Hello dr. aguiar and classmates,for this week’s forum we were as

1. Hello Dr. Aguiar and Classmates,
For this week’s forum we were asked to identify three specific
research topics and examine their viability as a capstone
project. For my three topics I decided to spread the options
across the private and public security industry.
TOPIC 1: The positive and negative effectives of the
implementation of CPTED at public schools.
For this topic, I feel it is a viable subject for security
management, primarily for the reason of how vulnerable our
nation’s schools have become. CPTED is a vital part of
deterrence, and when it pertains to schools, it is an essential
way to camouflage “protection measures.” The capstone project
would answer questions of why CPTED is necessary for a post
9-11 environment. One of the negative factors I would highlight
is how CPTED makes the learning environment less
“welcoming” or “child friendly.” For the analytical aspect, I
would use the data collected for the Department of Education
and Department of Homeland Security. In previous research that
I have done, I have found many studies that show indisputable
evidence on why public school CPTED is beneficial. For
example, CPTED improves deterrence, denies unauthorized
entry, and improves the overall emergency services response
time. Furthermore, I would compare case studies from
Columbine High School and schools that have successful
emergency responses.
SOURCES:
Vagi, K. J., Stevens, M. R., Simon, T. R., Basile, K. C., Carter,
S. P., & Carter, S. L. (2018). Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) characteristics associated
with violence and safety in middle schools. Journal of school
health, 88(4), 296-305.
Wenzel, R. L. (2007). CPTED: Interpreting contemporary
security practices in the era of homeland security. The
University of Texas at Arlington.

2. TOPIC 2: The essential need for U.S. maritime port security and
the importance of compatibility between private/government
security functions.
After the 9-11 terrorist attacks, the United States
shifted gear into focusing on securing the port of maritime
entry. This topic would highlight the importance of vigorous
upgrades of screening, logging, and validating cargo. An
NPR.org source states that there are 15 major maritime ports
located around the United States. The economic function of the
United States relies heavily on the security of these ports, and
each port has a unique, comprehensive security plan (CSP).
Research shows the United States Coast Guard is the primary
security function within the waterways of the ports, and
contracted security operation conducts the screening of cargo.
This is a viable capstone topic because it will show how
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and integrated defense
procedures detect harmful cargo entering the United States.
Furthermore, I would compare ports like the Port of Houston
versus security at the Port of Los Angeles.
SOURCES:
Bueger, C. (2015). What is maritime security?. Marine Policy,
53, 159-164.
Stockbruegger, J. (2021). US Strategy and the Rise of Private
Maritime Security. Security Studies.
Downs, B. (2007). The maritime security risk analysis model:
Applying the latest risk assessment techniques to maritime
security. Proceedings of the Marine Safety & Security
Council, 64(1).
TOPIC 3: The required need for adequate training from private
security professionals and how integrated training with law
enforcement would advance security.
The downward trend of the number of law enforcement
officers compared to the increase of emergency response
requires private security professionals to become more versed in
their skillset. This topic would outline the need for adequately
trained security professionals and why private companies hire

3. additional security resources. Research shows when a law
enforcement officer is well trained, the probability of a mishap
reduces drastically. Security professionals must meet the same
requirements as an LEO in order to ensure their security
function is relevant. For example, Federal Law Enforcement
Training Center (FLETC) teaches tactics and concepts vital in
being a qualified security professional/LEO. Because of the
limited amount of LEOs, security professionals are contracted
as supplement functions. The growing need for companies to
outsource protection help protects their assets. For example,
Allied Universal is the largest employed private security
organization in the United States. Allied Universal helps protect
the large corporate campus and enforces policies within their
contracts. It is paramount for private security professionals to
be trained to the same standard as a law enforcement officer.
SOURCES:
Nalla, M. K., & Crichlow, V. J. (2017). Have the standards for
private security guards become more stringent in the post
9/11 era? An assessment of security guard regulations in the
US from 1982 to 2010. Security Journal, 30(2), 523-537.
Stiernstedt, P., Button, M., Prenzler, T., & Sarre, R. (2021). The
‘three-pillars model of regulation’: a fusion of governance
models for private security. Security Journal, 34(2), 247-260.
Yu, H. H. (2018). Gender and public agency hiring: An
exploratory analysis of recruitment practices in federal
law enforcement. Public Personnel Management, 47(3), 247-
264.
The research topic I will be presenting for this class asks the
question; How important is it to protect your information and
reduce your digital footprint? This topic became a special
interest item for me over the last year. I was like most
Americans who knew that protecting your online profile was s
good thing but never understood just how deep the rabbit hole
went.

4. I want to ensure that this topic’s perspective is different from
Ryan’s. My focused goal is to provide a graphical
representation and timeline associated with an individual’s
personal recovery from identity theft. Based on those metrics,
the observational approach will continue with surveyed
accounts of victims that have already been published. The more
we move online each decade only provides further emphasis on
Personal Identifiable Information (PII) protection standards and
keeping your online profile outside of the Publicly Available
Information (PAI) sphere.
Topic 1: Protecting yourself.
Why is this important?
I chose this topic for a number of reasons. Primaril y this is to
inform the average citizen understands just how easy it is for
their online life to become a profile for someone to target. PII
such as social security numbers, driver’s license numbers, credit
card numbers and medical records are largely at the forefront of
personnel security, but does the average researcher understand
that even the research they are conducting for school can be
monitored/tracked? Grey literature is the term that encompasses
all of the unpublished publications that institutio ns use to
prevent plagiarism. Turnit databases are just as susceptible to
monitoring as everything else.
Topic 2: Identity theft.
Unauthorized access to online information leads to someone
seeking to masquerade as you for profit. This can be as simple
credit card fraudulent charges to destroying your credit history
or even defaulting on loans in your name. Regardless on what
type of identity theft, this could potentially take years to
recover from.
Who to turn to?
- Https://www.csis.org
- https://notified.idtheftcenter.org/s/
- https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-how-to-ten-ways-to-
keep-your-data-private.html
Topic 3: Business data breeches & protecting your PII.

5. The United States has mandated your protection through federal
laws and the US Privacy Act of 1974. All businesses are
required to secure personal identifiers and document all risks
through programs such as the medical industry’s Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA),
consumer financial market’s Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA),
and the ongoing online regulation disputes with social media.
This regulation ensures the companies themselves strive to
protect your information or be fined by the government, but this
does not stop the motivated offenders. As on early October,
there have been 1,291 breaches with some of the major leaks
effecting millions of Americans in one breech. Compared to the
some 1,108 in 2020. What is worse is these are only the
discovered breeches.
What are some of the recent/biggest data leaks?
- Astoria Company
- Yahoo email intrusion
- Twitch.tv
Initial sources:
Arata, M. J. (2004). Preventing identity theft for dummies.
Wiley.
Collins, J. M. (2005). Preventing identity theft in your business
how to protect your business, customers, and employees (1st
edition). Wiley.
JOHN C. BAKER, BETH E. LACHMAN, DAVID R.
FRELINGER, KEVIN M. O’CONNELL, ALEXANDER C.
HOU, MICHAEL S. TSENG, DAVID ORLETSKY, &
CHARLES YOST. (2004). An Analytical Framework for
Assessing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly
Accessible Geospatial Information. In Mapping the Risks (1st
ed., p. 93–). RAND Corporation.
https://doi.org/10.7249/mg142nga.14
Describe how security services have evolved?
Security has definitely evolved and has always been crucial for

6. the protection for the protection of property and land. However,
security has advanced quite a bit since lock and key, especially
taking into consideration how progressive technology has
become. For instance, RFID badges are being used for entry into
buildings for employees, enhanced video surveillance,
fingerprint scanning, IRIS recognition, facial recognition
technology, perimeter systems and that is to just name a few
(Hatchimonji, 2021).
What are the basic differences between private security and law
enforcement when it comes to an arrest?
A private security officer can make an arrest, however, it is
considered an "citizen's arrest", but they must call law
enforcement to handle the arrest or to handle the crime. Which
private security typically deals more with civil matters than
crime matters. Law enforcement on the other hand follow
several guidelines when performing an arrest and have to be
strict and sensitive to any legal ramifications.
What are several functions that fall under the umbrella of
security?
There are several functions that full under security. Physical
deterrence, such as mantraps, barriers, walls. access control
systems, surveillance cameras, etc. There can also be alarms set
to trigger certain events. Another function would be the use of
security personnel with varying responsibilities.
https://www.csoonline.com/article/2134326/the-8-most-
significant-ways-physical-security-has-evolved.html
McCrie, R. D., (2007). Security operations
management. Elsevier Science & Technology.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/reader.action?docID
=285823
Week 1 Development of Security in the United States
Q: Describe how security services have evolved?
A: Security has evolved in the past by different encounters to
all parts of the world. This week reading provided information

7. that explained how some of the first forms of security was the
caveman and the idea being stones in their caves and how they
acted as a security net for personal safety. Different parts of the
world have been experiencing security events for many years.
Different security events such as Pearl Harbor, 9/11, and the
Las Vegas shooting have brought implementations of how to
heighten our state of awareness to prepare with reaction to
possible future events. Training is provided yearly in all aspects
of threat probabilities with past scenario interactions. There is
never a way to really know an exact location or time of future
events, but little things are taught to see signs of what an
incident may look like before it happens.
Q: What are the basic differences between private security and
law enforcement when it comes to an arrest?
A: Private security does not have the jurisdiction to do a legal
arrest but can assist with a citizen’s arrest in certain
circumstances. Law enforcement have the ability to do all arrest
in the area that they are residing in and qualified to do so. All
states have different laws when it pertains to exact rights of the
private security as well as law enforcement officers. In Texas it
seems that arrest can be made for the city you work for but
traffic stops outside of your jurisdiction are not warranted. In
saying that, any type of felony acts or breaches of the peace can
be acted upon as a law enforcement officer. Private security
seems to have less authority but can still be a very valuable
asset to the protection of individuals or places.
Q: What are several functions that fall under the umbrella of
security?
A: Some of the functions that fall under the umbrella of
security include things like personal security, cyber security, as
well as terroristic threats and active shooters. All of these
topics are areas of concern when discussing a plan of action of
response to these types of events. In my opinion, past events
provide us with so much knowledge of how to react to these
events and we have learned from them in many different ways.
The training provided for us to learn is from information

8. gathered of past occurrences that we have dealt with.
Understanding how we can effectively react to these events is a
crucial step in how we can learn to plan better for security
actions.
-Josh Foster