money and certainly politics involved in this issue. Some scientists have built their whole careers on trying to prove or disprove the human connections to global warming.
As you'll see when you do your research the figures for sea-level rise are all over the place. That's because they're based on models that are even more complex than hurricane tracking models (they drive even supercomputers nuts).
Now the term
"sea-level"
is relative. If you check a geologic map you'll see that just about every piece of land on Earth has been underwater at least once. That's why sedimentary rocks are the most common type of land surface rock. Sea-level has been up and down thousands of times in the Earth's long history. We're just living on the "latest edition" of our planet. Also the one thing that I want everybody to learn from this course: we live on the Earth and we certainly affect it but
we
DO NOT control it
even though we like to think we do. We're just riding this wet rock through space.
As for the continuing scientific controversy check out this recent article:
Climate panel: warming 'extremely likely' man-made
.
More Related Content
Similar to 1 httpngm.nationalgeographic.com200803people-paci.docx
The McInnis Site in Orange Beach, Alabama was excavated between 2013-2015. Archaeological investigations uncovered evidence of prehistoric Mississippian and Protohistoric occupations from 1200-1700 AD. Artifacts recovered included shell-tempered pottery, lithics, faunal remains, and some historic Native American and European materials. The site provides information about Native American lifeways in this region during this time period.
Read The Sixth Extinction, pages 161-240.CHAPTER VITHE S.docxsodhi3
Read The Sixth Extinction, pages 161-240.
CHAPTER VI
THE SEA AROUND US
Patella caerulea
Castello Aragonese is a tiny island that rises straight out of the Tyrrhenian Sea, like a turret. Eighteen miles west of Naples, it can be reached from the larger island of Ischia via a long, narrow stone bridge. At the end of the bridge there’s a booth where ten euros buys a ticket that allows you to climb—or, better yet, take the elevator—up to the massive castle that gives the island its name. The castle houses a display of medieval torture instruments as well as a fancy hotel and an outdoor café. On a summer evening, the café is supposed to be a pleasant place to sip Campari and contemplate the terrors of the past.
Like many small places, Castello Aragonese is a product of ” “very large forces, in this case the northward drift of Africa, which every year brings Tripoli an inch or so closer to Rome. Along a complicated set of folds, the African plate is pressing into Eurasia, the way a sheet of metal might be forced into a furnace. Occasionally, this process results in violent volcanic eruptions. (One such eruption, in 1302, led the entire population of Ischia to take refuge on Castello Aragonese.) On a more regular basis, it sends streams of gas bubbling out of vents in the sea floor. This gas, as it happens, is almost a hundred percent carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide has many interesting properties, one of which is that it dissolves in water to form an acid. I have come to Ischia in late January, deep into the off-season, specifically to swim in its bubbly, acidified bay. Two marine biologists, Jason Hall-Spencer and Maria Cristina Buia, have promised to show me the vents, provided the predicted rainstorm holds off. It is a raw, gray day, and we are thumping along in a fishing boat that’s been converted into a research vessel. We round Castello Aragonese and anchor about twenty yards from its “its rocky cliffs. From the boat, I can’t see the vents, but I can see signs of them. A whitish band of barnacles runs all the way around the base of the island, except above the vents, where the barnacles are missing.”
“Barnacles are pretty tough,” Hall-Spencer observes. He is British, with dirty blond hair that sticks up in unpredictable directions. He’s wearing a dry suit, which is a sort of wet suit designed to keep its owner from ever getting wet, and it makes him look as if he’s preparing for a space journey. Buia is Italian, with reddish brown hair that reaches her shoulders. She strips down to her bathing suit and pulls on her wet suit with one expert motion. I try to emulate her with a suit I have borrowed for the occasion. It is, I learn as I tug at the zipper, about half a size too small. We all put on masks and flippers and flop in.”
“The water is frigid. Hall-Spencer is carrying a knife. He pries some sea urchins from a rock and holds them out to me. Their spines are an inky black. We swim on, along the southern shore of the island, toward the ve ...
Unraveling the Mystery of the Oak Island Money Pit.pptxelizabethella096
Nestled off the eastern shores of Canada in Nova Scotia lies a small but enigmatic island that has captured the imaginations of treasure hunters and historians alike for over two centuries. This enigmatic site, famously known as the Oak Island Money Pit, has sparked countless theories, expeditions, and debates, all centered around uncovering its elusive secrets. What exactly is the Oak Island Money Pit, and why has it remained a subject of fascination and speculation for so long?
This document provides information on four mysterious creatures:
1) The Hook Island Sea Monster, a 70-foot sea creature resembling a giant tadpole that was sighted off Hook Island in 1964. Evidence for and against it being real is examined.
2) The Loch Ness Monster, whose modern legend began in 1933 when local newspapers reported sightings of an enormous creature in Loch Ness. Interest grew after additional reported sightings.
3) Racetrack Playa in California, known for mysterious sliding rocks that have baffled scientists due to how they move across the dry lake bed without human or animal help.
4) The Giant Squid, still considered a deep mystery as live specimens are
This document summarizes the findings of fossil bones in Australia, particularly on the Darling Downs, and discusses the circumstances around their accumulation and preservation. It describes how the bones are found mixed together and broken, indicating they were swept up in a sudden flood following a volcanic disturbance. It also discusses theories around the extinction of the giant marsupials that once lived in Australia and whether they could have coexisted with the indigenous population.
The document provides an overview of Antarctica, including its geological history and formation over time. Key events summarized are the hypothetical concept of "Terra Australis" on early world maps, explorers first sighting and landing in Antarctica in the early 19th century, and Roald Amundsen becoming the first person to reach the South Pole in 1911. The document also briefly outlines some Antarctic wildlife, such as penguins, seals and fish that have adapted to the freezing temperatures.
The Status of Archeology in the PhilippinesMary Reyes
The Archaeology Division conducts research on human prehistory through artifacts, ecofacts, and structures found in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. It focuses on two main areas: terrestrial archaeology of land sites, and underwater archaeology of shipwrecks. The division oversees collections, records, and exhibitions including two permanent displays at the National Museum showcasing Philippine prehistory and archaeological treasures.
China's global maritime expansion reaches Australia in 1400 A.D.Brura1
The document summarizes evidence found at Gympie, Australia that suggests pre-colonial Chinese settlements from the 15th century, including:
- Coins dated 1385-1400 AD found at the Gympie Pyramid site
- A Chinese "teapot" and jade jewelry found nearby, dating to the Ming period
- Similarities to structures and artifacts from South America, China, and other ancient cultures
- Local Aboriginal stories describing "strange gods" mining for gold, consistent with possible Chinese explorer visits
- Maps and historical records providing evidence that Chinese fleets under Admiral Zheng He explored the Australian coast in the 15th century
The document provides an overview of Höküle'a's journey to South Africa, which was halfway around the world from its starting point in Hawaii. It describes Höküle'a arriving in South Africa and being welcomed as coming home, as early humans are believed to have originated in southern Africa. It discusses Höküle'a exploring ecological areas and meeting with local groups in South Africa. It also describes the crew visiting archaeological caves containing some of the earliest signs of human creativity and intelligence, dating back over 160,000 years.
The document provides an overview of the geography and geology of Palawan province in the Philippines. It describes how the northeastern part of Palawan originated from mainland China and drifted away due to continental shifting. It discusses the different rock formations found across Palawan, including mudstones, clastic rocks, marine limestone, and granite, and how they relate to plate tectonics. It also notes evidence of past magma activity. In short, the document summarizes how Palawan's diverse rock formations and origins are tied to its history as part of drifting continental plates separating from China.
Archaeologists were excavating a cave on San Nicolas Island believed to have been inhabited by the Lone Woman of San Nicolas. They had removed 40,000 buckets of sand over many months. However, the dig was stopped abruptly when concerns were raised that it was not being conducted legally. A film student, Tom Holm, had brought members of the Pechanga Native American tribe to visit the site, and the tribe subsequently demanded that all archaeological research on the island be halted. This interrupted efforts to learn more about the mysterious woman and understand her story, which inspired the novel Island of the Blue Dolphins. The cave remains closed and its secrets undisclosed.
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, hypothesizing that around 200 million years ago, all the Earth's land masses were joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the late Triassic period, separating into the supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents had separated into their modern positions.
This document provides an excerpt from a research proposal by Tania Ryan to study rock art, intaglio, ceramics, textiles, and tattoos on the island of Raivavae in French Polynesia. The proposal aims to explore how symbols from rock art changed forms through ceramics, textiles, and tattoos over time, while examining how status and power influenced these changes. The methodology would involve dating and analyzing the rock art and artifacts, as well as conducting interviews to understand the cultural context and history of symbol usage on the island. If successful, the research could provide valuable insights into the culture and settlement patterns of Raivavae and the wider Austral Islands region.
The document discusses evidence and theories about the legendary lost city of Atlantis. It summarizes Plato's original accounts of Atlantis from writings in 350 BCE. It also details several hypotheses that have been proposed over time for the actual location of Atlantis, including in the Mediterranean, North Sea, Caribbean, Antarctica, and off the coast of Greece where recent underwater archaeological discoveries of an ancient sunken city have sparked renewed interest in the Atlantis myth.
The document provides a history of oceanography, beginning with early exploration by Polynesians, Greeks, Egyptians and others. It then discusses key voyages and discoveries like those of the Vikings, Columbus, and Magellan. Major advances in the 19th century included the Challenger expedition and work by scientists like Forbes and Darwin. The 20th century saw increased technological capabilities like echo sounding and satellites that advanced oceanographic understanding. Modern oceanography focuses on issues like climate change and conservation.
Europeans in the 15th century knew little about areas beyond Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was seen as too vast to cross and Africa was believed to be too large to sail around. Improvements in shipbuilding technology and navigation instruments eventually enabled explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama to explore the coast of Africa, hoping to find a trade route to India and spread Christianity. This led to Europe's age of discovery and greater geographical knowledge of the world.
Acquired froim google.com ; its for the images for star venus at transist .Deepak Somaji-Sawant
James Cook led a Royal Navy expedition on the HMS Endeavour to observe the rare 1769 transit of Venus across the sun. The goal was to use parallax measurements from different locations to determine the scale of the solar system. Cook and his crew arrived safely in Tahiti in 1769 and observed the transit, but atmospheric distortions made their measurements less precise. After completing their astronomical work, Cook spent over a year exploring the Pacific, mapping New Zealand and Australia and searching unsuccessfully for a hypothesized southern continent before returning to England.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It describes his hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart around 200 million years ago. As the continents drifted apart, they formed the landmasses that exist today. The document also provides background on the Bering Land Bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age, allowing humans, plants and animals to migrate between the continents.
Archaeologists were excavating a cave on San Nicolas Island that they believed was inhabited by the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island. After removing 40,000 buckets of sand, the team was close to historical artifacts when the Navy ordered the dig to stop. The shutdown was prompted by a student, Tom Holm, who had concerns about the handling of Native American artifacts and brought members of the Pechanga tribe to question the archaeologists. The Pechanga tribe then demanded that all archaeological research on the island be stopped out of respect for their ancestral heritage.
1. Various European powers explored and colonized different parts of the Americas beginning in the late 15th century. Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Leif Eriksson sought wealth and trade routes but their arrivals led to widespread effects.
2. Native American populations declined dramatically due to exposure to European diseases as well as violence during European settlement and fighting over land. Europeans established profitable trade networks involving crops, commodities, and eventually slaves.
3. The interactions between explorers, colonists, native peoples, and brought people led to significant political, economic, and demographic changes on both sides of the Atlantic. It marked the beginning of sustained connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Similar to 1 httpngm.nationalgeographic.com200803people-paci.docx (20)
NRS-493 Individual Success PlanREQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS 100 Direct.docxhoney725342
NRS-493 Individual Success Plan
REQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours community/50 hours leadership) – 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours.
P
R
A
C
T
I
C
E
E
X
P
E
R
I
E
N
C
E
Complete Contact Information
Student Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Course Faculty Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Practicum Preceptor Information
Practice Setting
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
ISP Instructions
Use this form to develop your Individual Success Plan (ISP) for NRS-493, the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. An individual success plan maps out what you, the RN-to-BSN student, needs to accomplish in order to be successful as you work through this course and complete your overall program of study. You will also share this with your preceptor at the beginning and end of this course so that he or she will know what you need to accomplish.
In this ISP, you will identify all of the objectives and assignments relating to the 100 direct clinical practice experience hours and the 25 indirect clinical practice hours you need to complete by the end of this course. Use this template to specify the date by which you will complete each assignment. Your plan should include a self-assessment of how you met all applicable GCU RN-to-BSN Domains & Competencies (see Appendix A). General Requirements
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:
· Use the Individual Success Plan to develop a personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains & Competencies (Appendix A) related to that course.
Show all of the major deliverables in the course, the topic/course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and lastly, align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
Completing your ISP does not earn clinical practice experience hours, nor does telephone conference time, or time spent with your preceptor.
· Within the Individual Success Plan, ensure you identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table on the next page.
Topic
Graded Assignment
Indirect Clinical Assignments
Topic 1
1. Individual Success Plan
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of potential topics for the change proposal
Topic 2
1. Topic Selection Approval Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Search the literature for supporting journal articles
2. Summary of topic category; community or leadership
Topic 3
1. PICOT Question Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of objectives
Topic 4
1. Literature Evaluation Table
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of measurable outcomes
Topic 5
1. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Summary of the strategic plan
2. Midterm E.
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throu.docxhoney725342
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throughout its long history before the evolution of humans and certainly before the Industrial Revolutions.In terms of the oceans and the Earth's whole history then could you find information to support the coal and oil industry's claims that we're NOT the cause of climate change? Do some research and cite other factors in climate besides CO2 levels that would support your claims. Also read the attached article about the controversy. Remember too that there is a lot of money and certainly politics involved in this issue. Some scientists have built their whole careers on trying to prove or disprove the human connections to global warming.
As you'll see when you do your research the figures for sea-level rise are all over the place. That's because they're based on models that are even more complex than hurricane tracking models (they drive even supercomputers nuts).
Now the term
"sea-level"
is relative. If you check a geologic map you'll see that just about every piece of land on Earth has been underwater at least once. That's why sedimentary rocks are the most common type of land surface rock. Sea-level has been up and down thousands of times in the Earth's long history. We're just living on the "latest edition" of our planet. Also the one thing that I want everybody to learn from this course: we live on the Earth and we certainly affect it but
we
DO NOT control it
even though we like to think we do. We're just riding this wet rock through space.
As for the continuing scientific controversy check out this recent article:
Climate panel: warming 'extremely likely' man-made
.
NR224 Fundamentals SkillsTopic Safety Goals BOOK P.docxhoney725342
This document discusses a nursing fundamentals skills assignment on safety goals. The assignment introduces students to the National Patient Safety Goals developed by The Joint Commission, specifically the Speak Up Initiatives program, which is designed to empower patients to take an active role in their own healthcare safety by speaking up about concerns. The document provides guidelines for the assignment and references a nursing fundamentals textbook for further information.
Clinical mentors were interviewed about their experiences mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students. Mentors stated that empathy motivated them but they experienced a lack of support which caused strain. While mentors initially had fears of unknown cultures, positive mentoring experiences reduced this fear. Continuous education on intercultural communication could help mentors develop expertise to benefit students, patients, and staff.
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s.docxhoney725342
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise architecture, Justin wants to move forward with developing privacy policies to ensure videos aren’t distributed or uploaded to the net without the consent of the people in them. This opens a much larger conversation: Devil’s Canyon is also in need of a complete security plan, as well as risk assessments.
In a 2- to 3-page rationale and table,
prepare
the following information to present to the Devil’s Canyon team:
Explain the relationship between policies and security plans. Identify potential policy needs, noting Justin’s privacy policy, in relation to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise structure.
Outline the importance of a security plan in relation to security roles and safeguards.
Analyze at least 5 security-related risks/threats that Devil’s Canyon may face.
Assess the probability and impact to the Devil’s Canyon if each risk occurs. Based on these two factors, determine the overall risk level. For purposes of this assignment, evaluate and categorize each factor as low, medium, or high, and create a table to illustrate the risks. For example, a risk/threat with a low likelihood of occurrence and a high impact would represent an overall medium risk.
Consider digital elements mentioned in the designing of the enterprise architecture, such as software, hardware, proposed security measures, smart lift tickets, web cam systems, and smartphones.
.
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 .docxhoney725342
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 1
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Required Uniform Assignment: We Can, but Dare We?
PURPOSE
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate smartphone and social media use in healthcare and to
apply professional, ethical, and legal principles to their appropriate use in healthcare technology.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
• CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision‐making support tools embedded in patient
care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for
both patients and healthcare workers. (PO 4)
• CO #6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal
requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and
client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
• CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in the
delivery of nursing care (PO 8)
DUE DATE
See Course Schedule in Syllabus. The college’s Late Assignment Policy applies to this activity.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE
This assignment is worth a total of 240 points.
Requirements
1. Research, compose, and type a scholarly paper based on the scenario described below, and
choose a conclusion scenario to discuss within the body of your paper. Reflect on lessons
learned in this class about technology, privacy concerns, and legal and ethical issues and
addressed each of these concepts in the paper, reflecting on the use of smartphones and social
media in healthcare. Consider the consequences of such a scenario. Do not limit your review of
the literature to the nursing discipline only because other health professionals are using the
technology, and you may need to apply critical thinking skills to its applications in this scenario.
2. Use Microsoft Word and APA formatting. Consult your copy of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, sixth edition, as well as the resources in Doc Sharing if you
have questions (e.g., margin size, font type and size (point), use of third person, etc.). Take
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 2
advantage of the writing service SmartThinking, which is accessed by clicking on the link called
the Tutor Source, found under the Course Home area.
3. The length of the paper should be four to five pages, excluding the title page and the reference
page. Limit the references to a few key sources (minimum of three required).
4. The paper will contain an introduction that catches the attention of the reader, states the
purpose of the paper, and provides a narrative outline of what will follow (i.e., the assignment
criteria).
5. In the body of the paper, discuss the scenario in relation to HIPAA, leg.
Nurse Practitioner Diagnosis- Chest Pain.
SOAP
S-Subjective
O-Objective
A-Assessment
P-Plan
One Page Only
Please use attachment only. Copy and paste it into *SOAP*
I OSCE1-Chest Pain attached and copy and paste into the temple.
.
NURS 6002 Foundations of Graduate StudyAcademic and P.docxhoney725342
NURS 6002: Foundations of Graduate Study
Academic and Professional Success Plan Template
Prepared by:
<INSERT NAME>
Professional Development
Statement of Purpose
My main objective is to complete my master’s degree so as to qualify as a psych nurse practitioner. My focus is to learn how I can apply the knowledge I have gained from this program in delivering high-quality patient care. Consequently, I have developed several goals that I need to achieve so that they can help me in meeting y main objective.
Curriculum Vitae for Psych Nurse
PROFESIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate in Psych Nursing from Warren University with experience of more than two years in nursing practice. Skill as a youth coach, identifying problems, and applying the most appropriate techniques for each case. Collaborator, team worker, with a good relationship with patients and experienced in preparing patient care programs.
COMPETENCES
-Diagnosis of problems.
-Direct interventions.
-Consultation and treatment.
-Development of programs.
-Easy for personal relationships.
-Collaborative team worker.
-Experience with students with special needs.
-Good adaptation to different tasks.
EXPERIENCE
· John Hopkins Hospital Practice in Psych Nursing from January 2017 to the present
· One-time actions with conflictive patients in crisis situations.
· Preparation of intervention projects in the hospital environment for patients at risk of social exclusion.
TRAINING
· Degree in Psych nursing. Walden University
CERTIFICATES
SOCIAL WORK
· Volunteer in Walden community working with minors in areas of social exclusion.
LANGUAGES
· English
SKILLS VOCATION
· Service.
· Responsibility and seriousness.
· Pharmacology knowledge.
· Ability to work under pressure and in emergency situations.
· Knowledge of nutrition and psychology.
· Resolute person.
· dealing with older adults and children.
· Extensive use of computer tools.
Professional Development Goals
The first thing that should be noted is that psych nursing is a recent academic option, which is highly relevant that more people are trained in it and help to broaden and deepen the scientific foundation of the care it offers. Although the psych nurses are already able to carry out different activities without the need for another health professional to indicate them, it is important that they can acquire greater independence so that their contribution is even greater, which is my first professional development goal. Therefore, the degree in psych nursing must be strengthened, with studies and evidence that allow the framework of the work of those who practice it to grow and, in turn, encourage its professionals to intervene promptly to avoid complicating the medical situation of a patient.
I would like to be supportive, have a vocation for service, be responsible, and be organized. It is these basic qualities that will allow me to develop a nursing career. The organization and responsibility would be oriented there because the nurse, by nat.
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers .docxhoney725342
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers age and healthcare needs increase (AACN, n.d.). Registered nurse openings increase as nurses are retiring and leaving the workforce for various reasons such as burnout (AACN, n.d.). Enrollment increases to nursing educational programs does not meet the demand for nurses (AACN, n.d.). Nursing leader interventions that will impact the shortage is a focus on retention of nurses, attention to safe staffing ratios, and attention to quality care.
.
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer .docxhoney725342
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer 2 of them with a mix of your ideas, quotes from the text, and some secondary research (non-Wikipedia, non-Litcharts). I am looking for about 5 pages for both mini-essays combined. The due date will be April 9 by 11:59pm. No extensions.
Questions:
1. Often we attribute cowardice for Hamlet’s lack of action in the face of an obvious call for revenge. Is there some other way to view Hamlet the character?
2. The death of Ophelia comes as a result of the dual grief for the loss of her father and the loss of her true love . Why would you say that Hamlet reacts so radically different to the same circumstances?
3. What would you say is the horror that Kurtz sees in his mind’s eye moments before his death? Is it simply a late late condemnation of colonialism?
4. Marlowe’s lie in Chapter 3 has been written about to death in academic circles. Gather two analytical interpretations of the lie and offer me another way of looking at this climactic moment.
.
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research.docxhoney725342
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research
Watson’s philosophy and science of caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment/society, and nursing Butts & Rich, 2015). In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because, without caring, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Watson contends that caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health changes.
According to Watson (2009), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the caregiver and care recipient. The theory is focused on “the centrality of human caring and on the caring-to-caring transpersonal relationship and its healing potential for both the one who is caring and the one who is being cared for” (Watson, 2009). The structure for the science of caring is built upon ten carative factors. Among them are human altruistic values, faith-hope, sensitivity to one’s self or other, trust, human caring relationship, and promotion of self-expression (.
Watson defines Human being as a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted, in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Personhood is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts which are mind-body-soul-connection (Butt & Rich 2015)
The personhood concept in Watson theory of caring implies that patients are not all the same. Each person brings a unique background of experiences, values, and cultural perspective to health care encounter. Caring facilitates a nurse’s ability to know a patient, allowing the nurse to recognize a patient’s problem and find and implement individualized solution on the patient’s unique needs.
Knowing the person allows the nurse to avoid assumptions, to center on the one cared for (Keller, 2013). It also gives the nurse to opportunity to assess thoroughly by seeking clues to clarify the issue that the individual is going through.
The concept of personhood also integrates the human caring processes with healing environment, incorporating the life-generating and life receiving processes of human caring and healing for nurses and their patient. The concept put emphasis on developing a caring relationship with the person as a nurse and listen to the person’ stories to fully understand the meaning an impact of the individual’s condition. This information and understanding helps in the development and delivery of individualized patient centered care. The transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health care and places care before cure. When the .
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 1945Population-Level Inter.docxhoney725342
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
Population-Level Intervention
Strategies and Examples
for Obesity Prevention
in Children∗
Jennifer L. Foltz,1 Ashleigh L. May,1 Brook Belay,1
Allison J. Nihiser,2 Carrie A. Dooyema,1
and Heidi M. Blanck1
1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, 2Division of Population Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012. 32:391–415
First published online as a Review in Advance on
April 23, 2012
The Annual Review of Nutrition is online at
nutr.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150646
0199-9885/12/0821-0391$20.00
∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is
not subject to copyright protection in the
United States.
Keywords
obesity prevention, children, nutrition, physical activity, interventions
Abstract
With obesity affecting approximately 12.5 million American youth,
population-level interventions are indicated to help support healthy
behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of
population-level intervention strategies and specific intervention exam-
ples that illustrate ways to help prevent and control obesity in children
through improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Informa-
tion is summarized within the settings where children live, learn, and
play (early care and education, school, community, health care, home).
Intervention strategies are activities or changes intended to promote
healthful behaviors in children. They were identified from (a) systematic
reviews; (b) evidence- and expert consensus–based recommendations,
guidelines, or standards from nongovernmental or federal agencies;
and finally (c) peer-reviewed synthesis reviews. Intervention examples
illustrate how at least one of the strategies was used in a particular
setting. To identify interventions examples, we considered (a) peer-
reviewed literature as well as (b) additional sources with research-tested
and practice-based initiatives. Researchers and practitioners may use
this review as they set priorities and promote integration across settings
and to find research- and practice-tested intervention examples that can
be replicated in their communities for childhood obesity prevention.
391
A
nn
u.
R
ev
. N
ut
r.
2
01
2.
32
:3
91
-4
15
. D
ow
nl
oa
de
d
fr
om
w
w
w
.a
nn
ua
lr
ev
ie
w
s.
or
g
by
C
en
te
r
fo
r
D
is
ea
se
C
on
tr
ol
-
I
R
M
O
/ I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
C
en
te
r/
C
D
C
o
n
07
/1
8/
12
. F
or
p
er
so
na
l u
se
o
nl
y.
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
IOM: Institute of
Medicine
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
INTERVENTIONS BY
SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Early Care and Education . . . . . . . . . . 394
School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Health .
Nurse Working in the CommunityDescribe the community nurses.docxhoney725342
Nurse Working in the Community
Describe the community nurse's roles in assisting individuals, families, and communities. Include what barriers or challenges the nurse would need to overcome to achieve these goals.
Reference: Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2018). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing (5 th ed.). Elsevier. (e-Book)
.
nursing diagnosis1. Decreased Cardiac Output related to Alter.docxhoney725342
nursing diagnosis
1. Decreased Cardiac Output
related to Altered myocardial contractility
2.
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
related to immobility
3.
Activity Intolerance
related to immobility
4. Risk for Infection related to Inadequate primary defenses: broken skin, traumatized tissues; environmental exposure
5. Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to Alveolar/capillary membrane changes: interstitial, pulmonary edema, congestion
6.
Excess Fluid Volume related to
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, and sodium/water retention.
.
Nursing Documentation Is it valuable Discuss the value of nursin.docxhoney725342
"Nursing Documentation: Is it valuable?" Discuss the value of nursing documentation in healthcare planning. Compare these purposes with the documentation format used in your area of practice. What are potential uses of the data you collect beyond the care of the individual patient?
Please reference Sewell, J. (2016). Informatics & Nursing:
Opportunities & Challenges
(5th ed.) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.
.
NR631 Concluding Graduate Experience - Scope : Project Management & Leadership
(This document must be attached as an appendix to the professional, scholarly paper explaining what you are doing. Include title page, headings, introduction, body of paper, summary and at least three current, relevant references. All information in this form below must be professional, complete sentences in APA format)
Appendix A: Scope Statement
Organization’s Name:
Project’s Name:
Project Manager:
Sponsor(s), Title:
Organizational Priority (High, Medium, Low):
______________________________________________________________________
Mission Statement:
Measureable Project Objectives – (Use 5 W’s and H. Sipes, 2016):
Justification of Project:
Implementation Strategy:
Project Resources – Human and Technical:
Completion Date:
Measures of Success – Include all Metrics:
Assumptions:
Constraints:
APPROVALSPrint or Type NameSignatureDate
Project Manager Approval:
Owner or Sponsor Title and Approval:
This document must be approved by sponsor before submission to Dropbox
Project Scope and Charter
Guidelines and Scoring Rubric
Purpose
This assignment is designed to help students lay the groundwork for their project plans with the help of mentors and professors. The mentor becomes a team member for the project that the student will manage. The student will identify the stakeholders, the project priority, how the measurable goals will be met for a successful project, and who will receive the report of the results of the project. The scope document describes the parameters of the project, including what can and cannot be accomplished and the measurable objectives and outcome measures. The project charter describes and defines the project. When the sponsor signs off on the project, it becomes the document that authorizes the project.
Week 2, you will complete the project scope and charter. Based on the information from the mentor and professor, each student finalizes and completes the project charter and scope documents or statements. The project scope must be approved by your practicum organization. Your mentor should help you obtain approval. Project approval must be received prior to submitting these documents. Appendices are provided for both of these documents in Course Resources.
Due Date: Sunday at 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 2
Total Points Possible: 100
Requirements
1. Complete the Project Scope document, including signatures of approval.
1. Complete the Project Charter document.
1. Documents are attached as appendices to a professional scholarly paper following the guidelines for writing professional papers found in Course Resources.
1. Grammar, spelling, punctuation, references, and citations are consistent with formal academic writing and APA format as expressed in the sixth edition of the manual.
Preparing the Paper
1. All aspects of the Project Scope document must be completed, including signatures.
1. All aspects o.
Number 11. Describe at least five populations who are vulner.docxhoney725342
Number 1
1. Describe at least five populations who are vulnerable to PTSD
2. What are eight DSM5 criteria for PTSD
3. Describe possible signs and symptoms a client experiencing PTSD could exhibit
4. Describe at least five triggers and how they can be manifested in client experiencing PTSD
5. Describe five treatment options for clients experiencing PTSD
Number 2
1) Describe some day to day challenges that face people who are voice hearers
2) Explain the subjective experience of hearing voices that are disturbing
3) Describe cultural humility for people who hear distressing voices through self-reflection, self-awareness and self-critique
4) What other conditions can stimulate or trigger hearing voices in the mind?
.
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate.docxhoney725342
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate anxieties about the prevalence of crime, leading to feelings of vulnerability. Was there ever a more innocent, less crime-ridden era? If so, might the country be able to return to this state of perceived safety sometime in the future?
For this Discussion, imagine you are designing the police force of the future. Would you choose to expand or restrict that force’s role? Consider also how your decision might change the public perception of crime and safety.
By Day 3 of Week 2
Post:
To what degree do you think the role of law enforcement
should or should not
expand in the future? Why?
.
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought a.docxhoney725342
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought about the factors that affect the health of various communities, do the following:
Identify prevalent issues or diseases that affect the health of your community (the specific populations you serve).
Compare and contrast two (2) specific populations in your practice that are affected by the above issue(s) or disease(s) by listing their commonalities and their differences.
Base on the information above, how can you change or refine your practice to meet each community's specific needs?
Your paper should:
be typed doubled-space.
a total of 100 to 200 words (not counting your list of commonalities and differences).
Use factual information.
be original work and will be checked for plagiarism.
have required APA format if references are utilized – type references according to the
APA Style Guide
.
.
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an.docxhoney725342
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an outline format and also include how this information is relevant to the Saint Leo University Core Values of
Excellence
and
Integrity
in the context of health care policy analysis.
I will attach the original paper that was submitted as well as the guideline that my professor provided me. The topic cannot be changed "Drug enforcement program for WIC".
.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
1. 1
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/people-
pacific/smith-text
Smith, Roff
2008 Beyond the Blue Horizon: How Ancient Voyagers Settled
the Far Flung Islands
of the Pacific. National Geographic March 2008.
Beyond the Blue Horizon: How Ancient Voyagers Settled
the Far Flung Island of the Pacific
By: Roff Smith
Much of the thrill of venturing to the far side of the world rests
on the romance of difference. So
one feels a certain sympathy for Captain James Cook on the day
in 1778 that he "discovered" Hawaii.
Then on his third expedition to the Pacific, the British navigator
had explored scores of islands across the
breadth of the sea, from lush New Zealand to the lonely wastes
of Easter Island. This latest voyage had
taken him thousands of miles north from the Society Islands to
an archipelago so remote that even the
old Polynesians back on Tahiti knew nothing about it. Imagine
2. Cook's surprise, then, when the natives of
Hawaii came paddling out in their canoes and greeted him in a
familiar tongue, one he had heard on
virtually every mote of inhabited land he had visited. Marveling
at the ubiquity of this Pacific language
and culture, he later wondered in his journal: "How shall we
account for this Nation spreading it self so
far over this Vast ocean?"
That question, and others that flow from it, has tantalized
inquiring minds for centuries: Who
were these amazing seafarers? Where did they come from,
starting more than 3,000 years ago? And
how could a Neolithic people with simple canoes and no
navigation gear manage to find, let alone
colonize, hundreds of far-flung island specks scattered across an
ocean that spans nearly a third of the
globe?
Answers have been slow in coming. But now a startling
archaeological find on the island of
Éfaté, in the Pacific nation of Vanuatu, has revealed an ancient
seafaring people, the distant ancestors of
today's Polynesians, taking their first steps into the unknown.
The discoveries there have also opened a
window into the shadowy world of those early voyagers.
At the same time, other pieces of this human puzzle are turning
up in unlikely places. Climate data
gleaned from slow-growing corals around the Pacific and from
sediments in alpine lakes in South
America may help explain how, more than a thousand years
later, a second wave of seafarers beat their
way across the entire Pacific.
On a lonely sun-drenched knoll on Éfaté, about half an hour's
drive east of Port-Vila, the old
3. colonial capital of Vanuatu, Matthew Spriggs is sitting on an
upturned bucket, gently brushing away
crumbs of dirt from a richly decorated piece of pottery
unearthed only a few minutes earlier. "I've never
seen anything like this," he says, admiring the intricate design.
"Nobody has. This is unique."
That description fits much of what is coming out of the ground
here. "What we have is a first- or second-
generation site containing the graves of some of the Pacific's
first explorers," says Spriggs, professor of
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/people-
pacific/smith-text�
2
archaeology at the Australian National University and co-leader
of an international team excavating the
site. It came to light only by luck. A backhoe operator, digging
up topsoil on the grounds of a derelict
coconut plantation, scraped open a grave—the first of dozens in
a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It
is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it
harbors the bones of an ancient people
archaeologists call the Lapita, a label that derives from a beach
in New Caledonia where a landmark
cache of their pottery was found in the 1950s.
They were daring blue-water adventurers who roved the sea not
just as explorers but also as
pioneers, bringing along everything they would need to build
new lives—their families and livestock,
taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of a few
centuries the Lapita stretched the boundaries of
4. their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New
Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga,
at least 2,000 miles eastward in the Pacific. Along the way they
explored millions of square miles of
unknown sea, discovering and colonizing scores of tropical
islands never before seen by human eyes:
Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa.
It was their descendants, centuries later, who became the great
Polynesian navigators we all
tend to think of: the Tahitians and Hawaiians, the New Zealand
Maori, and the curious people who
erected those statues on Easter Island. But it was the Lapita who
laid the foundation—who bequeathed
to the islands the language, customs, and cultures that their
more famous descendants carried around
the Pacific.
While the Lapita left a glorious legacy, they also left precious
few clues about themselves. What
little is known or surmised about them has been pieced together
from fragments of pottery, animal
bones, obsidian flakes, and such oblique sources as comparative
linguistics and geochemistry. Although
their voyages can be traced back to the northern islands of
Papua New Guinea, their language—variants
of which are still spoken across the Pacific—came from Taiwan.
And their peculiar style of pottery
decoration, created by pressing a carved stamp into the clay,
probably had its roots in the northern
Philippines.
With the discovery of the Lapita cemetery on Éfaté, the volume
of data available to researchers
has expanded dramatically. The bones of at least 62 individuals
have been uncovered so far—including
5. old men, young women, even babies—and more skeletons are
known to be in the ground.
Archaeologists were also thrilled to discover six complete
Lapita pots; before this, only four had ever
been found. Other discoveries included a burial urn with
modeled birds arranged on the rim as though
peering down at the human bones sealed inside. It's an
important find, Spriggs says, for it conclusively
identifies the remains as Lapita. "It would be hard for anyone to
argue that these aren't Lapita when you
have human bones enshrined inside what is unmistakably a
Lapita urn."
Several lines of evidence also undergird Spriggs's conclusion
that this was a community of
pioneers making their first voyages into the remote reaches of
Oceania. For one thing, the radiocarbon
dating of bones and charcoal places them early in the Lapita
expansion. For another, the chemical
makeup of the obsidian flakes littering the site indicates that the
rock wasn't local; instead it was
imported from a large island in Papua New Guinea's Bismarck
Archipelago, the springboard for the
Lapita's thrust into the Pacific. This beautiful volcanic glass
was fashioned into cutting and scraping tools,
exactly the type of survival gear explorers would have packed
into their canoes.
A particularly intriguing clue comes from chemical tests on the
teeth of several skeletons. Then
as now, the food and water you consume as a child deposits
oxygen, carbon, strontium, and other
3
6. elements in your still-forming adult teeth. The isotope
signatures of these elements vary subtly from
place to place, so that if you grow up in, say, Buffalo, New
York, then spend your adult life in California,
tests on the isotopes in your teeth will always reveal your
eastern roots.
Isotope analysis indicates that several of the Lapita buried on
Éfaté didn't spend their childhoods
here but came from somewhere else. And while isotopes can't
pinpoint their precise island of origin, this
much is clear: At some point in their lives, these people left the
villages of their birth and made a voyage
by seagoing canoe, never to return.
Once out there, skilled seafarers would detect abundant leads to
follow to land: seabirds and
turtles, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and
the afternoon pileup of clouds on the
horizon that often betokens an island in the distance.
Some islands may have broadcast their presence with far less
subtlety than a cloud bank. Some
of the most violent eruptions anywhere on the planet during the
past 10,000 years occurred in
Melanesia, which sits nervously in one of the most explosive
volcanic regions on Earth. Even less
spectacular eruptions would have sent plumes of smoke
billowing into the stratosphere and rained ash
for hundreds of miles. It's possible that the Lapita saw these
signs of distant islands and later sailed off in
their direction, knowing they would find land.
For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of
7. their own archipelagoes provided a
safety net to keep them from overshooting their home ports and
sailing off into eternity. Vanuatu, for
example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast
trend, its scores of intervisible islands
forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.
All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson,
professor of prehistory at the
Australian National University and, like Irwin, a keen
yachtsman: that the Lapita had mastered the
advanced art of tacking into the wind. "And there's no proof that
they could do any such thing,"
Anderson says. "There has been this assumption that they must
have done so, and people have built
canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that
assumption. But nobody has any idea what their
canoes looked like or how they were rigged."
However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the
way across the Pacific, then
called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the
vast emptiness of the central Pacific, and
perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They
probably never numbered more than a
few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they
encountered hundreds of islands—
more than 300 in Fiji alone. Supplied with such an
embarrassment of riches, they could settle down and
enjoy what for a time were Earth's last Edens.
"It would have been absolutely amazing to have seen this place
back then," says Stuart Bedford,
an archaeologist from the Australian National University and
co-leader, along with Matthew Spriggs, of
the excavation on Éfaté. "These islands were far richer in
8. biodiversity in those days than they are today."
By way of illustration, he picks up a trochus shell the size of a
dinner plate that was exposed in a test
trench only that morning. "The reefs then were covered with
thousands of these, each one a meal in
itself. The seas were teeming with fish, and huge flightless
birds could be found in the rain forest,
virtually tame since they had never seen a human being. The
Lapita would have thought they'd
stumbled onto paradise."
As indeed it was. But theirs is a story of paradise found and
lost, for although the Lapita were a
Neolithic people, they had a modern capacity for overexploiting
natural resources. Within a short span
4
of time—a couple of generations, no more—those huge trochus
shells vanished from the archaeological
record. The plump flightless birds followed suit, as did a
species of terrestrial crocodile. In all, it's
estimated that more than a thousand species became extinct
across the breadth of the Pacific islands
after humans appeared on the scene.
Still, more than a millennium would pass before the Lapita's
descendants, a people we now call
the Polynesians, struck out in search of new territory. The
pioneers who launched this second age of
discovery some 1,200 or more years ago faced even greater
challenges than their Lapita ancestors, for
now they were sailing out beyond the island-stippled waters of
9. Melanesia and western Polynesia and
into the central Pacific, where distances are reckoned in
thousands of miles, and tiny motes of islands
are few and far between.
How difficult would it have been to find terra firma in all that
watery wilderness? Consider this:
When Magellan's fleet traversed the Pacific in 1520-21, sailing
blind across an unknown sea, they went
nearly four months without setting foot on land. (They missed
the Society Islands, the Tuamotus, and
the Marquesas, among other archipelagoes.) Many of the
hapless sailors died of thirst, malnutrition,
scurvy, and other diseases before the fleet reached the
Philippines.
The early Polynesians found nearly everything there was to
find, although it took them centuries to do
so. Their feats of exploration are remembered and celebrated
today at cultural festivals across the
Pacific.
It is midafternoon, and a carnival atmosphere has settled over
the beach at Matira Point on the
island of Bora-Bora in French Polynesia. The air is fragrant
with barbecue, and thousands of cheering
spectators throng the shore to witness the grand finale of the
Hawaiki Nui Va'a, a grueling, three-stage,
80-mile outrigger canoe race that virtually stops the nation.
"This is our heritage," says Manutea Owen, a former champion
and a revered hero on his home
island of Huahine. "Our people came from over the sea by
canoe. Sometimes when I'm out there
competing, I try to imagine what they must have endured and
the adventures they had crossing those
huge distances."
10. Imagination is now the only way one can conjure up those epic
sea voyages. Like their Lapita
ancestors, the earliest Polynesians left scanty artifacts of their
seafaring life. Only a few pieces of one
ancient canoe have ever been found, on Huahine in 1977. No
surviving example of the great seagoing,
sailing canoes thought to have borne the Polynesian pioneers
has yet been discovered.
Anderson also questions conventional wisdom about Polynesian
seamanship, citing a later explorer,
Captain Cook. While Cook was impressed with the speed of the
Polynesian canoes—they could literally
sail circles around his ships—he came to question the islanders'
ability to make long, intentional sea
voyages. He records an account of a group of Tahitians who,
helpless in the face of a contrary wind and
unable to set a course for home, drifted hundreds of miles off
course and were marooned on Aitutaki, in
what is now the Cook Islands.
Rather than give all the credit to human skill and daring,
Anderson invokes the winds of chance.
El Niño, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific
today, may have helped scatter the first
settlers to the ends of the ocean, Anderson suggests. Climate
data obtained from slow-growing corals
around the Pacific and from lake-bed sediments in the Andes of
South America point to a series of
unusually frequent El Niños around the time of the Lapita
expansion, and again between 1,600 and
1,200 years ago, when the second wave of pioneer navigators
made their voyages farther east, to the
11. 5
remotest corners of the Pacific. By reversing the regular east-to-
west flow of the trade winds for weeks
at a time, these "super El Niños" might have sped the Pacific's
ancient mariners on long, unplanned
voyages far over the horizon.
The volley of El Niños that coincided with the second wave of
voyages could have been key to
launching Polynesians across the wide expanse of open water
between Tonga, where the Lapita
stopped, and the distant archipelagoes of eastern Polynesia.
"Once they crossed that gap, they could
island hop throughout the region, and from the Marquesas it's
mostly downwind to Hawaii," Anderson
says. It took another 400 years for mariners to reach Easter
Island, which lies in the opposite direction—
normally upwind. "Once again this was during a period of
frequent El Niño activity."
Exactly how big a role El Niño played in dispersing humans
across the Pacific is a matter of lively
academic debate. Could lucky breaks and fickle winds really
account for so wide a spread of people
throughout the 65-million-square-mile vastness of the Pacific?
By the time Europeans came on the
scene, virtually every speck of habitable land, hundreds of
islands and atolls in all, had already been
discovered by native seafarers—who ultimately made it all the
way to South America. Archaeologists in
Chile recently found ancient chicken bones containing DNA that
matches early Polynesian fowl.
Nor did they arrive as lone castaways who soon died out. They
came to stay, in groups, with animals and
12. crops from their former homes. "My sense is that there had to be
something more at work here than
canoes simply blown before a wind," says Irwin. He notes that
the trade winds slacken during the
summer monsoon, which might have allowed islanders to
purposefully sail eastward. Moreover, says
Irwin, "Sophisticated traditions of seafaring were planted in
every island. Did they develop
independently in all of those islands? If so, why do these
traditions bear so many details in common?
"But whatever you believe, the really fascinating part of this
story isn't the methods they used, but their
motives. The Lapita, for example, didn't need to pick up and go;
there was nothing forcing them, no
overcrowded homeland.
"They went," he says, "because they wanted to go and see what
was over the horizon."