The document discusses the three main camera controls that influence light exposure: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. [1] Aperture controls the amount of light by changing the diameter of the lens opening, with smaller apertures admitting less light. [2] Shutter speed controls the duration that the camera sensor is exposed to light, with faster speeds admitting less light. [3] ISO is the light sensitivity of the camera's sensor, with higher ISO numbers corresponding to greater sensitivity in low-light conditions. The relationship between these controls allows photographers to properly expose photographs in different lighting situations.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
PHOTOGRAPHY

2. CAMERA CONTROLS
Aperture, Shutter Speed & ISO

3. Aperture
The lens opening inside a photographic lens. The size
of the opening in a camera lens CONTROLS amount of light passing
through onto the sensor inside the camera during the exposure process
Aperture is sometimes referred to as the f-number or f-stop and
symbolised as f/number (ie - f/1.4, f/5.6, f/8)
The LARGER the number, the SMALLER the opening. Therefore an
aperture of 5.6 < f/2
Smaller openings let in LESS light

4. Aperture
The Aperture size is one of the factors affecting DEPTH OF FIELD
Depth of Field (DOF) refers to how much of the entire picture is in
focus from foreground (front) to background (rear).
An image where the the foreground & background are blurred but the
area where the camera focuses on is in focus is one with a shallow DOF

5. Large aperture causes shallow DOF

6. Telephoto lenses (long range lenses) also compresses
perspective, giving an illusion of shallow DOF

7. Wide angle lenses (shorter focal length) &
small aperture causes great DOF where
image is sharp throughout

8. Using a large aperture & creative focus, you can choose which areas of the image to draw
your viewer’s eyes to. In this instance, the viewers’ eyes are naturally drawn to the area in
focus (centre)

9. In this instance, the viewers’ eyes are naturally drawn to the foreground, which is in focus

10. LARGE APERTURE
Good for:
Separating subject from background such as in portraiture
Selective focusing of a small area within photograph
When you need to use high shutter speeds
Handheld photography in low light (indoors, dawn, dusk)
Not good for:
Showing entire photograph in focus
SMALL APERTURE
Good for:
When light is extremely bright (e.g. mid-day)
When you need to use slow shutter speeds
Showing entire photograph in sharp focus (landscape photos)
Not good for:
Selective focusing of a small area within photograph
USE A TRIPOD/SUPPORT WHEN SHUTTER SPEED
IS BELOW 1/FOCAL LENGTH OF YOUR LENS

11. SHUTTER SPEED
The speed in which the camera’s shutter curtain opens and closes.
This CONTROLS amount of light passing through the camera body,
onto the sensor inside the camera during the exposure process
Shutter speed is measured in Seconds or Fractions of Seconds
(ie - XX seconds or 1/XXX seconds)
The LARGER the fraction number, the FASTER the shutter speed.
Therefore 1/250 > 1/60
Faster shutter speeds let in less light.

12. SHUTTER SPEED
When taking photographs without an artificial light source (ie flash), a
faster shutter speed is preferred when you are hand holding your camera.
However…..
FASTER IS NOT ALWAYS BETTER!

13. High shutter speeds allow you
to freeze moving objects such as
the water.

14. Here, using high shutter speed works in showing the plane in focus, but the plane looks suspended
in mid air!

15. Using slower shutter speeds and a tripod has allowed the capture of passing cars as light
streaks in the evening.

16. Slower shutter speeds allow you to capture the ambient (available light in an
environment) that look natural.

17. Panning with a slightly slower shutter speed gives a sense of motion to the car.

18. FAST SHUTTER SPEEDS
Good for:
Freezing moving objects
Handheld photography
Indoor photography where flash is not allowed but there is
sufficient lighting
Not good for:
Suggesting movement
SLOW SHUTTER SPEEDS
Good for:
Suggesting movement
If you have a tripod
Lowlight photography with tripod to allow more ambient light in
Not good for:
Freezing objects

19. ISO
ISO is the sensitivity of the sensor to light.
Normally, when there is low light, we use a high ISO. If there is a lot of
light, we use a low ISO.
ISO is measured by doubling the initial number. It usually starts at ISO
100, next is ISO 200, ISO 400 and so forth.
Higher ISO means the sensor is more sensitive to light.

20. ISO
When the light is low (night time, low light), we use high ISO. However….
Higher ISO is not always better!

21. ISO
Selecting a low ISO with tripod allows you to take pictures that are less
“noisy”.

22. ISO
We use high ISO only when there is no support for the camera.
Where possible, always use a low ISO to take photographs.
Photographs come up sharper & colours are more vibrant.

23. Putting it all together
Taking a photograph
1. Select an ISO you wish to use - recommend setting between ISO 100 -
400.
2. Focus (half-press on the shutter release button) on the subject and
ensure exposure is correct (you will hear a sound that tells you focused is
confirmed)
3. Recompose by moving the camera to place your subject where you want
(your finger is still half-pressed on the shutter release button).
4. Take the shot by pressing fully on the shutter release button.
When composing the shot, ask yourself, “have you fulfilled the
basic rules of composition? (rule of thirds, visual elements)?”
before you fully press the shutter.

24. Putting it all together
Taking a photograph
Focus confirmed by the red light in viewfinder. In some cameras, the light is green.

25. Putting it all together
Taking a photograph
Exposure - circled in red. + means over exposed (picture will be too bright).
- means underexposed (picture will be too dark). You should aim for 0 (correct exposure)

26. Putting it all together
Taking a photograph
Picture will be too bright - OVEREXPOSED
Increase the shutter speed or close the
aperture.
Picture will be too dark - UNDEREXPOSED
Lower the shutter speed or open the
aperture.
Picture will be properly exposed
Take the shot!

27. The End