general anatomy lecture 1 introduction Dpt semester 1

1. Gen Anatomy
Introduction to Anatomy
Prof Dr Muhammed Baqir Soomro
Head of Anatomy Department

2. Introduction to Anatomy
Objectives
1. Definition
2. Organization of human body = cellular to systemic level
3. Sub divisions of Anatomy
4. Regions & systems of body
5. Anatomical position
6. Importance of study of Anatomy
7. Bone definition

3. Introduction to Anatomy
1. Human anatomy is the science which deals with
the structure of the human body.
2. The term, 'anatomy', is derived from a Greek word,
"anatome", meaning cutting up.
3. The term 'dissection' is a Latin of the Greek
anatome.
4. However, the two words, anatomy and dissection,
are not synonymous. Dissection is a mere
technique, whereas anatomy is a wide field of
study.

5. Anatomy
Subdivisions of anatomy
Cadaveric anatomy ( Gross or Macroscopic appearance).
1. Regional anatomy
2. Systemic anatomy
Living anatomy is studied by
3. Inspection
4. Percussion
5. Auscultation
6. Ultrasound & Endoscopy
7. Radiography, CT Scan
8. MRI & Electromyography

6. Auscultation

7. Ultrasonography

8. Introduction to Anatomy
1. Cadaveric anatomy is studied on dead embalmed (preserved)
bodies usually with the naked eye (macroscopic or gross anatomy).
This can be done by one of the two approaches: (a) In 'regional
anatomy' the body is studied in parts, like the upper limb, lower
limb, thorax, abdomen, head and neck, and brain; (b) in'systemic
anatomy'' the body is studied in systems, like the skeletal system
(osteology), muscular system (myology), articulatory
system (arthrology or syndesmology), vascular system (angiology),
nervous system (neurology), and respiratory, digestive, urogenital
and endocrine systems (splanchnology). The locomotor system
includes osteology, Arthrology & myology

10. Various
Systems of
Body

14. Organisation of Human Body

16. Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton

17. Introduction to Anatomy=
Skeletal system

18. Introduction to Anatomy
2. Living Anatomy is studied by inspection, palpation,
percussion, auscultation, endoscopy (bronchoscopy, gastroscopy),
radiography, electromyography, etc.
3. Embryology (developmental anatomy) is the study of the
prenatal developmental changes in an individual. The
developmental history is called 'ontogeny'. The evolutionary history
on the other hand, is called 'phylogeny'.
4. Histology (microscopic anatomy) is the study of structures
with the aid of a microscope.

19. Introduction to Anatomy
5. Surface anatomy (topographic anatomy) is the study of deeper
parts of the body in relation to the skin surface. It is helpful in
clinical practice and surgical operations
6. Radiographic and imaging anatomy is the study of the bones
and deeper organs by plain and contrast radiography by ultrasound
and computerised tomographic (CT) scans
7. Comparative anatomy is the study of anatomy of the other
animals to explain the changes in form, structure and function
(morphology) of different parts of the human body

20. Introduction to Anatomy
8. Applied anatomy (clinical anatomy) deals with application
of the anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical
practice.
9. Experimental anatomy is the study of the factors which
influence and determine the form, structure and function of
different parts of the body.
10. Genetics deals with the study of information present in
the chromosomes.

21. Introduction to Anatomy = Positions
1. Anatomical position: When a person is standing straight with
eyes looking forwards, both arms by the side of body, palms
facing forwards, both feet together, the position is anatomical
position.
2. Supine position: When a person is lying on her/his back, arms by
the side, palms facing upwards and feet put together, the position is
supine position.
3. Prone position: Person lying on his/her face, chest and abdomen
is said to be in prone position.
4. Lithotomy position: Person lying on her back with legs up and
feet supported in straps. This position is mostly used during delivery
of the baby

26. The Skeleton
• Bones, cartilage, joints and
ligaments
• 206 bones grouped into 2 divisions
• Axial skeleton - 80
• Appendicular - 126

27. Human Skeleton
Regional classification
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular

28. Bone- definition & features
It is a highly vascular, rigid mineralized connective tissue,
consisting of cells and an intercellular matrix in which the
great majority of its cells are embedded. The matrix is
composed of organic materials, which are mainly collagen
fibers, and the inorganic salts rich in calcium and
phosphate.
1. Macroscopically, living bone is white, and it has either a
dense texture like ivory (compact bone),
2. or it is honeycombed by large cavities (cancellous,
trabecular, or spongy bone), where the bony element is
reduced to a latticework of bars and plates (trabeculae)

29. Bone= features Functions
1. Bone forms a reservoir of metabolic calcium
(99% of body calcium is in the bony skeleton)
and phosphate: the content is under hormonal
and cytokine control.
2. In cancellous bone this property may be
enhanced by its large surface area and its
proximity to blood vessels and sources of
cytokines in the bone marrow. Cytokines (cyto,
from Greek "cell" + kines, from Greek "movement")
are a broad and loose category of small proteins that
are important in cell signaling.
3. In the shaft (diaphysis) of a long bone, a thick
cylinder of compact bone presents only a few
trabeculae and spicules on its inner surface.
4. It encloses a large central medullary or marrow
cavity, which communicates freely with the
intra trabecular spaces of the expanded bone
ends.

31. Introduction to Anatomy = Bones features
1. Bone is one-third connective tissue. It is impregnated
with calcium salts which constitute two-thirds part.
2. The inorganic calcium salts (mainly calcium phosphate,
partly calcium carbonate, and traces of other salts) make
it hard and rigid, which can afford resistance to
compressive forces of weight-bearing and impact forces
of jumping.
3. The organic connective tissue (collagen fibres) makes it
tough and resilient (flexible), which can afford resistance
to tensile forces. In strength, bone is comparable to iron
and steel.

32. Introduction to Anatomy Bones features
1. Despite its hardness and high calcium content the bone
is very much a living tissue. It is highly vascular, with a
constant turn-over of its calcium content.
2. It shows a characteristic pattern of growth. It is subjected
to disease and heals after a fracture. It has greater
regenerative power than any other tissue of the body,
except blood.
3. It can mould itself according to changes in stress and
strain it bears. It shows disuse atrophy and overuse
hypertrophy

33. The End

34. Books
1. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S. Snell.
2. General Anatomy = BD Chaurasia
3. Human Embryology = Langman
4. Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain.
5. Practical Manual journal for Histology Lab
6. diFiros Atlas of Histology
7. Human Anatomy Regional & applied by B D Chaurasia’s Vol: I,
II & III
8. Clinical Anatomy by Kieth L Moore = Reference book
9. Students Gray’s Anatomy
10.Netter’s Atlas Anatomy = For Diagrams