010203040506070809101112
Safavid Iran
HIST 113
Islamic Civilization
Source: Historical Atlas of the Middle East
Source: University of Texas Map Collection
Shah Ismaʿil
(r.1501-1524)
Safavid Polities
Qizilbash: “red heads;” Turkic tribal military supporters
described as ghulat “extremists”
Tajiks: urban, Persian speaking literate classes
Support Persian high culture, pre-Islamic kingship tradition
Maydan-i Shah, Isfahan
Scene from the Houghton Shahnama
Source: Welch, Persian Painting
Source: Grabar, Mostly Miniatures
Scene from the Houghton Shahnama
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Shah ‘Abbas Fighting the Uzbeks, fresco, 16th century
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
HIST 113
Islamic Civilization
Source: Hodgson, The Venture of Islam
Source: Rashid al-Din, Jami’ al-Tavarikh (Universal History) (14th century)
The Ilkhan Ghazan converts to Islam
Timur (Tamerlane)
1336-1405
Timur’s Mausoleum, Samarqand
5
Source: Lewis, Islam and the Arab World
Source: Tarihvemedeniyet.org
“Ten Sultans” Thesis
Ottoman Sultans (1299-1566)
Osman I (1299-1324) Murad II (1421-44; 1446-51)
Orhan (1324-62) Mehmed II (1444-46; 1451-81)
Murad I (1362-89) Bayezid II (1481-1512)
Bayazid I (1389-1402) Selim I (1512-1520)
Mehmed I (1413-21) Sulaiman I (1520-66)
Ulou Mosque, Bursa
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Interior of Ulou Mosque, Bursa
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Source: Hodgson, The Venture of Islam
Janissaries
Jeni cheri : “new troops”
Christian captives recruited and educated through devshirme system
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Stanislaw Chlebowski, “Imprisonment of Bayezid” (1878)
Mehmed the Conqueror
(r. 1444-46,1451-81)
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
CHAPTER 4
THE EMERGENCE OF THE OTTOMANS
In the second half of the seventh/thirteenth century, as the Seljuk state
fell apart, a number of principalities (beyliks) of a new kind came into
being in the western marches of Anatolia. They were in territory con-
quered as a result of holy wars (sing., gha%a) waged against Byzantium,
and hence are known as gha\i states. The Ottoman principality was one
of these. It was destined within a century to unite Anatolia and the
Balkans under its sovereignty, and to develop into an Islamic empire.
Let us now examine as a whole the formation of these gbifcy principalities.
The emergence of the Ottoman state can be understood only in the
context of the general history of the marches.
THE EMERGENCE OF TURCOMAN BORDER PRINCIPALITIES
IN WESTERN ANATOLIA
When the state of the Anatolian Seljuks develop ...
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
ASHURNASIRPAL II
883-859 B.C.
SHALMANESER III
859-824 B.C.
TIGLATH-PILESER III
745-727 B.C.
SARGON II
722-705 B.C.
SENNACHERIB
705-681 B.C.
ESARHADDON
681-669 B.C.
ASSURBANIPAL
669-631 B.C.
THE FALL OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
627 B.C.
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II
605-562 B.C.
CYRUS THE GREAT
590-529 B.C.
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
ASHURNASIRPAL II
883-859 B.C.
SHALMANESER III
859-824 B.C.
TIGLATH-PILESER III
745-727 B.C.
SARGON II
722-705 B.C.
SENNACHERIB
705-681 B.C.
ESARHADDON
681-669 B.C.
ASSURBANIPAL
669-631 B.C.
THE FALL OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
627 B.C.
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II
605-562 B.C.
CYRUS THE GREAT
590-529 B.C.
The Story of Turks & Armenians - History Speaks
Documents, articles, photographs collected from;
-ERASEN Institude for Armenian Research
-TURKSAM Turkish Center for International Relations & Strategic Analysis
-FORSNET -ermenisorunu.gen.tr
-Turkish Historical Society
-General Staff of the Republic of Turkey
-National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
"Seljuk-Assassin Conflict: Medieval Power Struggle"mekanjumakuliyew9
The conflict between the Seljuks and the Assassins was a pivotal chapter in the medieval history of the Islamic world, characterized by intricate power struggles, ideological clashes, and strategic maneuvering. Emerging from the vast expanses of Central Asia, the Seljuk Turks surged into the Middle East in the 11th century, establishing a formidable empire that stretched from Anatolia to Persia. Meanwhile, the Assassins, a secretive sect within Shia Islam, gained infamy for their unconventional methods of political assassination and covert operations.
At the heart of the conflict lay deep-seated ideological differences between the two factions. The Seljuks, adherents of Sunni Islam, sought to consolidate their authority and promote their version of Islamic orthodoxy. Led by charismatic rulers such as Alp Arslan and Malik Shah, they aimed to centralize power and expand their influence across the region. In contrast, the Assassins, followers of Ismailism, a branch of Shia Islam, challenged the Sunni establishment and sought to establish their own vision of religious and political authority. Under the leadership of figures like Hasan-i Sabbah, they employed guerrilla tactics and targeted assassinations to undermine Seljuk rule and assert their independence.
The conflict between the Seljuks and the Assassins was not confined to the battlefield; it played out across the intricate tapestry of medieval diplomacy, espionage, and intrigue. Both sides engaged in a relentless struggle for supremacy, employing a range of tactics to gain the upper hand. The Seljuks, with their vast military resources and centralized administration, sought to crush the Assassins through military campaigns and political maneuvering. Meanwhile, the Assassins, with their network of fortified strongholds and skilled operatives, struck at the heart of Seljuk power, sowing chaos and uncertainty among their ranks.
One of the defining features of the conflict was the Assassins' use of targeted killings as a means of achieving their objectives. Operating from their mountain fortresses, such as Alamut and Masyaf, they dispatched trained assassins to eliminate key Seljuk officials and allies. These assassinations were not only aimed at weakening Seljuk authority but also at sending a message to their enemies: no one was beyond their reach.
The Seljuks, for their part, launched numerous military campaigns against the Assassins in an attempt to eradicate the threat they posed. However, the rugged terrain of the Assassins' mountain strongholds made them difficult to dislodge, and the Seljuks often found themselves bogged down in protracted sieges and guerrilla warfare.
The conflict between the Seljuks and the Assassins reached its zenith in the 12th century, as both sides vied for control of key strategic territories and ideological dominance. However, the balance of power began to shift with the arrival of new players on the scene, most notably the Crusaders from Europe and the Mongol
The early Russians (the Russ) and the influence of the Byzantines and the Vikings upon their culture. Included is the Christianization of Kiev and some info about the Mongols and their conquering ways.
1 Question Information refinement means taking the system requi.docxmercysuttle
1
Question: Information refinement means taking the system requirements you find during requirements determination and ordering them into tables, diagrams, and other formats that make them easier to translate into technical system specifications.
A
True
B
False
2
Question: Agile Methodologies focus on the roles that people perform.
A
True
B
False
3
Question: In the ____, like that shown in the accompanying figure, the result of each phase, which is called a deliverable or end product, flows sequentially into the next phase in the SDLC.
A
Interactive model
B
Requirements model
C
Waterfall model
D
Object model
4
Question: The goal of operational feasibility is to understand the degree to which a proposed system will likely solve the business problems or take advantage of opportunities.
A
True
B
False
5
Question: Which of the following focuses on the frequent production of working versions of a system that have a subset of the total number of required features?
A
Use-case modeling
B
Limited production
C
Structured analysis
D
Structured programming
E
Iterative development
6
Question: Component focusing allows the systems analyst to break a system into small, manageable, and understandable subsystems.
A
True
B
False
7
Question: Greater user involvement in the system development process usually results in ____.
A
Poorer communication
B
More satisfied users
C
Slower development times
D
Both b and c
8
Question: Agile approaches work best when the system being developed operates in a stable environment.
A
True
B
False
9
Question: Dependence of one part of the system on one or more other system parts best describes
A
Interrelated components
B
Component
C
Dependency
D
Cohesion
E
Boundary
10
Question: A systems development technique is the series of steps used to mark the phases of development for an information system.
A
True
B
False
11
Question: Analyzing an organization's activities to determine where value is added to products and/or services and the costs incurred best describes
A
Affinity clustering
B
Value chain analysis
C
Resource availability
D
Business process reengineering
E
Technical difficulty
12
Question: A ____ path includes all tasks that are vital to the project schedule.
A
Vital
B
Baseline
C
Critical
D
Foundational
13
Question: Referencing enterprise solutions, the difference between the modules and traditional approaches is that the modules are integrated to focus on the business functional areas, rather than on business processes.
A
True
B
False
14
Question: The document sent to vendors asking them to propose hardware and software that will meet the requirements of your new system is called a
A
Requirements statement
B
Systems service request
C
Baseline Project Plan
D
Business case
E
Request for proposal (RFP)
15
Question: The first step in creating a WBS is to ____.
A
Mark all recognizable events
B
Determine ...
1 pageApaSourcesDiscuss how an organization’s marketing i.docxmercysuttle
1 page
Apa
Sources:
Discuss how an organization’s marketing information skills and resources contribute to its distinctive capabilities
Refereence
Cravens, D., & Piercy, N. (2013). Strategic marketing (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1 page
A
pa
S
ources:
Discuss how an organization’s marketing information skills and resources contribute to its distinctive
capabilitie
s
Refereence
Cravens, D., & Piercy, N. (2013). Strategic marketing (10th ed.). New York: McGraw
-
Hill
.
...
The Story of Turks & Armenians - History Speaks
Documents, articles, photographs collected from;
-ERASEN Institude for Armenian Research
-TURKSAM Turkish Center for International Relations & Strategic Analysis
-FORSNET -ermenisorunu.gen.tr
-Turkish Historical Society
-General Staff of the Republic of Turkey
-National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
"Seljuk-Assassin Conflict: Medieval Power Struggle"mekanjumakuliyew9
The conflict between the Seljuks and the Assassins was a pivotal chapter in the medieval history of the Islamic world, characterized by intricate power struggles, ideological clashes, and strategic maneuvering. Emerging from the vast expanses of Central Asia, the Seljuk Turks surged into the Middle East in the 11th century, establishing a formidable empire that stretched from Anatolia to Persia. Meanwhile, the Assassins, a secretive sect within Shia Islam, gained infamy for their unconventional methods of political assassination and covert operations.
At the heart of the conflict lay deep-seated ideological differences between the two factions. The Seljuks, adherents of Sunni Islam, sought to consolidate their authority and promote their version of Islamic orthodoxy. Led by charismatic rulers such as Alp Arslan and Malik Shah, they aimed to centralize power and expand their influence across the region. In contrast, the Assassins, followers of Ismailism, a branch of Shia Islam, challenged the Sunni establishment and sought to establish their own vision of religious and political authority. Under the leadership of figures like Hasan-i Sabbah, they employed guerrilla tactics and targeted assassinations to undermine Seljuk rule and assert their independence.
The conflict between the Seljuks and the Assassins was not confined to the battlefield; it played out across the intricate tapestry of medieval diplomacy, espionage, and intrigue. Both sides engaged in a relentless struggle for supremacy, employing a range of tactics to gain the upper hand. The Seljuks, with their vast military resources and centralized administration, sought to crush the Assassins through military campaigns and political maneuvering. Meanwhile, the Assassins, with their network of fortified strongholds and skilled operatives, struck at the heart of Seljuk power, sowing chaos and uncertainty among their ranks.
One of the defining features of the conflict was the Assassins' use of targeted killings as a means of achieving their objectives. Operating from their mountain fortresses, such as Alamut and Masyaf, they dispatched trained assassins to eliminate key Seljuk officials and allies. These assassinations were not only aimed at weakening Seljuk authority but also at sending a message to their enemies: no one was beyond their reach.
The Seljuks, for their part, launched numerous military campaigns against the Assassins in an attempt to eradicate the threat they posed. However, the rugged terrain of the Assassins' mountain strongholds made them difficult to dislodge, and the Seljuks often found themselves bogged down in protracted sieges and guerrilla warfare.
The conflict between the Seljuks and the Assassins reached its zenith in the 12th century, as both sides vied for control of key strategic territories and ideological dominance. However, the balance of power began to shift with the arrival of new players on the scene, most notably the Crusaders from Europe and the Mongol
The early Russians (the Russ) and the influence of the Byzantines and the Vikings upon their culture. Included is the Christianization of Kiev and some info about the Mongols and their conquering ways.
1 Question Information refinement means taking the system requi.docxmercysuttle
1
Question: Information refinement means taking the system requirements you find during requirements determination and ordering them into tables, diagrams, and other formats that make them easier to translate into technical system specifications.
A
True
B
False
2
Question: Agile Methodologies focus on the roles that people perform.
A
True
B
False
3
Question: In the ____, like that shown in the accompanying figure, the result of each phase, which is called a deliverable or end product, flows sequentially into the next phase in the SDLC.
A
Interactive model
B
Requirements model
C
Waterfall model
D
Object model
4
Question: The goal of operational feasibility is to understand the degree to which a proposed system will likely solve the business problems or take advantage of opportunities.
A
True
B
False
5
Question: Which of the following focuses on the frequent production of working versions of a system that have a subset of the total number of required features?
A
Use-case modeling
B
Limited production
C
Structured analysis
D
Structured programming
E
Iterative development
6
Question: Component focusing allows the systems analyst to break a system into small, manageable, and understandable subsystems.
A
True
B
False
7
Question: Greater user involvement in the system development process usually results in ____.
A
Poorer communication
B
More satisfied users
C
Slower development times
D
Both b and c
8
Question: Agile approaches work best when the system being developed operates in a stable environment.
A
True
B
False
9
Question: Dependence of one part of the system on one or more other system parts best describes
A
Interrelated components
B
Component
C
Dependency
D
Cohesion
E
Boundary
10
Question: A systems development technique is the series of steps used to mark the phases of development for an information system.
A
True
B
False
11
Question: Analyzing an organization's activities to determine where value is added to products and/or services and the costs incurred best describes
A
Affinity clustering
B
Value chain analysis
C
Resource availability
D
Business process reengineering
E
Technical difficulty
12
Question: A ____ path includes all tasks that are vital to the project schedule.
A
Vital
B
Baseline
C
Critical
D
Foundational
13
Question: Referencing enterprise solutions, the difference between the modules and traditional approaches is that the modules are integrated to focus on the business functional areas, rather than on business processes.
A
True
B
False
14
Question: The document sent to vendors asking them to propose hardware and software that will meet the requirements of your new system is called a
A
Requirements statement
B
Systems service request
C
Baseline Project Plan
D
Business case
E
Request for proposal (RFP)
15
Question: The first step in creating a WBS is to ____.
A
Mark all recognizable events
B
Determine ...
1 pageApaSourcesDiscuss how an organization’s marketing i.docxmercysuttle
1 page
Apa
Sources:
Discuss how an organization’s marketing information skills and resources contribute to its distinctive capabilities
Refereence
Cravens, D., & Piercy, N. (2013). Strategic marketing (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1 page
A
pa
S
ources:
Discuss how an organization’s marketing information skills and resources contribute to its distinctive
capabilitie
s
Refereence
Cravens, D., & Piercy, N. (2013). Strategic marketing (10th ed.). New York: McGraw
-
Hill
.
...
1
R1
20
V1
1Vac
0Vdc R2
100
V
C1
3m
ECE2280 Homework #1
1. (a) Find 𝑉!/𝑉!
(b) Find the Thevenin equivalent between terminals a-b.
Assume that Vg is the input signal. Find the Thevenin equivalent between terminals a-b.
2. Use the solution from Problem 1.
(a)If Vg=2V DC, what is the output at Vo?
(b)If Vg=5V DC, what is the output at Vo?
(c)If Vg=sin(10t), what is the output at Vo? Make a rough sketch of Vo and Vg.
(d) Note that this is an amplifier – the output is linearly related to the input by a gain value. Mathematically, this is
expressed as:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛
= (𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛)
For this circuit, what variable is Vout and Vin. What is the numerical gain value?
3. Sketch the following waveforms. Identify the dc component of the waveform and the ac component of the
waveform.
a. Vs=10cos(2πt)
b. Vs=3V+3cos(3t)
c. Vs=5V±0.5V
4. Explain in your own words the procedural steps for plotting Bode Plots. (Note: I would prepare this question for use
during an exam)
Use the following figure for Problems 5-10:
5. Derive the transfer function 𝐻 𝑠 =
!!
!!
by hand.
6 and 7. Use Multisim to draw the circuit and print it out.
8. Simulate the circuit in Mulitsim to obtain the Bode Plots for the circuit.
9. Use MATLAB and the result of the hand derivation to obtain the Bode Plots.
10. Sketch the straight-line approximation of the magnitude Bode plot on the same graph as that printed out in Problem 9.
Note that Multisim plots the results over frequency and the derived transfer function uses 𝜔.
+ _
10Ω
8v1
+
_
a
b
2v2
40Ω
+
v1
-
5Ω 40Ω
20Ω
6Ω
10Ω _
v2
+
Sales and Disposal of Assets
After reviewing the scenario, explain the impact that the adjusted basis has on the calculation of tax liability, and propose at least two (2) tax-planning strategies for reducing, eliminating, or deferring the payment of capital gains taxes. Also, discuss other alternatives aimed at optimizing deductions or reducing taxes, such as selling the property to an unrelated third party which, in turn, allows losses to be deductible expenses.
Imagine that you are a tax consultant and a client needs your advice on how to reduce his tax liability on the sale of depreciable assets that have not been fully depreciated. The client has identified three (3) long-term depreciable assets and assumes that he will be able to pay capital gains taxes on the profit from their sale. It would be to your client’s advantage to treat a taxable gain as long-term capital gain to which lower rates apply and a loss is categorized as an ordinary loss, which can offset ordinary loss, which can offset ordinary income. Discuss the treatment of gains and losses for Section 1231 and Section 1245 of the Internal Revenue Code, and recommend at least three (3) tax-planning strategies that would assist the client in reducing his tax liability. Provide support for you
1
PSYC 499: Senior Capstone
The Impact of the Social on the Individual
Class Syllabus
Spring/2020
Class Cycle: Monday - Sunday
Instructor: Tara West
Contact Information: [email protected]
Office Hours: Mondays, 2pm – 3pm (or by appointment)
NOTE: When emailing, please include your name and class in the subject line
Course Materials:
• Lesko, W.A. (2012). Readings in social psychology: General, classic, and contemporary
selections (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. ISBN: 978-0-205-17967. (Required)
• American Psychological Association (2019). Concise Rules of APA Style (7th ed.).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1433832178.
(Recommended)
Type of Course: Required
Field of Study: Psychology
Credits: 3 credits, undergraduate
Pre-requisites:
Completion of all required courses (Level 2 and Level 3) and permission.
Course Description:
All students will complete a senior research project under the direction of a faculty mentor, with a
topic within the track in which the student has completed at least three courses. This capstone
project will build upon work done in previous courses, allowing students to apply methods of
scholarly and/or action research to specific psychological issues. Projects may be completed in
small research groups or individually.
Course Summary:
This capstone project will build upon work completed in previous courses, allowing students to
apply methods of scholarly and/or action research to the field of Social Psychology, specifically the
impact of the social world on individuals.
Course Goals:
The objectives for this course include: gaining a theoretical knowledge base about the interplay
between individuals and their environments, gaining first-hand experience with the many steps
involved with research, the interpretation of research, and the presentation of research, using APA
formatting. Likewise, you will increase your familiarity with reading (and finding) primary sources.
Although only a few of you may pursue careers as researchers, all of you are consumers of research.
As such, a major goal for this course is to develop your capacity to critically think about, evaluate,
and critique the scientific evidence that is often presented in journal articles, newspapers,
magazines, and on television.
2
Learning Objectives/ Outcomes:
o Students should be able to:
• Conduct a review of research in a specific area of Psychology.
• Understand the strengths and weaknesses of scientific research.
• Interpret and generalize appropriately from research results.
• Evaluate the appropriateness of conclusions derived from psychological research.
• Use the concepts, language, and major theories of the discipline to account for
psychological phenomena in the context of social psychology.
• Use reasoning to recognize, develop, defend, and criticize arguments.
• Articulate how psycholo ...
1 Politicking is less likely in organizations that have· adecl.docxmercysuttle
1 Politicking is less likely in organizations that have
·
adeclining resources
·
high role ambiguity
·
clear performance appraisal systems
·
democratic decision making
2 In convergent periods, the role of executive management is to
·
develop new strategies for the problems at hand
·
shift middle managers to promote new views
·
reemphasize the mission and core values
·
challenge middle managers to reinvent their departments
3 Periods of convergence are those in which an organization
·
is in turmoil
·
seeks to improve its situation with relatively minor changes
·
must downsize to conserve resources
·
employs new strategies to advance the organization
4 Transformational change in an organization
·
is always necessary to some degree
·
is best delivered by a top-down plan
·
has no defined formula
·
is best delivered by a bottom-up plan
5 A person likely to participate in political behavior
·
believes he or she has little influence
·
has a desire for power
·
is a social nonconformist
·
is insensitive to social cues
6 To keep a strategy in focus, effective managers employ
·
rigid implementation
·
piecemeal implementation
·
simple goals
·
central themes
7 An influence tactic that relies on rank and enforcement of group goals is
·
legitimacy
·
coalitions
·
pressure
·
personal appeals
8 During organizational change, employee–management interfaces such as workshops and retreats
·
initiate
·
distract the participants from the real issues
·
help employees overcome downsizing issues
·
solve communication problems relatively short-term periods of high-energy action
9 Buck passing and scapegoating when politics is seen as a threat are forms of
·
defensive behaviors
·
offensive behaviors
·
suppression
·
aggression
10 A primary goal of politics in the workplace is to
·
exclude undesirable peers
·
form alliances
·
promote organizational goals
·
secure limited resources
11 Political behavior in the workplace
·
works only in an upward or lateral influence direction
·
attempts to influence decision making
·
is unlikely in a well-run organization
·
works only in a lateral influence direction
12 Impression management sends _____ messages that may be _____ under other circumstances.
·
false, true
·
ethical, unethical
·
true, false
·
convincing, unconvincing
13 The formulation and implementation of a strategy
·
are separate and sequential processes
·
must be completely defined before action is taken
·
are ongoing events within an organization
·
follow strict, unalterable guidelines
14 Surveys of seasoned managers reveal they believe politics in the workplace is
·
always unethical
·
part of some job requirements
·
a major part of organizational life
·
ineffective
15 With downward influence, power tactics preferred by U.S. managers include
·
personal appeals
·
inspirational appeals
·
coalitions
·
influence
16 Hard power tactics best influence those with which following characteristic?
·
High se ...
1 page2 sourcesReflect on the important performance management.docxmercysuttle
1 page
2 sources
Reflect on the important performance management theories and practices covered during the past six weeks. Describe one key point that you will apply to the work environment immediately. Highlight the specific course learning outcome(s) that relate(s) to this important takeaway. Also, mention the specific reading materials and/or theories that you found to be most applicable.
Required Text
Pulakos, E.D. (2009). Performance management: A new approach for driving business results. (1st ed.). West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405177610.
Chapter 9: Conclusion
Required References
de Leeuw, S., van den Berg, P (2011). Improving operational performance by influencing shopfloor behavior via performance management practices. Journal of Operations Management, 29, 3, 224-233. (Retrieved from http://www.isihome.ir/freearticle/ISIHome.ir-21006.pdf)
Fulmer, R.M., Stumpf, S.A. & Bleak, J. (2009). The strategic development of high potential leaders. Strategy & Leadership, 37(3), 17-22. (Retrieved from ProQuest).
Recommended References
Turnbull, H., Greenwood, R., Tworoger, L., & Golden, C. (2009). Diversity and inclusion in organizations: Developing an instrument for identification of skill deficiencies. Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. Proceedings, 14(1), 28-33(Retrieved from ProQuest).
PLEASE HAVE THESE PARAGRAPH REWORDED IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
PLEASE DO NOT USE THE SAME WORDS AS IN THE PARAGRAPH.
· 1-According to chapter 8, a team is small number of people with similar skills who are committed to one ambition, performance goals, and pursuit for which they hold themselves accountable. In the other hand, a group is two or more people freely interacting who share norms and goals and have a common identity. The size of a group is limited by the potential for mutual interaction and mutual awareness. I was part of team during my military service, which I agree with the chapter that a team is more than just a group, because all my team members worked together towards a common goal and we all share responsibility for the team's success. The team I was part of was a 'fire team' that is a small military subunit of infantry designed to optimize bounding over watch, and fire and movement tactical within a hostile urban environment
·
· 2-At work, I am currently assigned to a group of customer service. This group or department consists of 12 employees, which all members have a shared knowledge of the group's objectives, but specific responsibilities are assigned to each of us. The purpose or objectives of our group is to troubleshoot technical problems, provide excellent customer support service, and address solutions to customers. The main factor of our group success is due to the manager in control of the group who also coordinate our individuals efforts. I would not change anything in my group, but I would add weekly meetings to see the end result ...
1 of 402.5 PointsUse Cramer’s Rule to solve the following syst.docxmercysuttle
1 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
x + 2y = 3
3x - 4y = 4
A. {(3, 1/5)}
B. {(5, 1/3)}
C. {(1, 1/2)}
D. {(2, 1/2)}
2 of 40
2.5 Points
Solve the following system of equations using matrices. Use Gaussian elimination with back substitution or Gauss-Jordan elimination.
x + y - z = -2
2x - y + z = 5
-x + 2y + 2z = 1
A. {(0, -1, -2)}
B. {(2, 0, 2)}
C. {(1, -1, 2)}
D. {(4, -1, 3)}
3 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
2x = 3y + 2
5x = 51 - 4y
A. {(8, 2)}
B. {(3, -4)}
C. {(2, 5)}
D. {(7, 4)}
4 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
4x - 5y = 17
2x + 3y = 3
A. {(3, -1)}
B. {(2, -1)}
C. {(3, -7)}
D. {(2, 0)}
5 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
4x - 5y - 6z = -1
x - 2y - 5z = -12
2x - y = 7
A. {(2, -3, 4)}
B. {(5, -7, 4)}
C. {(3, -3, 3)}
D. {(1, -3, 5)}
6 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
3x - 4y = 4
2x + 2y = 12
A. {(3, 1)}
B. {(4, 2)}
C. {(5, 1)}
D. {(2, 1)}
Reset Selection
7 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
x + y + z = 0
2x - y + z = -1
-x + 3y - z = -8
A. {(-1, -3, 7)}
B. {(-6, -2, 4)}
C. {(-5, -2, 7)}
D. {(-4, -1, 7)}
8 of 40
2.5 Points
Solve the following system of equations using matrices. Use Gaussian elimination with back substitution or Gauss-Jordan elimination.
3x1 + 5x2 - 8x3 + 5x4 = -8
x1 + 2x2 - 3x3 + x4 = -7
2x1 + 3x2 - 7x3 + 3x4 = -11
4x1 + 8x2 - 10x3+ 7x4 = -10
A. {(1, -5, 3, 4)}
B. {(2, -1, 3, 5)}
C. {(1, 2, 3, 3)}
D. {(2, -2, 3, 4)}
9 of 40
2.5 Points
Solve the following system of equations using matrices. Use Gaussian elimination with back substitution or Gauss-Jordan elimination.
x + y + z = 4
x - y - z = 0
x - y + z = 2
A. {(3, 1, 0)}
B. {(2, 1, 1)}
C. {(4, 2, 1)}
D. {(2, 1, 0)}
10 of 40
2.5 Points
Solve the system using the inverse that is given for the coefficient matrix.
2x + 6y + 6z = 8
2x + 7y + 6z =10
2x + 7y + 7z = 9
The inverse of:
2
2
2
6
7
7
6
6
7
is
7/2
-1
0
0
1
-1
-3
0
1
A. {(1, 2, -1)}
B. {(2, 1, -1)}
C. {(1, 2, 0)}
D. {(1, 3, -1)}
Reset Selection
11 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Gaussian elimination to find the complete solution to the following system of equations, or show that none exists.
2w + x - y = 3
w - 3x + 2y = -4
3w + x - 3y + z = 1
w + 2x - 4y - z = -2
A. {(1, 3, 2, 1)}
B. {(1, 4, 3, -1)}
C. {(1, 5, 1, 1)}
D. {(-1, 2, -2, 1)}
12 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following system.
x + y = 7
x - y = 3
A. {(7, 2)}
B. {(8, -2)}
C. {(5, 2)}
D. {(9, 3)}
13 of 40
2.5 Points
Use Gaussian elimination to find the complete solution to each system.
x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 - 6x4 = 5
x1 + 3x2 + x3 - 4x4 = 3
2x1 + 8x2 + 7x3 - 5x4 = 11
2x1 + 5x2 - 6x4 = 4
A. {(-47t + 4, 12t, 7t + 1, t)}
B. {(-37t + 2, 16t, -7t + 1, t)}
...
1 of 6 LAB 5 IMAGE FILTERING ECE180 Introduction to.docxmercysuttle
1 of 6
LAB 5: IMAGE FILTERING
ECE180: Introduction to Signal Processing
OVERVIEW
You have recently learned about the convolution sum that serves as the basis of the FIR filter difference equation. The filter
coefficient sequence {𝑏𝑘} – equivalent to the filter’s impulse response ℎ[𝑛] – may be viewed as a one-dimensional moving
window that slides over the input signal 𝑥[𝑛] to compute the output signal 𝑦[𝑛] at each time step. Extending the moving
window concept to a 2-D array that slides over an image pixel array provides a useful and popular way to filter an image.
In this lab project you will implement two types of moving-window image filters, one based on convolution and the other
based on the median value of the pixel grayscale values spanned by the window. You will also gain experience with the
built-in image convolution filter imfilter.
OUTLINE
1. Develop and test a 33 median filter
2. Develop and test a 33 convolution filter
3. Evaluate the median and convolution filters to reduce noise while preserving edges
4. Study the behavior of various 33 convolution filter kernels for smoothing, edge detection, and sharpening
5. Learn how to use imfilter to convolution-filter color images, and study the various mechanisms offered by
imfilter to deal with boundary effects
PREPARATION – TO BE COMPLETED BEFORE LAB
Study these tutorial videos:
1. Nested “for” loops -- http://youtu.be/q2xfz8mOuSI?t=1m8s (review this part)
2. Functions -- http://youtu.be/0zTmMIh6I8A (review as needed)
Ensure that you have added the ECE180 DFS folders to your MATLAB path, especially the “images” and “matlab” subfolders.
Follow along with the tutorial video http://youtu.be/MEqUd0dJNBA, if necessary.
LAB ACTIVITIES
1. Develop and test a 33 median filter function:
1.1. Implement the following algorithm as the function med3x3:
TIP: First implement and debug the algorithm as a script and then convert it to a function as a final step. Use any
of the smaller grayscale images from the ECE180 “images” folder as you develop the function, or use the test
image X described in the Step 1.2.
(a) Create the function template and save it to an .m file with the same name as the function,
(b) Accept a grayscale image x as the function input,
http://youtu.be/q2xfz8mOuSI?t=1m8s
http://youtu.be/0zTmMIh6I8A
http://youtu.be/MEqUd0dJNBA
2 of 6
(c) Copy x to the output image y and then initialize y(:) to zero; this technique creates y as the same size and
data type as x,
(d) Determine the number of image rows and columns (see size),
(e) Loop over all pixels in image x (subject to boundary limits):
Extract a 33 neighborhood (subarray) about the current pixel,
Flatten the 2-D array to a 1-D array,
Sort the 1-D array values (see sort),
Assign the middle value of the sorted array to the current output pixel, and
(f) Return the median-filtered image y.
1.2. Enter load lab_5_verify to load the
1 Objectives Genetically transform bacteria with for.docxmercysuttle
1
Objectives
Genetically transform bacteria with
foreign DNA and induce
expression of genes encoded on
DNA to produce novel
Isolate chromosomal DNA from
Introduction
In this portion of the lab, you will perform a
procedure known as genetic
transformation. that a gene is
a piece of DNA that provides the
instructions for making (codes for) a
protein. This gives an organism a
particular trait. Genetic transformation
literally means change caused by genes,
involves the insertion of a gene into an
organism in order to change the organism’s
trait. transformation is used in
many areas of biotechnology. In
agriculture, genes coding for traits such as
pest, or spoilage resistance can be
genetically transformed into plants. In
bioremediation, bacteria can genetically
transformed with genes enabling them to
digest oil spills. In medicine, diseases
caused defective genes are beginning
to be treated by gene therapy; that is, by
genetically transforming a person’s
cells with healthy copies of the defective
gene that causes the
You will use a procedure to transform
bacteria with a gene that codes for Green
Fluorescent (GFP). The real-life
source of this gene is the bioluminescent
jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
Fluorescent Protein causes the jellyfish to
fluoresce and glow in the dark.
LAB TOPIC 10: Nucleic Acids and Genetic Transformation
Following the procedure,
the bacteria express their newly acquired
jellyfish gene and produce the fluorescent
which causes them to glow a
brilliant green color under ultraviolet
In this activity, you will learn about the
process of moving genes from one organism
to another with aid of a plasmid. In
nature, bacteria can transfer plasmids back
and forth allowing them to share
beneficial genes. This natural mechanism
allows bacteria to adapt to new
environments. The occurrence of
bacterial resistance to is due to
the transmission of
Genetic transformation involves
insertion of some new DNA into the E.
cells. In addition to one large
bacteria often contain one or more
circular pieces of DNA called
Plasmid DNA usually contains genes for
than one trait. Scientists can use a
called genetic engineering to insert
coding for new traits into a plasmid.
In case, the pGLO plasmid carries the
GFP that codes for the green
fluorescent protein and a gene (bla) that
codes for a protein that gives the
resistance to an antibiotic. The genetically
engineered plasmid can then be used to
genetically bacteria to give them
this new
Figure 10.1 Bacterial cell undergoing genetic transformation with the pGLO
plasmid
Exercise 10.1
Bacterial Transformation
2
Pre-lab exercises:
Since scientific laboratory investigations
are designed to get information about a
question, our first might be to
formulate some questions for this
Can we genetically transform an organism?
Which organism is
1. To genetically tra ...
1 of 8
Student name: …………….
Student ID: …………….
The Effect of Social Media on the English Language
2 of 8
Table Of Content:
Abstract 3
Introduction 3
Literature review 3
Significance of Research 4
Research Question 4
Methodology 4
Ethical Considerations 4
Limitations of the study 4
Expected results 5
Conclusion 5
References 6
Appendix 7
3 of 8
Abstract:
Giving the popularity of social networking sites lately, it has made an effect on the English
language either in a positive way by adding new words to the dictionary a negative way by misus-
ing the grammar and using incorrect abbreviated words like turning “you’re” to “your’. In this re-
search proposal I would like to investigate what the effect of using social networks has on the Eng-
lish language and see if it was more positive than negative and vice versa. I will be making a survey
page to collect data on the way people use these sites. Furthermore, we will see if people know the
importance of using proper English and try to make social networking sites improve our way of us-
ing the English language.
Introduction:
Technology has changed rapidly in the past five years, we became more reliant on our smart phones
and it completely changed the way we communicate with each other in our everyday life, it made it
easier for us to interact with people across the world with a single touch through social networking
sites, such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Technology is clearly having some impact on the
English language and the words we use. Recently we saw how some Internet words have made it to
the Oxford dictionary this proves the impact it made, for example the word “Tweet” which means
according to the dictionary: “a posting made on the social networking service Twitter”. However,
some people think that it is okay to misuse Grammar or word spelling on social networking sites,
for instance, using “your” instead of “You’re”. So do these sites make a positive or a negative im-
pact on the English language?
Literature review:
A research titled “5 Ways That Social Media Benefits Writing the English language” written by
Mallary Jean Tenore in 2013 mentioned some ways that social media benefits writing and language,
such as how it increases the awareness of mistakes, when people make grammatical or spelling mis-
takes people will point them out via these websites therefore we become more aware of our spelling
and grammar thus improving our language. She also talked about how it creates new words and
meaning, such as “googled”, “tweeted”, “Friended”. She said that it also spotlight short writings
meaning it valued short storytelling with Vine videos where you have just six seconds to give a
message and in twitter you only have 140 characters to use which forces you to make every word
count.
4 of 8
Another research called Social networkin ...
1
MATH 106 QUIZ 4 Due: by 11:59 PM, Sunday, September 22, 2013,
(take-home part) via the Assignment Folder
NAME: _______________________________
I have completed this assignment myself, working independently and not consulting anyone except the
instructor.
INSTRUCTIONS
The take-home part of Quiz 4 is worth 75 points. There are 10 problems (5 pages), some with multiple parts.
This quiz is open book and open notes. This means that you may refer to your textbook, notes, and online
classroom materials, but you must work independently and may not consult anyone (and confirm this with
your submission). You may take as much time as you wish, provided you turn in your quiz no later than
Sunday, September 22, 2013.
Show work/explanation where indicated. Answers without any work may earn little, if any, credit. You
may type or write your work in your copy of the quiz, or if you prefer, create a document containing your work.
Scanned work is acceptable also. In your document, be sure to include your name and the assertion of
independence of work.
General quiz tips and instructions for submitting work are posted in the Quizzes conference.
If you have any questions, please contact me via Private Message in WebTycho.
1. (4 pts) Determine how many six-character codes can be formed if the first, second, third, and
fourth characters are letters, the fifth character is a nonzero digit, the sixth character is an odd
digit, and repetition of letters and digits are allowed. (A digit is 0, 1, 2, .., or 9.) Show your
work . 1. ______
A. 720
B. 175,760
C. 790,920
D. 20,563,920
2. (4 pts) Suppose that a multiple choice exam has seven questions and each question has five
choices. In how many ways can the exam be completed? Show your work. 2. ______
A. 35
B. 4,096
C. 16,807
D. 78,125
2
3. (4 pts) Given the feasible region shown to
the right, find the values of x and y that
minimize the objective function 8x + 7y.
Show your Work. 3. _______
A. There is no minimum.
B. (x, y) = (6, 0)
C. (x, y) = (3, 2)
D. (x, y) = (1, 4)
E. (x, y) = (0, 7)
4. (4 pts) Six customers in a grocery store are lining up at the check-out. In how many different
orders can the customers line up? Show your work. 4. _______
A. 6
B. 36
C. 720
D. 46,656
5. (4 pts) A restaurant’s menu has six appetizers, four entrees, and five beverages. To order dinner, a
customer must choose one entrée and one beverage, and may choose one appetizer. (That is, a dinner
must include one entrée and one beverage, but not necessarily an appetizer. An appetizer is optional.)
How many different dinners can be ordered? Show your work. ...
1 MN6003 Levis Strauss Case Adapted from Does Levi St.docxmercysuttle
1
MN6003 Levis Strauss Case:
Adapted from: “Does Levi Strauss still fit
America?” by Caroline Fairchild October 6, 2014,
Fortune Magazine and “Levi Strauss - The Boss
and the yogi” Jul 12th 2014 from the Economist
It used to be the only name in denim. Today the
161-year-old family owned company is just one
name among hundreds. Can anyone bring the
blue jeans pioneer back to its old glory? Enter
Chip Bergh—a former P&G brand whiz who once
made razorblades cool. Chip Bergh is not an
“apparel guy,” he says, while walking through
Levi’s Stadium in Santa Clara, California, the new
home of the San Francisco 49ers. Levi’s 20-year,
$220 million investment in the naming rights for
the 49ers stadium is part of a larger push to tap
into the nostalgia Bergh believes everyone has
for the brand. Despite the setting, Bergh isn’t
really a “sports guy” either. He is much more of a
company man. “I still bleed Procter & Gamble
blue,” he says about his former employer.
A crowd full of fans wearing your clothing is the
fantasy of anyone heading an apparel company.
But at Levi—the largest jeans company in the
world and the undisputed founder of the
category—the fantasy has been far from reality
for a long time. The creator of the 501 has
struggled to keep its brand relevant for what
Bergh calls Levi’s “Lost Generation.” For 120
years the term “Levi’s” was synonymous with
“blue jeans.” Then came the turn of the 21st
century, when a fashion explosion in denim
suddenly gave shoppers a range of high-end
choices—including brands like 7 For All Mankind
(founded in 2000) and True Religion (2002),
whose labels sounded more like cults than pants.
At the same time, lower-end rivals that had been
kicking around for a while (Lee and Wrangler)
began nibbling away at market share and
consumers defected to cheaper jeans, sold by
“fast-fashion” retailers like Zara and H&M. Levi
got lost in the middle. With $7.1 billion in 1996
sales, the company used to be bigger than Nike.
By 2003, Levi’s revenues had bell-bottomed out
to $4.2 billion. Over the next decade, sales rose
only barely as the company failed to translate
affection for the brand into actual purchases.
Levi’s design team was late to key trends, like
colored denim for women and more tailored jeans
for men. Once in the top quintile of
the Fortune 500, Levi dropped off the list in 2012.
That kind of decline would be a challenge for any
new CEO, yet Bergh, a 57-year-old vegan and
former U.S. Army captain, is bringing a discipline
to the company that had been missing for nearly
20 years. He has taken an axe to the company’s
inflated cost structure and is convinced that he
can make Levi grow again. While still relying
heavily on the classic pieces of clothing that are
the seam of the denim giant’s business (think the
button-fly jean, the white pocket tee, the trucker
jacket), Bergh is now investing i ...
1
NAME__________________
EXAM 1
Directions: Answer the following questions on the attached sheets of paper. Please adhere
to the following guidelines to reduce any suspicions of cheating:
1. KEEP YOUR EYES ON YOUR OWN EXAM AT ALL TIMES.
2. KEEP YOUR ANSWERS COVERED AT ALL TIMES.
3. Do not communicate with any other student during the exam.
4. Do not use any unauthorized prepared material during the exam.
5. Only acceptable calculators may be used on the exams.
6. Do not leave the room at any time before handing in your exam.
7. SHOW ALL OF YOUR WORK (answers may not be accepted without work
shown)
EQUATIONS
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dt
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tatvxx
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sin
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v
R 0
2
0
2sin
jAiAA
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AAA
x
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A
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tan
cosABBA
sinABBA
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raaa rt ˆ
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Earth: mR
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2
1. A stone is thrown straight up with a speed of 25.0 m/s from the top of a building 55.0 m
tall.
a. How far above the ground will the stone go?
b. How long until the stone hits the ground?
c. What is the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground?
d. If a ball is thrown downward from the top of the same building with a speed of
25.0 m/s, will its speed just before hitting the ground be greater than, less than, or
equal to the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground? Explain. (Hint:
What is the speed of the stone when it returns to the height it was thrown?)
3
2. A ball is thrown from the top of a building of height 40m at an angle of 20˚ above the
horizontal and with an initial speed of 15m/s. Use the assumptions of projectile motion
to answer the following questions.
a. How high above the ground will the ball travel?
b. What speed will the ball have at the maximum height?
c. What is the direction of the velocity of the ball at the maximum height?
d. How far has the ball traveled horizontally when it hits the ground?
e. What will be the speed of the ball when it hits the ground?
4
3. Consider the frictionless system below. The pulley is massless and frictionless, and the
string is massless. The mass of each block is ma = 2.0 kg, mb = 1.0 kg, mc = 2.0 kg, and
md = 1.0 kg.
a. What is the acceleration of the system?
b. What is the tension in the string between block a and block b?
c. What is the tension in the string between block b and block c?
d. What is the tension in the string between block c and block d?
e. If the system is initially at rest, how long will it take block d to fall 3.0 m?
5
4. Two equal mass ...
1
Name: Chem 9, Section:
Lab Partner: Experiment Date:
Synthetic Polymers and Plastics
Part A: Physical Characteristics
Find or choose one type of each of the following plastic polymers, and report the following
characteristics:
Plastic
number
Short Name
(HDPE,
LDPE, etc)
Clear
(yes or no)
Opaque
(yes or no)
Flexibility
(can be
bent?)
Durability
(hard or
soft)
Breakability
(can be
cracked?)
Recyclable
(yes or no)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Part B: Density Tests
Report for plastic samples in each liquid: sinks rapidly, sinks slowly, floats on top, floats below surface
Plastic
number
1:1 ethanol/water
density = 0.94 g/cm
3
Water
density = 1.0 g/cm
3
10% NaCl solution
density = 1.08 g/cm
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Relative Plastic Densities:
Less than 0.94 g/cm
3
Less than 1.0 g/cm
3
Less than 1.08 g/cm
3
More than 1.08 g/cm
3
Ranking of densities:
(lowest) _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (highest)
2
Part C: Polymer Bouncy Balls
Polymer Ball composition Approximate height bounced Physical characteristics
Ball #1:
Ball #2
Ball #3
Questions
1. Which of the Big Six plastics was the most flexible?
2. Which of the Big Six plastics would be the best material for each of the following examples?
Use short names to identify each plastic (e.g. HDPE).
a replacement for a glass window ?
a take-out container for food?
a flexible, expandable bag for carrying items?
a lightweight bottle cap?
3. An unknown plastic floats in a 10% NaCl solution but sinks in water. What is the range of
possible density values this plastic may have? Suggest the composition of this plastic.
3
4. Why is it important to dislodge any adhering bubbles in the density tests?
5. PET plastic (number 1) is the most valuable waste plastic at the present time. Suggest a way
to separate it commercially from other waste plastics.
6. Sometimes plastic containers are made from two polymers and not just one. What would
happen to the water density test if HDPE and PVC were mixed?
7. Why are plastic recyclers very concerned about identifying the different polymers and not
mixing them together?
8. The figure below depicts polymerization of polystyrene (PS). Circle the original monomers
and determine how many monomers are present.
4
9. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is composed of the vinyl chloride monomer. The monomer
structure and general reaction are shown at right.
Draw a polyvinyl chloride polymer composed of five
monomers arrange ...
1 pageapasources2Third Party LogisticsBriefly describe .docxmercysuttle
1 page
apa
sources:2
Third Party Logistics
Briefly describe the basic types of third party logistics (3PL) organizations.
• Identify some of the best practices that leading companies using 3PLs have embraced.
• What value-added considerations would you take into account when considering the use of a 3PL?
• Which 3PL would provide the most suitable service to your organization? (Forwarder and Warehousing are the ones my company use.)
• What 3PLs does your organization currently use? (My company uses a freight forwarder)
What other 3PLs could you recommend to your management? Domestic Transportation.
WAVfiles/behave.wav
WAVfiles/cat_meow_x.wav
WAVfiles/cow3.wav
WAVfiles/goat2.wav
WAVfiles/gold.wav
WAVfiles/imamog.wav
WAVfiles/reach.wav
WAVfiles/README.txt
Title Artist
===== ======
behave Austin Powers
cat_meow_x Kitty
cow3 Miss Cow
goat2 Goaty
gold Snowman
imamog Mog
reach Woody
rudolph Rudolph
theme Archie and Edith
warning_alien Robot
wizoz5 Munchkins
WAVfiles/rudolph.wav
WAVfiles/theme.wav
WAVfiles/warning_alien.wav
WAVfiles/wizoz5.wav
...
1 Pageapasources2Review the Food Environment Atlas maps for.docxmercysuttle
1 Page
apa
sources:2
Review the Food Environment Atlas maps for variables that seem to affect your selected state the most.
Select a state and variables you consider relevant to represent the food environment in you chosen state.
1) Include at least two food categories from the following list:
? ACCESS
? STORES
? RESTAURANTS
? ASSISTANCE
? INSECURITY
? PRICES_TAXES
? LOCAL
2) Include at least two health variables in each of the selected food categories. Find the name and descriptions of variables in the Food Environment Atlas Resources: Excel Data and Documentation Download.
Write a 200- to 300-word plan that includes
? your selected state (Texas);
? selected food categories and health variables; and
? reasons for selection. Are your variables expressed in numbers or percentages?
Optional: Discuss choices in discussion with classmates and instructor. Write a summary of your discussion to include with this assignment.
...
1 Lab 3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion Introducti.docxmercysuttle
1
Lab 3: Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Introduction
Newton’s Second law of motion can be summarized by the following equation:
Σ F = m a (1)
where Σ F represents a net force acting on an object, m is the mass of the object moving
under the influence of Σ F, and a is the acceleration of that object. The bold letters in
the equation represent vector quantities.
In this lab you will try to validate this law by applying Eq. 1 to the almost frictionless
motion of a car moving along a horizontal aluminum track when a constant force T
(tension in the string) acts upon it. This motion (to be exact the velocity of the moving
object) will be recorded automatically by a motion sensor. The experimental set up
for a car moving away from the motion sensor is depicted below.
If we consider the frictionless motion of the cart in the positive x-direction chosen in
the diagram, then Newton’s Second Law can be written for each of the objects as
follows:
T Ma (2)
and
– gT F ma (3)
From this system of equations we can get the acceleration of the system:
2
gF
a
m M
(4)
Because the motion of the car is not frictionless, to get better results it is necessary to
include the force of kinetic friction fk experienced by the moving car in the analysis.
When the cart is moving away from the motion detector (positive x-direction in the
diagram) Newton’s Second Law is written as follows for each of the moving objects
m and M:
1 1– kT f Ma (5)
and
1 1– gT F ma (6)
Since it is quite difficult to assess quantitatively the magnitude of kinetic friction
involved in our experiment we will solve the problem by putting the object in two
different situations in which the friction acts in opposite directions respectively while
the tension in the string remains the same.
When the cart M is forced to move towards the motion detector (negative x-direction
in the diagram), the corresponding Newton’s Second Law equations will change as
follows:
2 2kT f Ma (7)
and
2 2gT F ma (8)
Note that in equations 5, 6, 7, and 8 the direction of acceleration represented by vector
a has been chosen in the same direction as the direction of motion.
We are able to eliminate the force of kinetic friction on the final result, by calculating
the mean acceleration from these two runs:
1 2
2
ave
slope slope
a
(9)
Combing the equations (5) – (8) we derive the equation to calculate the value of
gravitational acceleration:
avea M mg
m
(10)
3
Equipment
Horizontal dynamics track with smart pulley and safety stopper on one end; collision
cart with reflector connected to a variable mass hanging over the pulley; motion
detector connected to the Science Workshop interface recording the velocity of the
moving cart.
Procedure:
a) Weigh the cart (M) and the small mass (m) hanger.
b) Open the experiment file “New ...
1 Marks 2 A person can be prosecuted for both an attempt and .docxmercysuttle
1
Marks: 2
A person can be prosecuted for both an attempt and the completed crime.
Choose one answer.
a. False
b. True
Question 2
Marks: 2
According to Hicks v. U.S.,150 U.S. 442 (1893)one can be held criminally liable by “merely speaking words of encouragement.”
Choose one answer.
a. True
b. False
Question 3
Marks: 2
According to MPC §1.07, conspirators in a completed crime may be punished for the conspiracy, as well as the completed crime.
Choose one answer.
a. True
b. False
Question 4
Marks: 2
According to your reading, in some states it is a more serious offense to break into a car and steal a tape player than it is to steal the entire car.
Choose one answer.
a. false
b. true
Question 5
Marks: 2
According to your reading, the charge of forgery includes each of the following elements except
Choose one answer.
a. the false making or altering
b. of a legally significant instrument
c. with intent to defraud
d. a court of law or financial institution
Question 6
Marks: 2
According to your reading, the legal term of art most often employed to distinguish murder from manslaughter is
Choose one answer.
a. causation
b. vicarious liability
c. burden of proof
d. malice aforethought
Question 7
Marks: 2
According to your reading, the Model Penal Code considers the solicitor to be as dangerous as the perpetrator of the completed crime.
Choose one answer.
a. false
b. true
Question 8
Marks: 2
According to your reading, the problems with corporate criminal liability include
Choose one answer.
a. Determining who to charge
b. determining punishment
c. the wording of criminal statutes
d. all of the above
Question 9
Marks: 2
Although they are similar, embezzlement differs from larceny in which of the following ways?
Choose one answer.
a. embezzlement requires asportation
b. the claim of right defense is generally not applicable to larceny
c. embezzlement does not require intent
d. none of the above
Question 10
Marks: 2
An aider and abettor or accessory before the fact must
Choose one answer.
a. be a principal of the crime
b. discourage the commission of the crime
c. solicit the commission of the crime
d. aid or encourage the commission of a crime
11
Marks: 2
An effective abandonment defense to aiding and abetting, or to accessory before the fact, will
Choose one answer.
a. vary with aid
b. depend on the type of solicitation made
c. all of the above
d. none of the above
Question 12
Marks: 2
Assault and battery are
Choose one answer.
a. civil torts, not crimes
b. handled the same in all jurisdictions
c. handled the same in civil and criminal proceedings
d. handled differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction
Question 13
Marks: 2
At Common Law, which of the following elements is not accurate regarding the crime of Burglary?
Choose one answer.
a. Trespassory breaking and entering
b. Of the dwelling of anoth ...
1 Marks 1 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Choose one .docxmercysuttle
1
Marks: 1
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
Choose one answer.
a. is exclusive to Vietnam Veterans
b. is a psychological illness characterized by panic attacks, nightmares, depression, guilt and flashbacks
c. can be caused by any highly emotional event
d. both b and c above
Question 2
Marks: 1
Which of the following is not a role of a crisis interventionist?
Choose one answer.
a. To encourage and allow the client to "make the decisions".
b. To tell the client exactly what he/she should do, when he/she should do it, and how he/she should do it.
c. To enable the client to become aware of possible solutions to the crisis.
d. To allow the client to vent emotions.
Question 3
Marks: 1
A victim's pain:
Choose one answer.
a. may often last weeks, months, or even years after the incident
b. usually goes away after the court process is completed
c. usually goes away after an advocate explains the legal system
d. usually goes away after receipt of financial reimbursement for personal and property losses
Question 4
Marks: 1
Which of the following does NOT create law:
Choose one answer.
a. U.S. Congress
b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
d. Colorado Supreme Court
Question 5
Marks: 1
Which of the following is not considered to be a responsibility of a victim advocate?
Choose one answer.
a. To consider the job a serious commitment.
b. To litigate the victim's case.
c. To maintain confidentiality in all issues pertaining to clients.
d. To keep informed on relevant issues through ongoing training.
Question 6
Marks: 1
Which of the following is a goal of perpetrator counseling?
Choose one answer.
a. Counseling done in hopes to keep perpetrators from committing further crimes.
b. To encourage the perpetrator to commit more crimes
c. To meet the urgent physical and emotional needs of a victim.
d. To provide support and reassurance at the scene of the crime or shortly thereafter.
Question 7
Marks: 1
What court-related service involves monitoring court activity to make sure victims are being treated fairly by judges and attorneys?
Choose one answer.
a. Witness Alert
b. Court Watch
c. Restitution Assistance
d. Legislative Advocacy
Question 8
Marks: 1
Which of the following puts the statutes in the correct chronological order (earliest to most recent) by their date of enactment?
Choose one answer.
a. Violence Against Women Act; Victims of Crime Act; Victims & Witness Protection Act; Victims Rights & Restitution Act
b. The Victims of Crime Act; Victims Right & Restitution Act; Violence Against Women Act; Victims & Witness Protection Act
c. The Victim & Witness Protection Act; Violence Against Women Act; The Victims of Crime Act; Victims Rights & Restitution Act
d. The Victim & Witness Protection Act; The Victims of Crime Act; Victims Rights & Restitution Act; Violence Against Wome ...
1 List of Acceptable Primary Resources for the Week 3 .docxmercysuttle
1
List of Acceptable Primary Resources for the Week 3 and Week 5
Assignments
These are the primary resources that you can cite when explaining a moral theory in order to fulfill the
relevant portion of the resources requirement. Readings included in the “Required Readings” list are
indicated with a *.
Utilitarianism:
*Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism, in the original version in the textbook, or in the version by Jonathan
Bennett retrieved from www.earlymoderntexts.com.
Haines, W. (n.d.). Consequentialism. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
http://www.iep.utm.edu/conseque/
Singer, P. (2003). Voluntary euthanasia: A utilitarian perspective. Bioethics, 17(5/6), 526-541.
Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.
Deontology:
* Kant, I. (2008). Groundwork for the metaphysic of morals. In J. Bennett (Ed. & Trans.), Early
Modern Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdfs/kant1785.pdf
(Original work published in 1785).
Virtue Ethics:
* Aristotle. (350 B.C.E.). Nicomachean ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans.). Retrieved from
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.html
Annas, J. (2006). Virtue ethics. In D. Copp (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory (pp. 515–
36). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from
https://www.sesync.org/sites/default/files/resources/case_studies/10-kenyaecotourism-
handbook.pdf
Hursthouse, R. (2012). Virtue ethics. In E. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/
MacIntyre, A. (1984). After virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. Chapters 14-15
are included in the Chapter 6 readings of the textbook.
Feminist/Care Ethics:
*Held, V. Feminist transformations of moral theory. Included in the Chapter 6 readings of the
textbook.
*Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved from
https://lms.manhattan.edu/pluginfile.php/26517/mod_resource/content/1/Gilligan%20In%20
a%20Different%20Voice.pdf
http://insite.bridgepoint.local/dept/ops/pni/Navigator Images/Ashford Logo New.jpg
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/
http://www.iep.utm.edu/conseque/
https://www.sesync.org/sites/default/files/resources/case_studies/10-kenyaecotourism-handbook.pdf
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/
https://lms.manhattan.edu/pluginfile.php/26517/mod_resource/content/1/Gilligan%20In%20a%20Different%20Voice.pdf
2
* Noddings, N. (2010). Maternal factor: Two paths to morality. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. Retrieved from the ebrary database.
http://insite.bridgepoint.local/dept/ops/pni/Navigator Images/Ashford Logo New.jpg
...
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Source: Historical Atlas of the Middle East
Source: University of Texas Map Collection
Shah Ismaʿil
(r.1501-1524)
Safavid Polities
Qizilbash: “red heads;” Turkic tribal military supporters
described as ghulat “extremists”
Tajiks: urban, Persian speaking literate classes
Support Persian high culture, pre-Islamic kingship tradition
3. Maydan-i Shah, Isfahan
Scene from the Houghton Shahnama
Source: Welch, Persian Painting
Source: Grabar, Mostly Miniatures
Scene from the Houghton Shahnama
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Shah ‘Abbas Fighting the Uzbeks, fresco, 16th century
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
HIST 113
Islamic Civilization
Source: Hodgson, The Venture of Islam
Source: Rashid al-Din, Jami’ al-Tavarikh (Universal History)
4. (14th century)
The Ilkhan Ghazan converts to Islam
Timur (Tamerlane)
1336-1405
Timur’s Mausoleum, Samarqand
5
Source: Lewis, Islam and the Arab World
Source: Tarihvemedeniyet.org
“Ten Sultans” Thesis
5. Ottoman Sultans (1299-1566)
Osman I (1299-1324) Murad II (1421-44; 1446-51)
Orhan (1324-62) Mehmed II (1444-46; 1451-81)
Murad I (1362-89) Bayezid II (1481-1512)
Bayazid I (1389-1402) Selim I (1512-1520)
Mehmed I (1413-21) Sulaiman I (1520-66)
Ulou Mosque, Bursa
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Interior of Ulou Mosque, Bursa
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Source: Hodgson, The Venture of Islam
Janissaries
Jeni cheri : “new troops”
Christian captives recruited and educated through devshirme
system
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
6. Stanislaw Chlebowski, “Imprisonment of Bayezid” (1878)
Mehmed the Conqueror
(r. 1444-46,1451-81)
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
CHAPTER 4
THE EMERGENCE OF THE OTTOMANS
In the second half of the seventh/thirteenth century, as the
Seljuk state
fell apart, a number of principalities (beyliks) of a new kind
came into
being in the western marches of Anatolia. They were in territory
con-
quered as a result of holy wars (sing., gha%a) waged against
7. Byzantium,
and hence are known as ghai states. The Ottoman principality
was one
of these. It was destined within a century to unite Anatolia and
the
Balkans under its sovereignty, and to develop into an Islamic
empire.
Let us now examine as a whole the formation of these gbifcy
principalities.
The emergence of the Ottoman state can be understood only in
the
context of the general history of the marches.
THE EMERGENCE OF TURCOMAN BORDER
PRINCIPALITIES
IN WESTERN ANATOLIA
When the state of the Anatolian Seljuks developed into a fully
formed
Islamic sultanate, three areas came to be designated as marches
par
excellence, and attracted settlements of Muslim ghauts. In the
south,
facing Cilicia (Chukurova) the ' realm of the Lord of the Coasts'
was
centred round'Ala'iyya and Antalya and directed against Lesser
Armenia
and the kingdom of Cyprus. In the north, on the borders of the
Byzantine
empire of Trebizond and along the shores of the Black Sea, the
Muslim
marches consisted of two parts, the eastern, centred round
Simere,
Samsun and Bafra, and the western centred round Kastamonu
and
Sinop. Finally, the western marches, whose principal cities were
9. area of the marches formed the basis of the power of Fakhr al-
Din 'All.
The main strength of the marches lay in the Turcoman tribes,
governed
by their own hereditary leaders, or beys. It should be noted,
however,
that these tribes were loose social units which could dissolve
and reform
around leading ghauts in the marches. They were then usually
named
after their new leaders, e.g. Aydmli, Sarukhanh and 'Osmanli,
i.e.
Ottoman. These beys of the marches were linked to the emir of
the
marches largely by bonds of personal loyalty. They exercised
inde-
pendent authority over their own groups. The marches were a
frontier
area where nomads driven there forcibly by the Seljuk state, as
well as
refugees from Mongol conquests and oppression, came together
in
search of a new life. This mountain region which lay between
the
plateau of central Anatolia and the coastal plains provided
abundant
summer pastures, and a large proportion of its population was
made up of
semi-nomadic Turcomans. At the same time highly developed
urban
forms of Seljuk civili2ation had also taken root in such border
towns as
Denizli, Kiitahya, Karahisar, Eskishehir and Kastamonu. These
urban
centres were destined to influence profoundly the future
development of
10. the border principalities. Seljuk chroniclers, who stood for the
interests
of the Mongol-Seljuk central authority, tended to describe the
popu-
lation of the marches as robber rebels ready to mutiny at a
moment's
notice.
The Turcomans of the western marches were seen to play an
important
part in determining the political development of Anatolia at the
time of
the struggle between Kilij Arslan IV, who was supported by the
Mon-
gols, and Kay-Kavus II (643-59/1246-61) who tried to base
himself on
the western provinces and marches. Kay-Kavus was finally
forced to
seek refuge in Byzantium in 659/1261. The Mongol and Seljuk
troops
led by Mu'in al-Din Pervane came to the frontier and pacified
the
Turcomans. Nevertheless, we know that a fairly numerous group
of
semi-nomadic Turcomans joined Kay-Kavus in Byzantine
territory, and
were later settled in the Dobruja. At roughly the same time one
Menteshe
Bey, a coastal bey who was probably a vassal of Kay-Kavus,
left the
southern coastal marches and led a gha^a raid against Byzantine
posses-
sions in Caria. As the result of these sea raids, Menteshe Bey
succeeded
in establishing himself first of all in the Carian seaports
(659/1261 to
12. 'Alishir, who belonged to an old-established family of emirs,
had been a
supporter of Kay-Kavus II, and when the latter fled to
Byzantium he was
executed by the Mongols. The descendants of 'Alishir and the
Germiyan
Turks were then under the sway of the dynasty of Fakhr al-DIn
'All. In
676/1277 when great disorders broke out throughout Anatolia,
they
fought bravely on the side of Fakhr al-DIn 'AH and of the
Seljuk Sultan
Kay-Khusraw III and captured the rebel Jimri. Fakhr al-DIn
then
suppressed the rebellion of the chief emir of the marches in the
area of
Denizli. He also pacified the Turcomans who had mutinied
round
Karahisar and Sandikh. Fakhr al-Din's two sons were killed in
the battle
against the rebel Jimri. The 'Alishir dynasty which supported
Fakhr
al-DIn then became a force to be reckoned with in the marches.
When, however, the Mongols appointed Sultan Mas'ud II to the
Seljuk throne, the successors of 'Alishir turned against Fakhr al-
DIn and
the central government. It appears that important adherents of
the old
regime who had sought refuge in the marches incited the
Turcomans to
rebel. Not only those who had been threatened by the change of
sultan
but also people dissatisfied with the taxation and land policies
of the
Mongols fled to the marches. In the summer of 685/i 286 the
14. sent to
the valleys of the Menderes and of the Gediz founded their own
princi-
pality : Mehmed Bey, the son of Aydm, the principality of the
house of
Aydin, Sarukhan Bey, the principality of the house of Sarukhan,
and in
the north, in Mysia, Qalam Bey and his son Karasi Bey, the
principality
of Karasi. Thus new conquests were made in Byzantine territory
outside the province of the marches, and principalities of a new
type
were founded. The Ottoman principality was one of these. True,
these
principalities were, legally speaking, considered to be part of
the marches
and to come under the emirs of the marches, the Seljuk sultans
and the
Mongol Il-Khans in Tabriz. In reality, however, the gba^i beys
felt them-
selves independent in the Byzantine territories which they had
con-
quered. The formation of independent states by forces in the
marches
and, later, the emergence of one such state, which turned back
from its
area of new conquest to win dominion over the old Seljuk part
of
Anatolia were among the most important developments of the
history of
the Near East in the seventh/thirteenth and eighth/fourteenth
centuries.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE OTTOMAN FRONTIER
PRINCIPALITY
16. EMERGENCE OF THE OTTOMANS
Kihj Arslan rebelled against his brother Mas'ud. When
Gaykhatu
arrived in Anatolia in Dhu'l-Qa'da 690/November 1291, Kilij
Arslan
went to the march of Kastamonu and gathered the Turcomans
round
him. He killed the emir of the marches, Muzaffar al-DIn Yavlak
Arslan,
who had been a supporter of Mas'ud. Sultan Mas'ud who was
sent to
the area by Gaykhatu, was at first defeated but was later
victorious
thanks to the Mongol forces at his disposal (Dhu'l-Hijja
690/December
1291). Kilij Arslan escaped, but was later killed when caught in
a raid by
Yavlak Arslan's son, 'AIL 'All, who after the events of 690/1291
renounced his allegiance to the Seljuks and their Mongol
overlords,
attacked Byzantine territory, and conquered the land stretching
as far as
the River Sakarya. He even raided the far bank of the river.
Later,
however, he established peaceful relations with the Byzantines.
'Osman
Ghazi's area lay to the south of him, on the far bank of the
middle stretch
of the River Sakarya around Sogiid. Pachymeres states clearly
that
when 'All broke off the struggle 'Osman took over the
leadership of the
raids and started waging violent gha%a warfare on Byzantine
territory.
The ghauts started gathering under his banner. Pachymeres says
17. that
they came from Paphlagonia, in other words from the territory
subject to
the emir of Kastamonu.
By 700/1301 'Osman had advanced far enough to press in close
on the
old Byzantine capital of Nicaea (Iznik). Old Ottoman traditions
on his
origin and on his activities before that date, show that he had
come
under the pressure of the Germiyan dynasty and was thus forced
to
work in the most forward part of the marches. It was this
circumstance
which made for his future success and for that of the
principality which
he founded. According to the same traditions, 'Osman's early
activity
did not amount to a general and ceaseless struggle against the
Byzantines.
At first he tried to get on with the more powerful of the
Byzantine lords
{tekfurs) in his area. He appeared in the light of a bey of a
semi-nomadic
group of Turcomans in conflict with the tekfurs who controlled
their
summer and winter pastures.1 Old sources, which are legendary
in
character, attribute 'Osman's decision to come forward as a
gha%i to the
influence of Shaykh Ede Bali. In fact, however, the factors
which
1 On 'Osman's tribal origin and his membership of the Kayi
tribe of the Oghuz Turks,
19. to the plains of Iznik and Brusa (Bursa), and had organized a
fairly powerful principality. When he started threatening Iznik,
anxiety was for the first time felt in the Byzantine capital on his
score.
It was then that the Byzantine empire began counting him
among the
most important beys of the marches alongside the houses of
'Allshir,
Aydin and Menteshe. In 701/1301 the Byzantine emperor
despatched
against 'Osman a force of 2,000 men under the command of the
Hetaereiarch Muzalon charged with the task of relieving Iznik.
When
'Osman ambushed this force and destroyed it at Baphaeon, the
local
population was panic-stricken and started to leave, seeking
shelter in the
castle of Nicomedia (Izmit). In another direction 'Osman's
forward
raiders advanced as far as the approaches of Bursa. In Ottoman
tradition
this victory is known as the victory won near Yalakova over the
forces
of the emperor during the siege of Iznik. It was at this time that
'Osman
is said to have been recognized by the Seljuk sultan as a bey, in
other
words as a person wielding political authority. After 701 /i 301
'Osman's
fame is reported to have spread to distant Muslim countries, and
his
territory was filled with wave upon wave of immigrant Turkish
house-
holds.
The importance attached by the Byzantine empire to the
21. Anatolia.
Sarukhan Bey captured Manisa (Magnesia) in 713/1313, made it
the
centre of his principality and became an independent ruler.
Further to
the north, in Mysia, Karasi Bey captured Bahkesir
(Palaeocastron) and,
having resettled it, made it his capital. This principality
expanded,
probably after 728/1328, to the shores of the sea of Marmora, of
the
Hellespont and of the gulf of Adrammytion (Edremid). To the
east lay
'Osman's territory. He too made extensive new conquests after
1301,
occupied the environs of Iznik and Bursa, and blockaded these
powerful
fortresses by means of towers which were built nearby. He thus
tried to
starve them out.
When the Mongol governor Timurtash Noyon, who had forcibly
tried to exact obedience from the princes of the marches, had to
seek
refuge with the Mamluks in 728/1328, after having been
proclaimed a
rebel, the authority of the Il-Khans in the Anatolian marches
became
weaker than ever before. The tax-register for the year 1349 still
shows
Karaman, the principality of Hamid, Denizli, Aydin, Germiyan,
the
Ottoman principality, Gerdebolu, Kastamonu, Eghridir and
Sinop as
lying within the borders of the Mongol state, grouped under the
general
23. 2008
COMING OF THE STEPPE PEOPLES
Successful leaders naturally attracted the greatest number
oighasjs. In
the Seljuk marches which were dominated by Turcoman
nomads, these
leaders were also often chiefs of tribal clans. But, as we have
seen, many
of them had been commanders under the Seljuk sultans. Usually
these
gbtrfi beys paid no taxes to the central government, or they sent
only
nominal taxes as a token of loyalty.
Life in the marches was dangerous, and required great personal
initiative. At the other side of the border there was a similar
Christian
frontier organization, moved by the same spirit, the Byzantine
akritai.
Ethnically, frontier society was very mixed. It included highly
mobile
nomads, refugees from central authority, heterodox elements
and
adventurers. In contrast with the highly developed conservative
civi-
lization of the hinterland, with its theology, palace literature,
and the
Shari'a, the marches had a mystical and eclectic popular culture,
which
had not yet frozen into a final form. They sheltered heterodox
sects,
bred a mystical and an epic literature and obeyed customary or
24. tribal law.
Their ethos was chivalrous and romantic.
References to the life of 'Osman Ghazi in old Ottoman
traditions
strongly reflect this way of life. It should not be forgotten,
however,
that there are considerable distortions of reality in these
legends.
According to Oruj, the Ottomans were
Gbais and champions striving in the way of truth and the path
of Allah,
gathering the fruits olgba^a and expending them in the way of
Allah, choosing
truth, striving for religion, lacking pride in the world, following
the way of
the Shari'a, taking revenge on polytheists, friends of strangers,
blazing forth
the way of Islam from the East to the West.1
In 1354 they told Gregory Palamas that the constant expansion
west-
wards of Muslim power was a predestined event reflecting the
will of
God.2 They considered themselves as the sword of God, and
this view
was widespread not only among themselves but also among the
Byzantines. Later on, Luther was to view the Ottomans in the
same
light. In old Ottoman traditions people described as alplar
(heroes),
alp-erenkr, and akhiler were among the closest companions of
'Osman.
'Osman became zghd^i, it was said, as a result of the preaching
of Shaykh
26. traditions
relating to the Byzantine frontier districts, developed under the
caliphate,
that were dominant.1 It is really a question of degree to
determine the
strength of each of the two traditions in forming the common
way of
life in the marches.
Between 730/13 30 and 746/1345 the most brilliantgha^a
exploits in the
marches were achieved by Umur Bey of the house of Aydin.
Umur Bey
extended the gha%a to naval engagements. To counter his raids
in the
Aegean, Christian states agreed on a crusade against him and
signed a
preliminary agreement on 14 Dhu'l-Hijja 732/6 September 1332.
They
formed a fleet of twenty galleys. In 734/1334 many Turkish
ships were
sunk in the Aegean, the fleet of Yakhshi Bey, lord of Karasi,
being
destroyed in the gulf of Edremid. On 19 Jumada II745/28
October 1344,
the castle in the port of Izmir was raided and captured by the
Christian
forces. Umur was killed in an attempt to recapture it (Safar
749/May
1348). The new bey of Aydin, Khidr, seeing the fate of his
brother, gave
up the policy oigha^a, preferring the advantages deriving from
trade.
Acting through the papacy he made peace with the Christian
states con-
cerned and granted them full privileges, allowing them to trade
28. their function as bases for the gha^a, and, like the Knights of
Rhodes,
they came to prefer the advantages of trade. Once this choice
was made,
the classical way of life and the institutions of Islamic society
of
the hinterland began to predominate. The leadership of the
gha^a
then passed to the Ottomans, who occupied the front line of the
marches and crossed into the Balkans, where they established
them-
selves.
The ghasj beys of the marches demonstrated the original spirit
of unity
of the marches through common action in some of their raids
and by
helping each other. Cantacuzenus says that a bey embarking on
a gha^a
expedition would willingly accept in his troop gha^ls coming
from
neighbouring principalities.1 Nevertheless, there were also
frequent
dynastic wars in these principalities. In accordance with old
Turkish
tradition, a bey divided his country among his sons. He then
ruled from
the centre over his semi-dependent sons. There were frequent
internal
struggles between brothers. In the Ottoman dominions, which
were
faced with greater dangers and greater efforts to destroy them,
unity was
better preserved.
In western Anatolia after the ghiby beys had settled in the rich
29. plains,
and conquered international commercial ports, their countries
developed
commercially and culturally, and assumed the character of little
sultanates
which had adopted the higher forms of Islamic civilization. This
is
demonstrated by the accounts of al-'Umari and Ibn Battuta in
730/1330
and 733/1333. Ibn Battuta admires the beautiful markets,
palaces and
mosques in these cities. He says that Denizli with its seven
mosques and
beautiful markets is 'one of the most attractive and immense
cities'.
Bahkesir, the chief city of Karasi, is 'a fine and populous city
with
pleasant bazaars' and, finally, Bursa is ' a great important city
with fine
bazaars and wide streets'.2 In western Anatolia, Ayasolug
(Altoluogo,
Ephesus) and Balat (Miletus) were two important centres of the
Levant
trade. In the middle of the eighth/fourteenth century there were
Venetian
consuls inboth cities, and wealthy Christian merchants had
settled there. In
Ayasolug, the city built on the hill by the Turks was the main
commercial
centre. Merchants from all over the world came there. Italians
bought
the products of Anatolia: cotton, rice, wheat, saffron, wax,
wool, hemp,
1 P. Lemerle, Ulmirat d'Aydm, hy^pnct et VOccident.
Kecbenhes sur la geste d'Umur Vacha
31. the great
urban centres of the interior. This was also the case with the
first Otto-
man veytrs and with the jurists who organi2ed the Ottoman
state.
Orkhan Bey opened a medrese in Iznik in 731/13 31, and
converted to a
medrese the monastery inside the castle of Bursa. The complex
of
buildings, including a mosque, an alms-house, bath and a
caravanserai,
which Orkhan Bey built in Bursa remains to this day at the
centre of the
city's life.
The most salient characteristic of the culture which developed
in these
Turcoman principalities, was the survival of essentially Turkish
cultural
traditions within the context of Islamic culture. Most
significantly, the
Turkish language had a predominant position as a language both
of the
state and of literature. We know that, at the order of these
Turcoman
princes, classical Persian and Arabic works were translated into
Turkish.
Creative literary activity began in the second half of the
eighth/four-
teenth century with writers such as Sheykhoghlu Mustafa and
Ahmedi.
In these principalities, deeds of endowment (sing., waqfiyya)
were drawn
up not only in Arabic and Persian but also in Turkish. As for the
works
of architecture which came into being under the beys in western
33. the marches. Bursa fell on 2 Jumada 1726/6 April 1326. In
729/1329 the
effort made by the Emperor Andronicus III to relieve Iznik was
defeated,
and the town surrendered on 21 Jumada 17 31 jz March 13 31.
Andronicus
having failed to relieve Izmid, that city too fell in 738/1337.
By annexing the principality of Karasi by 746/1345, the
Ottomans
became masters of the area between the gulf of Edremid and
Kapi-daghi
(Cyzicus), and found themselves facing Europe. The Karasi
ghauts
entered the service of Orkhan, and encouraged his energetic
son,
Siileyman, appointed by his father bey of the important march
of
Karasi, to extend his conquests into the Balkans (Rumeli,
whence the
English term Rumelia). Umur Bey, who was at that time
engaged in the
Aegean Sea with the Crusaders, had an ally in John
Cantacuzenus, to
whom he recommended Orkhan. In 747/1346 Orkhan married
Theodora, daughter of Cantacuzenus, became his faithful ally,
and won
the opportunity of intervening in Byzantine affairs as well as in
operations in Thrace. At this time the command of the marches
was
given, in accordance with the old Turco-Mongol tradition, to
Orkhan's eldest son, Siileyman, who then moved to Adrianople
(Edirne) in Thrace in order to help Cantacuzenus. On his way he
occupied the castle of Tzympe (Jinbi) on the isthmus of
Gallipoli
(Gelibolu) and refused to evacuate this bridge-head in spite of
35. immediately occupied and re-fortified by the ghauts. This event,
which
allowed the Ottomans to establish a permanent foothold in
Europe and
opened limitless possibilities before the ghauts, caused great
concern and
excitement among the Byzantines and in the Western Christian
world.
The Venetian ambassador (bailo) wrote in Sha'ban 7 5 5 /August
1354 that
Constantinople was ready to accept the protection of a powerful
Christian state. Cantacuzenus, who was deemed responsible for
this
turn of events, had to renounce the throne. In Europe people
began to
say that a crusade had to be organized, this time not against the
Aydin
dynasty in Izmir but against the Ottomans. Gallipoli became a
base for
the ghauts.
When Siileyman died unexpectedly in an accident in 758/1357
his
brother Murad accompanied by his tutor was sent to the
command of the
marches. In 760/1359 he launched a great offensive against
Edirne,
which surrendered in 762/1361. Rumours spread in Italy that
Con-
stantinople was about to fall. Under papal leadership a stimulus
was
given to exchanges between the king of Hungary, the Byzantine
emperor
and the Italian states with a view to organizing a crusade. By a
bull dated
25 December 1366 the pope proclaimed a crusade to expel the
36. Turks
from the Balkans. The only ruler to respond was the duke of
Savoy,
Amadeus II, who led his fleet to Gallipoli and recaptured it
from the
Ottomans (767/1366). The following year he handed over the
castle to
the Byzantines. This, however, did not check the Ottoman
advance.
Murad I (763-91/1362-89) had now succeeded Orkhan, and
threatened both the Byzantine empire and the Serbian. When the
journey of the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaeologus to Italy
to meet
the pope and mobilize aid failed to produce results, and when
the last
joint operation of the Serbian princes in Macedonia was
defeated on the
Maritza (battle of Chirmen 15 Rabi' I 773/26 September 1371),
the
emperor and the rulers of the Balkans acknowledged Ottoman
suzer-
ainty, one after the other. As early as 773/1372 or 774/1373
John V
realized that no hope was left, and agreed to accept the
suzerainty of
Murad I, taking part in his Anatolian expeditions as an Ottoman
vassal.
Later, his son Andronicus IV obtained the protection of the
Ottomans,
thanks to which he succeeded to the Byzantine throne
(778/1376). Then
he returned Gallipoli to the Ottomans (781/1379).
In brief, Murad had succeeded by 782/1380 in creating in
Anatolia
38. three
main directions: in the centre, the valley of the Maritza, which
the
Ottomans followed, reaching the foothills of the Balkan range
as early
as 767/1366 and then going on to conquer Sofia c. 787/1385 and
Nish
in 788/1386; on the right the valley of the Tunja, and on the
left, the south-
ern march, commanded by Evrenuz, where Serez (Serrae) was
occupied
on 21 Rajab 785/19 September 1383, an event which was
followed by
the beginning of the siege of Salonica. This second largest city
in the
Byzantine dominions surrendered in Ramadan 789/September
1387.
Divisions and rivalries in the Balkans and attempts by Balkan
states to
ally themselves to the Ottomans and win their protection,
facilitated
these advances. Thus in 766-7/1365-6 the Bulgarian King
Shishman,
threatened from the north by an invasion of Hungarians and of
the
prince of Wallachia, and from the Black Sea by the fleet of
Amadeus of
Savoy's Crusaders, had sought safety in becoming an ally of the
Ottomans. It appears that he accepted Turkish help, as
Cantacuzenus
had earlier done. Between 767/1366 and 771/1370 there are
references in
chronicles to Bulgarian-Turkish co-operation and to Turkish
units
fighting alongside the Bulgarians on the Danube. Let us add that
Prince
40. the marches. The Ottomans, greatly strengthened by the success
of
their gha^a in the Balkans, came up against the house of
Karaman with
precisely the same claim. Resistance to Ottoman overlordship
was
crushed in 789/1387, when Murad I marched on Konya and won
a
pitched battle there.
But while Murad was in Anatolia, there was a revolt in the
Balkans
by the Serbians, whom the ruler of Bosnia joined. The
Bulgarians sided
with them. Thereupon an expedition was undertaken against
Shishman
the Bulgarian king in the first place. In 790/13 87 he was
eliminated from
the fray, and Bulgaria was occupied. The following spring
Murad
marched down to the plain of Kosova against the Serbs. The
victory
which the Ottomans won (19 Jumada II 791/15 June 13 89)
showed that
they were destined to stay in the Balkans as the ruling power.
Murad
was mortally wounded on the battlefield and was immediately
succeeded
by his son Bayezid, called Yildirtm, 'the Thunderbolt'. To avoid
a civil
war Bayezid's brother was executed.
BAYEZID I AND THE CLASH WITH TIMUR
As soon as news was received of the death of Murad, the beys
of Anatolia
42. COMING OF THE STEPPE PEOPLES
his rights as suzerain and to punish the Palaeologi who were
gravitating
towards Venice. However, the princes succeeded in evading the
summons. Bayezid then reoccupied Salonica (19 Jumada
II796/21 April
1394) and sent his aktnjt raiders into the Morea. Having done
this, he
appeared before the walls of Constantinople and blockaded the
city in
the hope of forcing it to surrender through the exercise of
unrelenting
pressure. He then made an expedition into Hungary in order to
intimi-
date the Hungarians and subdue the Wallachians. The army,
which he
commanded in person, devastated southern Hungary and then
entered
Wallachia, where he had a fierce battle with a Wallachian army
at
Argeshe. On his way back, Bayezid crossed the Danube at
Nicopolis,
and had Shishman arrested and executed. This marked the
extinction of
the Bulgarian kingdom. These operations led to the formation of
a
crusading army made up of groups of knights from all over
western
Europe under the command of King Sigismund of Hungary. The
Crusaders came as far as Nicopolis, while the Venetian navy
stood guard
over the Hellespont. Bayezid was at that time near
43. Constantinople. He
immediately marched off, and encountered the Crusaders
outside
Nicopolis, which they were besieging. The Crusaders were
completely
routed (21 Dhu'l-Hijja 798/25 September 1396). This victory
won the
sultan great fame as &gha%t throughout the Muslim world.
Returning to
Anatolia, with this victory behind him, Bayezid occupied Konya
the
following year and destroyed the state of Karaman (beginning
of
800/autumn of 1397). The following year he also put an end to
the state
of Qadi Burhan al-DIn around Sivas, and, entering the territory
of the
Mamluks in the upper valley of the Euphrates, occupied several
cities
including Malatya and Elbistan. Thus Bayezid was at one and
the same
time waging war on the most powerful Muslim sultan, the
Mamluk
ruler, and encroaching on Timur's sphere of influence in eastern
Anatolia
as far as Erzinjan. His pressure on Constantinople was such that
the
Emperor Manuel II went himself to Europe (802/1399) m o r der
to
plead for a crusade. The sultan of the ghauts in this way
eliminated the
petty states of Anatolia and Rumelia and, having founded an
empire
within a brief spell of time, put it in the forefront of a world-
wide
struggle for power. Envoys were exchanged between Timur and
45. to the Seljuk
possessions in Anatolia. Meanwhile, however, Tlmur had raised
his
banner in the East, espousing the cause of the descendants of
Chingiz
Khan, and seeking recognition of his right to rule over Anatolia
and
with it over Bayezid, whom he considered as simply a bey of
the
marches. After crushing Bayezid at Ankara, Tlmur revived the
Anatolian
principalities and placed them under his protection against any
further
Ottoman encroachments.
The nucleus of the Ottoman dominions was divided among three
brothers, Siileyman in Edirne, Mehmed in Amasya, and 'Isa in
Bursa.
These recognized Tlmur as their suzerain. Ottoman possessions
in
Anatolia having now been reduced to the area which they had
occupied
under Murad I, the centre of gravity of the state moved to
Rumelia,
Edirne becoming from this date the main Ottoman capital. Even
before
Timur died in 807/1405, a civil war started among the brothers
for
possession of the two Ottoman capitals, Edirne and Bursa, and
for
undivided rule over the empire. This period is known as the
interreg-
num. Finally Mehmed I triumphed over his rivals and re-
established the
unity of the Ottoman state U1816/1413. With this end in view
Mehmed
47. highly
developed classical Turkish-Islamic system of central
government into
the administration of the state. Provincial land and population
surveys,
fiscal methods developed in the Il-Khan state in Persia, a
central
treasury and a bureaucracy which sought from the capital to
regulate
affairs of the state throughout the provinces, were introduced or
strengthened in his reign. The system of control through the
sultan's
own slaves (sing., ghuldm, kapi-kulu), which was above all
instrumental in
establishing the absolute authority of the sultan in the
provinces, came
to dominate the administration in the time of Bayezid I.1
Military and
administrative commanders were chosen largely from among the
ich-oghlans (slaves educated at the sultan's court), and even the
majority
of timar fiefs in the provinces were granted to the sultan's
slaves brought
up within the ghuldm system. The military units made up of the
sultan's
slaves came to number 7,000 men. These elements helped in the
re-
establishment of a centrally administered empire, for, as long as
there
were rival sultans, neither the holders of timar fiefs nor
members of the
kapi-kulu slave class could be certain of their positions. The
rights and
influence which they had acquired could only be guaranteed by
a stable
centralized administration. It is they who supported first
48. Mehmed I and
then Murad II against his rival, Dume Mustafa. They defended
the
absolute central authority of a single sultan against the divisive
tendencies of the marches.
Furthermore, although weakened in Anatolia after Tlmiir's
incursion,
the Ottomans maintained their former strength in Rumelia. They
were
then able to come back to Anatolia from the Balkans and re-
establish
their supremacy.
THE OTTOMAN RECOVERY
The reign of Murad II (824-5 5/1421—51) was a time of
preparation for the
extension of the empire under Mehmed II the Conqueror. When
Murad
ascended the throne in Bursa, Edirne and the whole of Rumelia
gave alle-
giance to his uncle Mustafa, known as Dume, 'the Impostor'.
Mustafa
was also supported by the Byzantines, who hoped to regain
Gallipoli.
In Anatolia the princes of the Germiyan and Karaman dynasties
1 Thus kapt-kulus were recruited originally from the Sultan's
share of prisoners-of-war,
and subsequently from a periodical levy (devshirme) of
Christian boys. Most of the youths
entered the Janissary corps.
280
50. won lands. He annexed the gba^t principalities of western
Anatolia,
those of Izmir-Aydin, of Menteshe and the Teke branch of the
Hamld
dynasty. Nevertheless, he followed a policy of conciliation
towards the
principalities of Jandar and Karaman in so far as they were part
of the
old Seljuk area of Anatolia which came under the protection of
Shah-
Rukh. When the Byzantines who had regained Salonica in
805/1402,
ceded the town to Venice in 826/1423 the Ottomans started a
war against
Venice. This war dragged on for a long time, from 8 26/142 3
10833/1430,
because of the weakness of the Ottoman navy, and passed
through some
dangerous phases. In the meantime Hungary attempted to
establish its
supremacy over Wallachia and Serbia. This led to clashes which
were
ended by the truce signed for three years in 831/1428. The
princes of
Wallachia, Serbia and Bosnia reaffirmed their allegiance to the
sultan.
Finally Salonica was occupied in 833/1430.
Although Murad was described as a peace-loving sultan, his
court
was nevertheless under the influence of people who wished to
return to
the forceful policy of conquest pursued by Bayezid. Their
counsels
were particularly strong between 837/1434 and 846/1442. In
837/1434
52. 847/24
November 1443, a n d thereupon returned suddenly to a pacific
and
conciliatory policy. He signed a peace with the Hungarians and
with
the despot of Serbia, George Brankovic, promising to return
Serbia to
him and to refrain from crossing the Danube (24 Safar 848/12
June
1444). He then made peace with the prince of Karaman, who
had once
again gone over to the attack (summer 848/1444). By this
agreement
Hamld was ceded to Karaman. Thinking that he had thus made
peace on
all sides, he voluntarily renounced the throne in favour of his
son,
Mehmed II (summer 848/1444). The king of Hungary, the
Byzantine
emperor and the pope saw in this a golden opportunity, and
pushed on
with their preparations for a crusade. A Hungarian-Wallachian
army
crossed the Danube. At the same time the Venetian navy held
the
Hellespont. However, the despot of Serbia, who had been
reinstated by
the Ottomans, did not join the allies. The army of the crusaders
reached
the neighbourhood of Varna. Panic broke out in Edirne. In
answer to
pressing requests and petitions, Murad II came back to
command the
Ottoman army. Its victory at the pitched battle of Varna (28
Rajab
848/10 November 1444) is one of the vital battles in the history
54. the
return to the throne of Murad II (Safar 850/May 1446).
Chandarh
refrained from threatening subject-states, fearing lest this
should lead
the Ottomans into adventures similar to those of 848/1444.
When
Murad II died on 1 Muharram 855/3 February 1451, Mehmed II,
who
was then nineteen years of age, ascended the Ottoman throne for
a
second time. Power then passed to his governors Shihab al-Din
Shahin Pasha and Zaganuz Pasha, both of them advocates of
further
conquests, who had already tried to persuade Mehmed II to
attempt the
conquest of Constantinople in 848/1444. The young sultan and
his
entourage needed a great victory in order to reaffirm their
power and
their influence against the grand ve^tr. Preparations were
immediately
put in hand for the siege of Constantinople.
FACTORS IN THE OTTOMAN CONQUESTS
The Ghazis and the Akinjis
The Holy War or gba^a was the foundation stone of the Ottoman
state. The tradition of the ghauts of the marches, which lay at
its origin,
dominated all its history, and constituted the fundamental
principle of
its policies and its organization. The concept of thegba^a
stimulated great
initiatives and endeavours, and, later, attempts at renewal; it
55. inspired both
individuals and society. The Ottomans took in all seriousness
the duty
of protecting and extending Islam, and even tried to justify their
claim
to sovereignty over the whole Islamic world, by the argument
that they
alone were carrying out that duty.
For ghauts in the marches, it was a religious duty to ravage the
countries
of the infidels who resisted Islam, and to force them into
subjection.
The only way of avoiding the onslaughts of the ghazis was to
become
subjects of the Islamic state. Non-Muslims could then enjoy the
status
of dhimmis, living under its protection. Most Christian sources
confuse
these two stages in the Ottoman conquests. The Ottomans,
however,
were careful to abide by these rules, and this helped in the
expansion of
their empire. Faced with the terrifying onslaught of the ghauts,
the
population living outside the confines of the empire, in the '
abode of
war', often renounced the ineffective protection of Christian
states, and
sought refuge in subjection to the Ottoman empire. Peasants in
open
country in particular lost nothing by this change. The
institutions and
traditions of the marches which existed at the time of 'Osman
Ghazi
lived on in Ottoman history, moving, however, to new frontiers.
57. They disposed of vast properties in freehold or in waqj. Each of
these
main leaders, who enjoyed great power and renown in the
marches,
became a subject of legends, and epic poems were written about
their
exploits. The troops of these great beys of the marches in the
Balkans
were known by the names of their leaders as late as the
tenth/sixteenth
century. The aktnjts of the right flank were known as Mikbalhs,
those of
the left flank as Turakhanhs. Seven thousand of the latter were
active in
the Morea in 966/15 59. Under Murad II (824-5 5/1421-51) the
Ottoman
sultan began to appoint his personal slaves to commands in the
marches, a custom which had existed under the Seljuks.
As for the ghauts themselves, known now under their new name
of
aktnji, these in the eighth/fourteenth century consisted largely
of
volunteers (sing., goniUlu") who had come from Anatolia,
drawn by the
prospect of warfare and of booty or by the hope of gaining a fief
for
themselves. These aktnjts were, unlike the oAghauts, a kind of
auxiliary
militia. We know also that nomad yuriiks, and Christian
voynuks and
martolos (Greek: armatolos, armed irregulars) were enrolled as
aktnjts for
service in the frontier areas, and that they were used for
intelligence and
other purposes in enemy territory. The aktnjts normally set off
59. expedition
was in progress and carried out the duties of ahnjis. The
organization
of the akinjis was thus considerably weakened. In 1034/1625
there were
only two or three thousand left.
During the early stage of Ottoman history when the Ottoman
state
could still be considered a frontier principality, the marches
played an
important part in home politics. Ottoman beys of the marches or
members of the ruling house might well have established
independent
principalities in the Balkans, following the example of the other
frontier
principalities. However, faced as they were with particularly
strong
enemies in the Balkans, the Ottoman beys of the marches
needed the help
which only the central government could provide. What is more,
the
Ottoman sultans were always personally active on the field of
the
gha^a. Thanks to the bejlerbeyi organization and the force of
the
sultan's own retainers or slaves {kapi-kulus) the Ottoman
sovereigns
had the practical means of exerting their authority. Bayezid
both as a
gtesLtgba^i himself and thanks to his kapi-kulu forces, was
fully master of
the marches. After his death, when his sons and grandsons
struggled for
power, the marches once again came to the fore. Contenders
who could
61. 2008
COMING OF THE STEPPE PEOPLES
with jealousy the sipahis who had rich timars in the interior.
Mikhaloghlu
and the chief judge (qddi 'asker) Shaykh Badr al-Din, who was
known for his extreme views, granted fiefs in the interior to
many
aksnjis from the Dobruja. Nonetheless, Musa continued the
tradition of
appointing his own slaves to key positions to counteract the
influence
of the beys of the marches. At the death of Mehmed I
(824/1421), his
brother, Dii^me Mustafa became master of the Balkans and of
Edirne,
largely through the support of the house of Evrenuz. To
outweigh this,
Murad released Mikhaloghlu, who had been imprisoned in Tokat
after
the fall of Musa, and with his help succeeded in winning over
the beys
of the marches and eliminating his rival. Under Murad II the
refusal of
Turakhan, a powerful bey of the marches, to obey the beylerbeyi
of Rumeli
was one of the factors which led to Murad's abdication. In 1444
a
pretender to the throne named Orkhan went from Istanbul to the
Dobruja, where he tried to organize a rebellion of the forces in
the
marches. Mehmed the Conqueror, as a great ghai himself, was
able to
62. dominate the marches, and attach them to the central
government.
Expansion in Byzantine and Balkan territories
When the Ottomans appeared as a dynamic unifying force
amidst the
anarchy of the Balkans, Byzantine territories and the Balkans
were prey
not only to political but also to deep social and religious
divisions.
Qvil wars and the absence of a central authority had allowed
local lords
in the provinces to strengthen their hold over the land and to
subject
the peasantry to a more or less arbitrary regime. The Byzantine
adminis-
tration struggled hopelessly to free from the grasp of these lords
the
estates which it wished to see returned to central control. This
struggle
over land between the central government and local lords was
undoubt-
edly one of the main problems of Balkan history. Serfs tied to
the land
had to pay the lord a tax on produce as well as render free
service in com-
pulsory corvees. These services included the provision of
firewood and
hay, and free labour with oxen two or three days a week. When
Ottoman
administration was established, there was almost a social
revolution
through the application of the following principles: first, all
agricultural land passed to the overriding ownership of the
state, in
64. represented a strong and impartial central administration which
extended to the peasants effective protection against feudal
lords.
It is true that at the same time the Ottoman invasion deprived
the
Balkan peoples of their national cultural institutions and of the
ruling
class which embodied them. The Ottomans incorporated in the
timar
fief-system the local Balkan aristocracy which adhered to them.
They
left it part of its old lands, which these local nobles continued
to hold
in the changed capacity of holders oitimars. In this way they
entered the
ruling group and came under the close control of the new
empire,
becoming in time ottomanized. Some of the more important
noblemen
tried, however, to preserve their position during the Ottoman
conquest
by relying for help on the Western Catholic world, and
eventually fled to
the West. Even before the conquest of Constantinople, the
Ottomans
appeared as protectors of the Church, and considered the Greek
Orthodox ecclesiastical organization as part of their
administrative
system. Greek Orthodox archbishops were granted timars. The
struggle
between Greek Orthodox and Catholics in the Balkans was
founded on
deep-rooted social causes. It is an historical commonplace that
the
popular masses, fanatically attached to Greek Orthodoxy in
66. Thrace
in the middle of the ninth/fifteenth century show that the
overwhelming
majority (eighty to ninety per cent) of the population of these
areas was
already by that time made up of Muslim Turks. It appears
therefore that
Byzantine sources do not exaggerate when they say that the
Turks came
to settle in masses. After moving into the Balkans, the Ottomans
encouraged immigration into the newly conquered territories
where they
transferred nomads en masse. This old system of transfer of
population,
known as siirgiin or 'exile', had already been used on a large
scale by the
Seljuks. Nomad Turks who were known in the Balkans by the
name of
yiirtik (yoriik), were especially numerous in the districts which
lay in the
path of the conquering armies and in the marches, Waqf deeds
and reg-
isters of the ninth/fifteenth century show also that there was a
wide move-
ment of colonization of western Anatolian peasantry settling in
Thrace
and the eastern Balkans and founding hundreds of new villages.
The
newly arrived Muslim Turks did not usually mix with Christian
peasants,
but settled in their own villages. Villages which kept their old
names
and where the population was mixed were usually old Byzantine
villages
converted to Islam. Muslims were also settled in cities which
67. had put up
resistance to the Ottomans. These soon became Muslim cities.
For
example the frontier town of Oskiip (Skopje) which was
captured in
793/1391 had by 859/1455 twenty-two Muslim quarters as
against only
eight Christian ones. But the cities which surrendered remained
in
most cases Christian. This widespread wave of Turkish
emigration to
western Anatolia and the Balkans coincided with the conquests
of the
eighth/fourteenth century. A fresh wave was set off by the
conquests of
Timur. It appears that emigration slowed down in the second
half of
the fifteenth century, since we do not see similar concentrations
of new
settlers in Serbia, Albania and the Morea.
As new conquests were added, the area of the marches moved
forward.
During the reign of Bayezld I (791-806/13 89-1403) the march
of the
Dobruja and Deliorman, centred on Silistria, faced Wallachia
(Eflak)
and Moldavia (Boghdan); the march of Vidin faced Serbia and
Hungary;
the march of Oskiip faced Bosnia, Serbia and Albania; and,
finally the
march of Tirkhala (Trikkala) faced Epirus and the Morea. After
the
conquest of Serbia and Bosnia, Semendere and Saray-Bosna
(Sarajevo)
became the centres of the marches facing Hungary. After the
69. within the confines of the Islamic world. When they annexed
the Turco-
man principalities of Anatolia, by peaceful means, by threats,
or, when
necessary, by war, they granted to the former beys, as a general
rule, rich timars in the Balkans. This often enabled the
Ottomans to
annex the beys' territories without a struggle. In any case,
religion
forbade a Muslim, and particularly zghd^f, to use arms on
another Muslim
(Qur'an, 4. 90). The reputation of the Ottomans as ghauts was
vulnerable to criticism in the case of wars waged against other
Muslims.
The Ottomans therefore tried to pass off as licit acts
annexations achieved
through pressure and threats. The Ottomans argued, for
example, that
they had acquired through canonically licit ways the lands of
the houses
of Hamid and Germiyan which were a bone of contention
between them
and the house of Karaman. The latter refused of course to
countenance
the acquisition by the Ottomans of centres like Ankara and the
land of
Hamid, formerly a part of the sultanate of Konya. The struggle
between
the houses of Karaman and of'Osman revolved, in the main,
round this
territory.
As a general rule, whenever they wanted to wage war on
Karaman or
any other Muslim state, the Ottomans did not neglect to provide
them-
71. followed the
Persian silk road. Not content with the capture of Ankara they
used that
city as well as the city of Bolu as a base for operations aimed
ostensibly
at protecting the weak emirs of the region of Tokat and Amasya,
lying to
the east of them, against the pressure of Qadi Burhan al-Din in
Sivas. When Murad I crossed over to the Balkans for an
expedition
against Serbia in 790/1388, Burhan al-Din's commanders argued
that a
golden opportunity had presented itself for an offensive against
the
Ottomans. However, the Qadi rejected their advice saying that it
was
tantamount to weakening Islam and strengthening the infidels.
Never-
theless, when Murad I was killed on the battlefield of Kosova,
as soon as
news of it reached Anatolia, Qadi Burhan al-Din had Muruvvet
Bey
capture Kirshehir, while Karaman regained Beyshehir, and the
house of
Germiyan the territory which it had lost to the Ottomans.
For political reasons the Ottoman sultans attached the greatest
importance to safeguarding and strengthening the reputation
which
they enjoyed as ghauts in the Muslim world. When they won
victories in
the gba%a in the Balkans they used to send accounts of them
(sing.,
feth-name) as well as slaves and booty to eastern Muslim
potentates.
Knights captured by Ytldtrtm Bayezid I at his victory over the
75. Eugene Delacroix “Death of Sardanapalus” (1827)
Eugene Delacroix “Massacre at Chios” (1824)
Eugene Delacroix “Fanatics of Tangiers” (1838)
Eugene Delacroix “Women of Algiers” (1834)
Jean-Leon Gerome
(1824-1904)
Jean-Leon Gerome “Albanian Fest” (1856)
Jean-Leon Gerome “The Great Bath at Bursa” (1885)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres “Turkish Bath” (1862)
76. Imperial Culture
in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires
HIST 113: Islamic Civilization
Prof. Gustafson
Hagia Sophia
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Interior of the Dome atop Hagia Sohia
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Blue Mosque
Sulaymaniyya Complex
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
77. Sehzadeh Complex, Istanbul
Bayezid Mosque (16th century)
Source: Lewis, Islam and the Arab World
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Shah ‘Abbas Fighting the Uzbeks, fresco, 16th century
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Safavid Polities
Qizilbash: “red heads;” Turkic tribal military supporters
described as ghulat “extremists”
Tajiks: urban, Persian speaking literate classes
Support Persian high culture, pre-Islamic kingship tradition
Maydan-i Shah, Isfahan
78. Scene from the Houghton Shahnama
Source: Welch, Persian Painting
Source: Grabar, Mostly Miniatures
Scene from the Houghton Shahnama
Source: Hattstein and Delius, Islam: Art and Architecture
Shah ʿAbbas and the Image of the Just Ruler
What ideas of legitimate kingship and justice are presented in
the story of Shah ʿAbbas’ foot pilgrimage to the shrine of a
Shi’i Imam in Mashhad? How do these ideas compare to what
we read in other political texts, like the Siyasatnameh of Nizam
al-Mulk, or al-Mawardi’s treatise on the caliphate?
How does our Safavid chronicler from the early 1600s describe
Shah Ismaʿil when looking back on his legacy? In particular,
how does he interpret the Ottoman victory over the Safavids at
the Battle of Chaldiran (the last paragraph on page 71,
continuing to page 72)? Why?
AnTr+"rABU,L * F'ATIH
The History of the Life and
Accomplishments of Mehmed II,
79. Conqueror of Istanbul, by Tursun
B"g. Facsimile Text, Ayusofya
Library MS, published with an
English Summary, Glossary,
Notes and Index bv Halil Inalcik
'A
and Rhoads Murph"y 6t'
In preparing this summary, we have attempted to present as
fully
as possible all of the information of historical significance
while
leaving aside for the most part literary embroidery and verse.
Care
was however taken to include in the summary all relevant
expressions, terminology, and personal and place names.
Nevertheless, it is clearly impossible to consider the English
summary as ever being capable of taking the place of the
original
text. The English summary starts only with the twenty-sixth
folio
where the author commences the chronological part of his
history.
The first part of his history, referred to by Tursun Beg as the
dibdce
(text, 5a-25a) deals with general principles of state and
rulership.
This prefatory section of Tursun Beg's history has been
summarized,
along with commentary, in the introduction to this book.
This volume also contains a glossary which was prepared with
the
intention of providing an aid to the understanding of difficult
terminology or archaic expressions in old Ottoman. A general
80. index
lists all terms and personal and place names occurring in the
original
text along with brief explanations where necessary. In the
glossary
and index, as well as in the summary translation of the text, we
have
used a simplified version of the Encyclopaedia of Islam
transliteration
system.
J I
$
MEHMED THE CONQUEROR
T h e d a t e s i n t h e c h r o n o l o g y t a b l e w e r e e s t a b
l i s h e d t h r o u g h t h e
help of outside sources. Tursun Beg's chronology
is far from
adequate. He often fails to mention the date of occurrence
of
important events, and on some occasions he even gives
inaccurate
dates.
In preparing the map, we chose selectively those place
names
81. *hor" location would, in our opinion, be difficult to establish
through
the use of modern maPS-
THE HISTORY OF MEHMED THE CONQUEROR
Folios 26b-l8lb
Pr : Printed text of M.
'Arif
AY : AYa SofYa MS
l. The Return of Suhan Murd.d to the ThronePr3t-33lAv26b-28b
Mehmed's father Murid had voluntarily abdicated the throne
in
favor of his son. However, Murid's replacement on the throne
was
carried out too hastily; and $alil Pasha, who attained the
vizirate
through right of inheritance and through his own ability, was of
the
opinion that, although the Sultan was young' he would soon
be
carried away by the desire to act independently. Furthermore,
he
thought that two actual rulers in one state would inevitably be
a
82. ,orrrJ" of trouble. Mur6d's close associates were all striving to
have
him reinstated as sultan. Murad left all of these matters to
the
discretion of $alil Pasha. At this
juncture, the Hungarians had
advanced as fai us Varna. $alil Pasha, with the approval
of the army
commanders, announced to Mehmed that it was necessary to
recall
his father Mur6d to command the troops, with the promise that
the
sultanate would again be his. Mehmed reluctantly abdicated
the
throne. With his tutot (ata-beg) Zaganoz Beg, he set out for
Manisa'
According to one interpretation, he continued to claim powers
as
sultan, recognizing his father only as his lieutenant (ftd.'irn-
mal-tdm) on
the rhrone. In Mutrarrem 855 (February 1451), sultan Mur-ad
died.
2. and 3. The Accession of Mehmed the Conqueror and' the
$araman
83. CamPaign Pr 33-40/AY 28b-34b
Mehmed was enthroned on Thursday, 16 Mutrarrem 855
(February
18, 145i). In the spring of that year Dayr I.(araca Beg' the
governor-general of Rumelia, was left with the Rumelian troops
on
!,rutd drty at Sofya against the possibility of
an attack from Hungary'
SUMMARY TRANSLATION
while the Sultan himself set out with the standing army and
ftapu-fualftt. troops from Anatolia against Karaman-oglu
Ibrlhim. The
ostensible reason for the campaign was lbrdhim's failure to
observe
the rules as a vassal at the time of Mehmed's accession. When
Mehmed made camp with his army in Alqehir, Ibrdhim fled to
Tag-Ili
and sent Mewlind Weli to negotiate peace terms. He agreed to
give
up Algehir, Beggehri, and SeydiEehri, including the territories
surrounding them. In addition, he agreed to send every year a
certain
number of soldiers to serve in the Ottoman army. Pr 35/Av 30b
On his return from this campaign the Janissaries made a
demonstration. Standing with their arms in two rows on either
84. side of
the road, they shouted the following words at him: "This was
our
sultan's first campaign, and he should reward us with the
customary
bonus." This uncalled-for display by the soldiers angered
Mehmed.
When the diutdn was convened, he summonedthe officers and
after a
severe beating dismissed them from the ranks. As a result of
this
punishment, the Janissaries came to fear the ire of Mehmed and
never again during his sultanate did they dare rebel against him.
Following this incident Mehmed returned to Edirne. Pr 36/Av
31a
4. The Construction of the Fortress of Bogaz-KesenPr
36-41 /Av 31a-36a
Mehmed was possessed with the idea of conquering Istanbul and
constantly insisted on the necessity of taking the city without
delay.
Senior statesmen spoke of the strength of the fortifications and
of the
bad consequences that would arise from a prolonged siege of the
city, but Mehmed would not listen and immediately began
preparations for the siege. With this intention he ordered the
building of a fortress on the Bosphorus.
( D e s c r i p t i o n o f I s t a n b u l , G a l a t a , a n d t h e
B o s p h o r u s )
t " i t t 3 l o
, o u
85. It was intolerable that Istanbul, surrounded by the lands of
Islam,
should survive under a Christian ruler, the so-called $ay;er-i
Ril.m,
especially since he gave protection within the city walls to
pretenders
to the Ottoman throne and constantly tried to stir up conflict in
the
Ottoman territories. In the spring of 856 (1452) Sultan Mehmed
came
to the spot where the fortress was to be built.P'39/Av34b
(Description of the Fortress of Rumeli-fligerr) Pr 40/Av 35a
A small castle with twenty portals opening onto the sea was
built
below Rumeli-$is5n close to the shore and at each opening a
cannon
was placed. Across the water below the fortress of Yenice-f;ale
a
similar small castle was built and the cannons emplaced. In this
way
MEHMED THE CONQUEROR
the straits were effectively blocked so that unauthorized passage
between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea was now
impossible'
The sultan gave up all thoughts of relaxation, and through his
efforts
the work
"iR,r*"ii'giEdn
86. was completed in a short time'Pr41
/Av36a
5. The Conquest of Istanbul
Pr41-58/Av36a-51 b
After the construction of Rumeli-$ig-an had been completed,
the
Sultan set out for his capital, Edirne. Before the army set out
for
Edirne, a scuffle took place between some shepherds and a
group of
ottoman soldiers. The people inside the city, mistaking the
scuffle for
the beginning of hostilities' shut the gates of the city and
prepared
themsJves for battle. Some of the Sultan's commanders who
happened to be on leave in the city at that time remained within
the
walls. The Prince (Tekaur) treated them well and returned them
with
an envoy to apologize to the Sultan but Mehmed was not
amenable
and e*pres."J hit hostility by voicing the.challenge: "Either
surren-
87. der the city or stand readyto do battle."P'42lAv
36a11" then returned to
E d i r n e .
In the spring of 85? (1453)' he left Edirne with the intention
of
capturing i.,u.tUr-,t. He ordered the large cannons to be dragged
by
th" ,rorror.tt
42tAY 37b The master naftftd.bs, stoneborers from the mines
in it,r*eli, joined the army while the naval forces waited
in
Gelibolu. Pr a-s I
ny 38a The Sultan proceeded by land and the navy by
sea. According to custom, the day that camp was to be made
near
Istanbul the army was ordered by regiment into rows' He ranged
at
the center of the army around his own person the white-capped
Janissary archers, the Turkish and European crossbowmen'
and the
musketeers and cannonn eers (Qarbzen)' The red-capped'azebs
were
placed on his right and left, joined at the rear by the caval-
88. ,y. t'44lAv 38b Thus organized, the army marched in formation
on
Istanbul.
On the other side, the Byzantine emperor had received
reinforcements from Christian rulers in Europe' He sent these
armoured, mounted knights in front of the gates to meet the
approaching army of the Sultan. The Muslim forces pushed
them
U""t *ittti" the walls, and finally the Sultan arrived on the scene
at
the outer walls. According to ottoman practice, the sultan
pitched
his
large tent at the middle of the ranks. The Janissaries set up their
t"rrt. in the form of a circle surrounding the sultan's . The
Beglerbegi
of Anatolia, Islra! Beg, formerly one of the vizirs of Sultan
Murid'
34
SUMMARY TRANSLATION
took up his place on the right wing with the Anatolian forces,
while
the Beglerbegi of Rumeli, Dayr Karaca Beg, uncle of Prince
89. 'Al-aeddin, was on the left. Trenches were dug for emplacing
the
cannon, and catapults were set up in several places.Pta6/Avaoa
16"t
set up barricades and vaulted bunkers (mancu-yerleri and,
toituz-
dan'tlar) and showed the miners their places. Hostilities
immediately
broke out in front ofthe gates.
One difficulty, however, was the fact that the Golden Horn was
closed off. Sultan Mehmed ordered that some of the smaller
ships
and galleys should be dragged over the hill behind Galata into
the
Golden Horn. Thus forced to guard the sector of the walls on
the
Golden Horn as well, the enemy forces would necessarily be
spread
out. So, as ordered, the ships and galleys were decked out with
banners of every color and dragged overland to the Golden
Horn. By
lashing the boats together a secure bridge was formed over
which the
soldiers could cross, and the fortress was surrounded on three
sides.
Meanwhile, the cannons and catapults continued to bombard the
walls. The shock of the balls shook and rent the walls. Fighting
90. continued every day from sunrise to sunset, but the defenders
placed
their trust in the firmness of the fortifications even after several
towers were completely destroyed by cannon fire. At this stage,
two
coques (kiike) filled with arms and reinforcements arrived from
Europe.P' 47 t Av 42a At that point the soldiers and naval
troops of the
Sultan were busily making preparations for the dragging of the
ships
over to the Colden Horn. With the aid of a favorable wind, the
coques
began to approach very quickly. The admiral Balta-o$lu
Siileymin
Beg sent against them all the ships he could gather, and a great
battle took place in which the - Ottomans were defeated. The
Greeks opened up the barrier across the Golden Horn and let in
the coques. Pr 481 AY 42b
After this naval defeat the Muslims were distressed and lost
hope,
but in fact the arrival ofthe coques turned out to be a helping
factor in
the Ottomans' final victory. By that time, the walls facing the
Janissaries and the Sultan's soldiers had been destroyed and
paths
prepared to the trenches. The Greeks feared that the fortress
would
be taken from this direction and wished to be responsible
themselves
for its defense. However, the European troops who had come as
reinforcements demanded that the defense of this area be given
to
them, otherwise threatening to withdraw their support. Fearing
that
91. M E H M E D T H E C O N Q U E R O R
they would indeed desert the cause if he did not give in, the
Emperor
granted their wish. This, in turn, caused discontent among the
Greeks in the city and the forces defending the city fell
info/disunity.
The Sultan proclaimed a general assault and gave the troops
p e r m i s s i o n t o t a k e b o o t y i n t h e c i t y . P r a e
/ A v 4 3 a 4 , n i g h t t h e s o l d i e r s
reached the walls from the trenches and, against the defenders
on the
walls, attempted to climb up under the protection of their
shields. At
daybreak the Sultan approached on horseback and the attack on
the
fortress began in earnest. The cannons began to fire, then the
battle
cry was sounded and the general assault was underway. The
attackers proceeded to rain arrows on the defenderslt
50/Av aab 1tt ,1't"
breaches which had been opened by the cannon fire, soldiers
fought
92. breast to breast and sword to sword. The enemy threw Greek
fire on
the attackers. As the battle proceeded in this fashion, in the
section
where the cannons had opened breaches in the walls, the
European
troops met the Ottoman troops in front of the smaller outer
walls. The
enemy commander arrived at this place and, while he was
struggling
with an Ottoman soldier on top of the tower, another soldier
pierced
his belly from below.Pr 5.1 /Av
05" Wh".t they saw that their commander
had been wounded, the enemy troops were overcome. They tried
to
escape by fleeing into the inner fortresses, but the defenders had
barred the gate. Left trapped between the walls, they were all
put to
the sword. The Ottoman troops immediately stormed the inner
walls
and pushed back the defenders. The rest of the army then began
to
spread out into the city by means of the breach in the wall while
the
enemy troops fled before them.
While the Sultan's standing army, the ftapu leulu, was achieving
this victory, the Anatolian, Rumelian, and navy troops
continued to
93. fight unaware of the new developments. The Byzantine Emperor
and
his retinue were reduced to panic when they saw the Janissaries
so
close behind them, and they too began to flee.Pr52tAv46b Some
of
them shut themselves in a tower while others perished charging
their
horses desperately against the Ottoman troops. Still others were
taken prisoner.
At that juncture the Emperor was stealthily fleeing towards the
Golden Horn with the intention of escaping in one of the ships.
He
was met on the way by a group of ,azebs. This group of ,azebs
had
entered the city with a band of Janissaries, and later, becoming
separated from them, had wandered into a side street where they
met
36
SUMMARY TRANSLATION
the Emperor with his retinue. A desperate battle ensued. The
Emperor's horse slipped as he was attacking a wounded 'azeb,
rvhereupon the 'azeb pulled himself together and cut off the
Emperor's head. Pt 53tAv 47a When they saw this, the rest of
the ene-
my troops lost hope and the 'azebs managed to kill or capture
most of
them. A great quantity of money and precious stones in the
posses-
sion of the Emperor's personal retinue was dlso seized. P( 54tAv
48a
94. After having completely overcome the enemy, the soldiers
began to
plunder the city. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver
and
gold vessels, precious stones, and all sorts of valuable goods
and
fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich. In
this
fashion many people were delivered from poverty and made
rich.
Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful
g i r l s . P t s 5 / A Y 4 8 b
Then the gates of the fortress were opened and Sultan Mehmed
toured the city with a group of commanders and religious
dignitaries
in his retinue. He visited the great buildings and bazaars and
particularly expressed his desire to see Hagia Sofia. Over the
years
this church had deteriorated so that at this time onlv its dome
was left
s t a n d i n s .
(Description of Hagia Sofia) er so-s7 / Av 50a-51 a
When the Sultan returned to his headquarters from this tour, a
council was held. There the prominent Byzantines were brought
into
his presence. He ordered some of them executed while others
were
spared for practical purposes. He appointed Kanqtrran
Siileymdn Beg
governor of Istanbul and entrusted to him the work of
reconstructing
the city.
6. (Reconstruction of Istanbul) Pr 58-68/Av 51 b-61a
95. 7 . The Capture of Enoz (Ainos) and Tasoz (Thasos), and the
Serbian
Campaign Pr 68-70/AY 61a-63b
In the middle of winter Mehmed ordered the palace force and
the
regular troops of his Porte (ftapu fualftt) together with the
Janissaries
to proceed to Edirne. Because it was not customary to be called
for
duty at this season, they resented the order and suffered many
hardships along the way because of the cold. The reason for
calling
for a campaign at this time was his decision to conquer Enoz
and
Tagoz. As an Ottoman vassal, their lord was permitted to get
shares
of the revenues from the salt mines and other sources which
were due
to the Ottoman central treasury. He pretended to support the
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