09 Fire Prevention & Protection Engineering .ppt

3/15/2024 Fire Prevention & Control 2
Fire?
 Chemical reaction
 Fuel + Oxygen Heat + Light
 Reaction is exothermic except for
Spontaneous Ignition

Elements of Fire
 Fire extinguishers
remove one or more
of the components
 If any one of these
is missing, a fire
cannot continue.
THEREFORE…
TEMPERATURE
FUEL

Prevention & Protection
Prevention & Protection is based on
eliminating or minimizing one of the
components of “Fire Tetrahedron”
Bull eye – Heat, Fuel

TYPES OF FIRES

EXTINGUISHING PRINCIPLES
 Starvation
 Removal of Fuel
 Cooling
 Removal of Heat
 Blanketing
 Removal of Oxygen

Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
DISCHARGE HOSE
DISCHARGE NOZZLE
DISCHARGE ORIFICE
BODY
DATA PLATE
CARRYING
HANDLE
PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
extinguishers)
DISCHARGE LEVER
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL

Types of Extinguishers
The 4 most common fire extinguishers:
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Dry Chemical Powder
HALON
Each type of extinguisher has a specific
use

CARBON DIOXIDE
 Use on CLASS B and
CLASS C fires
 Hard, plastic nozzle
 No pressure gauge

DRY CHEMICAL POWDER
 Use on CLASS A,
CLASS B and CLASS
C fires
 Fine powder & CO2
cartridge

SELECTION OF EXTINGUISHERS
Suitability on Different Classes of Fire
Type of exting. Extinguishing Agent. A B C D
WATER TYPE Water (cooling/Water) YES NO NO NO
FOAM TYPE Foam ( Blanketing ) NO YES NO NO
(Chem./Mech)
DCP Dry Powder( Blanketing) NO* YES YES YES**
(Standard/Special)
Carbon Di Oxide CO2(Enveloping/Cooling) NO* YES YES NO
* Can be used on small surface fires. ** Special Dry Powder

Sources of Heat
 Smoking materials
 Welding sparks & Hot melts
 Electric sparks, arcs, flashover,
overheating due to overload, short
circuit, etc.
 Engines & exhausts with burning sparks
 Open flames
 Spontaneous combustion

Sources of Fuels
 Fuel oils
 Gas cylinders (DA, LPG, etc.)
 Empty cement bags
 Wooden packing materials
 Cotton waste
 Dry vegetation

Fire Prevention
Prevention is better than cure
Fire Prevention can be achieved by
 Good House Keeping
 Proper Planning
 Following Safe Work Practices

House Keeping
Ensure proper ventilation & “NO
SMOKING” signage in fire prone areas.
Unsystematic dumping of wooden
packing material and other combustible
materials all over the places.
Unlimited vegetation within premises of
some of the sensitive installations.

House Keeping

Planning
Create fire lanes at suitable distance
around stores, offices and work areas so
that the fire brigade is able to reach the
place of fire to contain fire from all
directions.
Set up an Emergency group responsible
for fighting fire and other rescue
operations.

Planning
Plan the works earlier and get the
required work permits for hot works
(welding & gas cutting operations) and
excavation works.
Earmark an area for smoking, if
required, and do use ashtrays while
smoking and deposit smoked cigarette /
bidi butts in them.

Safe Work Practices
Regular discussions on case studies on
major fire incidents reported from other
sites to plug loopholes in their system.
Briefing of security personnel deployed
on patrolling duties in and around the
premises to detect and report condition
likely to contribute to outbreak of fire.

Periodic mock drills to test the efficacy
of the contingency plans.
Checking the usability of electrical
materials like cables, etc. received from
other sites before using at site.
Safe Work Practices

Plant & Machinery Fires
Poor housekeeping, allowing ventilation points on
machinery to become clogged with dust or other
materials - causing overheating.
Frictional heat
 caused by loose drive belts, bearings which are not
properly lubricated or other moving parts
Leaking valves or flanges which allow
seepage of flammable liquids or gases

Electrical Fires
Ensure that the electric switches and
fuses have the correct rating of
circuits/circuit breakers, etc.
Carry out periodic inspections of all
wires and electric joints to prevent
short-circuiting /electrical fires. Also
remove / repair power cables / joints
where overheating occurs / recurs.

Office Fires
Turn off electrical appliances including
fans and computer equipment at the
end of the work shift each day to
reduce the chance of fire.

Office Fires
 A computer
monitor left on
over a weekend
caused this fire
resulting in
Rs 1,00,000
damage

Office Fires
 A wall mounted
fan was left on
over the weekend
and resulted in a
fire which caused
damage in excess
of Rs 20,000

An Ironworker crew was
modifying a temporary
structural steel bridge
using an O2 / Acetylene torch
setup on a cart, a portable
welder and a grinder.
Apparently the Acetylene
hose developed a leak and
ignited during the grinding
operation (Monday June 18,
2001)
Workshop Fires

The torch setup was not
equipped with “flashback”
arrestor check valve and the
fire traveled through the
hose into cylinder. All O2
/Acetylene setups must
have a “Flashback” arrestor
at the regulators, to prevent
this type of occurrence. This
little device would have
prevented this fire.
Workshop Fires

Fire Control

How to use Extinguisher ?
Remember the PASS word
P – Pull the pin
A – Aim at the base of fire
S – Squeeze the handle
S – Sweep from side to side

P.A.S.S. Method
Pull the pin
This will allow you to
squeeze the handle
in order to discharge
the extinguisher

P.A.S.S. Method
Aim at the base
of the fire
Aiming at the middle
will do no good.
The agent will pass
through the flames.

P.A.S.S. Method
Squeeze the
handle
This will release the
pressurized
extinguishing agent

P.A.S.S. Method
Sweep side to
side
Cover the entire area
that is on fire.
Continue until fire is
extinguished. Keep
an eye on the area
for
re-lighting.

SAFETY WHILE FIRE FIGHTING
Select extinguisher depending on class
of fire.
Use extinguisher for small confined fire
in the incipient stage.
Stand in upwind direction while fighting
the fire.

Keep your head away from the plunger
of the extinguisher while pressing the
plunger.
Use gloves while using the CO2
extinguisher to protect from cold
burns.

Water should not be used for
 flammable liquid fire because this would
cause the fire to spread
 electrical fire because this would lead to a
serious or fatal shock.
Foam should not be sprayed directly
into flames, but should be allowed to
fall lightly on the fire.

RULES FOR FIGHTING FIRES
Know what is burning.
The fire is spreading rapidly
beyond the spot where it started.
 The time to use an extinguisher is in the
incipient, or beginning, stages of a fire. If
the fire is already spreading quickly, it is
best to simply evacuate the building,
closing doors and windows behind you as
you leave.

Do Not Fight the Fire If:
 You don't have adequate or appropriate
equipment.
 If you don't have the correct type or large enough
extinguisher, it is best not to try to fight the fire.
 Your instincts tell you not to.
 If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any
reason, just let the fire department do their job.

 You might inhale toxic smoke.
 If the fire is producing large amounts of smoke that
you would have to breathe in order to fight it, it is
best not to try. Any sort of combustion will produce
some amount of carbon monoxide, but when
synthetic materials such as the nylon in carpeting
or foam padding in a sofa burn, they can produce
highly toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide,
acrolein, and ammonia in addition to carbon
monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small
amounts.

 The final rule is to always position
yourself with an exit or means of escape
at your back before you attempt to use an
extinguisher to put out a fire.
 In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or
something unexpected happens, you need to be
able to get out quickly, and you don't want to
become trapped. Just remember, always keep an
exit at your back.

Remember to RACE during fire
R escue – rescue people in immediate
danger.
A lert – yell out ”Fire” (or whatever your facility
implementing procedure dictates), dial emergency
phone number.
C ontain – Close all doors and windows.
E xtinguish/E vacuate – Extinguish small
fires, evacuate people, if appropriate.

SURVIVE A FIRE
Don’t get trapped
Cover your mouth and nose with a damp
cloth (when possible)
Keep low to the floor
If clothes catch fire: Stop, Drop and Roll
Once out of the building NEVER RETURN!

EVACUATION PLANNING
 Know the way out from your work area.
 Know the location of the closest fire
extinguisher.
 In the event of a fire in work area, dial the
emergency number, evacuate the location.
 Review the location of the meeting place for
the group in the event of a building
evacuation.

09 Fire Prevention & Protection Engineering .ppt

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 09 Fire Prevention & Protection Engineering .ppt

Similar to 09 Fire Prevention & Protection Engineering .ppt (20)

More from JayaKarthic1

More from JayaKarthic1 (11)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

09 Fire Prevention & Protection Engineering .ppt