explanation about the current issues in the water, sanitation and distribution system, challenges and problems that might result after a disaster and recommendations

1. Climate & Disaster Resilient, Water Supply
and Sanitation Services
An Approach towards sustainability

2. Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH): Ban introduction
• Access to safe water, proper sanitation and good hygiene are essential
to improve public health
• United Nation (2010) has recognized safe water and sanitation as
Human Rights
• Present situation:
 2.1 billion of population lack access to safe drinking water
4.5 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services
About 340000 children under 5 die annually due to poor sanitation, poor hygiene, or unsafe drinking
water

3. Precipitation
Decline
Drought
Less raw water supply
Reduction in flow of
water bodies
Less dilution, causing high
pollutants concentration
Precipitation
Increase
Floods
Contamination of wells
Inaccessibility of water
sources
Latrine flooding
Landslides around water
bodies
Sedimentation &
turbidity
Water-borne diseases
Increase in
temperature
Heat waves
Glacier, snow
melting
Infrastructure damage
Increase of pathogens,
increasing disease risk
Seasonality of river flow, affecting water flow during
summers
Sea-level rise
flooding, saline
intrusion in freshwater
Decline in freshwater
availability
Climatic Effects Hazards Induced Impact on Water and Sanitation Sector
Impact of climate Change on Water & Sanitation

4. Climate Resilience
• Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from the negative impacts
of climatically triggered events
• Resilient development reduces vulnerability, maintains livelihood
sustainability and promotes fast recovery
• Climate resilient development involves inclusion of such measures,
delivering benefits and resilience under all predicted climatic scenarios.

5. WASH Climate Resilient Development
1. Understand the problem:
 Identify and understand the risks on WASH due to climate change
 Local water supply plans and climate change risk assessment to modify existing plans
2. Identify possible options
 Innovation of best practices to deliver climate resilient solution
3. Deliver solutions
 Integrate climate resilience into national WASH strategies and plans
 Capacity development
4. Monitor and move forward
 This covers monitoring and the lessons learned from the implementation of climate
resilient development activities.

6. Climate resilience: basic approaches to improve resilience
• Water Quality
 Improve resilience of wells from flooding
 Gully protection and rehabilitation
 Participatory water quality testing
 Treating water at the household level
 Water safety planning
• Water Quantity
 Increase storage capacity
 Incorporate rainwater harvesting schemes
 Solar power water pumping
 Increasing number no. of boreholes

7. Climate resilience: basic approaches to improve resilience
• Sanitation and Hygiene
 Raised pit latrine
 Septic tanks
• Enabling Environment
 Capacity building (e.g. Hygiene education, knowledge generation and
dissemination)
 Decentralized management
 DRR and climate resilience integration during WASH planning
 Integrated water resource management practises

8. Contaminated system
• Cut off distribution of contaminated water
• Alert population to institute protective actions (e.g. Boiling/filtration)
 Be alert to cost of chemicals or fuel
• Flush or otherwise clean the system
• If repair will take extended time, arrange alternate water supply

9. Emergency water-supply techniques
Water sources

10. Site selection and water sources
• For emergency settlement, the major concern is the provision of safe,
adequate and reliable water supply
• Water resource inventory should be considered as a part of site
selection process for site selection process
• Table on the next slide, summarizes the characteristics of the principal
water sources and options for extraction, treatment and distribution of
water

11. Typology of water sources
Source Treatment Extraction Distribution Remarks
Rain Unnecessary if
catchment is clean
Channelling off suitable roofs
and/or hard ground
Collection directly at household or
institutional level
Useful supplement (in
particular season)
Groundwater:
Natural springs
Unnecessary if properly
protected
Simple gravity flow: preferably
piped from a protective spring box
Individual collection, using storage
tanks, gravity fed distribution system
Source should be protected,
yield may vary seasonally
Groundwater:
Deep well (low
water table)
Unnecessary if properly
protected and
constructed
Handpumps/ Motor pumps Handpumps: Individual collection
Motor pumps: Storage tanks (linked
with distribution system
Yield unlikely to vary with
season
Groundwater:
Shallow well
(High water table)
Unnecessary if properly
protected and
constructed
Handpumps, rope, bucket Individual collection Yield may vary seasonally.
Care should be taken to
avoid contamination
Surface water:
Flowing (stream,
river)
Always required:
sedimentation, filtration,
chlorination
pumps Collection from storage tanks to
individuals
Yield may vary seasonally.
Care should be taken to
avoid contamination
Standing (lake/
ponds)
Always required:
sedimentation, filtration,
chlorination
pumps Collection from storage tanks to
individuals
Yield may vary seasonally.
Care should be taken to
avoid contamination

12. Water Source Protection
• Segregate water uses (drinking, bathing, livestock watering)
• Protect water sources from faecal contamination by :
 fencing them in, and
 by arranging for the use of a defecation field or shallow trench latrines at a
suitable distance from the source
• Prefer distribution by groundwater rather than to surface water.
Initially, it should be assumed that all surface water is contaminated.
• Use chlorine to protect water from contamination for distribution and
use, such that a free chlorine residual of 0.4–0.5mg/l is achieved
immediately after treatment (or 0.2–0.5mg/l at the point of
distribution)

13. Water transmission and distribution
Emergency Situations

14. Water transmission and distribution
• Gravity flows and pumps can be used for transimission and
distribution of water
• Gravity flow is generally preferred in order to avoid dependency on
power supply, and also reduces cost, workload, and also lessens the
chances of supply cut due to power outage and fuel shortage
• If pumps are used for distribution, a back-up pump should always be
available together with a fuel reserve in case fuel supply to the
settlement is cut off
• Washing clothes and bathing should not be allowed at taps used for
drinking-water, instead separate bathing and laundry areas should be
provided

15. Water Supply Preparedness and Protection
Suggestions & Recommendations

16. Strengthening existing system
• Weak points in distribution systems, such as river crossings, open canals,
landslide scars, etc., or places where pipes cross earthquake faults, should be
strengthened
• Improve detection, response, and recovery to contamination incidents.
• Low-lying, flood-prone facilities can be raised or protected with levees or
bunds
• Installation of redundant emergency networks of water supply
• Installation of uninterruptible power supply at pumping stations to prevent
service disruption during a blackout;
• Retrofitting/ replacement of aged infrastructure to make it more resilient

17. Strengthening existing system (continued...)
• Key adaptation strategy is the best placement and construction of
water distribution and treatment utilities i.e. Site selection at low risk
areas
• Decentralized sanitation facilities, such as septic tanks and pit latrines,
have several advantages over centralized sewer systems.
• To reduce the impact of floods: pumping out of sewage should be
done regulargy
• Utilities should be encouraged to consider disaster resilience in
establishing priorities for site planning, capital improvement projects
and asset management

18. Strengthening existing system (continued...)
• Land use planning can substantially reduce the vulnerability of
communities to water-based natural disasters if the plans are supported
by reliable data on floods and droughts
• New facilities should not be located in disaster prone locations, such as
floodplain or tsunami inundation zones.

19. Questions?
Suggestions?
Comments?