Conclusion As we have stated in this paper earlier, we have seen that the practice of vaccination has raised controversies. The supporters of vaccination are indicating that it has been able to save lives, especially that of children because it boosts immunity. The opponents are against it saying that vaccination has a lot of risks than benefits since it affects the hormones and interferes with the functioning of the body. This controversy is serious since it deals with health issues. When it stops, people will die from chronic diseases, and when this practice continues, health problems are likely to arise. However, there has to be a solution to this controversy, since opponents question the safety, effectiveness, and necessity of vaccination and also violation of the rights of an individual in the medical decision. On the other hand, vaccination has prevented suffering and death from deadly diseases. Therefore, the government and health institutions should first test the dangers and risk that can occur to an individual. Moreover, consent from an individual should be granted before they are administered. Abstract For approximately 80 years, controversies in vaccination have been going on. The opponents have stated that vaccination is neither safe nor effective regarding health whereas the supporters of vaccinations have indicated that vaccination has prevented suffering and death caused by infectious diseases. This paper will analyze both the benefits and drawbacks of the practice of vaccination. The benefits of vaccination are that it has prevented death and suffering from deadly diseases. Furthermore, diseases such as measles have been prevented and controlled, especially in children through the use of vaccination. Additionally, opponents have argued that vaccination has been a way of controlling population, particularly on the girl child. Another reason why vaccination is to be banned is that sometimes they are given all at once, and this causes allergies to some of the children. Therefore, a conclusion should be made on whether vaccination should be practiced or not. Running head: REVISION OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION 1 REVISION OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION 7 Revision of Literature Review and Introduction Yolanda Godbee Columbia Southern University Introduction Vaccinations is the process by which antigenic substances called vaccines are administered to the body to enable or boost the immune system of individuals against certain diseases or pathogens. The main aim of vaccination is to improve the immunity and prevent the vulnerability of individuals or their susceptibility to certain sicknesses and illnesses. There are two major perspectives of this study which is the pro side of vaccination and the con side of vaccination. The pro side of vaccination is generally the benefits of vaccination administration which are such as the safety.

1. Conclusion
As we have stated in this paper earlier, we have seen that the
practice of vaccination has raised controversies. The supporters
of vaccination are indicating that it has been able to save lives,
especially that of children because it boosts immunity. The
opponents are against it saying that vaccination has a lot of
risks than benefits since it affects the hormones and interferes
with the functioning of the body. This controversy is serious
since it deals with health issues. When it stops, people will die
from chronic diseases, and when this practice continues, health
problems are likely to arise. However, there has to be a solution
to this controversy, since opponents question the safety,
effectiveness, and necessity of vaccination and also violation of
the rights of an individual in the medical decision. On the other
hand, vaccination has prevented suffering and death from
deadly diseases. Therefore, the government and health
institutions should first test the dangers and risk that can occur
to an individual. Moreover, consent from an individual should
be granted before they are administered.
Abstract
For approximately 80 years, controversies in vaccination have
been going on. The opponents have stated that vaccination is
neither safe nor effective regarding health whereas the
supporters of vaccinations have indicated that vaccination has
prevented suffering and death caused by infectious diseases.
This paper will analyze both the benefits and drawbacks of the
practice of vaccination. The benefits of vaccination are that it
has prevented death and suffering from deadly diseases.
Furthermore, diseases such as measles have been prevented and
controlled, especially in children through the use of
vaccination. Additionally, opponents have argued that
vaccination has been a way of controlling population,
particularly on the girl child. Another reason why vaccination is
to be banned is that sometimes they are given all at once, and

2. this causes allergies to some of the children. Therefore, a
conclusion should be made on whether vaccination should be
practiced or not.
Running head: REVISION OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND
INTRODUCTION 1
REVISION OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION
7
Revision of Literature Review and Introduction
Yolanda Godbee
Columbia Southern University
Introduction
Vaccinations is the process by which antigenic substances
called vaccines are administered to the body to enable or boost
the immune system of individuals against certain diseases or
pathogens. The main aim of vaccination is to improve the
immunity and prevent the vulnerability of individuals or their

3. susceptibility to certain sicknesses and illnesses. There are two
major perspectives of this study which is the pro side of
vaccination and the con side of vaccination.
The pro side of vaccination is generally the benefits of
vaccination administration which are such as the safety created
out of vaccination, the efficiency of the drugs and the cost of
preventing illness rather than treatment of the diseases. The con
side of vaccination, will be looked at in terms of what other
measures there than vaccination are available to boost the
immunity of individuals. The main aim of this study is to
evaluate the con side against the pro side and find out which
outweighs the other.
The narrowed scope of this study is based on the emerging
controversies surrounding the administration of vaccines.
Despite the effectiveness of theses vaccines in preventing
certain illnesses, the same vaccines pose health risks in terms of
the side effects. The diseases that can be prevented by the use
of vaccines are many examples including, polio, Ebola, hepatitis
A and B among others. Another great dispute that arises when
the mention of vaccines arises is the issue of the drug
preparation in terms of the processes, procedures followed and
the ethical standards that are existent to govern vaccine
perpetration and testing (Satalkar, Elger & Shaw, 2015).
Vaccines have been termed over and over to be a medical
failure in consideration of the ethical issues in preparation and
testing mentioned.
Literature Review
A number of contentious issues will be discussed throughout
this section so the literature review. The study will be narrowed
down to focus mainly on the vaccination of young children. The
values that the society and the medical fraternity has placed on
the importance of vaccination of children will be reviewed.
Under immunization in children has been a debate in many parts
of the world and is gaining a lot of prevalence. It is an issue
worthy of evaluation to understand the reasons, the prevention
and what measures can be put to ensure minimal cases of under

4. immunization. What tare those factors that case a heavy
insistence of vaccination other than other means of preventing
illness especially in children? These are some of the questions
that this section will seek to answer. Another issue to be looked
at, is the development and administration of vaccines specific to
certain illness in the countries where they are the most
prevalent. The Poliomyelitis inactivated vaccine will be
evaluated as the case study. Further, the healthcare priorities,
measures or even vaccines created for Ebola workers will be
discussed.
General benefits of vaccination
We will begin by examining the benefits of vaccination.
Vaccination have been established by various scholars to be
having more benefits compared to the risks. Vaccines have
clearly prevented many illnesses in children as well as adults.
One such scholar, Milstein et al. (2005), have argues that, for
vaccinations to be administered to any individual, thorough
research is undertaken on the preparation and administration of
the vaccines to establish that it is safe for use in humans and
that it will produce the expected results.
Documented success stories of the use of vaccines can be traced
back to the year 1955 whereby the inactivated polio virus was
discovered and administrated in the US. The cases of polio
disease infection dropped drastically due to the effectiveness of
the vaccine, ensuring that that the polio epidemic in the US was
eradicated. The decline of reported cases of polio disease
infection was a clear indication of the effectiveness of the
vaccine.
The importance and benefits of vaccination have strongly been
felt in western African countries when the Ebola outbreak hit
hard. Ebola vaccines have saved the lives of many individual
which it managed to do successfully. The vaccine has proven its
effectiveness when administered in the correct manner and
through the right procedure. Ebola is a very dangerous dieses
which has the ability of killing masses of people due to the
uncontrolled manner in which it spreads since it is a

5. communicable and infectious disease (Satakar et al. 2015). Just
as Ebola vaccine has proven to be effective, all other vaccines
can do, only when they have been administered through the
right channel.
To clearly show the benefits of vaccines, a researcher Paul et.al.
contrast the cons of not being vaccinated against the pros of
being vaccinated. The contrast is able to show the disparity and
the huge befits to be derived from vaccination. From the
findings of this research, on the pros and cons of vaccines, it
was and observation that the general public was misinformed or
lacked information at all on the topic of immunization. Most of
the people involved in the research, had depended on myths and
hearsays of the cons of immunization. This study proved that
information needs to be passed on to ensure that people make
the best decisions based on facts unlike having a basis of
uniformed opinions.
Benefits of vaccination of children
There are numerous benefits of immunization of children.
Newborn babies are immunized as soon as they are born to
prevent them from contacting disease such as polio which can
be detrimental to their health and that of the community.
Immunizing a child goes further than just saving the life of one
child, but of a while community. This is because when one child
contracts a communicable disease, the chances of spreading the
infection to others is high. Additionally, the child is able to
develop n good health and immunity.
Risks of Vaccination
Vaccination has side effects which are common as well as the
rare ones that are well like an alarm to show that something is
not right. Generally there will be swellings around the
vaccinated area which soon goes away. The rare side effects of
vaccinations, are allergic reactions that can occur when a baby
or individual reacts to certain drugs. Anaphylactic reactions are
very rare and should be reported immediately as they can be an
indication that something is not right.
Very serious and severe risks associated with vaccination, have

6. been noted from the wrong and improper administration of the
poliovirus vaccines which can result to severe or total paralysis.
This can be as a result of improper administration of the vaccine
in the right amounts and from individuals who have not been
trained in the vaccine administration. Vaccination is clearly a
matter not to be gambled upon as there is the possibility of
altering the lifetime of a person. Also the avoidance of
vaccination is another risk. As highlighted before, uniformed
communities may have negative perspectives of vaccination
which can lead to them avoiding vaccination and hence the
exposure to diseases.
In occlusion, from the review of this literature, more benefits
are truly realized from the administration of vaccines unlike the
avoidance or elimination of the vaccines. In the cases of polio
vaccination, it has been proven that the epidemic would have
been insumourtabe had it not been for the vaccines. The same
can be said of the Ebola vaccination. Therefore the pros
outweigh the cons of vaccination and hence vaccination are the
best defense against most childhood diseases and infectious
disease.
References.
Satalkar, P., Elger, B. E., & Shaw, D. M. (2015). Prioritizing
Healthcare Workers for Ebola Treatment: Treating Those at
Greatest Risk to Confer Greatest Benefit Developing World
Bioethics, 15(2), 59-67. doi:10.1111/dewb.12079
Offit, Paul A. (2003). "Vaccine Risks Are Outweighed by the
Risks of Not Vaccinating." Should Vaccinations be Mandatory?
Ed. Noël Merino. Detroit: Green haven Press, 2010. At Issue.
Rpt. from "Common Concerns about Vaccines." Vaccines: What
You Should Know. 3rd ed.Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
IncOpposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 Apr.2013.