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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
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08 transcription, translation and mutation
This document discusses transcription, translation, and mutations. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs when mRNA is produced using one DNA strand as a template. Translation occurs when the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce a protein. Mutations can occur during transcription or via external factors damaging DNA. Mutations result in substitutions, insertions, or deletions of DNA bases and can impact proteins and organism characteristics.
hn RNA processing
The document discusses various processes involved in eukaryotic mRNA processing. It explains that in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA undergoes 5' capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, splicing, and methylation to become a mature mRNA. These processes are guided by hnRNP and snRNP particles. The document also discusses alternative mRNA processing mechanisms like alternative splicing and polyadenylation that generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single pre-mRNA.
Post transcription
This document summarizes various aspects of post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes. It discusses:
1) Primary transcripts (hnRNA) that are processed in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Processing includes 5' capping, splicing of introns, and 3' polyadenylation.
2) Splicing of pre-mRNA involves recognition of splice sites, branch formation using an internal A, and ligation of exons via transesterification reactions. This is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large complex containing 5 snRNAs and associated proteins.
3) Other types of RNA processing addressed include rRNA and tRNA processing, as well as different classes of
Rna processing
RNA processing in eukaryotes involves multiple steps after transcription in the nucleus. These steps include 5' capping, splicing, editing, and polyadenylation to produce mature messenger RNA that can then be exported and translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. The author holds advanced degrees in biochemistry related to RNA processing.
Lecture 6 (biol3600) transcription m rna processing- winter 2012 pw
This chapter discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences with the help of a sigma factor. Transcription proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, transcription requires chromatin remodeling and the binding of basal transcription factors that help recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter. RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA with the assistance of transcription factors that recognize regulatory promoter elements.
Antisense drugs and Oligonucleotides
This document discusses antisense technology, which uses short DNA or RNA sequences to inhibit gene expression by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA). It describes how antisense oligonucleotides are designed to complementarily bind to mRNA transcripts from mutated genes associated with genetic disorders, thereby blocking translation into defective proteins and preventing disease. The document outlines different classes of antisense oligonucleotides and delivery methods, and notes some genetic disorders currently being investigated for treatment with this approach.
RNA processing final eukaryotes.
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotic cells. It describes how the primary transcript is modified through capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Capping adds a 5' methylguanosine cap. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and joins exons with the help of spliceosomes that contain snRNPs. These processing steps increase mRNA stability and translatability.
Rna processing
RNA processing is the modification of primary RNA transcripts into mature RNA molecules. It involves removal of introns through splicing and addition of modifications like 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation tail, and RNA editing. Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms by selective inclusion or exclusion of exons from the final mRNA.
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08 transcription, translation and mutation
This document discusses transcription, translation, and mutations. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs when mRNA is produced using one DNA strand as a template. Translation occurs when the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce a protein. Mutations can occur during transcription or via external factors damaging DNA. Mutations result in substitutions, insertions, or deletions of DNA bases and can impact proteins and organism characteristics.
hn RNA processing
The document discusses various processes involved in eukaryotic mRNA processing. It explains that in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA undergoes 5' capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, splicing, and methylation to become a mature mRNA. These processes are guided by hnRNP and snRNP particles. The document also discusses alternative mRNA processing mechanisms like alternative splicing and polyadenylation that generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single pre-mRNA.
Post transcription
This document summarizes various aspects of post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes. It discusses:
1) Primary transcripts (hnRNA) that are processed in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Processing includes 5' capping, splicing of introns, and 3' polyadenylation.
2) Splicing of pre-mRNA involves recognition of splice sites, branch formation using an internal A, and ligation of exons via transesterification reactions. This is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large complex containing 5 snRNAs and associated proteins.
3) Other types of RNA processing addressed include rRNA and tRNA processing, as well as different classes of
Rna processing
RNA processing in eukaryotes involves multiple steps after transcription in the nucleus. These steps include 5' capping, splicing, editing, and polyadenylation to produce mature messenger RNA that can then be exported and translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. The author holds advanced degrees in biochemistry related to RNA processing.
Lecture 6 (biol3600) transcription m rna processing- winter 2012 pw
This chapter discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences with the help of a sigma factor. Transcription proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, transcription requires chromatin remodeling and the binding of basal transcription factors that help recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter. RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA with the assistance of transcription factors that recognize regulatory promoter elements.
Antisense drugs and Oligonucleotides
This document discusses antisense technology, which uses short DNA or RNA sequences to inhibit gene expression by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA). It describes how antisense oligonucleotides are designed to complementarily bind to mRNA transcripts from mutated genes associated with genetic disorders, thereby blocking translation into defective proteins and preventing disease. The document outlines different classes of antisense oligonucleotides and delivery methods, and notes some genetic disorders currently being investigated for treatment with this approach.
RNA processing final eukaryotes.
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotic cells. It describes how the primary transcript is modified through capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Capping adds a 5' methylguanosine cap. Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and joins exons with the help of spliceosomes that contain snRNPs. These processing steps increase mRNA stability and translatability.
Rna processing
RNA processing is the modification of primary RNA transcripts into mature RNA molecules. It involves removal of introns through splicing and addition of modifications like 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation tail, and RNA editing. Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms by selective inclusion or exclusion of exons from the final mRNA.
Preparing a Standard Solution
1. Weigh out 8.0g of solid sodium hydroxide and dissolve it in 25cm3 of water in a beaker.
2. Pour the solution into a 100cm3 volumetric flask and rinse the beaker and weighing bottle with water, adding the rinse water to the flask.
3. Add distilled water dropwise until the solution reaches the 100cm3 mark. Shake well to mix.
solutions and their concentrations in Analytical chemistry by Azad Alshatteri
This document discusses different units for expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass per volume, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and percent concentration. It provides examples of how to calculate concentration using these units for various types of solutions, including solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid solutions. Common concentration units covered are grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL), micrograms per microliter (μg/mL), parts per million (ppm), and percentage concentration (%).
chemistry : Preparation of solution
The document provides instructions for preparing solutions in a chemistry laboratory. It discusses weighing solids and measuring liquids accurately, using equipment like volumetric flasks, graduated cylinders, and balances. The key steps are to weigh the solute, add it to part of the solvent in a volumetric flask, dissolve the solute, then fill the flask to the mark and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous solution of known concentration. Proper technique and significant figures are important for obtaining precise results.
Antisense therapy
Antisense therapy uses synthetic nucleic acid strands that bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) to inactivate genes and their protein production. It has potential applications for treating various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and genetic disorders. Antisense oligonucleotides work by binding to mRNA, preventing translation into protein via RNase H activity or steric hindrance. While promising, antisense drugs require further clinical trials to prove efficacy compared to other treatments.
Preparing, Diluting of solutions of different Strengths & safety measures whi...
This document provides guidance on weighing and preparing solutions of different concentrations and their dilution, as well as handling techniques for solutions. It discusses solutions, measuring chemicals, different chemical concentrations, dilution of stock solutions, labeling, safety, and conclusions. Specifically, it defines types of solutions, provides procedures for preparing solutions by weighing solids or liquids and dilution, discusses units for reporting concentration like molarity and normality, and guidelines for proper labeling, storage, safety practices, and documentation when working with chemical solutions in the lab.
Microsoft power point ยีนและโครโมโซม
1. The document discusses genes and chromosomes, including the chromosome theory of inheritance proposed by Walter Sutton. It describes the structure of DNA and RNA, as well as DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
2. Key experiments are summarized, such as those determining that DNA is the genetic material and the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. The genetic code and how mutations can occur are also covered.
3. Various genetic disorders are listed that result from mutations, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. The document concludes with a brief discussion of polyploidy.
Post-Transcriptional Modification
The document summarizes several key post-transcriptional processes involved in modifying mRNA in eukaryotes. These include 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, intron removal through splicing, and the role of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) in transporting mRNA out of the nucleus. The splicing process involves small nuclear RNAs binding in a spliceosome to catalyze two transesterification reactions that remove introns and ligate exons. Mature mRNA can also be generated through trans-splicing of separate RNA molecules or alternative splicing of different exons from the same gene. Nuclear pore complexes selectively transport molecules including mRNA in and out of the nucleus.
Dna replication transcription and translation
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates. The bases on two DNA strands bond together through complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. RNA carries instructions from DNA for protein production. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making mRNA from DNA. Translation uses mRNA, tRNAs, and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code of three-base codons. Mutations in DNA can alter codons and cause changes in protein sequences.
09 Mendelian Genetics, Meiosis and Evolution
This document provides an overview of Mendelian genetics, meiosis, and evolution. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his laws of heredity. It then explains key concepts such as genes, alleles, phenotypes, genotypes, dominant and recessive traits. The document goes on to describe meiosis and how it leads to genetic variation. It concludes with a summary of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
07 energy
The document discusses how cells obtain and store energy. Cells use photosynthesis or respiration to meet their energy needs. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, storing energy in the bonds of glucose. Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. The energy is stored in ATP molecules through bonding phosphate groups. Cells need ATP for processes like active transport, cell division, and protein production.
05 dna
DNA controls heredity and protein synthesis. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Each strand contains nucleotides with one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond the strands together, with adenine bonding to thymine and guanine bonding to cytosine. DNA replicates through a semi-conservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase facilitate replication.
04 cell specialization
Cell structure is directly related to its function, with size, shape, special structures and organelles determining what each cell can do. Undifferentiated stem cells can become any specialized cell type through differentiation. Stem cells differentiate into other cell types with specific structures tailored to their function.
06 cell growth and reproduction
The document discusses cell growth and reproduction. It describes how cell size is limited by diffusion rate, DNA, and surface area to volume ratio. It explains that organisms cannot be just one cell due to these size limitations. The cell cycle, including interphase and the four phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), is described. Chromosomes, made of DNA, replicate and separate during cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases to ensure proper cell division and growth.
03 cell structure and function
This presentation examines the structure and function of a typical cell. It explains that cells become specialized through modifications to their basic structure, such as having an abundance of certain organelles suited to their function. The document then proceeds to describe the structure, function, and life processes of various cell organelles, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts. It explains how each organelle contributes to essential functions and processes within the cell.
Mid term exam - study guide
This study guide outlines the key topics and concepts to be covered on the upcoming mid-term exam. It includes six major sections: (1) the characteristics of life and cell theory, (2) the levels of biological organization, (3) the scientific method, (4) atoms and their interactions, (5) water and diffusion, and (6) life substances including biomolecules and their structure/function. Each section provides an overview of important concepts to know as well as relevant vocabulary terms.
05 water and diffusion
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
04 atoms and their interactions
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
03 the scientific method
This document provides information and definitions related to the scientific method. It discusses testable questions, hypotheses, variables, data collection and organization, graphs, conclusions, and the two types of reasoning - deductive and inductive. Key terms defined include independent and dependent variables, qualitative and quantitative data, and the components of a strong conclusion. The document is intended to prepare the reader for a quiz on applying the scientific method.
02 levels of organization
This document outlines the hierarchical organization of life from the smallest to largest levels of structure. It begins with atoms and molecules, then discusses organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and finally the biosphere. Each level builds upon the previous as the basic units combine and interact to form increasingly complex living structures and systems.
01 characteristics of life
There are eight key characteristics of life. All living things are made of cells, are highly organized, use energy constantly, grow and develop, have an expected lifespan, reproduce themselves, respond to stimuli, and adapt to their environment. There is unity within diversity in that all organisms share these characteristics of life but can vary greatly in their chemical makeup, structure, and function. The basic unit of life is the cell, which comes from pre-existing cells and can be organized as unicellular, multicellular, or colonial organisms.
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Preparing a Standard Solution
1. Weigh out 8.0g of solid sodium hydroxide and dissolve it in 25cm3 of water in a beaker.
2. Pour the solution into a 100cm3 volumetric flask and rinse the beaker and weighing bottle with water, adding the rinse water to the flask.
3. Add distilled water dropwise until the solution reaches the 100cm3 mark. Shake well to mix.
solutions and their concentrations in Analytical chemistry by Azad Alshatteri
This document discusses different units for expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass per volume, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and percent concentration. It provides examples of how to calculate concentration using these units for various types of solutions, including solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid solutions. Common concentration units covered are grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL), micrograms per microliter (μg/mL), parts per million (ppm), and percentage concentration (%).
chemistry : Preparation of solution
The document provides instructions for preparing solutions in a chemistry laboratory. It discusses weighing solids and measuring liquids accurately, using equipment like volumetric flasks, graduated cylinders, and balances. The key steps are to weigh the solute, add it to part of the solvent in a volumetric flask, dissolve the solute, then fill the flask to the mark and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous solution of known concentration. Proper technique and significant figures are important for obtaining precise results.
Antisense therapy
Antisense therapy uses synthetic nucleic acid strands that bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) to inactivate genes and their protein production. It has potential applications for treating various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and genetic disorders. Antisense oligonucleotides work by binding to mRNA, preventing translation into protein via RNase H activity or steric hindrance. While promising, antisense drugs require further clinical trials to prove efficacy compared to other treatments.
Preparing, Diluting of solutions of different Strengths & safety measures whi...
This document provides guidance on weighing and preparing solutions of different concentrations and their dilution, as well as handling techniques for solutions. It discusses solutions, measuring chemicals, different chemical concentrations, dilution of stock solutions, labeling, safety, and conclusions. Specifically, it defines types of solutions, provides procedures for preparing solutions by weighing solids or liquids and dilution, discusses units for reporting concentration like molarity and normality, and guidelines for proper labeling, storage, safety practices, and documentation when working with chemical solutions in the lab.
Microsoft power point ยีนและโครโมโซม
1. The document discusses genes and chromosomes, including the chromosome theory of inheritance proposed by Walter Sutton. It describes the structure of DNA and RNA, as well as DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
2. Key experiments are summarized, such as those determining that DNA is the genetic material and the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. The genetic code and how mutations can occur are also covered.
3. Various genetic disorders are listed that result from mutations, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. The document concludes with a brief discussion of polyploidy.
Post-Transcriptional Modification
The document summarizes several key post-transcriptional processes involved in modifying mRNA in eukaryotes. These include 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, intron removal through splicing, and the role of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) in transporting mRNA out of the nucleus. The splicing process involves small nuclear RNAs binding in a spliceosome to catalyze two transesterification reactions that remove introns and ligate exons. Mature mRNA can also be generated through trans-splicing of separate RNA molecules or alternative splicing of different exons from the same gene. Nuclear pore complexes selectively transport molecules including mRNA in and out of the nucleus.
Dna replication transcription and translation
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates. The bases on two DNA strands bond together through complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. RNA carries instructions from DNA for protein production. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making mRNA from DNA. Translation uses mRNA, tRNAs, and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code of three-base codons. Mutations in DNA can alter codons and cause changes in protein sequences.
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solutions and their concentrations in Analytical chemistry by Azad Alshatteri
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This document provides an overview of Mendelian genetics, meiosis, and evolution. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his laws of heredity. It then explains key concepts such as genes, alleles, phenotypes, genotypes, dominant and recessive traits. The document goes on to describe meiosis and how it leads to genetic variation. It concludes with a summary of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
07 energy
The document discusses how cells obtain and store energy. Cells use photosynthesis or respiration to meet their energy needs. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, storing energy in the bonds of glucose. Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. The energy is stored in ATP molecules through bonding phosphate groups. Cells need ATP for processes like active transport, cell division, and protein production.
05 dna
DNA controls heredity and protein synthesis. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Each strand contains nucleotides with one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond the strands together, with adenine bonding to thymine and guanine bonding to cytosine. DNA replicates through a semi-conservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase facilitate replication.
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Cell structure is directly related to its function, with size, shape, special structures and organelles determining what each cell can do. Undifferentiated stem cells can become any specialized cell type through differentiation. Stem cells differentiate into other cell types with specific structures tailored to their function.
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The document discusses cell growth and reproduction. It describes how cell size is limited by diffusion rate, DNA, and surface area to volume ratio. It explains that organisms cannot be just one cell due to these size limitations. The cell cycle, including interphase and the four phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), is described. Chromosomes, made of DNA, replicate and separate during cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases to ensure proper cell division and growth.
03 cell structure and function
This presentation examines the structure and function of a typical cell. It explains that cells become specialized through modifications to their basic structure, such as having an abundance of certain organelles suited to their function. The document then proceeds to describe the structure, function, and life processes of various cell organelles, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts. It explains how each organelle contributes to essential functions and processes within the cell.
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05 water and diffusion
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
04 atoms and their interactions
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
03 the scientific method
This document provides information and definitions related to the scientific method. It discusses testable questions, hypotheses, variables, data collection and organization, graphs, conclusions, and the two types of reasoning - deductive and inductive. Key terms defined include independent and dependent variables, qualitative and quantitative data, and the components of a strong conclusion. The document is intended to prepare the reader for a quiz on applying the scientific method.
02 levels of organization
This document outlines the hierarchical organization of life from the smallest to largest levels of structure. It begins with atoms and molecules, then discusses organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and finally the biosphere. Each level builds upon the previous as the basic units combine and interact to form increasingly complex living structures and systems.
01 characteristics of life
There are eight key characteristics of life. All living things are made of cells, are highly organized, use energy constantly, grow and develop, have an expected lifespan, reproduce themselves, respond to stimuli, and adapt to their environment. There is unity within diversity in that all organisms share these characteristics of life but can vary greatly in their chemical makeup, structure, and function. The basic unit of life is the cell, which comes from pre-existing cells and can be organized as unicellular, multicellular, or colonial organisms.
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