1. Discuss the implications of Confounding Variables and how they .docx
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1. Discuss the implications of Confounding Variables and how they effect the primary goal of statistics, that of prediction. 2. Explain the importance of Person, Place, and Time with regards to Public Health Surveillance. 3. Discuss the implications of mortality for the field of epidemiology to include the preparation of death certificates, and give at least one real - life example of its importance. 4. Explain the problem of bias when conducting studies and how we may attempt to control for it. 5. Discuss randomization to include the various types and its importance on obtaining reliable and valid data that is generalizable to a population. 6. Explain how to develop a Web of Causation and its importance. 7. Explain how epidemics are classified and what questions need to be asked to do so. 8. Compare and contrast Acute versus Chronic diseases and give one specific example of each. 9. List and briefly discuss the biases associated with clinical epidemiology and how to best avoid them. ...
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Chapter 3Public Health Data and Communications.docx
Chapter 3
Public Health Data and Communications
Learning Objectives
Identify six basic types of public health data
Explain the meaning, use, and limitations of the infant mortality rate and life expectancy measurements
Explain the meanings and uses of HALEs and DALYs
Identify criteria for evaluating the quality of information presented on a website
Explain ways that perceptions affect how people interpret information
Learning Objectives
Explain the roles of probabilities, utilities, and the timing of events in combining public health data
Explain the basic principles for the construction of decision trees and their uses
Explain how attitudes, such as risk-taking attitudes, may affect decision making
Identify three different approaches to clinical decision making and their advantages and disadvantages
Vignette 1
You read that the rate of use of cocaine among teenagers has fallen by 50% in the last decade.
You wonder where that information might come from.
Vignette 2
You hear that life expectancy in the United States is now approximately 80 years.
You wonder what that implies about how long you will live and what that means for your grandmother, who is 82 and in good health.
Vignette 3
You hear on the news the gruesome description of a shark attack on a young boy from another state and decide to keep your son away from the beach.
While playing at a friend’s house, your son nearly drowns after falling into the backyard pool.
You ask why so many people think that drowning in a backyard pool is unusual when it is far more common than shark attacks.
Vignette 4
“Balancing the harms and benefits is essential to making decisions,” your clinician says.
The treatment you are considering has an 80% chance of working, but there is also a 20% chance of side effects.
“What do I need to consider when balancing the harms and the benefits?” you ask.
Vignette 5
You are faced with a decision to have a medical procedure.
One physician tells you there’s no other choice and you must undergo the procedure, another tells you about the harms and benefits and advises you to go ahead and the third lays out the options and tells you it’s your decision.
Why are there such different approaches to making decisions these days?
Questions-to-Ask (1)
What is the scope of health communications?
Where does public health data come from?
How is public health information compiled to measure the health of a population?
How can we evaluate the quality of the presentation of health information?
What factors affect how we perceive public health information?
Questions-to-Ask (2)
What type of information needs to be combined to make health decisions?
What other data needs to be included in decision making?
How do we utilize information to make health decisions?
How can we use health information to make healthcare decisions?
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EPIDEMIOLOGY .pptx
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
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HIV/AIDS was first recognized as an epidemic in the United States in 1981. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, the life expectancy for infected persons was less than 7 years. Today, because of research and new treatment options, people who begin treatment soon after diagnosis can expect to live a nearly normal life span (Cairns, 2010). The HIV/AIDS epidemic was identified through descriptive epidemiology.
Descriptive epidemiologic studies are often conducted as precursors to analytic studies. Epidemiologic concepts are used to gather data to better understand and evaluate health trends in populations. Data such as characteristics of the persons affected, place where an incident occurred, and time of occurrence are collected and analyzed to look for patterns in an effort to identify emerging health problems.
In this Discussion, you will apply the epidemiologic concepts of time, place, and person to a specific population health problem.
To prepare:
Consider a variety of population health problems, and then select one on which to focus for this Discussion.
Identify a specific population affected by your selected health problem.
Research the patterns of the disease in your selected population using the epidemiologic characteristics of person, place, and time.
Explore three to five data sources presented in the Learning Resources that could aid you in describing the population and magnitude of the problem. Analyze the strengths and limitations of each data source.
Consider methods for obtaining raw data to determine the variables of person, place, and time for your health problem. Ask yourself: How would the methods I select influence the accuracy of case identification, definition, and diagnosis?
By tomorrow Wednesday 03/07/18 by 4pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with a minimum of THREE scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headers as numbered below:
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Evaluate your selected health problem in the population you identified by describing
THREE
to
FIVE
characteristics related to person, place, and time.
2) Appraise the data sources you utilized by outlining the
strengths
and
limitations
of each.
3) Discuss
TWO
methods you could use to collect raw data to determine the descriptive epidemiology of your health problem, determine how these methods would influence the completeness of case identification as well as the case definition/diagnostic criteria used.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 3,
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Chapter 4
, “Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time”
Chapter 5
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Chapter 3Public Health Data and Communications.docx
Chapter 3
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Learning Objectives
Identify six basic types of public health data
Explain the meaning, use, and limitations of the infant mortality rate and life expectancy measurements
Explain the meanings and uses of HALEs and DALYs
Identify criteria for evaluating the quality of information presented on a website
Explain ways that perceptions affect how people interpret information
Learning Objectives
Explain the roles of probabilities, utilities, and the timing of events in combining public health data
Explain the basic principles for the construction of decision trees and their uses
Explain how attitudes, such as risk-taking attitudes, may affect decision making
Identify three different approaches to clinical decision making and their advantages and disadvantages
Vignette 1
You read that the rate of use of cocaine among teenagers has fallen by 50% in the last decade.
You wonder where that information might come from.
Vignette 2
You hear that life expectancy in the United States is now approximately 80 years.
You wonder what that implies about how long you will live and what that means for your grandmother, who is 82 and in good health.
Vignette 3
You hear on the news the gruesome description of a shark attack on a young boy from another state and decide to keep your son away from the beach.
While playing at a friend’s house, your son nearly drowns after falling into the backyard pool.
You ask why so many people think that drowning in a backyard pool is unusual when it is far more common than shark attacks.
Vignette 4
“Balancing the harms and benefits is essential to making decisions,” your clinician says.
The treatment you are considering has an 80% chance of working, but there is also a 20% chance of side effects.
“What do I need to consider when balancing the harms and the benefits?” you ask.
Vignette 5
You are faced with a decision to have a medical procedure.
One physician tells you there’s no other choice and you must undergo the procedure, another tells you about the harms and benefits and advises you to go ahead and the third lays out the options and tells you it’s your decision.
Why are there such different approaches to making decisions these days?
Questions-to-Ask (1)
What is the scope of health communications?
Where does public health data come from?
How is public health information compiled to measure the health of a population?
How can we evaluate the quality of the presentation of health information?
What factors affect how we perceive public health information?
Questions-to-Ask (2)
What type of information needs to be combined to make health decisions?
What other data needs to be included in decision making?
How do we utilize information to make health decisions?
How can we use health information to make healthcare decisions?
Table 3-1 The 6 Ss of Quantitative Sources of Public Health Data (1/3)Type
ExamplesUsesAdvantages/
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Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
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HIV/AIDS was first recognized as an epidemic in the United States in 1981. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, the life expectancy for infected persons was less than 7 years. Today, because of research and new treatment options, people who begin treatment soon after diagnosis can expect to live a nearly normal life span (Cairns, 2010). The HIV/AIDS epidemic was identified through descriptive epidemiology.
Descriptive epidemiologic studies are often conducted as precursors to analytic studies. Epidemiologic concepts are used to gather data to better understand and evaluate health trends in populations. Data such as characteristics of the persons affected, place where an incident occurred, and time of occurrence are collected and analyzed to look for patterns in an effort to identify emerging health problems.
In this Discussion, you will apply the epidemiologic concepts of time, place, and person to a specific population health problem.
To prepare:
Consider a variety of population health problems, and then select one on which to focus for this Discussion.
Identify a specific population affected by your selected health problem.
Research the patterns of the disease in your selected population using the epidemiologic characteristics of person, place, and time.
Explore three to five data sources presented in the Learning Resources that could aid you in describing the population and magnitude of the problem. Analyze the strengths and limitations of each data source.
Consider methods for obtaining raw data to determine the variables of person, place, and time for your health problem. Ask yourself: How would the methods I select influence the accuracy of case identification, definition, and diagnosis?
By tomorrow Wednesday 03/07/18 by 4pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with a minimum of THREE scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headers as numbered below:
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Evaluate your selected health problem in the population you identified by describing
THREE
to
FIVE
characteristics related to person, place, and time.
2) Appraise the data sources you utilized by outlining the
strengths
and
limitations
of each.
3) Discuss
TWO
methods you could use to collect raw data to determine the descriptive epidemiology of your health problem, determine how these methods would influence the completeness of case identification as well as the case definition/diagnostic criteria used.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 3,
“Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology”
Chapter 4
, “Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time”
Chapter 5
, “Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology”
Chapter 3
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The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
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Introduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
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Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to "Communicable Disease Chain," "Chain of Infection," and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
Choose one communicable disease from the options below.
1. Chickenpox
2. Tuberculosis
3. Influenza
4. Mononucleosis
5. Hepatitis B
6. HIV
7. Ebola
8. Measles
9. Polio
10. Influenza
Epidemiology Paper Requirements
Address the following:
1. Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
2. Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
5. Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
6. Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.
A minimum of four peer-reviewed or professional references is required.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract/thesis is required.
Example of Communicable Disease Chain
a.
Infection Agent
Microbes – all types
Pathogenicity
Invasiveness
Virulence
Infective dose
Resistance
b.
Susceptible Host
Defense mechanisms
Immunity (natural or artificial)
c.
Reservoirs
Humans
Animals
Plant/Soil
d.
Portal of Retry
Same as exit
e.
Portal of Exit
Respiratory
Integumentary
Blood
GI
Sexual
f.
Means of Transmission
Direct
Indirect
...
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1. Establishing causality from observed associations is challenging due to problems like multiple causation, latent periods, confounding, and bias.
2. Criteria for judging causal inference include the strength and consistency of associations, temporality, dose-response relationships, plausible biological mechanisms, consideration of alternatives, and cessation of exposure.
3. Rothman's causality model proposes that diseases can have multiple sufficient causal pathways, where elimination of even one component can be useful for prevention.
Causal pluralism and public health
1. Causal pluralism recognizes that causation cannot be reduced to a single concept, but rather involves several philosophical questions and scientific problems related to causality.
2. Public health challenges can benefit from pluralistic approaches to causality and evidence, as one typically needs both evidence of correlation and mechanisms to establish causal claims and design interventions.
3. Specifying the complexity of causal relationships, rather than reducing complexity, allows public health experts to clearly address questions about the target population, likelihood of interventions succeeding, and generation and assessment of evidence needed to design effective policies while improving communication.
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RUBRIC:
1-Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest:
Overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with a thorough, accurate, and clear overview of all of the clinical descriptors.
2-
Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development:
Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in relation to the communicable disease, explains their contribution to disease development, and provides evidence to support main points.
3-
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors):
The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately, and clearly within an epidemiological model. A visual description of the model and how the components of the model interact is included.
4-
Role of the Community Health Nurse:
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse's responsibilities to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow up.
5-
National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease:
An agency or organization is identified. A clear and accurate description of efforts to address communicable disease is offered.
6-
Thesis Development and Purpose:
Thesis is comprehensive, contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
7-
Paragraph Development and Transitions:
There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
8-
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use):
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
9-
Global Implication:
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.
10-
Paper Format:
All format elements are correct.
11-
Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment):
In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
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Influenza
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Hepatitis B
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Measles
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This document summarizes the key functions and applications of epidemiology. It discusses how epidemiology studies the spread of diseases and allows for the control and prevention of illnesses. Important discoveries are highlighted, such as Semmelweis' finding that handwashing can prevent the spread of infections in hospitals. Epidemiology also researches the causes of diseases and develops vaccines to help control diseases in populations.
Descriptive epidemiology
The document provides an overview of epidemiology. It begins with definitions and history, then covers components, aims, principles, classifications, and descriptive epidemiology. Procedures discussed include defining the population and disease, describing disease distribution by time, place and person, measurement, and formulating hypotheses. Descriptive studies are meant to observe disease distribution and identify associated characteristics rather than test hypotheses. The document outlines types of descriptive studies and how epidemiology can describe disease occurrence and distribution.
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Descriptive epidemiology
This document discusses descriptive epidemiology and the concept of association vs causation. It defines descriptive epidemiology as describing the pattern of disease occurrence in a population. The key steps in a descriptive study are defining the population and disease, describing disease characteristics, measuring disease occurrence, comparing to other populations, and formulating hypotheses. Association means two variables occur together more than by chance, while causation means a change in one variable causes a change in the other. Causation can be direct, indirect, or spurious. Multifactorial diseases have multiple causal factors that interact. Determining causation from associations requires considering multiple types of evidence.
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The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of disease incidence, distribution, and causes in populations. It concentrates on identifying associations and potential causes of disease in populations in order to prevent disease. Epidemiological data can be obtained through surveys, morbidity and mortality data, disease registers, medical records, and screening. The major challenge is accurately identifying the true causes of observed patterns, especially when multiple potential causes and underlying factors are involved. Descriptive studies report disease variations and putative causes to suggest hypotheses, while analytical studies quantify risks associated with potential factors. Intervention studies assess the effects of planned interventions using control groups to compare outcomes. Prevention efforts include primary prevention by removing causes, secondary prevention through screening and early detection/treatment, and tertiary prevention
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This document discusses different study designs used in clinical research. It begins by describing descriptive study designs like case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies which are used to gather general information about a disease but cannot prove causality. It then discusses analytic study designs like case-control and cohort studies which can be used to test hypotheses about associations between exposures and outcomes. Case-control studies identify cases and controls and compare their exposures to determine if exposures are associated with the outcome. Cohort studies follow groups over time to assess if exposures affect outcomes. The document emphasizes the importance of defining outcomes, exposures, and confounders and choosing the appropriate design based on the research question and feasibility factors.
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Epidemiology is the basic science of public health as it describes the relationship between health, disease, and other factors in human populations. It uses study designs and methods to generate information to develop effective public health programs for disease prevention and health promotion. Unlike other medical fields, epidemiology is a philosophy and methodology that can be applied broadly. Successful application requires creative use of strategies and methods to answer specific health questions. Epidemiology describes disease patterns in terms of time, place, and person to understand causative agents and risk factors in order to suggest interventions.
Introduction to Epidemiology yr 3.pdf
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology, including its historical development, key concepts, uses, and importance. It explores epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations for the purpose of disease control. The epidemiological triad of agent-host-environment is discussed as a model for explaining infectious disease transmission. The goals of epidemiology are identified as identifying disease causes and developing prevention and treatment strategies. Its importance in healthcare includes disease surveillance, screening programs, and informing public health policy and planning.
MAKING SENSE OFSTATISTICSWhat statistics tell you an.docx
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding statistics and outlines common pitfalls to avoid when interpreting statistics. It discusses how the questions asked and methods used to collect and analyze data impact the results. Specifically, it notes that statistics are shaped by human choices and judgment, and understanding what and how something was counted is crucial for properly interpreting a statistic. The document also describes common misuses of statistics like citing outliers as the norm, misusing averages, and not providing necessary context for large or small numbers. Overall, it aims to equip readers with questions to ask to critically evaluate statistics and arguments based on numbers.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It aims to describe the distribution and magnitude of health problems, identify factors involved in disease causation, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and control efforts. Epidemiology provides a framework and methodology for community health nurses to assess community health needs, evaluate nursing services, and investigate and address health problems in populations.
Introduction to Epidemiology
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
Crossectional studies 2
This document discusses descriptive and cross-sectional studies. It outlines the steps in the scientific method and differentiates between observational and experimental studies. Descriptive studies examine health status based on routine data to describe disease patterns without testing hypotheses. Cross-sectional studies can test hypotheses by including study and control groups to examine prevalence and potential causative factors. The document discusses the types, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of descriptive and cross-sectional studies, and outlines the steps to carry out a cross-sectional study.
Introduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to "Communicable Disease Chain," "Chain of Infection," and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
Choose one communicable disease from the options below.
1. Chickenpox
2. Tuberculosis
3. Influenza
4. Mononucleosis
5. Hepatitis B
6. HIV
7. Ebola
8. Measles
9. Polio
10. Influenza
Epidemiology Paper Requirements
Address the following:
1. Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
2. Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
5. Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
6. Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.
A minimum of four peer-reviewed or professional references is required.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract/thesis is required.
Example of Communicable Disease Chain
a.
Infection Agent
Microbes – all types
Pathogenicity
Invasiveness
Virulence
Infective dose
Resistance
b.
Susceptible Host
Defense mechanisms
Immunity (natural or artificial)
c.
Reservoirs
Humans
Animals
Plant/Soil
d.
Portal of Retry
Same as exit
e.
Portal of Exit
Respiratory
Integumentary
Blood
GI
Sexual
f.
Means of Transmission
Direct
Indirect
...
Association & cousation
1. Establishing causality from observed associations is challenging due to problems like multiple causation, latent periods, confounding, and bias.
2. Criteria for judging causal inference include the strength and consistency of associations, temporality, dose-response relationships, plausible biological mechanisms, consideration of alternatives, and cessation of exposure.
3. Rothman's causality model proposes that diseases can have multiple sufficient causal pathways, where elimination of even one component can be useful for prevention.
Causal pluralism and public health
1. Causal pluralism recognizes that causation cannot be reduced to a single concept, but rather involves several philosophical questions and scientific problems related to causality.
2. Public health challenges can benefit from pluralistic approaches to causality and evidence, as one typically needs both evidence of correlation and mechanisms to establish causal claims and design interventions.
3. Specifying the complexity of causal relationships, rather than reducing complexity, allows public health experts to clearly address questions about the target population, likelihood of interventions succeeding, and generation and assessment of evidence needed to design effective policies while improving communication.
Basic Concept of Epidemiology
This document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. The aims of epidemiology are to describe disease distribution and frequency, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control diseases. Epidemiologists make comparisons between groups with and without disease exposure to identify determinants and test hypotheses. Basic measurements in epidemiology include mortality, morbidity, disability, and the distribution of disease and risk factors. Rates, ratios, and proportions are key tools used to measure and express disease frequency in populations.
RUBRIC1-Comprehensive Description of a Communic.docx
RUBRIC:
1-Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest:
Overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with a thorough, accurate, and clear overview of all of the clinical descriptors.
2-
Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development:
Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in relation to the communicable disease, explains their contribution to disease development, and provides evidence to support main points.
3-
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors):
The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately, and clearly within an epidemiological model. A visual description of the model and how the components of the model interact is included.
4-
Role of the Community Health Nurse:
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse's responsibilities to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow up.
5-
National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease:
An agency or organization is identified. A clear and accurate description of efforts to address communicable disease is offered.
6-
Thesis Development and Purpose:
Thesis is comprehensive, contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
7-
Paragraph Development and Transitions:
There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
8-
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use):
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
9-
Global Implication:
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.
10-
Paper Format:
All format elements are correct.
11-
Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment):
In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to "Communicable Disease Chain," "Chain of Infection," and the CDC website for assistance completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
Choose one communicable disease from the following list:
Chickenpox
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Mononucleosis
Hepatitis B
HIV
Ebola
Measles
Polio ...
Nur 405 Epidemiology Paper
This document summarizes the key functions and applications of epidemiology. It discusses how epidemiology studies the spread of diseases and allows for the control and prevention of illnesses. Important discoveries are highlighted, such as Semmelweis' finding that handwashing can prevent the spread of infections in hospitals. Epidemiology also researches the causes of diseases and develops vaccines to help control diseases in populations.
Descriptive epidemiology
The document provides an overview of epidemiology. It begins with definitions and history, then covers components, aims, principles, classifications, and descriptive epidemiology. Procedures discussed include defining the population and disease, describing disease distribution by time, place and person, measurement, and formulating hypotheses. Descriptive studies are meant to observe disease distribution and identify associated characteristics rather than test hypotheses. The document outlines types of descriptive studies and how epidemiology can describe disease occurrence and distribution.
Epidemiology of periodontal diseases By Dr. Abhishek Gaur (8741095005)
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and periodontal diseases. It is guided by several doctors and discusses key epidemiological concepts like prevalence, incidence, sensitivity and specificity. Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are defined. Gingivitis involves inflammation of the gingiva while periodontitis also includes loss of periodontal attachment. The aims, objectives and study designs of epidemiology are summarized.
Descriptive epidemiology
This document discusses descriptive epidemiology and the concept of association vs causation. It defines descriptive epidemiology as describing the pattern of disease occurrence in a population. The key steps in a descriptive study are defining the population and disease, describing disease characteristics, measuring disease occurrence, comparing to other populations, and formulating hypotheses. Association means two variables occur together more than by chance, while causation means a change in one variable causes a change in the other. Causation can be direct, indirect, or spurious. Multifactorial diseases have multiple causal factors that interact. Determining causation from associations requires considering multiple types of evidence.
1 epidemiology course
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of disease incidence, distribution, and causes in populations. It concentrates on identifying associations and potential causes of disease in populations in order to prevent disease. Epidemiological data can be obtained through surveys, morbidity and mortality data, disease registers, medical records, and screening. The major challenge is accurately identifying the true causes of observed patterns, especially when multiple potential causes and underlying factors are involved. Descriptive studies report disease variations and putative causes to suggest hypotheses, while analytical studies quantify risks associated with potential factors. Intervention studies assess the effects of planned interventions using control groups to compare outcomes. Prevention efforts include primary prevention by removing causes, secondary prevention through screening and early detection/treatment, and tertiary prevention
719 747
This document discusses different study designs used in clinical research. It begins by describing descriptive study designs like case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies which are used to gather general information about a disease but cannot prove causality. It then discusses analytic study designs like case-control and cohort studies which can be used to test hypotheses about associations between exposures and outcomes. Case-control studies identify cases and controls and compare their exposures to determine if exposures are associated with the outcome. Cohort studies follow groups over time to assess if exposures affect outcomes. The document emphasizes the importance of defining outcomes, exposures, and confounders and choosing the appropriate design based on the research question and feasibility factors.
Similar to 1. Discuss the implications of Confounding Variables and how they .docx (20)
ARTÍCULO_Epidemiology the foundation of public health (Inglés) autor Roger De...
ARTÍCULO_Epidemiology the foundation of public health (Inglés) autor Roger De...
MAKING SENSE OFSTATISTICSWhat statistics tell you an.docx
MAKING SENSE OFSTATISTICSWhat statistics tell you an.docx
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of
RUBRIC1-Comprehensive Description of a Communic.docx
RUBRIC1-Comprehensive Description of a Communic.docx
Epidemiology of periodontal diseases By Dr. Abhishek Gaur (8741095005)
Epidemiology of periodontal diseases By Dr. Abhishek Gaur (8741095005)
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Please respond to the following:
Analyze ONE of the Neo-Piagetians’ theories of cognitive development
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Please respond to the followingBased on the discussion prepar.docx
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Based on the discussion preparation for this week, suggest two biologically rooted approaches that instructors may use in order to facilitate learning of one particular task. Illustrate the process by which embodied learning would foster a deeper learning of the task in question.
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Considering everything we have learned to date about Palestine: the history of the region, the contemporary events leading to the establishment of Israel, and the different factions involved, was the failure to find a sustainable solution for all sides inevitable? Why or why not?
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Please respond to the followingImagine you have recently .docx
Please respond to the following:
Imagine you have recently been hired to be the Chief Learning Officer (CLO) for a corporation and have been tasked to establish a corporate university.
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Please respond to one (1) the followingRead the article e.docx
Please respond to
one (1)
the following:
Read the article entitled
“Leadership Excellence: Communicate Your Vision”
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Please respond to the followingResearch on the Internet a rec.docx
Please respond to the following:
Research on the Internet a recent public relations campaign that was undertaken to address a corporate scandal or misbehavior by a government official or celebrity, and study what part ethics played in the campaign, whether positively or negatively. Communications professor John Marston proposed a four-step model of the process through which public relations can influence public opinion. These steps include research, action, communication, and evaluation. Explain in detail how Marston’s four-step approach can be used to shape public opinion on the story you researched.
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Question One:
As a student researcher, please introduce one theorist from the list below and describe what major components he or she has offered to those attempting to understand the development of children and/or families? Please include a photo of the selected theorist and critique his or her theory. For example, please discuss the strengths
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Albert Bandura
David Liu
Erik Erikson
Harriette Pipes McAdoo
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
Lev Vygotsky
Question Two: (Choose One Question To Answer Below)
•
Linda Espinosa
•
Maria Montessori
•
Robert Coles
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Sigmund Freud
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
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*Student should utilize the referenced links above as well as other scholarly documents to develop their responses.
*Students must include a reference page for each question in APA format.
Important: Work submitted without a reference page
will not
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1)Hey---------, I like your introduction, your thesis is clear and it is in the last sentence of the intro. I think that the big theme of this story is to hold on to our traditional ancestral values, or at least respect these values because they are important and we clearly see it in the story. I would suggest to watch out for spelling errors and to work a little more on your conclusion, I would recommend giving more summary and more details in explaining your thesis.
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I like your explination and view of this short story. Other then giving a little more detail from the story I think you did great. What made you choose this story to write about?
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Running head: FICTION ANALYSIS: DEAD MEN’S PATH 1
FICTION ANALYSIS: DEAD MEN’S PATH 4
Fiction Analysis:Dead Men's Path
Estrella Gonzalez
South University
ENG1300 SU01 Composition III/Literature
Joseph Walker
Fiction Analysis:Dead Men's Path Comment by Joseph: Start actual paper at the top of a new page.
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please respond to both discussion in your own words in citation plea.docx
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1.The Florida bog frog could be a small and uncommon land and water proficient. This species features a yellowish-brown upper body, a yellow stomach, brown eardrum, yellow throat, a contract ridge that runs along the side down the back, and littler webbed feet with bigger toes . There's restricted data accessible approximately the reproduction of the Florida bog frog. Florida bog frogs breed between the months of April and August. Amid the breeding season, marsh frogs will let out boisterous “chucks” to pull in a mate.Florida bog frogs occupy numerous regions including shallow, acidic spring leaks; boggy floods of streams; .The most risk to the Florida marsh frog is the degradation of its habitat. Bog frogs flourish best in early succession vegetation.
2.The Florida mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is the only species in the genus Podomys, which is the single mammal genus endemic to Florida. I like this mouse because it reminds me of Mickey Mouse created by Walt Disney, and redirect me to its amusement parks in Orlando, Florida. This mouse also caught my attention because it looks so funny and different from the rest of the mice. The Florida mouse is found only in a limited area in central peninsular Florida and one small area in the Florida panhandle. The mouse inhabits some of Florida's hottest and driest regions in the high pinelands, sandhills, flatlands, and coastal scrub. They average between 5 to 8 inches long, and their tails are between 2 to 3.5 inches long, weighing between 1/2 ounce to 1 ounce. The Florida mouse has soft silky fur that is brown or brownish-orange in color. Its underparts are white. Their ears are large and furless. Their tails are long, and their back paws are large and have 5 pads. Their teeth are sharp, and they use them for gnawing.
The Florida mouse is nocturnal and is active throughout the year except on unusually cold nights. The mouse can climb but is primarily a terrestrial species. They communicate by emitting high pitched squeals, and when they are excited, they thump the ground with their front paws producing a drumming sound. The Florida mouse also has a distinctive odor, almost like a skunk. A baby of a Florida mouse is called a pinkie, kitten, or pup. The females are called doe and males buck. A Florida mouse group is called a nest, colony, harvest, horde, or mischief.
The Florida mouse is an omnivore, and its diet consists of acorns when available, insects, seeds, nuts, fungi, crickets, ticks, fruit, berries, and other plant material and vertebrates. A 1987 report indicates the mouse feeds on engorged ticks (
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According to the official State of Florida's Endangered and Threatened Species List of wildlife, the Florida mouse is considered as State Species of Special Conce.
please respond In your own words not citations1. The Miami blu.docx
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2.Six families of dragonflies exist in Florida with most found near ponds and other freshwater sources. Dragonflies feature large eyes that make up most of their head and a muscular body that helps the insects use their large wings to fly. Sometimes you'll see dragonflies hovering near blacktop parking lots, but for the most part, the insects stay near water except when they look for a mate. They then return to the water to breed and deposit eggs.
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We see SWOT presented in a 4 block matrix:
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External: O/Th
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MNCs, IOs, NGOs, and the European Union are nonstate actors in the role of pushing foreign policy to combat terrorism. Discuss 1 or 2 ways in which the national strategy influences any of these nonstate actors.
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