This document discusses various techniques for communication in surveying. It categorizes techniques as traditional or modern and describes several examples of each. Traditional techniques discussed include heliograph, using mirrors and sunlight to transmit messages, and hand signals using a code. Modern techniques discussed include two-way radios, cell phones, and using computer algorithms and image processing for automatic positioning and gesture recognition as a way to reduce survey team sizes. The document emphasizes the importance of clear communication within survey teams.

1. SURVEY COMMUNICATION
TECHNIQUES
Practical # 2

2. SCOPE
• Communication techniques are necessary in all types
of surveys.
• In this experiment you will learn about all
communication techniques used in surveying.
• Survey communication techniques can be classified in
two broader categories
• Traditional Techniques
• Modern Techniques

3. SIGNIFICANCE
• Communication between the group, while
performing survey, is of utmost importance.
• Important for precise measurement
• Choice of communication system depends upon
working conditions, such as visibility, environmental
noise (traffic noise, crowd noise) and distance
between the team members

4. TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES
• Traditional surveying is almost 3000 years old; it had
been used by the ancient Egyptians to mark out fields
after the annual Nile floods and refined by the ancient
Greek and Romans in the classical era. In past due to
no radio, telephone system people adopted different
techniques for communication such as smoke, letter
etc. Similarly, in surveying, surveyors also made
certain rules and techniques for conveying messages

5. HELIOGRAPH
• A communication device used to transmit messages over
long distances in which a mirror was attached to a
surveying device to direct a beam of light to a receiving
station. Sunlight was used as the light source. Messages
could be sent in any direction during daylight hours
• If the sun was in front of the sender, the sunrays were
reflected directly from the sender to the receiving station.
If the sun was behind the sender, a secondary mirror was
used to reflect the rays toward the receiving station
• Message is transmitted through flashes of light using
Morse Code
• The heliotrope was limited to use on sunny day

6. HELIOGRAPH

7. HAND SIGNALS
• Ever since the beginning of time, surveyors have used
hand signals on construction sites for communication.
It is an efficient and productive Survey
communication tool for Construction sites.
• In this system, signaling numbers can be transmitted
from rod holder to instrument handler or vice versa.
• This system can’t be used in low visible conditions.
• The code may be altered to suit the needs of the job.
A definite code, however, should be determined and
mutually understood in order to speed up the job.

8. HAND SIGNALS

9. HAND SIGNALS

10. HAND SIGNALS

11. HAND SIGNALS

12. MODERN TECHNIQUES
• Land surveying touches every form of construction. It
requires perfection in precision measurement of
points on, above or below the surface of the earth for
use in plotting accurate maps, proper facilities
construction and legal boundaries of property
ownership. Needless to say, clear communication
between co-workers on a surveying site is crucial.

13. RADIO
• Two-way radios are now being used extensively which
are relatively inexpensive, and provide an efficient
means of communication within a survey group.
• A two-way radio.
• Easily transportable battery-operated radio
transmitting and receiving set.

14. RADIO
 During talking you have to press the pushbutton for
talking. This means you cannot listen anything because
loudspeaker is off then
 Keep your conversations brief and specific
 When the talker has finished, he or she says "over"
(meaning my bit of talking is finished) and releases the
push-to-talk button. The radio now switches back into
listening mode and other person can talk
 It has drawn back that Walkie-talkies are not designed
for communication over longer ranges

15. RADIO
•Cell phone is now a day’s very common mean of
communication. It can be used for survey purposes
 You can message to other members during survey
 You can also call in such a way that both parties can talk
and listen at the same time and there is no need to press
a pushbutton
 It has draw back that it is expensive to use, that is you
will be charged for message or call, by the service
provider

16. IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHM
• The use of computer algorithms to perform image
processing.
• Used for automatic positioning of the person performing
gestures as well as for recognition of the gestures
themselves.
• A possible application of the algorithm would be a
creation of the automatic surveyor’s assistant.
• Used for person positioning as a preliminary step for prism
positioning in an automatic measuring instrument.
• It enables to reduce the number of persons required to
work in the survey team

17. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS
• You look over the site to determine what the
possible uses are that are consistent with the
goals of the construction project. Typically you
would do a rough layout of the site that will
allow you to narrow down what uses are
clearly not feasible, and what uses will require
more detailed study to find out if they are
feasible or not.

18. THANK YOU