3. Speaking VS Writing
In speaking, people understand your point without support.
In writing, each point should be supported by facts, examples, theories,
statistics, …
4. Writing Sentences
Sentences are formed by words, and they carry meanings:
- Questions
- Orders
- Requests
- Statements
- Exclamations
- …
5. Point and Support in a Paragraph
A paragraph is a group of related sentences about one issue.
A paragraph is indented, and the sentences in it follow each other on
the same line.
Your idea in the topic sentence is supported in the body sentences.
6. Kandahar University is one of the few public universities
controlled by a MAFIA. The MAFIA controlling this university was
formed several years ago, and it still is very active. For example, …
7. Benefits of Paragraph Writing
1) Mastering the structure of paragraphs will make you a better writer.
2) The discipline of writing a paragraph will strengthen your skills as a
reader and listener.
3) Paragraph writing will make you a stronger thinker.
9. Assignment 1
Write a paragraph based on the diagram in slide 7 about a topic you
love.
10. Writing as a Way to Communicate with
Others
Consider your audience (readers) and purpose (why)
Three purposes in writing:
1) To inform – report, presentations, memos, emails, …
2) To persuade – proposals, presentations, requests, orders, …
3) To entertain – friendly, informal, …
1) To narrate (inform)
2) To expose, explain (inform)
11. Audience
Consider:
How much they already know
Why might they need or want to read it
What is your purpose?
What type of language should you use?
The age?
The experience?
The expectations?
12. Writing; a skill or a gift?
Writing is not a God-given gift to all; therefore, we must strive to
improve this skills.
14. Writing as a Process of Discovery
Writing is not always straight and direct.
You can search and learn and go through a process.
You may change your direction in writing due to a new discovery.
15. A Golden Way to Learn Writing
Keep a Journal:
Write down everyday you want to keep.
Don’t worry about mistakes.
Dec 24
Today I wn
17. Using Technology to Work Efficiently
Effective writing is result-oriented.
Efficient writing is time-, cost, and energy-oriented.
SAVE YOUR WORK IN MULTIPLE PLACES.
18. A Proper Formal E-mail
An email is a formal writing document.
Use a professional email address:
name+ last name
initials of first name + last name
Elements:
1) Subject line: not a full sentence; relevant; not all details
2) Salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name,
1) To whom it may concern (so disrespectful)
2) Dear sir/madam (even more disrespectful)
3) Three paragraphs;
1) Greetings (optional) / introduction / purpose of writing
2) Details of the purpose / the main message
3) Thanking / asking for action / ending with a good will
4) Closing; Warm regrads, Kind regards, …
5) Signature; Full name, position, organization
19. HW3
Send me an email about your problems:
samimiacademy@gmail.com
20. The Writing Process
1) Prewriting
1) Understanding your assignment
2) Collect information:
1) Research
2) Brainstorm:
1) Freewriting
2) Clustering
3) Listing
2) Organizing: Outlining / structuring
3) Writing: draft
4) Polishing: revise and edit
21. The Writing Format
Certain schools have certain format requirements;
- APA; American Psychologists Association
- 12 size
- Times New Roman
- Double spaces
- 1 inch margins
- MLA
- Chicago
- …
