The document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements and their characteristics. It defines settlements as places where people live together and examines their dominant functions, amenities, and ways of life. Rural settlements typically have activities like farming and fishing as their main purposes, poorer amenities and services, and a simpler lifestyle. Urban settlements usually have functions like manufacturing and trade, better infrastructure and facilities, and a higher standard of living, but a more stressful environment. Settlement patterns can be nucleated around a central location, linear along transport routes, or dispersed across a wide area.
This document provides information about habitats and the interactions between species within habitats. It begins with an introduction that outlines the key topics to be covered, including the variety of habitats, food relationships, and human impacts. It then defines what a habitat is and provides examples of different habitat types. The document discusses factors like temperature, resources, and biotic interactions that determine where organisms live. It also examines predation, competition, and symbiosis as examples of interactions within habitats. Finally, it introduces food chains and webs as ways energy transfers between organisms in a habitat.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This document discusses the history, causes, process, sources, effects and prevention/control of eutrophication. It provides Lake Erie as an example where phosphorus runoff from sewage and agriculture caused severe algal blooms and hypoxia, but $7.5 billion in controls have helped reduce phosphorus levels and improve conditions. Prevention focuses on identifying and controlling nutrient sources, minimizing nonpoint pollution through riparian buffers and laws, and nitrogen testing to optimize fertilizer use. Control methods within lakes include reducing nutrient release from sediments through dredging, harvesting, and aeration.
Salt marshes are coastal wetlands flooded by salt water brought in by tides. They contain deep mud and peat made of decomposing plant matter. Salt marshes worldwide provide habitat for over 75% of fisheries species and protect shorelines from erosion. The salt marshes in Mannar district contain various plant species that have adapted to the saline soil conditions and fluctuating tides. Common plant species observed include Suaeda maritima, Suaeda monica, and Holosaciaindicum. Salt marshes are productive ecosystems that filter water and absorb flood waters, while also providing habitat for crabs, fish, and birds. However, they face threats from coastal development, erosion, and potential impacts of
1. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms and moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
2. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia or nitrates through nitrogen fixation, which allows plants and animals to use it.
3. Nitrification and ammonification convert ammonia into other nitrogen forms that plants can use, and denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle.
Ecosystem is a defined place in which interactions take place between a community, with all its complex interrelationships and the physical environment.
The population of Africa is not evenly distributed across the continent. Some key factors that influence population distribution in Africa include climate, relief or terrain, vegetation, soil fertility, urbanization, disease prevalence, government policy, war, historical factors like colonization and slave trade, and social factors. Areas with good climate, fertile soils, and access to resources and facilities tend to be more densely populated, while regions with harsh climates, dense forests, or disease risks have lower population densities.
The document discusses coral reef biodiversity and the Great Barrier Reef. It describes the Great Barrier Reef as a collection of over 3000 coral reefs off Australia's coast, forming one of the natural wonders of the world. It is home to thousands of species and provides food and jobs to the local economy. However, the reef is threatened by pollution, coastal development, ship traffic, and climate change, which have already damaged and killed parts of the reef. The reef ecosystem is highly complex, with coral polyps, fish, sharks, rays, and other species interacting as producers, grazers, predators, and through symbiotic relationships.
The document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements and their characteristics. It defines settlements as places where people live together and examines their dominant functions, amenities, and ways of life. Rural settlements typically have activities like farming and fishing as their main purposes, poorer amenities and services, and a simpler lifestyle. Urban settlements usually have functions like manufacturing and trade, better infrastructure and facilities, and a higher standard of living, but a more stressful environment. Settlement patterns can be nucleated around a central location, linear along transport routes, or dispersed across a wide area.
This document provides information about habitats and the interactions between species within habitats. It begins with an introduction that outlines the key topics to be covered, including the variety of habitats, food relationships, and human impacts. It then defines what a habitat is and provides examples of different habitat types. The document discusses factors like temperature, resources, and biotic interactions that determine where organisms live. It also examines predation, competition, and symbiosis as examples of interactions within habitats. Finally, it introduces food chains and webs as ways energy transfers between organisms in a habitat.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This document discusses the history, causes, process, sources, effects and prevention/control of eutrophication. It provides Lake Erie as an example where phosphorus runoff from sewage and agriculture caused severe algal blooms and hypoxia, but $7.5 billion in controls have helped reduce phosphorus levels and improve conditions. Prevention focuses on identifying and controlling nutrient sources, minimizing nonpoint pollution through riparian buffers and laws, and nitrogen testing to optimize fertilizer use. Control methods within lakes include reducing nutrient release from sediments through dredging, harvesting, and aeration.
Salt marshes are coastal wetlands flooded by salt water brought in by tides. They contain deep mud and peat made of decomposing plant matter. Salt marshes worldwide provide habitat for over 75% of fisheries species and protect shorelines from erosion. The salt marshes in Mannar district contain various plant species that have adapted to the saline soil conditions and fluctuating tides. Common plant species observed include Suaeda maritima, Suaeda monica, and Holosaciaindicum. Salt marshes are productive ecosystems that filter water and absorb flood waters, while also providing habitat for crabs, fish, and birds. However, they face threats from coastal development, erosion, and potential impacts of
1. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms and moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
2. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia or nitrates through nitrogen fixation, which allows plants and animals to use it.
3. Nitrification and ammonification convert ammonia into other nitrogen forms that plants can use, and denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle.
Ecosystem is a defined place in which interactions take place between a community, with all its complex interrelationships and the physical environment.
The population of Africa is not evenly distributed across the continent. Some key factors that influence population distribution in Africa include climate, relief or terrain, vegetation, soil fertility, urbanization, disease prevalence, government policy, war, historical factors like colonization and slave trade, and social factors. Areas with good climate, fertile soils, and access to resources and facilities tend to be more densely populated, while regions with harsh climates, dense forests, or disease risks have lower population densities.
The document discusses coral reef biodiversity and the Great Barrier Reef. It describes the Great Barrier Reef as a collection of over 3000 coral reefs off Australia's coast, forming one of the natural wonders of the world. It is home to thousands of species and provides food and jobs to the local economy. However, the reef is threatened by pollution, coastal development, ship traffic, and climate change, which have already damaged and killed parts of the reef. The reef ecosystem is highly complex, with coral polyps, fish, sharks, rays, and other species interacting as producers, grazers, predators, and through symbiotic relationships.
A population is a group of the same species that lives in the same area and competes for resources like food, water, and space. Populations are always changing in size due to limiting factors, which are abiotic or biotic factors that control population numbers. Limiting factors include temperature, drought, space, predators, and competition between organisms over resources needed for survival and reproduction.
Marine and freshwater ecology understanding the complexities of food chains...Amani Riyadh
1. The document discusses food chains and food webs in marine and freshwater ecology. It explains the trophic levels and differences between food chains and complex food webs.
2. It also compares freshwater and marine fish, noting differences in their habitat, species, and physiology. Freshwater fish live in environments with less salinity while marine fish require saltwater.
3. Additionally, the document talks about Saudi Aramco's efforts to promote biodiversity through artificial reefs deployed in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea. Over 3,000 reef blocks have increased species numbers and productivity at sites like Manifa and Jubail.
There are four main benefits that wildlife provides to humans: economic, medical/scientific, aesthetic/recreational, and ecological. Economically, wildlife benefits humans through industries like hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching, which together amount to over $18 billion annually in the US. Medicinally, plants have provided medicine for 80% of the world's population and make up about 40% of all medicines. Aesthetically, wildlife viewing motivates recreational activities and ecotourism. Ecologically, all living things interact within ecosystems, so impacts to one species can affect many others.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental science including energy flow in ecosystems, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, succession, biogeochemical cycles, categories of ecosystems like grasslands and aquatic ecosystems, and biodiversity. It also covers natural resources like forests and food resources, and issues related to deforestation, mining in forests, dams and river valley projects, and afforestation programs.
Habitat destruction occurs when a habitat is damaged or destroyed, reducing the environment's capacity to support the species living there. Key causes of habitat destruction include increasing food production, mining, forest fires, overgrazing, and urban development. The effects are widespread and include animal extinction, disruption of food chains, loss of resources, and increased pollution and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats through limiting disruptive activities, monitoring environmental quality, and protecting coastal and marine areas. However, fully protecting the complex, variable environment remains a significant challenge.
Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems is caused by excessive nutrients which enhance algal growth. This can have negative effects like algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills. Nutrients enter waterbodies from both point sources like wastewater effluents and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Consequences of eutrophication include dominance of cyanobacteria, increased plankton-eating fish populations, and reduced diversity. Prevention methods include removing excess plants, adding competitors/predators of algae, oxygenating water, using herbicides/algaecides, banning phosphates in cleaners, and improving wastewater treatment to remove nutrients. Cultural eutrophication is accelerated by human activities like agriculture
Aquatic ecosystems can be freshwater like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, or marine water like oceans. They contain a variety of organisms adapted to different zones based on factors like sunlight, temperature, and oxygen levels. Aquatic ecosystems are important for biodiversity, breeding grounds, and being part of the water cycle, but are threatened by pollution, nutrient runoff, and other human impacts that can cause eutrophication and loss of species. Proper management of fertilizers, waste, and industrial discharges is needed to protect these fragile environments.
This is the 4th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Diploma. ii es unit 1 environment ecology and ecosystemRai University
The document discusses key concepts in environmental science including the components of the environment (abiotic and biotic), the four spheres that make up Earth's environment (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere), and types of biological interactions (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, etc.). It provides examples for each concept and explains how population growth, poverty, urbanization, and changing lifestyles can lead to environmental degradation through increased pollution, depletion of resources, and damage to ecosystems. Traditional methods of managing the environment are also outlined in comparison to modern practices.
This document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements and settlement patterns. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and work. Settlements are classified as rural or urban based on population size, main functions, available amenities, and way of life. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations and are involved in activities like farming, mining and fishing. Urban settlements have larger populations and focus on manufacturing and business. Common settlement patterns include dispersed, linear and nucleated. Examples of each type are described along with reasons for their development based on geography, transportation and sharing of resources.
This document outlines ecological problems and proposes a plan to introduce and address global environmental issues. It identifies the main ecological problems as air pollution from vehicles and industry, water pollution from dumping waste, radiation issues like Chernobyl, threats from earthquakes, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. The document's aims are to determine key problems, provide advice on environmental protection, and suggest solutions. Tasks include showing different ways of addressing ecological challenges.
An ecosystem is a community of living creatures (plants, animals, and microorganisms) that interact with each other and their non-living environment within a certain region. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food and water, regulating services like flood and disease control, supporting services that maintain life on Earth like nutrient cycling, and cultural services like spiritual and recreational benefits. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment categorized ecosystem services and identified many that have traditionally been unvalued, such as supporting services, though their importance is acknowledged, while some provisioning and regulating services have been incorporated into markets through replacing natural resources with artificial ones.
This document summarizes a presentation on dry fish farming in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh. It provides details on the dry fish farming process including key statistics on workers and owners. Over 80% of workers come from Khulna, Satkhira, and Chittagong divisions and most earn between 4,000-6,000 taka per month. The main challenges are being away from family and low income. The document also discusses ways to improve conditions such as increased government support and developing tourism. In conclusion, it states that dry fish farming contributes to the national economy and meets protein demands.
This document discusses ecological footprints and how they can be used to measure humanity's demand on the earth's resources. It provides several examples of how footprints are calculated for different activities, locations, and consumption levels. The document also addresses some common objections to the concept of ecological footprints and argues that while not a perfect measure, footprints help illustrate that humanity's current resource use is unsustainable and changes are needed to reduce our environmental impact.
This document discusses the role of oceans as carbon sinks, specifically focusing on "blue carbon" sinks. Blue carbon refers to the carbon captured and stored by coastal ecosystems like mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses through biomass and sediments. These ecosystems act as highly efficient carbon sinks, capturing more carbon through photosynthesis than they release and burying carbon in sediments for millennia. Globally, blue carbon sinks are responsible for burying 120-329 teragrams of carbon per year, accounting for over half of carbon buried in marine sediments and ranking among the most intense carbon sinks. Yet coastal ecosystems have been neglected from global carbon cycle accounts.
The document defines key terms related to natural and cultural landscapes. It describes natural landscapes as consisting of relief, climate, soils, and vegetation interacting as a system. Cultural landscapes are defined as areas where human activities and modifications have influenced the natural landscape through land use, transport features, population and settlement. Interactions between natural elements and influences of natural features on cultural landscapes are also discussed.
The document summarizes key aspects of the global water cycle and distribution of Earth's water resources. It describes that 97% of water is in oceans, with the remaining 3% being freshwater found mainly as ice (69%), groundwater (30%), and a very small amount (0.3%) in rivers and lakes. The hydrologic cycle involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater flow that continuously circulate and redistribute water around the planet. Different precipitation processes are also defined, along with other hydrologic cycle terms like interception, snowmelt, infiltration and evaporation.
Nutrient cycles describe the movement of nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Nutrients are absorbed by plants and animals from the environment, enter the soil through decaying matter, and are recycled through uptake by plants, decomposition, and other pathways. The rate and pathways of nutrient cycling vary between biomes, with forests generally having slower cycling than rainforests due to differences in climate and litter decomposition rates.
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
A population is a group of the same species that lives in the same area and competes for resources like food, water, and space. Populations are always changing in size due to limiting factors, which are abiotic or biotic factors that control population numbers. Limiting factors include temperature, drought, space, predators, and competition between organisms over resources needed for survival and reproduction.
Marine and freshwater ecology understanding the complexities of food chains...Amani Riyadh
1. The document discusses food chains and food webs in marine and freshwater ecology. It explains the trophic levels and differences between food chains and complex food webs.
2. It also compares freshwater and marine fish, noting differences in their habitat, species, and physiology. Freshwater fish live in environments with less salinity while marine fish require saltwater.
3. Additionally, the document talks about Saudi Aramco's efforts to promote biodiversity through artificial reefs deployed in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea. Over 3,000 reef blocks have increased species numbers and productivity at sites like Manifa and Jubail.
There are four main benefits that wildlife provides to humans: economic, medical/scientific, aesthetic/recreational, and ecological. Economically, wildlife benefits humans through industries like hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching, which together amount to over $18 billion annually in the US. Medicinally, plants have provided medicine for 80% of the world's population and make up about 40% of all medicines. Aesthetically, wildlife viewing motivates recreational activities and ecotourism. Ecologically, all living things interact within ecosystems, so impacts to one species can affect many others.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental science including energy flow in ecosystems, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, succession, biogeochemical cycles, categories of ecosystems like grasslands and aquatic ecosystems, and biodiversity. It also covers natural resources like forests and food resources, and issues related to deforestation, mining in forests, dams and river valley projects, and afforestation programs.
Habitat destruction occurs when a habitat is damaged or destroyed, reducing the environment's capacity to support the species living there. Key causes of habitat destruction include increasing food production, mining, forest fires, overgrazing, and urban development. The effects are widespread and include animal extinction, disruption of food chains, loss of resources, and increased pollution and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats through limiting disruptive activities, monitoring environmental quality, and protecting coastal and marine areas. However, fully protecting the complex, variable environment remains a significant challenge.
Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems is caused by excessive nutrients which enhance algal growth. This can have negative effects like algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills. Nutrients enter waterbodies from both point sources like wastewater effluents and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Consequences of eutrophication include dominance of cyanobacteria, increased plankton-eating fish populations, and reduced diversity. Prevention methods include removing excess plants, adding competitors/predators of algae, oxygenating water, using herbicides/algaecides, banning phosphates in cleaners, and improving wastewater treatment to remove nutrients. Cultural eutrophication is accelerated by human activities like agriculture
Aquatic ecosystems can be freshwater like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, or marine water like oceans. They contain a variety of organisms adapted to different zones based on factors like sunlight, temperature, and oxygen levels. Aquatic ecosystems are important for biodiversity, breeding grounds, and being part of the water cycle, but are threatened by pollution, nutrient runoff, and other human impacts that can cause eutrophication and loss of species. Proper management of fertilizers, waste, and industrial discharges is needed to protect these fragile environments.
This is the 4th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Diploma. ii es unit 1 environment ecology and ecosystemRai University
The document discusses key concepts in environmental science including the components of the environment (abiotic and biotic), the four spheres that make up Earth's environment (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere), and types of biological interactions (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, etc.). It provides examples for each concept and explains how population growth, poverty, urbanization, and changing lifestyles can lead to environmental degradation through increased pollution, depletion of resources, and damage to ecosystems. Traditional methods of managing the environment are also outlined in comparison to modern practices.
This document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements and settlement patterns. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and work. Settlements are classified as rural or urban based on population size, main functions, available amenities, and way of life. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations and are involved in activities like farming, mining and fishing. Urban settlements have larger populations and focus on manufacturing and business. Common settlement patterns include dispersed, linear and nucleated. Examples of each type are described along with reasons for their development based on geography, transportation and sharing of resources.
This document outlines ecological problems and proposes a plan to introduce and address global environmental issues. It identifies the main ecological problems as air pollution from vehicles and industry, water pollution from dumping waste, radiation issues like Chernobyl, threats from earthquakes, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. The document's aims are to determine key problems, provide advice on environmental protection, and suggest solutions. Tasks include showing different ways of addressing ecological challenges.
An ecosystem is a community of living creatures (plants, animals, and microorganisms) that interact with each other and their non-living environment within a certain region. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food and water, regulating services like flood and disease control, supporting services that maintain life on Earth like nutrient cycling, and cultural services like spiritual and recreational benefits. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment categorized ecosystem services and identified many that have traditionally been unvalued, such as supporting services, though their importance is acknowledged, while some provisioning and regulating services have been incorporated into markets through replacing natural resources with artificial ones.
This document summarizes a presentation on dry fish farming in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh. It provides details on the dry fish farming process including key statistics on workers and owners. Over 80% of workers come from Khulna, Satkhira, and Chittagong divisions and most earn between 4,000-6,000 taka per month. The main challenges are being away from family and low income. The document also discusses ways to improve conditions such as increased government support and developing tourism. In conclusion, it states that dry fish farming contributes to the national economy and meets protein demands.
This document discusses ecological footprints and how they can be used to measure humanity's demand on the earth's resources. It provides several examples of how footprints are calculated for different activities, locations, and consumption levels. The document also addresses some common objections to the concept of ecological footprints and argues that while not a perfect measure, footprints help illustrate that humanity's current resource use is unsustainable and changes are needed to reduce our environmental impact.
This document discusses the role of oceans as carbon sinks, specifically focusing on "blue carbon" sinks. Blue carbon refers to the carbon captured and stored by coastal ecosystems like mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses through biomass and sediments. These ecosystems act as highly efficient carbon sinks, capturing more carbon through photosynthesis than they release and burying carbon in sediments for millennia. Globally, blue carbon sinks are responsible for burying 120-329 teragrams of carbon per year, accounting for over half of carbon buried in marine sediments and ranking among the most intense carbon sinks. Yet coastal ecosystems have been neglected from global carbon cycle accounts.
The document defines key terms related to natural and cultural landscapes. It describes natural landscapes as consisting of relief, climate, soils, and vegetation interacting as a system. Cultural landscapes are defined as areas where human activities and modifications have influenced the natural landscape through land use, transport features, population and settlement. Interactions between natural elements and influences of natural features on cultural landscapes are also discussed.
The document summarizes key aspects of the global water cycle and distribution of Earth's water resources. It describes that 97% of water is in oceans, with the remaining 3% being freshwater found mainly as ice (69%), groundwater (30%), and a very small amount (0.3%) in rivers and lakes. The hydrologic cycle involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater flow that continuously circulate and redistribute water around the planet. Different precipitation processes are also defined, along with other hydrologic cycle terms like interception, snowmelt, infiltration and evaporation.
Nutrient cycles describe the movement of nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Nutrients are absorbed by plants and animals from the environment, enter the soil through decaying matter, and are recycled through uptake by plants, decomposition, and other pathways. The rate and pathways of nutrient cycling vary between biomes, with forests generally having slower cycling than rainforests due to differences in climate and litter decomposition rates.
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
12. 12
文献
• Goldfield, D. (2007). Encyclopedia of American urban history (A Sage reference publication). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Jackson, K. (1985). Crabgrass frontier : The suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Jacobs, J. (1992). The death and life of great American cities (Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
参考資料
• Washington State Legislature Chapter 36.70A RCW : GROWTH MANAGEMENT
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=36.70A
• The Washington State Growth Management Act with Application for the Central Puget Sound Region
http://www.psrc.org/assets/2428/gma.pdf?processed=true
• Puget Sound Regional Council - VISION2040 (Adapted April 2008)
http://www.psrc.org/growth/vision2040/
• Puget Sound Regional Council - Transportation 2040 (May 2010)
http://www.psrc.org/transportation/t2040/
• Puget Sound Regional Economic Strategy (July 2012)
http://www.psrc.org/econdev/res/
• The King County Buildable lands Report 2014
http://www.kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/executive/performance-strategy-budget/regional-planning/buildable-lands-report/
king-county-buildable-lands-report-2014.ashx?la=en
• King County Departmnet of Assessment - eReal Property web site
http://blue.kingcounty.com/Assessor/eRealProperty
• Draft Environmental Impact Statement for The Seattle Comprehensive Update (May 2015)
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/p2273574.pdf
• City of Seattle A Comprehensive Plan for Managing Growth 2015-2035 (Draft of July 2015)
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/p2294968.pdf
• City of Seattle Design Guideline (December 2013)
http://www.seattle.gov/DPD/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/p2402708.pdf
• Capitol Hill Neighborhood Design Guidelines (Revised 2013, Adapted 2005)
http://www.seattle.gov/DPD/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/p2402701.pdf
• Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC) web site
http://mrsc.org
