This document summarizes a study evaluating correlations for calculating the compressibility factor of natural gases containing non-hydrocarbon components. It discusses how the compressibility factor is used to calculate important gas properties and outlines standard methods like correlations, equations of state, and laboratory measurements. The document focuses on evaluating correlations that account for components like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide which make predicting the compressibility factor more difficult compared to sweet gases containing only hydrocarbons. It also discusses how these non-hydrocarbon components can affect pseudo-critical temperature and pressure values used in correlations.
This document discusses methods for determining the compressibility factor (Z) in gas mixtures. It defines different types of natural gas and describes using pseudocritical properties and reduced conditions to calculate Z based on corresponding states theory. The Standing-Katz method is commonly used to determine Z for sweet gases graphically using reduced pressure and temperature. This method can be modified to account for sour gases containing H2S and CO2 by adjusting the pseudocritical properties. An example calculation demonstrates determining the volume of a gas sample at different conditions using both the unmodified and modified Standing-Katz methods.
This document discusses the behavior of real gases and how they differ from ideal gases. Real gases deviate more from ideal gas behavior at higher pressures and temperatures due to molecular interactions. Equations of state have been developed to better model real gas behavior using factors like compressibility and deviation from ideality. The z-factor relates the actual volume of real gases to the ideal gas volume at the same conditions. Charts have been created to estimate z-factors based on reduced properties and gas composition. Examples are provided to calculate z-factors for initial reservoir conditions using these charts and correlations.
Natural Gas Compressibility Factor Correlation Evaluation for Niger Delta Gas...IOSR Journals
This document presents a new natural gas compressibility factor correlation developed specifically for Niger Delta gas fields in Nigeria. Laboratory PVT reports from 22 gas reservoirs in the Niger Delta were compiled into a database and used to evaluate existing compressibility factor correlations. A new correlation was then developed using the database. The performance of the new correlation was found to have the lowest standard error and absolute error compared to other evaluated correlations when calculating z-factors for different Niger Delta reservoir systems. Statistical analysis also showed the new correlation had the highest correlation coefficients and best matched experimental and other estimated z-factor values. It was concluded that the new developed correlation and that of Papay correlation are the most appropriate for calculating natural gas compressibility factors in Niger Delta gas fields
Efficient estimation of natural gas compressibility factor usingAbelardo Contreras
This document presents a new method for estimating natural gas compressibility factor (Z-factor) using least square support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling. The LSSVM model is developed and tested using a database of over 2,200 samples of sour and sweet gas compositions. The model predicts Z-factor as a function of gas composition, molecular weight, pressure, and temperature. Statistical analysis shows the LSSVM model outperforms existing empirical correlations with an average absolute relative error of 0.19% and correlation coefficient of 0.999. The accurate prediction of Z-factor is important for natural gas engineering calculations.
This document provides an overview of reservoir fluid properties and natural gas behavior. It discusses:
1. The importance of understanding reservoir fluid properties to predict volumetric behavior as a function of pressure. These properties are determined experimentally or through correlations.
2. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases. The properties of gas mixtures can be determined using appropriate mixing rules for the individual components.
3. Deviations from ideal gas behavior increase with pressure and temperature and gas composition. Equations of state and compressibility factors are used to more accurately model real gas behavior.
An Offshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Model and Analysis for the Pred...IOSRJAC
The purpose of this paper is to model and analyze an existing natural gas transmission pipeline – the 24-inch, 5km gas export pipeline of the Amenam-Kpono field, Niger Delta, Nigeria – to determine properties such as pressure, temperature, density, flow velocity and, in particular, dew point, occurring at different segments of the pipeline, and to compare these with normal pipeline conditions in order to identify the segments most susceptible to condensation/hydrate formation so that cost-effective and efficient preventive/remedial actions can be taken. The analysis shows that high pressure and low temperature favor condensation/hydrate formation, and that because these conditions are more likely in the lower half of the pipeline system, remedial/preventive measures such as heating/insulation and inhibition injection should be channeled into that segment for cost optimization..
Attacking the TEKS: Focus on Gases presented by Jane Smith, ACT2 2010
This session will expose you to the new TEKS and College Readiness Standards. Ideas for sequencing and planning the unit will be shared along with tips for appropriate demos, labs, and assessments. The intended audience is for teachers with 3 or less years of experience or anyone who wants to delve deeper into the new standards.
This document provides an overview of a course on reservoir fluid properties. The course covers:
1. Reservoir fluid behaviors and properties of petroleum reservoirs including oil and gas.
2. Introduction to physical properties of gases including gas behavior, properties such as compressibility factor and how they are calculated for pure components and mixtures.
3. Behavior of ideal gases and real gases, definitions of compressibility factor, and use of the corresponding states principle and mixing rules to determine properties of gas mixtures.
This document discusses methods for determining the compressibility factor (Z) in gas mixtures. It defines different types of natural gas and describes using pseudocritical properties and reduced conditions to calculate Z based on corresponding states theory. The Standing-Katz method is commonly used to determine Z for sweet gases graphically using reduced pressure and temperature. This method can be modified to account for sour gases containing H2S and CO2 by adjusting the pseudocritical properties. An example calculation demonstrates determining the volume of a gas sample at different conditions using both the unmodified and modified Standing-Katz methods.
This document discusses the behavior of real gases and how they differ from ideal gases. Real gases deviate more from ideal gas behavior at higher pressures and temperatures due to molecular interactions. Equations of state have been developed to better model real gas behavior using factors like compressibility and deviation from ideality. The z-factor relates the actual volume of real gases to the ideal gas volume at the same conditions. Charts have been created to estimate z-factors based on reduced properties and gas composition. Examples are provided to calculate z-factors for initial reservoir conditions using these charts and correlations.
Natural Gas Compressibility Factor Correlation Evaluation for Niger Delta Gas...IOSR Journals
This document presents a new natural gas compressibility factor correlation developed specifically for Niger Delta gas fields in Nigeria. Laboratory PVT reports from 22 gas reservoirs in the Niger Delta were compiled into a database and used to evaluate existing compressibility factor correlations. A new correlation was then developed using the database. The performance of the new correlation was found to have the lowest standard error and absolute error compared to other evaluated correlations when calculating z-factors for different Niger Delta reservoir systems. Statistical analysis also showed the new correlation had the highest correlation coefficients and best matched experimental and other estimated z-factor values. It was concluded that the new developed correlation and that of Papay correlation are the most appropriate for calculating natural gas compressibility factors in Niger Delta gas fields
Efficient estimation of natural gas compressibility factor usingAbelardo Contreras
This document presents a new method for estimating natural gas compressibility factor (Z-factor) using least square support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling. The LSSVM model is developed and tested using a database of over 2,200 samples of sour and sweet gas compositions. The model predicts Z-factor as a function of gas composition, molecular weight, pressure, and temperature. Statistical analysis shows the LSSVM model outperforms existing empirical correlations with an average absolute relative error of 0.19% and correlation coefficient of 0.999. The accurate prediction of Z-factor is important for natural gas engineering calculations.
This document provides an overview of reservoir fluid properties and natural gas behavior. It discusses:
1. The importance of understanding reservoir fluid properties to predict volumetric behavior as a function of pressure. These properties are determined experimentally or through correlations.
2. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases. The properties of gas mixtures can be determined using appropriate mixing rules for the individual components.
3. Deviations from ideal gas behavior increase with pressure and temperature and gas composition. Equations of state and compressibility factors are used to more accurately model real gas behavior.
An Offshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Model and Analysis for the Pred...IOSRJAC
The purpose of this paper is to model and analyze an existing natural gas transmission pipeline – the 24-inch, 5km gas export pipeline of the Amenam-Kpono field, Niger Delta, Nigeria – to determine properties such as pressure, temperature, density, flow velocity and, in particular, dew point, occurring at different segments of the pipeline, and to compare these with normal pipeline conditions in order to identify the segments most susceptible to condensation/hydrate formation so that cost-effective and efficient preventive/remedial actions can be taken. The analysis shows that high pressure and low temperature favor condensation/hydrate formation, and that because these conditions are more likely in the lower half of the pipeline system, remedial/preventive measures such as heating/insulation and inhibition injection should be channeled into that segment for cost optimization..
Attacking the TEKS: Focus on Gases presented by Jane Smith, ACT2 2010
This session will expose you to the new TEKS and College Readiness Standards. Ideas for sequencing and planning the unit will be shared along with tips for appropriate demos, labs, and assessments. The intended audience is for teachers with 3 or less years of experience or anyone who wants to delve deeper into the new standards.
This document provides an overview of a course on reservoir fluid properties. The course covers:
1. Reservoir fluid behaviors and properties of petroleum reservoirs including oil and gas.
2. Introduction to physical properties of gases including gas behavior, properties such as compressibility factor and how they are calculated for pure components and mixtures.
3. Behavior of ideal gases and real gases, definitions of compressibility factor, and use of the corresponding states principle and mixing rules to determine properties of gas mixtures.
This document discusses fundamentals of chemical engineering related to single-phase systems and ideal gases. It includes:
1) Descriptions of liquid and solid densities, and how they are relatively independent of temperature and pressure changes.
2) Derivation of the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory, and examples of using the equation to calculate properties like volume and molar flow rates.
3) Introduction of the compressibility factor and using generalized compressibility charts to estimate non-ideal gas behavior based on reduced temperature and pressure.
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
A density correction for the peng robinson equationLuis Follegatti
This document presents a density correction for the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The correction involves adding a simple empirical term that requires one parameter per component. It improves the prediction of liquid densities by 2-4% and vapor densities slightly. The correction retains the internal consistency between vapor and liquid properties predicted by equations of state. It provides a reliable way to enhance density predictions without significantly affecting other properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
This document discusses formulas for calculating the heating value of coal and coal char based on their composition. It describes the development of several existing formulas and presents the results of tests of four formulas on a database of 775 coal samples. A new formula is developed through regression analysis of the database that shows less bias and a lower standard deviation than the existing formulas tested. The accuracy of the new formula is comparable to a more complex existing formula but does not require determining pyritic sulfur content.
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide hydrogenation over copper-zinc oxide catalysts. Experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor between 200-230°C, 50-80 bar, and gas hourly space velocities of 7,800-23,400 h-1 using feeds with H2:CO2 ratios of 2-6 without CO. Kinetic parameters from a previous study were optimized to model the experimental data using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson mechanism. The influences of catalyst support (alumina vs zirconia) and operating conditions on kinetics were examined. The goal was to determine optimized parameters to reliably scale-up the
An experimental and kinetic study of syngas-air combustion at elevated temper...Saad Tanvir
This document describes an experimental study of syngas combustion at elevated temperatures and the effect of adding water. Laminar flame speeds of syngas/air mixtures were measured over a range of fuel compositions, equivalence ratios, and preheat temperatures. The measured flame speeds were compared to simulations from existing chemical kinetic models, showing reasonable agreement at room temperature but large discrepancies at higher temperatures. Water was added to two syngas fuels up to 40% by volume, and different effects on flame speed were observed depending on the fuel composition and water concentration, related to competing chemical and physical impacts of water addition.
This document outlines topics covered in a reservoir engineering course, including reservoir fluid behaviors, properties of petroleum reservoirs, gas behavior, and properties of crude oil systems. It specifically discusses properties of interest like density, solution gas, bubble point pressure, formation volume factor, viscosity and more. It provides empirical correlations to estimate properties like gas solubility, bubble point pressure, and formation volume factor as a function of parameters like solubility, gas gravity, oil gravity and temperature. The document is focused on understanding physical properties of crude oil and gas reservoirs which is important for reservoir engineering applications and problem solving.
This document provides an overview of key reservoir fluid properties including methods for calculating z-factors, gas properties such as compressibility and viscosity, crude oil properties like density and solution gas, and empirical correlations for determining properties like gas solubility, bubble point pressure, and formation volume factors. The document discusses various correlations for estimating properties in the absence of laboratory measurements and defines important concepts such as gas solubility, solution gas, and bubble point pressure.
Presentation given by George Romanos of the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (NCSRD), Greece, on "CO2QUEST - Fluid Properties and phase behaviour of CO2 with impurities" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
The document outlines a project to analyze gas properties from PVT lab reports. It examines samples from a gas separator, liquid separator, and recombined samples that underwent constant volume depletion and constant composition expansion testing. Key findings include the surface fluid having a lower heat content and plant products than the reservoir fluid. Correlations for properties like Z-factor and compressibility nearly matched lab results, while viscosity correlations varied in accuracy. The conclusion notes that while correlations provide estimates, lab reports are more accurate and care is needed in choosing correlations.
This document provides an overview of chapter 5 from the textbook, which covers gases and the kinetic molecular theory. It begins with learning objectives and concepts to understand from sections 5.5 through 5.12. There is then an explanation of applications of the gas laws, including Dalton's law of partial pressures and collecting gases over water. The document continues with explanations of gas density, the ideal gas law, Graham's law of effusion, and the kinetic molecular theory. It includes sample problems and exercises related to these topics.
This paper presents new correlations to calculate Modified Black-Oil (MBO) PVT properties for gas condensate and volatile oil fluids using readily available parameters without needing fluid samples or elaborate calculations. The correlations were developed using data from PVT experiments on 13 fluid samples and validated against material balance calculations and reservoir simulations. Correlations are presented for oil-gas ratio, solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor, and gas formation volume factor. The correlations showed good matches to experimental data with average errors ranging from 1-15% depending on the property.
Properties of Pure Substances Lesson 2.pdfPhezaAndrew
This document discusses ideal gas laws and real gas equations of state. It introduces the ideal gas law relating pressure, temperature, volume, number of moles, and the universal gas constant. It describes how the ideal gas law can be expressed using mass units with the specific gas constant instead of number of moles. Real gas equations of state are then introduced to better model real gases, including the compressibility factor and using generalized compressibility charts. Specific real gas equations are then covered, including the Van der Waals equation, Beattie-Bridgeman equation, and virial equation. Students are directed to practice problems in the material.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
This document reviews normalization procedures and reference material selection for stable isotope analyses. It discusses that normalization methods using linear regression based on two or more reference standards are preferred over single-point normalization or normalization to a working gas. Using multiple reference standards that span the expected range of sample δ values and performing replicate measurements can reduce uncertainty by 50%. While chemical matching between reference materials and samples is important for some materials and techniques, like δ18O of nitrate or δ2H of hair, it is not always necessary. To ensure comparability, laboratories should report details of their normalization procedures and reference materials.
This document discusses properties of natural gases that are important for engineers to understand when designing equipment for natural gas production, processing, and transportation. It covers topics such as the molecular theory of gases and liquids, equations of state including the ideal gas law and real gas behavior, viscosity, thermodynamic properties including specific heat and heating values, and limits of flammability and safety considerations. Key equations of state and models for predicting properties like compressibility factor, viscosity, and specific heat are presented.
Regression Modelling of Thermal Degradation Kinetics, of Concentrated, Aqueou...Shaukat Mazari
The document presents the results of regression analysis performed on experimental thermal degradation kinetics data of concentrated aqueous piperazine (PZ) solvent loaded with carbon dioxide. Six expressions based on first-order and second-order rate laws were used to model the data using linear and non-linear regression. The analysis revealed that the data followed both first-order and second-order kinetics. Expressions 3 and 5 provided the best fits with R2 values over 0.99, indicating the thermal degradation of PZ is best described by a second-order rate law. The rate constants k1 and k2 could be predicted using the developed models.
This document discusses fundamentals of chemical engineering related to single-phase systems and ideal gases. It includes:
1) Descriptions of liquid and solid densities, and how they are relatively independent of temperature and pressure changes.
2) Derivation of the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory, and examples of using the equation to calculate properties like volume and molar flow rates.
3) Introduction of the compressibility factor and using generalized compressibility charts to estimate non-ideal gas behavior based on reduced temperature and pressure.
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
A density correction for the peng robinson equationLuis Follegatti
This document presents a density correction for the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The correction involves adding a simple empirical term that requires one parameter per component. It improves the prediction of liquid densities by 2-4% and vapor densities slightly. The correction retains the internal consistency between vapor and liquid properties predicted by equations of state. It provides a reliable way to enhance density predictions without significantly affecting other properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
This document discusses formulas for calculating the heating value of coal and coal char based on their composition. It describes the development of several existing formulas and presents the results of tests of four formulas on a database of 775 coal samples. A new formula is developed through regression analysis of the database that shows less bias and a lower standard deviation than the existing formulas tested. The accuracy of the new formula is comparable to a more complex existing formula but does not require determining pyritic sulfur content.
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide hydrogenation over copper-zinc oxide catalysts. Experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor between 200-230°C, 50-80 bar, and gas hourly space velocities of 7,800-23,400 h-1 using feeds with H2:CO2 ratios of 2-6 without CO. Kinetic parameters from a previous study were optimized to model the experimental data using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson mechanism. The influences of catalyst support (alumina vs zirconia) and operating conditions on kinetics were examined. The goal was to determine optimized parameters to reliably scale-up the
An experimental and kinetic study of syngas-air combustion at elevated temper...Saad Tanvir
This document describes an experimental study of syngas combustion at elevated temperatures and the effect of adding water. Laminar flame speeds of syngas/air mixtures were measured over a range of fuel compositions, equivalence ratios, and preheat temperatures. The measured flame speeds were compared to simulations from existing chemical kinetic models, showing reasonable agreement at room temperature but large discrepancies at higher temperatures. Water was added to two syngas fuels up to 40% by volume, and different effects on flame speed were observed depending on the fuel composition and water concentration, related to competing chemical and physical impacts of water addition.
This document outlines topics covered in a reservoir engineering course, including reservoir fluid behaviors, properties of petroleum reservoirs, gas behavior, and properties of crude oil systems. It specifically discusses properties of interest like density, solution gas, bubble point pressure, formation volume factor, viscosity and more. It provides empirical correlations to estimate properties like gas solubility, bubble point pressure, and formation volume factor as a function of parameters like solubility, gas gravity, oil gravity and temperature. The document is focused on understanding physical properties of crude oil and gas reservoirs which is important for reservoir engineering applications and problem solving.
This document provides an overview of key reservoir fluid properties including methods for calculating z-factors, gas properties such as compressibility and viscosity, crude oil properties like density and solution gas, and empirical correlations for determining properties like gas solubility, bubble point pressure, and formation volume factors. The document discusses various correlations for estimating properties in the absence of laboratory measurements and defines important concepts such as gas solubility, solution gas, and bubble point pressure.
Presentation given by George Romanos of the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (NCSRD), Greece, on "CO2QUEST - Fluid Properties and phase behaviour of CO2 with impurities" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
The document outlines a project to analyze gas properties from PVT lab reports. It examines samples from a gas separator, liquid separator, and recombined samples that underwent constant volume depletion and constant composition expansion testing. Key findings include the surface fluid having a lower heat content and plant products than the reservoir fluid. Correlations for properties like Z-factor and compressibility nearly matched lab results, while viscosity correlations varied in accuracy. The conclusion notes that while correlations provide estimates, lab reports are more accurate and care is needed in choosing correlations.
This document provides an overview of chapter 5 from the textbook, which covers gases and the kinetic molecular theory. It begins with learning objectives and concepts to understand from sections 5.5 through 5.12. There is then an explanation of applications of the gas laws, including Dalton's law of partial pressures and collecting gases over water. The document continues with explanations of gas density, the ideal gas law, Graham's law of effusion, and the kinetic molecular theory. It includes sample problems and exercises related to these topics.
This paper presents new correlations to calculate Modified Black-Oil (MBO) PVT properties for gas condensate and volatile oil fluids using readily available parameters without needing fluid samples or elaborate calculations. The correlations were developed using data from PVT experiments on 13 fluid samples and validated against material balance calculations and reservoir simulations. Correlations are presented for oil-gas ratio, solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor, and gas formation volume factor. The correlations showed good matches to experimental data with average errors ranging from 1-15% depending on the property.
Properties of Pure Substances Lesson 2.pdfPhezaAndrew
This document discusses ideal gas laws and real gas equations of state. It introduces the ideal gas law relating pressure, temperature, volume, number of moles, and the universal gas constant. It describes how the ideal gas law can be expressed using mass units with the specific gas constant instead of number of moles. Real gas equations of state are then introduced to better model real gases, including the compressibility factor and using generalized compressibility charts. Specific real gas equations are then covered, including the Van der Waals equation, Beattie-Bridgeman equation, and virial equation. Students are directed to practice problems in the material.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
This document reviews normalization procedures and reference material selection for stable isotope analyses. It discusses that normalization methods using linear regression based on two or more reference standards are preferred over single-point normalization or normalization to a working gas. Using multiple reference standards that span the expected range of sample δ values and performing replicate measurements can reduce uncertainty by 50%. While chemical matching between reference materials and samples is important for some materials and techniques, like δ18O of nitrate or δ2H of hair, it is not always necessary. To ensure comparability, laboratories should report details of their normalization procedures and reference materials.
This document discusses properties of natural gases that are important for engineers to understand when designing equipment for natural gas production, processing, and transportation. It covers topics such as the molecular theory of gases and liquids, equations of state including the ideal gas law and real gas behavior, viscosity, thermodynamic properties including specific heat and heating values, and limits of flammability and safety considerations. Key equations of state and models for predicting properties like compressibility factor, viscosity, and specific heat are presented.
Regression Modelling of Thermal Degradation Kinetics, of Concentrated, Aqueou...Shaukat Mazari
The document presents the results of regression analysis performed on experimental thermal degradation kinetics data of concentrated aqueous piperazine (PZ) solvent loaded with carbon dioxide. Six expressions based on first-order and second-order rate laws were used to model the data using linear and non-linear regression. The analysis revealed that the data followed both first-order and second-order kinetics. Expressions 3 and 5 provided the best fits with R2 values over 0.99, indicating the thermal degradation of PZ is best described by a second-order rate law. The rate constants k1 and k2 could be predicted using the developed models.
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